Theoretical Framework

AVSEU 2 personnel is rendering security coverage and other

related public safety services within airport premises. For such

situation, it is important to study the Level of Performance

implemented by the Police Personnel assigned at Tuguegarao

Airport: A Basis for Improvement.

Organizational theory: Analyze organizational structures,

processes, and culture influencing security implementation.

Ensuring airport security is crucial for passenger safety and

national security. Studying the level of implementation of

security measures by police personnel can identify areas for

improvement, enhancing overall airport security. Organizational

theory provides frameworks to analyze such complex social systems

like police forces and airports.

Potential Improvements:

 Standardization and training: Streamlining security

protocols and providing consistent training to police

personnel can ensure better adherence and mitigate errors.

 Resource optimization: Analyzing resource allocation and

utilization patterns can identify areas for

improvement, like deploying personnel more effectively or

acquiring necessary equipment.

 Cultural awareness and motivation: Understanding the police

unit's culture and addressing factors like

 morale, motivation, and communication can enhance their

commitment to security measures.

 Collaboration and communication: Fostering better

collaboration between airport authorities, police units, and

other stakeholders can lead to more effective implementation

of security measures and address gaps in existing

procedures.

By applying relevant organizational theories and conducting

research, this study can provide valuable insights into the level

of security implementation at Tuguegarao Airport. Identifying

strengths and weaknesses, and recommending evidence-based

improvements, can contribute to enhancing airport security in the

Philippines and ensuring the safety of passengers and personnel.

Risk Management Theory

The evaluation results could be used for planning

information security requirements and risk control measures.

Applying the Theories:

 Data Collection: Gather data on existing security

measures, incident reports, passenger traffic, and potential

threats specific to Tuguegarao Airport.

 Threat and Vulnerability Identification: Using TVR or Bowtie

methods, identify potential threats

(e.g., terrorism, smuggling, cyberattacks) and

 vulnerabilities in the airport's security system

(e.g., staffing gaps, outdated technology).

 Risk Assessment: Analyze the likelihood and impact of

identified threats and vulnerabilities. Prioritize risks

based on their severity (likelihood x impact).

 Security Measure Evaluation: Assess the effectiveness of

existing security measures in mitigating prioritized

risks. Use FMEA to identify potential failures in controls

and their consequences.

 Improvement Recommendations: Based on the risk assessment

and control evaluation, propose improvements to address

identified gaps and strengthen security.

By applying risk management theories to the study of

security measures at Tuguegarao Airport, potential weaknesses can

be identified and addressed. This proactive approach can help

improve airport security, protect passengers and personnel, and

mitigate risks before they materialize.

Human factors theory

The study of human factors theory focuses on human

performance and interaction with equipment, systems and processes

within the organisation with the goal of enhancing performance,

increasing safety and improving user satisfaction (Milligan,

2007.

Theory Application:
 Situational Awareness: Police officers' ability to perceive

and understand their surroundings, potential threats, and

changes in behavior can be enhanced through training in

situational awareness techniques like scanning, pattern

recognition, and mental rehearsal.

 Decision Making: Biases, stress, and fatigue can affect

decision-making. Training in stress management, critical

thinking, and risk assessment can help officers make sound

decisions under pressure.

 Communication and Teamwork: Clear communication protocols,

collaboration strategies, and regular briefings can improve

information sharing and coordination between officers,

leading to more effective security measures.

 Work Environment and Ergonomics: Addressing factors like

fatigue through adequate rest periods, proper equipment, and

comfortable working conditions can enhance officers'

alertness and performance.

 Motivation and Job Satisfaction: Highlighting the importance

of their role, providing opportunities for professional

development, and recognizing good performance can boost

officers' morale and commitment to security duties.

Basis for Improvement:

 By assessing the implementation of security measures through

the lens of human factors theory, you can identify potential

areas for improvement, such as: a) Training programs: Develop

targeted training programs that address specific human factors

challenges faced by Tuguegarao Airport police, such as stress

management, decision-making under pressure, and effective

communication; b) Technology and equipment: Implement

technologies that support situational awareness, like CCTV

systems, and provide officers with ergonomic equipment to reduce

fatigue and discomfort; c) Policies and procedures: Review and

update policies and procedures to ensure clarity, consistency,

and promote effective teamwork and communication; d)Workload and

work environment: Analyze officer workload and adjust staffing

levels or schedules to manage fatigue and ensure alertness; and

e) Feedback and recognition: Create mechanisms for regular

feedback and recognition of good performance to maintain

motivation and job satisfaction.

Implementing human factors principles is an ongoing process

that requires continuous evaluation and adaptation. By applying

human factors theory and addressing the identified areas for

improvement, Tuguegarao Airport police can enhance the

effectiveness and efficiency of their security measures,

contributing to a safer and more secure airport environment.

Crime prevention theory

 Apply crime prevention principles to deter and prevent

security breaches. It is a collection of ideas and frameworks

aimed at understanding and reducing crime. Instead of focusing on

reacting to crimes after they occur, these theories propose

strategies to prevent them from happening in the first place.

Effectively preventing crime at an airport requires a

multifaceted approach informed by various crime prevention

theories. These theories offer valuable insights into the "how"

and "why" of crime, enabling the implementation of targeted

security measures. Here's how we can analyze the level of

implementation of security measures through the lens of different

crime prevention theories:

1. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP): by Ronald Clarke Developed

the influential Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)

theory, emphasizing environmental modifications to reduce

opportunities for crime.

 Focus: Reducing opportunities for crime by increasing

effort, risks, and reducing potential rewards.

 Assessment: Analyze current security measures like

CCTV, access control, perimeter fencing, lighting, and

security patrols. Evaluate their effectiveness in deterring

criminal activity and increasing the risks of being caught.

  Improvement: Implement measures like clear signage, improved

physical barriers, and increased visibility of security

personnel in potentially vulnerable areas.

2. Routine Activity Theory (RAT): Lawrence Cohen and Marcus

Felson: Proposed the Routine Activity Theory (RAT), emphasizing

the importance of disrupting the routine activities of crime by

altering the elements of motivated offenders, suitable

targets, and capable guardians. Tgis focuses on understanding the

convergence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the

absence of capable guardians for crime to occur.

 Assessment: Identify areas with high concentrations of

potential targets (cash, valuables, restricted areas) and

assess the presence of capable guardians (security

personnel, alert passengers). Analyze potential weaknesses

in access control or supervision.

 Improvement: Increase security presence in critical

areas, strengthen access control procedures, and encourage

passenger vigilance through awareness campaigns.

3. Environmental Design (CPTED): Oscar Newman: Pioneered the

concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

(CPTED), advocating for designing and managing physical

environments to deter crime and foster safety.Focus: Designing

and managing the physical environment to deter crime and promote

feelings of safety.
  Assessment: Evaluate the layout and design of the

airport, including natural surveillance, territoriality-

enhancing features, and proper maintenance.

 Improvement: Implement CPTED principles like improved

lighting, clear sightlines, landscaping for enhanced

visibility, and creating defined spaces with ownership and

responsibility.

4. Social Development Theory: Travis Hirschi: Introduced the

Social Development Theory, highlighting the role of social bonds

and attachment in preventing criminal behavior.

 Focus: Addressing the root causes of crime by promoting

social integration, opportunity, and reducing risk factors

like poverty and inequality.

 Assessment: While primarily focused on broader societal

issues, this theory can inform community engagement

initiatives around the airport, promoting social cohesion

and a sense of ownership over security.

 Improvement: Partner with local communities to address

potential risk factors, create employment opportunities, and

foster collaboration between airport authorities and

residents.
 Effective crime prevention at Airport requires a

comprehensive approach that combines various security measures

informed by theoretical frameworks. By continuously assessing

current practices, implementing evidence-based strategies, and

adapting to evolving threats, the airport can create a safer and

more secure environment for passengers, staff, and the

surrounding community.