BME101: FUNDAMENTALS OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Dr. Girish Dutt Gautam
 Unit-1 Introduction to Mechanics
• Force, moment and couple, principle of
transmissibility, Varignon's theorem.
• Resultant of force system-concurrent and non-
concurrent coplanar forces,
• Types of supports (Hinge, Roller) and loads
(Point, UDL, UVL), free body diagram,
equilibrium equations and Support Reactions.
• Normal and shear Stress, strain, Hooke’s law,
Poisson’s ratio, elastic constants and their
relationship, stress-strain diagram for ductile and
brittle materials, factor of safety.
Force
• Force is an external agent capable of changing
a body’s state of rest or motion. It has a
magnitude and a direction.
Force system
Force system
• Coplanar forces: The forces, whose lines of action
lie on the same plane, are known as coplanar forces.
• Collinear forces: The forces, whose lines of action
lie on the same line, are known as collinear forces.
• Concurrent forces: The forces, which meet at one
point, are known as concurrent forces. The concurrent
forces may or may not be collinear.
• Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which meet
at one point and their line of action also lay on the
same plane, are known as coplanar concurrent forces.
Force system
• Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces, which
do not meet at one point, but their lines of action lie on
the same, are known as coplanar non-concurrent forces.
• Non-Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces, which
meet at one point, but their lines of action do not lie on
the same plane, are known as non-coplanar concurrent
forces.
• Non-Coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces,
which do not meet at one point and their lines of action
do not lie on the same plane, are called non-coplanar
non-concurrent force
 W1
R

W2
 Resultant of force system
Resultant
 it is a single force which can replace the original force system without
changing its external effect on rigid body.
F4 F1
R

F2
F3

 If R > 0 , the resultant will accelerate this body.

 If R = 0 , the body will remain in Equilibrium or balanced state.
Methods of finding the resultant
forces

• Parallelogram law of forces

• Triangle law of forces
• Polygon law of forces
Parallelogram law of forces
• It states that if two concurrent forces, acting
simultaneously on a body be represented in
magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
parallelogram then their resultant may be represented
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the
parallelogram, drawn from the same point
Parallelogram law of forces
Triangle law of forces
• It states that if two concurrent forces are acting
simultaneously on a body and are represented
in magnitude and direction by the sides of a
triangle taken in order, then the third side of
the triangle represents their resultant of the
forces in magnitude and direction taken in
opposite order.
Polygon law of forces
• It states that if number of coplanar concurrent
forces acting simultaneously on a body be
represented in magnitude and direction by the
sides of a polygon taken in order, then the
closing side of the polygon will represent force
in magnitude and direction, taken in opposite
order.
 Example: (Concurrent coplanar force system)
Obtain the resultant of the concurrent coplanar forces acting as shown in Figure ( A ) below.

Solution:
105 kN
∑ Fx = + 15 Cos 15 – 75 – 45 Sin 35 + 60 Cos 40
+ ve 15 kN
= - 40.359 kN 0
15
= 40.359 kN
75 kN 0
40
0
∑ Fy = + 15 Sin 15 + 105 – 45 Cos 35 – 60 Sin 40 35
+ ve 60 kN
45 kN
= + 33.453 kN
Fig. A

∑Fy

∑Fx
Principle of transmissibility
• The principle of
transmissibility states
that the point of
application of a force
can be moved
anywhere along its line
of action without
changing the external
reaction forces on a
rigid body.
Varignon's theorem
• The Principle of Moments, also known as
Varignon's Theorem.
• If a number of coplanar forces are acting on a
body, then the algebraic sum of their moments
about a point in their plane is equal to the
moment of their resultant about the same point.
Varignon's theorem
Let F1, and F2, be the two forces represented
by the lines AB and AD.
From the figure, we can clearly see that,
(△ABC) = (△ADC) = (△OAB )
As we know that the moment of a triangle is
twice its area. So,
Moment of force F1 about O
2 x Area of △OAB
Moment of force F2 about O
2 x Area of △OAD
Moment of resultant force R about O
2 x area of △OAC
Sum of moments of two forces about O
2 Area of △OAB + 2 x Area of △OAD
Varignon's theorem
Now we clearly see in the figure ADC = OAB that we can write
ADC in place of OAB.
Sum of moments of two forces about O
2 Area of △ADC + 2 x Area of △OAD
Sum of moments of two forces about O
2 (Area of △ADC + Area of △OAD)
Now you can see well in the figure that
△OAC = △ADC + △OAD
So,
Sum of moments of two forces about O = 2 x Area of△OAC

So, proving the theorem that the sum of the moment of two forces
about O is equal to the moment of the resultant force R about O.
Types of supports
Types of beams
Types of loads
Free body diagram
• A free-body diagram is a graphic, dematerialized,
symbolic representation of the body (structure,
element or segment of an element) in which all
connecting “pieces” have been removed.
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
SFD & BMD
Stress
Normal Stress
Shear stress
Strain
Normal strain
Shear strain
Poisson’s ratio
Elastic constant & their relationships

• Three types elastic constants

Young’s modulus or Modulus of elasticity (E)

Normal stress/ Normal strain
Shear modulus or Modulus of Rigidity (G)
Shear stress/ Shear strain
Bulk modulus (K)
Direct stress/ Volumetric strain E
Stress-strain curve Ductile material
Stress-strain curve Brittle material
Factor of safety
Factor of safety is the ratio of material strength and allowable
stress.
For example, if the required specification of a shaft is to
withstand a 100 kg load. But if our shaft design is for a 200 kg
load. The Shaft safety factor value is “two”.
Numerical stress-strain
Numerical solution
1.

2.

3.
Important questions in Unit-1
 Force system (2 marks)
 Poisson ratio (2 marks)
 Normal & shear stress (2 marks)
 Factor of safety (2 marks)
 Types of beams, loads & supports (2 marks)
 Point of contra flexure (2 marks)
 Law of parallelogram statement (2 marks)
 Varignon theorem derivation (5 marks)
 Numerical on SFD & BMD (5 marks)
 Relationship between elastic constants (5 marks)
 Numerical on stress-strain (5 marks)
 Stress-strain curve for ductile & brittle material (5 marks)
Thank You