What is a Broadcast Domain?

A logical subdivision of a computer network known as a “broadcast domain”. It allows all nodes to communicate with one another
through broadcast at the data link layer. Using physical addresses known as MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, the data link
layer moves data between nearby nodes in the same network segment. It may be bridged to another LAN segment, or it may be
located on the same LAN (Local Area Network) segment.

The network devices that can forward or block broadcast messages establish a broadcast domain. Switches and routers are the
most common devices that may establish or separate broadcast domains. Switches are devices that connect multiple nodes in the
same network segment and forward data packets based on their MAC addresses. Switches will route broadcast messages to every
interface except the one from which they originated.

This indicates that all ports on a switch are in the same broadcast-domain by default. In order to forward data packets depending
on their IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, routers connect various network segments. Routers cannot forward broadcast messages
from one network segment to another. This indicates that every interface on a router is a member of a unique broadcast domain.

As you can see, there is an example of a broadcast domain with three others. One can easily understand that all ports on a hub or
switch are contained within a single broadcast domain, i.e., 1, while all ports on a router are assigned to a separate broadcast
domain, i.e., 2 and 3.

Note: Another way to create or separate it on a switch is with the help of VLANs. Each VLAN has its own broadcast domain;
thus, without a router or other device that can route traffic between them, VLANs cannot interact with one another.

Many might confuse broadcast domains with subnets. Let’s understand the fundamental difference between these two.
Broadcast Domain vs Subnet

Below we have explained the basic difference between the two.

Factors Broadcast Domain Subnet

Layer Layer 2 (Ethernet) Layer 3 (IP)

Address MAC address IP address

Switches forward broadcast frames to all interfaces in Routers forward packets to the destination subnet
Forwarding
the same broadcast domain based on the routing table

VLANs can create multiple broadcast domains on a Subnetting can create multiple subnets within a
Separation
switch network

We now have a basic understanding of the broadcast domain in networking. Let’s move on to its working.
How does Broadcast Domain work?
Let’s look at an example of a network with three switches and four hosts to show how it works.
This network has two broadcast domains, one on the left side of R1 and the other on the right side. No broadcast frames are sent
between the two domains by router R1.

Let’s imagine that H1 and H2 desire to connect via their respective IP addresses. H1 must use ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol) to learn H2’s MAC address because it is unaware of it. ARP is a protocol that employs broadcast to ask for a device’s
MAC address if it matches a specified IP address.

H1 will issue an ARP request to H2 using the destination IP address of H2 and the destination MAC address of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
Every device to the left of R1, including SW1, SW2, H3, and H4, will get this ARP request. Due to its matching IP address, only
H2 will respond with an ARP reply that includes its MAC address. The destination MAC address of the unicast frame with the
ARP response will be H1.

From the ARP request and reply frames, the switch SW1 will determine the MAC addresses of H1 and H2 and store them in its
MAC address table. The MAC addresses of H3 and H4 will likewise be determined by the switch SW2 from their traffic. Only the
ports with the destination MAC addresses will receive unicast frames from the switches using their MAC address tables.

Since ARP frames are broadcast at the data link layer, the router R1 will not receive or transmit any of them. However, R1 must
be used as the default gateway if H1 is interested in communicating with H5 using their IP addresses. In such a situation, H1 will
issue an ARP request to R1’s left interface, asking for its MAC address. R1 will respond with its MAC address and then use its
routing table to direct the IP packets from H1 to H5.

We have explained how it works; let’s understand its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of Broadcast Domain
Some of the advantages of a broadcast domain are:

 Devices can find and broadcast information using it without previously knowing one other’s addresses.
 Effective communication inside a small network segment is made possible by it.
 To separate traffic from various users, departments, applications, etc., and to improve network security, performance, and
management, these may be set up utilizing switches and VLANs.
Disadvantages of Broadcast Domain
Apart from all the advantages, there are also some disadvantages too. These are:

 When there are too many devices or too much traffic on the network, it suck up resources and bandwidth on the network
and may affect network performance.
 Router restrictions prevent it from spanning across several network segments.
 When a high number of broadcast messages are produced quickly, such as during a broadcast storm, these are vulnerable.

These are the advantages and disadvantages of Broadcast domain in computer networks.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1 – What is a broadcast domain example?

An example of it is every port on a switch in a switched Ethernet network has a different collision domain, although all ports on
the same switch are by default in the same broadcast domain.
Q2 – What is the function of broadcast domain?

One of the main functions of it is effective network communication. It allows several devices to receive the same message
concurrently.
Q3 – What is the difference between collision and broadcast domain?

A collision domain is where devices can collide on a network, whereas, a broadcast is where devices can receive broadcast
messages. They are different network segments.
Q4. What is a VLAN broadcast domain?

A VLAN broadcast domain is a group of devices that can receive each other’s broadcast messages. It is created by configuring
VLANs on switches.
Conclusion
The broadcast domain in networking is one of the crucial concepts. It vary in size and form depending on network devices and
connections. It offers advantages as well as disadvantages for network communication; thus, it should be properly planned and
maintained for performance and security. In this blog, we have covered what is a broadcast domain in detail, along with its
working. We have also explained some of the advantages and disadvantages that are associated with it.