CRAFTS(

cer
ami
candscul
ptur
e) SEMI
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l
an@ 2020

CERAMI
C

Theartfor
m" cer
amics"
,alsocal
led"pottery
",i
ssimpl
ydefi
nedast heshapi
ngandthenfi
ri
ngof
aclaybody,atahi
ghtemperatur
et ocreateapermanent
lyhardobject
.Todoso,oneneedsto
sel
ecttheri
ghtcerami
cclayandt ool
swi thwhicht
oshapetheirpi
ece.

Pott
erycl
ays(alsoknownasceramiccl
aysormoistcl
ays)ar
eallmadewit
hawat erbaseand
needtobefir
edi naki
lntovi
tr
ifi
cat
iont
obecomeper manent
.Thepri
marytypesofcl
aybodies
areear
thenwareandstonewarewhicht
ypi
cal
lyt
urnred,br
own,whit
eoravariat
ionoft
hese
whenfir
ed.

Acer amicisani
norgani
cnon-met
alli
csoli
dmadeupofet
hermetal
ornon-metal
compounds
thathavebeenshapedandthenhardenedbyheat
ingt
ohi
ghtemper
atur
es.Theartofmaki
ng
objectssuchaspott
eryofcl
ay.

Ceramicpr
oductsarehard,porousandbrit
tl
e.Asar esul
t,theyar
eusedt omakepotter
ybricks,
ti
l
esandglass.Ceramicaregener al
l
ymadebyt aki
ngmi xt
ur esofcl
ay,eart
henel
ements
powdersandwaterandshapingt hem i
ntodesi
redform.Oncet heceramichasbeenshape,iti
s
fi
redinahi
ghtemper at
ureovenknownasaki l
n.Oftenceramicsarecoveredi
ndecorat
ive
water
proof
,paint
-li
kesubstancesknownasgl ass.

Cer
amicfor
mingtechniquesareway soff
ormi
ngceramics,
whi
chareusedtomakeever
yday
t
abl
ewarefr
om teapot
s,toengineer
ingcerami
cssuchascomput
erpar
ts.Pott
eryt
echni
ques
i
ncl
udethepot
ter'
swheel,sl
ipcasti
ng,andmanyother
s.

Thisproductionoperat
ioniswellknownforprovidingtool
swithdi
mensi onalstabil
i
ty,sur
face
quali
ty,densityanduni
formit
y.Forinst
ance,ont hesli
pcasti
ngprocesst hecastpartisofhigh
concentrati
onofr awmateri
alswithli
tt
leaddit
ive,thi
simprovesuni
formity.Butalso,t
heplaster
moulddr awswat erfr
om thepouredsli
ptocompactandf ormthecastingatthemoul dsur f
ace.

PROPERTI
ESOFCERAMI
C

Hi
ghmel
ti
ngpoi
nts(
sot
heyar
eheatr
esi
stant
)

Gr
eathar
dnessandst
rengt
h

Consi
der
abl
edur
abi
l
ity
(theyar
elongl
ast
ingandhar
d-wear
ing)

Lowel
ect
ri
calandt
her
mal
conduct
ivi
ty(t
heyar
egoodi
nsul
ator
s)

Chemi
cal
iner
tness(t
heyar
enon-
react
ivewi
thot
herchemi
cal
s)

Di
mensi
onal
stabi
l
ity

Sur
facequal
i
ty

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Densi
tyanduni
for
mit
y.

Tool
s

Theartofcerami
cshasalongandwindi
nghist
ory.Butt
hewayi
nwhi chwebuild
ourcl
aypieceshasevol
vedovert
hecent
uri
es,wit
hmoder nt
ool
shelpingshapeour
f
ini
shedproducts.

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CeramicGlazeDetai
lBr
ushSethel
pscapt
ureall
theminutedet
ail
sbefor
eyoutakey
ourworkto
t
hekiln.

TheBandi ngWheeli sdesignedtopr ov

ideextra-
smoot h,evenr otat
ionforallofyourdecorati
ng,
sculpting,carvingandhand- buil
dingneeds.The
bandi ngwheel isdesi
gnedf orarti
stsatal
l l
evels,
maki ngitlife-
longinvestmentasy ougofrom
studentt omast er.

Potter’
sRibsar
eanessent
ialpartofyourt
oolsetwhi
lef
ormingyourclayatt
hewheel.They
helpwithopeni
ng,
shapi
ng,curvi
ng,smoothi
ngandt r
immingwetclay.Theyassi
sti
nbringi
ng
yourthecerami
cproj
ectt
olif
e.

Spongesareflat-
shaped,
natur
alspongeswit
hafineandabsor
bentt
ext
ure—per
fectf
orkeepi
ng
theever
-changingcl
ayworksmoistur
izedandsmooth.

Cer
ami
cDecor
ati
ngToolTechni
ques
Doa
1.Creati
ngCustom StencilsforPotter
y research
oncer amic
2.ClayStampsforApply i
ngText ur
e decorati
ng
tool
3.DesignLow-Reli
efCarv i
ngsinWetCl ay(i
nsi
zi
ng)
techni
ques
4.UseaSpongePai ntBr ush andWr i
te
shortnotes
5.Decorati
ngwithUnder gl
azeWashes-Under glazewashesadddept
handchar
act
ert
oa for
pot’
ssurfacebyhighl
ight i
ngsurfacetext
ureorpatt
ern. exampl e
thefif
th
6.CeramicGlazeDetailBrush
techni
ques

SCULPTURE

Scul
ptur
eisanarti
sti
cforminwhichhar
dorpl
asti
cmateri
alsar
ewor
kedi
ntot
hree
di
mensional
artobj
ect.Thear
tthati
smadetooccupyspace.

Thr
eedi
mensi
onal
meanst
hatanobj
ecthashei
ght
,wi
dth,
anddept
h.Thi
sisonewayi
nwhi
ch
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scul
ptur
eisdi
ff
erentf
rom t
heot
herki
ndsofar
tyouhav
elookedatsof
ar.

Amassivevar
ietyofmediamaybeused, i
ncl
udi
ngclay,wax,
stone,
metal,f
abr
ic,
glass,
wood,
pl
ast
er,
rubber,andrandom “
found”obj
ect
s.Anart
istwhoworksinscul
pturei
scall
edascul
ptor
.

Scul
pturei
snotaf ixedtermthatappli
est
oapermanentl
ycir
cumscr
ibedcat
egor
yofobjectsor
set
sofacti
vit
ies.Itis,
rather
,thenameofanartt
hatgr
owsandchangesandiscont
inual
ly
ext
endingt
her angeofi t
sactivi
ti
esandevol
vi
ngnewkindsofobj
ect
s.

Note:sculptur
ewasconsideredpri
mari
lyanartofsol
i
dform,ormass.iti
struet
hatthe
negati
veel ementsofscul
pture—t
hevoi
dsandhol l
owswit
hinandbetweenit
ssolid
for
ms—hav ealwaysbeentosomeextentanbasicpar
tofi
tsdesi
gn,butthei
rrol
ewasa
secondaryone.

Tosculptmeanstoform athr
ee-di
mensionaldesignthathasl
ength,widt
handheightandthat
occupi
esaspecialspace.Thi
sform canst
andf r
eely,
canbebui lti
nlowrel
ieforhi
ghreli
efori
t
canexi
stintheround.I
tcanbeconst r
uct
edintoawhol efrom part
s,modeledwit
hmat er
ial
sor
carv
edf r
om fi
rm mater
ial
sandcastedorotherwiseshapedandcombi ned.

TheTy
pesofScul
ptur
e

1.Rel
iefsculpt
ureissculpt
urei
nwhi chimagesaresetagai
nstafl
atbackground.Acoi
nis
agoodexampl eofr el
i
efscul
ptur
e: t
heinscri
pti
on,t
hedat
e,andthefi
gureissometi
mes
aportr
aitofastatesman—aresli
ghtlyr
aisedaboveafl
atsurf
ace.

Whentheimagei
sonl
ysl
i
ght
lyr
aised,
aswi
tht
hecoi
n,t
hescul
ptur
eiscal
l
edl
owr
eli
ef
orbas-
rel
ief
.

Theanci
entEgy
pti
anssomet
imescar
vedf
igur
esi
ntoaf
latsur
face.Thi
sty
peofcar
ving
i
sknownassunkenrel
ief
.

Statuesthatar
eal
mostthr
ee-
dimensi
onal
butst
il
lar
eat
tachedt
obackgr
oundsar
e
regardedashighr
eli
ef.

2.Scul
pturei
ntheroundisf
reest
anding,
att
achedt
onobackgr
ound.Mostst
atuesand
port
rai
tbust
sarecarvedi
ntheround.

El
ement
sofscul
ptur
aldesi
gn

Whenweanal
yseanydrawi
ng,pai
nting,scul
ptur
eordesign,weexaminethesecomponent
par
tst
oseehowtheycombinetocreatetheoveral
lef
fectofthear
twork.

1.Themassofsculpt
urei
sthust
hesol
i
d,mat
eri
al,
space-
occupy
ingbul
kthati
scont
ained
wit
hini
tssur
faces.

2.Spaceent
ersi
ntot
hedesi
gnofscul
ptur
eint
hreemai
nway
s:
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 Themat
eri
alcomponent
soft
hescul
ptur
eext
endi
ntoormov
ethr
oughspace.

 Theymayencl
oseorenf
oldspace,
thuscr
eat
inghol
l
owsandv
oidswi
thi
nthescul
ptur
e.

 Theymayr elat
eonet
oanot
heracr
ossspace.spacei
stheai
rar
oundt
hesol
i
dscul
ptur
e,
andreact
s( Time)

Note:Thetwomosti mport
antel
ement
sofscul
pture,massandspaceare,
ofcourse,separable
onl
yinthought.Al
lscul
ptur
eismadeofamater
ialsubst
ancethathasmassandexist
sint hree-
di
mensionalspace.

3.Col
or-Thi
sel
ementhast
hreemai
npr
oper
ti
es:

1.Hue-si
mpl
ythenameofacol
or(
red,
green,
orange)

2.Val
ue-howl
i
ghtordar
kacol
orappear
s

3.I
ntensi
ty-howbr
ightordul
lacol
orappear
s

4.Value-Ev
eryt
hingweseei
sil
l
uminat
ed(l
itbyali
ghtsour
ce)andwi
thouti
l
luminat
ionwesee
nothi
ng.Valuei
sdefi
nedast
herangef
rom dar
ktoli
ghtorbl
acktowhi
te.
(Li
ghtandshade)

Suppor
ti
ngel
ement
sofscul
ptur
e

5.Vol
umeistherepr
esentat
ionofmassinanar twor
korascul
ptur
e.Thet
hreedimensi
onal
for
m ofanobj
ectorshapeissai
dtohavevolume.Arti
stssi
mul
atevol
umeinthei
rpai
nti
ngsto
giv
ethei
rpai
nti
ngsathreedimensi
onal
effect.

Lineanelementofartdef
inedbyapoi
ntmovingi
nspace.Li
nemaybetwoorthr
eedimensional
,
descri
pti
ve,apr
inci
pleofdesignt
hati
ndi
cat
esmov ement
,creat
edbyt
hecar
efulpl
acementof
repeat
edelementsinawor k.

For
m-Thi
sisthe3Dqual
i
tyofashape.Cubes,spher
es,andpy
rami
dsar
eexampl
esoff
orms.
For
mscancontai
nbot
hgeometr
icandorganicquali
ti
es.

6.Pl
aneorsur
face

I
nasculpt
ure,
posi
ti
veshapesar
esoli
dareasofthescul
ptur
ethatareaft
erremovingpor
ti
ons
oft
hescul
ptur
e.Shape-Whenal
inecur
vesaroundandcrossesoveri
tsel
fitbecomesashape

Shapesaregeometri
c-(
mathemati
calandeasi
l
yr epr
oducedsuchassquar
es,ci
rcl
es,
oval
set
c)
ororgani
c-(
free-
for
medshapesthatusual
l
yref
lectnatur
eandhavenodefi
nit
ename).

7.Textur
e-Thisisthesur
facequal
it
yor“
feel”ofanobj
ect
.Whet
heri
t’
srough,
smoot
h,orsof
t
thesewordsrefert
ot het
extur
eofsomet
hing.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesoft
ext
ure:
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1.Act
ual
Text
ure-t
hisi
sthet
ext
uret
haty
oucanphy
sical
l
yfeel

2.I
mpl
i
edText
ure-t
hisi
scr
eat
edbyar
ti
stsandv
isual
l
yshowt
ext
urei
nawor
kofar
t.

Pr
inci
plesofscul
ptur
aldesi
gn

Pri
nci
plesofscul
pturaldesi
gnthatgov
erntheor
gani
zat
ionoft
heel
ement
sofscul
ptur
eint
o
expr
essiv
ecomposi t
ionsdif
ferfr
om st
ylet
ostyl
e.

I
nfact,
disti
nct
ionsmadeamongt hemajorstyl
esofsculpt
urear
elar
gel
ybasedonr
ecogni
ti
on
ofdi
ff
erencesi
nt hepr
inci
plesofdesi
gnthatunder
li
ethem.

Thepri
nci
plesofsculptur
aldesi
gngov
ernt
heapproachesofsculpt
orstosuchf
undamental
matt
ersasorientati
on(movement)
,pr
opor
ti
on(part
s),scal
e(si
ze),
art
icul
ati
on(
communicat
ion)
,
andbal
ance(stabil
i
ty).

Forconceiv
inganddescri
bingtheorient
ationofthef
ormsofscul
ptur
einrel
ati
ontoeachother
,
toav i
ewer,andtothei
rsur
roundingsisrequir
ed.Thi
sispr
ovi
dedbyasy st
em ofaxesand
planesofsuggesti
on.

1.Axi
ali
ty-
Anaxi sisani magi
narycentr
elinethroughasy mmet r
ical
ornearsy mmetri
cal
vol
umeorgr oupofv olumesthatsuggeststhegr avit
ati
onal
pivotofthemass.Thus,allt
hemai
n
componentsoft hehumanbodyhav eaxesoft heirown,whi
leanuprightfi
gurehasasingle
ver
ti
calaxi
sr unningthroughi
tsenti
relength.Volumesmayr otateorti
ltonthei
raxes.

2.Planesofrefer
enceareimagi
nar
yplanestowhichthemovements,posi
ti
ons,anddi
rect
ions
ofvolumes,axes,andsurf
acesmayber ef
err
ed.Thepri
nci
pal
planesofref
erencearet
hefront
al,
thehori
zontal
,andt het
woprofi
l
eplanes.

Thepr i
ncipl
est hatgovernthechar acteri
sticposesandspat i
alcompositi
onsofuprightfi
gur
es
i
ndi ff
erentstyl
esofscul ptur
ear eformulatedwi t
hr ef
erencetoaxesandt hefourcardi
nal
planes:forexample,theprincipl
eofaxi ali
tyandt hepri
ncipl
eoff r
ontal
it
y,whichgovernsthe
designofAr chaicsculpt
ure;thechar act
eristi
ccontrapposto(poseinwhichpartsofthebody,
suchasupperandl ower, t
il
torev ent wi
stinopposi t
edirect
ions)

3.Proport
ionalr
elat
ionsexi
stamongl
ineardi
mensi
ons,ar
eas,
andv ol
umesandmasses.Al
l
thr
eetypesofproporti
oncoexi
standi
nter
acti
nscul
ptur
e,cont
ri
but
ingtoi
tsexpr
essi
veness
andbeauty.

Atti
tudestowardproport
iondif
ferconsi
derabl
yamongscul
ptors.Somescul
ptors,
both
abst
ractandf i
gur
ati
ve,usemathemat i
calsyst
emsofpr
oport
ion;forexampl
e,t
herefi
nement
andideal
izat
ionofnatur
al pr
oport
ions.

Somet
imesi
tisnecessar
ytoadaptt
heproport
ionsofscul
ptur
etosui
titsposi
tioninrel
ati
onto
avi
ewer.Af
igur
esit
edhighonabuil
ding,
forexample,
isusual
lymadelargeri
nitsupperpart
s
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i
nor dert
ocounter
actt
heeff
ectsofforeshor
teni
ng.Thi
sshoul
dbeal
l
owedf
orwhenascul
ptur
e
i
ntendedforsuchaposi
ti
onisexhi
bit
edoney elevel
inamuseum.

5.Thebal
ance,
orequi
li
bri
um,
off
reest
andi
ngscul
ptur
ehast
hreeaspect
s.

Fi
rst
,thescul
ptur
emusthaveactualphy
sical
stabi
l
ity
.Thi
scanbeachiev
edbynat
ural
bal
ancethati
s,bymaki
ngthesculpt
urestabl
eenoughini
tsel
ftost
andfi
rml
y.

Thesecondaspectofbal
ancei
scomposi
ti
onal
.Thei
nter
act
ionoff
orcesandthe
di
str
ibut
ionofweightwi
thi
nacomposi
ti
onmayproduceast
ateofei
therdynami
cor
st
ati
cequil
ibr
ium.

4.Thescal
eofscul
pturemustsometi
mesbeconsi
der
edinr
elat
iont
ot hescal
eofi
ts
surr
oundi
ngs.Wheniti
soneelementi
nalar
gercompl
ex,
suchasthefacadeofabui
ldi
ng,
it
mustbeinscal
ewithther
est.

Anotherimportantconsi
der
ationthatscul
ptorsmustt akeint
oaccountwhendesi
gni
ngout door
scul
ptureisthetendencyofsculpt
ureintheopenair,parti
cul
arlywhenvi
ewedagai
nstthesky
toappearlessmassi v
ethanitdoesi nastudi
o.Becauseonet endstorel
atet
hescal
eof
scul
pturetoone’sownhumanphy sicaldi
mensions,t
heemot i
onali
mpactofamassiv
ef i
gure
andasmal lfi
gurinearequi
tedif
ferent.

NB:
Thet
hir
daspectofbal
anceappl
i
esonl
ytoscul
ptur
ethatr
epr
esent
sal
i
vingf
igur
e.

Aliv
ehumanf igur
ebalancesont wofeetbymaki
ngconstantmov
ementsandmuscul
ar
adj
ustments.Suchaneffectcanbeconv ey
edi
nscul
pturebysubt
ledi
spl
acement
soffor
m and
suggest
ionsoftensi
onandr el
axati
on.

Note:pr
incipl
esgover
ntheor
ganizati
onoft heelement
sofscul
ptur
eint
oexpressiv
e
Contai
nment ,
Proxi
mity,
Cont
inui
ty,Repet
it
ion,Economy,Cl
osur
eemphasisandv ar
iet
yin
scul
ptur
al composi
ti
ons.

Scul
pti
ngTechni
ques

Sculptor
susef ourtechniquesinthei
rwork.Thesearecarvi
ng,
casti
ng,modeli
ngand
assembling.Someoft heset echni
quesareadditi
ve,pr
oducedbyaddingtoorcombi
ning
material
s.Othertechniquesaresubtract
iv pr
e, oducedbyremovingortaki
ngawayfr
om the
ori
ginalmateri
al.

1.Assembl i
ng,Joini
ng,orconstr
ucti
ng,wasnotwi del
ypracti
ceduntil
the20thcentury.I
nthis
met hodt heartstusespi
i ecesofwood,met al,pl
asti
caswellasf oundobj
ectsandjoinsthem
togetherintoaconstructi
on.Theair
y,abstractkindoffor
mst hatarepopul
arinmoder nti
mes
l
endt hemselvestothejoini
ngsyst
em.Gl ue,screws,andnail
sareaf ewofmat er
ial
susedt o
j
oint heobjectstogether
.

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2.Carvi
ngcanbethoughtofastheoppositeofmodeli
ngbecauseiti
nvolvesr
emovingr
ather
thanaddi
ngmater
ial
.Withknif
eorchisel
,thescul
ptorcar
vesfrom abl
ockofwoodorstone
unti
lthefor
mismade.Toolsusedarechisels,
mall
et,VandUgouges,fil
erandkni
fe.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofcar
vingmet
hod:

1. Chipcar v ing–i sastyleof

carvi
nginwhi chkni v esorchiselareused
toremov esmal l chipsofthemat eri
al
from afl
atsurfacei nasinglepiece.Chip
carvi
ngisar elativelyeasyform of
carvi
ngtheyof tenuset odecorate
furni
tur
e.Chipcar vi
ngi smuchf aster
thanotherformsofcar vi
ngandal l
owsa
newcar vert
opr actice.

Chi
pcar
ving

2. Rel
iefcarvi
ngis
atypeofwoodcar vi
ng
i
nwhi chfi
guresare
car
v i
nginaflatpanel
ofwood.

Chi
selTool
s

Chi
seltool
sareusedfor
cut
ti
ngorcarv
inghard
mater
ial
ssuchasmetal,st
one
orwood.

Achiseltoolhasashaped
cutt
ingedgeabl adeoni t
send
wit
hahandl ethatis
charact
erist
icall
ymadeof
woodormet al.I
nor dertocut
i
ntoamat eri
alwoodormet al
,
chi
sel t
ool i
sforcedi nt
othe

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mat
eri
albyhand,
str
uckwi
thamal
l
et.

Thesechi
selshaveaflatedge.Theyarenotusuall
yusedf orsculpt
ure,becauset
heedgeofa
fl
atchi
selt
endstodigintothewood, t
wist
ingandpl ungi
ngthet ooldeeperononesidethant
he
carv
ermayhav edesi
red.Theycangi veacrude,unschool
edl ookthatmaybedesirabl
eon
sometypesofsculpt
ure,l
ikeOutsi
derArt.

1.U-
Gouges

Gougesaretheworkhorsesofwood
carv
ing.U-
gougesaredesignatedbyt hewidt
hofthecutt
ingedge(ini
nchesormill
i
meter
s),
thesweep,ort
heamountofcur vat
ureofthecutt
ingedge(anarbi
tr
ari
l
yassignednumber)
,
andtheshapeoftheshaft(st
raight,
bent,spoon,
orbackbent)
.

2.V-gougesaredesignat
edbyt
hewi
dthbet
weent
het
opedget
ipsandt
heangl
eoft
he
veebottom edge.

3. BentandSpoonGouges

Thesespeci
alt
ygougesareusedtogeti
nto
i
naccessi
blespotsonacarv
ingthatast
rai
ght
gougecan'
treach.

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BentGouge:
theent
ir
elengt
hoft
heshaf
tiscur
ved.

SpoonGouge:
thef
inal
11/
2"oft
heshaf
tisdeepl
ybenti
naspoonshape.

Back-bentgouge:
aspoongougewi
tht
hecur
ver
ever
sedsot
hecut
ti
ngedgei
sconv
ex
i
nsteadofconcave.

4.
skewedchi
sel
'scutt
ingedgei
s
angl
edbackfr
om theleadi
ng
edgeata45degreeangle.

5. Mal
let
.

Thistoolisspecifi
call
ydesi gnedfor
dri
vi
nggougesandal sowor kswonderful
ly
forf
inessi
ngabenchchi sel wherethe
nameoft hegamei spr ecisi
on.Aswi thany
tool
,thesizeofthemal letispair
edt othe
amountofmat er
ialbei
ngr emov edorthe
spaceavailabl
e.

3.Cast i
ngisasculpti
ngmethodi
nwhi
chmelt
edmateri
ali
spour
edi nt
oamol d.Whenthe
mat er
ialcool
sithardensandt
hemol
dist
akenof
f.Oft
enthemater
ialusedi
samet alsuchas
bronzeinal i
qui
dform.

St
ep1

Theprocessofmakingal ar
ge-scal
ebr onzestat
uebegi
nswiththecommi ssi
onofastatue.
Thi
sinvolvesconsul
tat
ions,
research,andpreli
minar
ysket
chesinclay.Oncethecl
aysketch,
cal
l
edaMar quett
e,i
sapprovedanar mat ur
eismadeandclayisappli
edtoit.
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St
ep2

Thescul
ptormodel
sthest
atuet
ohi
ssat
isf
act
ionbef
orepr
esent
ingt
othecl
i
entf
or
appr
oval
.(
Buil
dingt
hemolds)

St
ep3

Uponapproval
,thestat
ueisreadytobecast.Thef
irstst
ageoftheprocessistodi
vi
dethe
st
atuei
ntosmal l
ersecti
onsbypressi
ngaluminum shimsint
othecl
ay ;
thisist
omakefor
manageablesi
zemol ds,f
oundrypatt
erns,
andcasti
ngs.(
Remov i
ngthemol ds)

St
ep4

Af
tertheent
irest
atueiscasti
nplaster,
themoldsecti
onsarer
emovedfr
om t
hest
atueandt
he
cl
ayisthenputbackint
otheclaycontai
nersf
orfutur
euse.(
Waxcasti
ng)

St
ep5

Themorecri
tical
l
ydet ai
ledsect
ionsofthest
atue,
i.
e.headandhands,ar
ecasti
nwaxfr
om t
he
plast
ermol
dst oathicknessof3/16"
,thenwaxchannel
scall
edspruesandvent
sar
eaddedt
o
thewaxcast
ing.(Castfi
bergl
ass)

St
ep6

Theot
hermol
dsar
ecasti
nfi
ber
glasst
othesamet
hickness.

St
ep7

Usi
ngthetradi
ti
onalsol
i
dinvest
mentprocess,t
hewaxpatt
ernsar
einvest
edinref
ractor
y
mater
ial
thenputint
oaburnoutkil
nwheretheyaref
ir
edat1000°Ffortwodays.(
Fir
ingthe
mold)

St
ep8

Thi
sfir
ingmelt
sthewaxpatt
ernoutoft
hemol
dandbur
nsof
fanycar
boncausedbyt
he
bur
ningwax.
(Pouri
ngt
hebronze)

St
ep9

Themol
dsarethenremovedf
rom t
heki
l
nandmol
tenbr
onzei
spour
edi
ntot
hecav
ityl
eftbyt
he
waxpat
ter
n.(
Sil
icat
eresi
n)

St
ep10

Thef
iber
glassf
oundr
ypat
ter
nsar
eusedt
omaker
esi
n-bondedsandmol
ds.Fi
rstwoodenf
orms,

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cal
ledf
lasks,
arebui
l
taroundthefi
ber
glasspat
ter
nsandt
hesodi
um si
l
icat
eresi
nismi
xedwi
th
si
li
casandandpackedoverthepat
ter
n.

St
ep11

I
nject
ingcarbondi
oxi
degasintothesandcuresther esi
n-bondedsand.Oncethesandbecomes
hard,
themol di
stur
nedoverandtheprocessisrepeatedtothebacksideofthepatt
ern.Af
ter
thebacksi
deofthemoldhashardened,t
heflaskisremov ed.
(Removingthepatt
ern)

St
ep12

Themol
dissepar
atedandt
hef
oundr
ypat
ter
nisr
emov
ed.Pr
epar
ingt
hesandmol
d

St
ep13

Refract
orymol dwashisappli
edandburntoffthesurfaceoft
hemold,thenpouri
ngchannels,
call
edgat es,
riser
s,andvent
s,arecuti
ntothehardenedsand.Themoldisputbacktogether
withoutthefoundrypatt
erni
nside,
thusleavi
ngav acancyf
orthemol
tenbr onzet
ofi
ll.
(Hot
bronzepour )

St
ep14

Br
onzei
sthenmel
tedt
o2050°Fandpour
edi
ntot
hesandmol
d.(
Breaki
ngt
hemol
d)

St
ep15

Thecast
ingcool
sforaf
ewmi
nut
est
heni
sbr
okenoutoft
hesandmol
d.(
Prepar
ingt
hecast
ings)

St
ep16

Pour
ingspr
uces,vent
s,andri
ser
sarecutof
fofalloft
hecastings,
metalf
lashi
ngsont
heedges
ar
egroundoffandthecast
ingsar
eweldedtoget
her.(
Cleani
ngthesur
face)

St
ep17

Theweldsarethengrounddownandt heent
ir
esurf
aceofthestatuei
swor
kedovertodisgui
se
theseams.Thestat
ueist hencl
eanedbysandbl
asti
ngandfinal
lywit
hawi
rewheelbeforea
chemical
pati
naisappliedtodar
kenthesurf
ace.
(Fi
nal
izi
ngtheimage)

St
ep18

Awaxseal
eri
sappl
i
edbef
oret
hest
atuei
sdel
i
ver
edandi
nst
all
ed.

4.Modelngi
i ssculpt
ingwit
hclay
,wax,orsomeothersof
t,pl
i
able(wor
kable)mat
eri
ali
sbuil
tup
andshaped.Thescul
ptoraddspi
ecesofmater
ial
andmol dsitt
othedesi
redshape.Model
i
ngis

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anaddit
ivet
echni
quet
hatref
erst
othemani
pul
ati
onofasof
tmat
eri
al.Themat
eri
alusedmost
of
teninmodeli
ngiscl
ay.

Scul
pti
ngisl
oosel
ydefi
nedbyt
hebui
ldi
ngupofclay,r
atherthansubtr
acti
on.Thi
sisahi
ghl
y
expr
essi
vewayofworki
ngandati
tsmostbasi
crel
iessolel
yont hehandsastool
s.

Thetermisusedtodefineahugeworki
ngrange,f
rom i
ntr
icateandi
nti
mat eprocessestoa
wholebodyexperi
ence.Scul
ptur
esi
nclayvarygr
eatl
yinscaleandsty
le:fr
om figur
ines
del
icat
elymodeledwiththet
humbandf or
efi
ngeri
nthepalm ofthear
tist
’shand.

Scul
pti
ngwi
thcl
aycanbef
astandi
mmedi
ate,
sui
tedt
olar
ge-
scal
epi
ecesandout
doorwor
ks.

I
tcanalsobesmallandexpressi
ve,i
ll
usi
onupi
magesoft
hefi
rstf
igur
esofanci
entt
imes,
whosefeat
uresweresqueezedoutofwetcl
ayt
oresembl
eani
malsandhumanforms.
Scul
pti
nguti
li
sesthepl
asti
cityofcl
ay.

Ametalfr
amewor korarmatureisof
tenusedtosupportlar
ge,
complexobjects.Ar
maturewir
e
i
scommonlyused,incombinat
ionwit
hchickenwir
eandwoodenst r
uts.Art
istsdevel
opthei
r
ownmethodsdependi
ngont herequi
rementsoft
heirwork.

Thear
mat
urei
scr
eat
edusi
ngwi
re,
met
alandot
hermat
eri
als.

Thear
mat ur
eisanunder
lyi
ng,
unseen,
suppor
ti
ngcomponentt
ohel
pmaket
hei
nit
ial
modelt
hree-
dimensi
onal
.

Mar
quet
tei
sascal
emodel
orr
oughdr
aftofanunf
ini
shedscul
ptur
e-AnEqui
val
entf
orsket
ch.

Marquett
ei susedtovi
suali
seandt estf
ormsandi
deaswi
thouti
ncur
ri
ngexpenseand
ef
fortofproducingaf
ullscal
epiece.

Forcommissi
onedworks, especi
all
ymonument
alpubli
cscul
ptures,
Marquett
emaybe
usedtoshowthecl
ienthowt hefini
shedwor
kwil
lrel
atetoi
tsproposesi
te.Thet
erm
mayalsoref
ertoaprotype.

Maskmaki
ng

I
nwest er
nculturepeopl
ewearmasksforf
unatHalloweenhoweverinmanycul
turesmasksare
i
mportantfor
m ofar t
.Theyar
enotj
ustadisgui
senorjustf
un.I
nsteadt
heyareusedinri
tual
s
andceremonies.Sometimest
heyar
emadei nsecr
etandwor nonl
ybyleader
sofspecial
group.

I
nmanycul t
ures,masksarecr
eatedfortr
adi
ti
onal
play
,dancesandf
est
ival
s.Themasksof
ten
por
traychar
acter
sinmy t
hsorlegends.

Youmakemaskf
orst
orychar
act
erusi
ngpapi
er-
mâché

Thi
nkoft
hewayamaskhel
ptodi
sgui
seandt
ransf
ormt
hewear
er
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Themaskmi
ghtbel
i
keahumanf
acebutexagger
atedexpr
essi
onofj
oyorsor
row

Yourmaskmi
ghtbasedont
het
rai
tsofani
mal
thaty
ouadmi
re

Mat
eri
alsusedi
nmaskmaki
ng

Paper
s

paper
/woodGl
ueorcassav
agl
ue

pol
ythene

sawdust
/st
onedust

wat
er

f
ounddesi
redobj
ect
s

Pr
ocessofmaskmaki
ng

Ther
emanyway
stobegi
namask:

Mightuseasl abofoil-
basedcl aydrapedov erabundleofnewspaper
Buil
dupt hefeaturesandcar veint
ot heclay
Rubalightcoatofpet r
oleum jell
yoverthecompl et
edclay
Thencov ert
hecl aywit
hatl eastfi
vel ay
er sofpapier-
mâché
Whent hepapier-mâchéisdr y,
remov ethecl ayandpaintthemaskwithacr
yli
c.
Adddet ai
lswithyarn,r
affiaorothermat erial
s
Aninfl
atedballooncanal sobeanar mat ure(supportf
oranysculpt
uremedi
um)
OR TheprocedureofPapi er
-mâchémaskmaki ng

Designdesi redandi ntendedsket chf orthemask

Prepareclayf ortheintendedmaskmol d
Buil
dt hemol dforthemask
Letthemol dedclaymaskbecomel eatherhar d
Cut/teart heav ai
lablepaper sinsmal lwor kablepieces
Sockt hecutpaper sintowat erfort wot othreeday stocr eatepapier-
mâché
Whent hepapersof tens, iti
scr ushedi ntopaperpul p
Squeezet heexcesswat eroutoft hesockedpul pandmi xeditwiththebinder(
glue)
Covercar efultheleatherhar dmaskmol dwi t
ht hepolytheneoroi li
ttocausea
separatorbet weent hecl aymol dandt hepapi er-mâché.Thepur poseofoi l
ingorplaci
ng
thepoly t
hene, notallowingt opapi er-mâchést ickont hemaskcl aymol d.
Buil
d5- 7lay ersofwetpapi er
-mâchét ocr eateadesi redthicknessoft hemaskbody
Letitdryandaddsomel ay er
sofcutdr ysoftandhar dpaperpi eces
remov ethepapermaskf rom thecl aymaskmol d
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cr
eat
eadesi
rabl
efi
nishont
hepapermask,
aidedwi
thcol
ourandt
ext
ure

PAPI
ER-
MACHE

Papier
-mâchémeanschewed-uppaper.
Canbeusedt omakeboxes,tr
ays,ani
mals,fl
owersetc.
Techni
quesaresimpl
e,materi
alsareavai
labl
eandt heappl
icat
ionsarevari
ed.
Papier
-mâchéisasfl
exi
bleasyourowni maginat
ion.
Nb.Papier
-mâché:Amedium ofpaperandpaste.Canbeapul pformodelingorlay
eredst
ri
ps
PUPPETRY

Puppetryisaform ofar ttheatreorper f

ormancet hatinvol
vest
hemani pul
ati
onofpuppets.
Apuppeti sanobj ectof tenresembl ingahuman, animalormyt
hicalf
igur
ethati
sanimatedor
manipulat
edbyaper soncal ledapuppet eer .
Theterm puppetisder ivedf rom theLat i
npupa, whichmeans“doll
”.
Theearlymov ablepar tsoft hepuppeti ncludedtheey ebr
ows,mouthandeyes.Thepart
sare
operat
edwi t
hst ri
ngsandl eversattachedt otheholl
owheadandar ms.Thepuppetsworewigs
tochangechar actersandel aboratecostumes

Obj
ect
ivesofPuppet
ry

Puppetmaki
nghasmanyeducat
ional
obj
ect
ives:

1.Puppet
sencour
agei
nvent
ive,
openandspont
aneouscommuni
cat
ion.

2.Puppet
senabl
etheact
ingoutofsoci
alsi
tuat
ionsandcul
tur
aldi
ff
erences.

3.Thet eacherhasstudentssel
ect“car
eers”(whattheywoul
dli
ketobewhent heygrowup)
anddr essthemselvesincl
othsthatareappropri
atetot
hoseprof
essi
ons.Thestudent
s
researchapr of
essionandthencommuni catethe“whysandhows”ofthatpr
ofessi
on
withthetalk.

4.Puppet
sencouraget
heexpr
essi
onofper
sonal
feel
i
ngsi
ncl
udi
nganger
,lov
e,hopeand
secr
etwishes.

5.Puppetsal
socanbeusedasaninst
ruct
ional
tool
toanswerquest
ionst
hechi
l
dren
mighthavei
nspeci
fi
csubj
ectar
eas.

6.Apuppetcanbecomeaf
ri
endt
hatgoesev
ery
wher
ewi
thachi
l
d.

7.Puppet
shel
pint
heuseofsmal
lmuscl
eandhand-
eyecoor
dinat
ion.

8.Puppetencour
aget
hebui
l
dingofsel
f-
conf
idencet
hrought
heexpr
essi
onofi
deas.
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9.Puppetsprovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
estopract
icear
tlear
ning:
desi
gni
ng,
model
i
ng,
pai
nti
ng,
sewingcostumes,
andbuil
dingpuppet
sandsages.

10.Puppet
ryar
tcanbest
udi
edaspar
tofcul
tur
alhi
stor
y.

11.Theacti
ngoutofstudyareas-suchasl
anguage,
readi
ngskil
ls,
bookrepor
ts,event
sin
hi
stor
yandcharacter
sfrom booksorpai
nti
ngs-i
sfunwithpuppet
sascharacters.
Favor
it
echaract
ersfrom t
elevi
sion,
movi
es,andfai
ryt
alescanbeassumed.

12.Puppetscanbeusedasat ool
fori
mprovi
ngspeechandver
balski
l
ls.
(chi
ldr
enwho
st
utterusual
l
ydonotstut
terwhenspeaki
ngt
hroughapuppetchar
acter
)

13.Puppet
scanbeadv
ent
ureswhodar
etodowhatt
hechi
l
drenwi
sht
heycoul
d.

14.Puppet
sar
eani
ntr
oduct
ionf
ort
hechi
l
dtot
het
heat
ri
cal
art
sandnewi
deas.

15.Puppet
scandanceandmov
etomusi
cal
for
ms.

16.Puppet
spr
ovi
def
orgr
ouppar
ti
cipat
ionandsoci
ali
nter
act
ion.

17.Puppet
sencour
agei
magi
nat
ivet
hinki
ngandspont
aneousr
esponse.

Not
icet
hatt
hear
ti
stpr
ojectt
hei
rbodyi
magesi
nthei
rpuppet
s.

Suppl
iesneeded

Car
dboar
dtubi
ng Al
lki
ndofcl
othofv
ari
edcol
our
s

paperpl
ates ol
dgl
oves

gl
ue but
tons

r
ubbercement socks

st
apl
es paperbags

Pi
n t
ape

cl
i
ps

Basi
cpuppetconst
ruct
ion
Dor esearch
1.Handpuppets
ont he
2.Sockpuppets
foll
owing
3.Clot
hhandpuppets
basic
4.Paperbagpuppet
s
puppetsand
5.Fi
ngerpuppets
wr i
tnotice
6.Sti
ckorRodpuppets
Studiotechnol
ogy
@ SEMI
gi
YAGI2020
vi
ngt he CRAFTS(
cer
ami
cand
sculpt
ure) d escr
ipti
on
ofeach.
 CRAFTS(
cer
ami
candscul
ptur
e) SEMI
YAGIAl
l
an@ 2020

Marionett
esareworkedfr
om above,
usuall
yonstage.Manypuppeteerstr
ansfor
mt hest
age
i
ntoami niat
uret
heater
.Mari
onett
escanbeconst r
uctedfr
om anyoftheprevi
ouslyment
ioned
materi
als.Besur
ethekeepthebodyjoi
ntsloosel
yhingi
ngtopermi
tflexi
blemovement.

Puppetstages-anyst
ructurethatwil
lcovert
hepuppet
eersast
heyperf
ormisapuppetst
age.
Thesimpleststagei
sacur tai
nstret
chedacrossacornerofar
oom ordoor
waythati
stal
l
enoughforthepuppeteertostandbehind.

Studiotechnol
ogy
@ SEMI
YAGI2020 CRAFTS(
cer
ami
cand
sculpt
ure)