Sanchez Mira School of Arts and Trades Senior High School 1

Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of wood -plastic composite as an

Alternative lumber in construction

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A Research Proposal (Quantitative)

Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School

Sanchez Mira School of Arts and Trades

Sanchez Mira, Cagayan

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In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements

Practical Research 2

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JOHN KENNETHH L. PAGUITIGAN

DAN ANDRIE LABIS

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Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are a product class that has been developing

overthe last 40 years resulting in increased applications and expanded market

share.More specifically, WPCs are composites containing a wood component in

particleform (wood particles/wood flour) and a polymer matrix. They are used in a

variety of structural and non-structural applications ranging from component and

productprototyping to outdoor decking. However, construction and automotive

applicationsare the most common worldwide (La Mantia and Morreale 2011; Eder

and Carus2013). WPCs can be used outdoors as well as indoors, and some common

appli-cations include construction materials, garden and yard products,

automotiveapplications (interior and engine), household items, packaging and

consumergoods.

The decision to use a WPC product in place of another, generally speaking,should be

predicated on achieving greater performance, reduced price, or reducedenvironmental

impact. Using exterior decking as an example of improved perfor-mance, a

homeowner may choose to use WPC decking instead of pressure-treatedtimber

because of the ease of maintenance and improved durability (i.e. coatings donot need

to be applied), or aesthetic reasons (e.g. lack of knots and splits likely to befound in

solid wood)

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The benefits are not always clear though, as there are many trade-offs to

considerwhen choosing WPCs—especially when replacing responsibly sourced

renewablematerials. Including any non-renewable materials in the product can

significantlyincrease its environmental impact. However, the case for WPCs may be

clearerwhen the competing product is made entirely of non-renewable polymers, as

thewood fraction of many WPCs can approach 50 % of the product volume,

andtherefore reduce the resource pressure on non-renewable materials (e.g.

polymersderived from fossil sources). The environmental impact of WPCs is directly

affectedby the ratio of renewable to non-renewable materials in the product. Not only

doWPCs have lower environmental impacts than unfilled plastics (but higher

thansolid wood or most other wood composites), use of sustainably harvested

andrecovered wood products in long-life products sequesters atmospheric carbon

andcan produce a positive environmental impact (Hill et al. 2015).

Wood is often used in plastics as a

means to reduce price compared
to a solid
plastic product. Wood used in
WPCs often comes from side
streams such as

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sawdust produced while

manufacturing lumber or
recovered wood products, and is
much cheaper to produce than the
plastic that it replaces in many
products. This
often helps to reduce prices for
consumers
Wood is often used in plastics as a means to reduce price compared to a solidplastic

product. Wood used in WPCs often comes from side streams such assawdust

produced while manufacturing lumber or recovered wood products, and ismuch

cheaper to produce than the plastic that it replaces in many products. This often helps

to reduce prices for consumers.

promising progress and research into bioplastics [i.e. plastics made frombiopolymers

such as Polylactic acid (PLA)] reinforced with natural fibres (includingwood) indicate

the potential for these renewable materials to eventually enter theWPC market

(Mukherjee and Kao 2011). However, these composites still havesignificant

environmental impact due to processing and production, and steps toreduce the energy

demands and water use should be taken (Qiang et al. 2014).

WPCs already have a significant market share (260,000 t in Europe in 2012) andthe

trend is increasing (Eder and Carus 2013). The current reliance on plastics,especially

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those derived from fossil sources, means that this demand is likely tocontinue

increasing especially as developing economies continue to grow.However, to meet

industrial, consumer, and environmental demand’s research mustcontinue to improve

the processes for making WPCS, the component materials, andfinal product

functionality. This chapter will give an overview of the material properties,

manufacturing processes, applications, and current developments related to WPCs.

WPC offers environmental protection, the appearance and rigidity of wood, and the

toughness and processability of plastic. Its main advantages include realizing the

utilization of waste straw, wood, and other waste; safety and environmental

protection; low water absorption; resistance to deformation or cracking and pleasing

natural appearance. WPC can be used for decorative purposes and as building

materials in outdoor paving and wall panels. Composites are widely used in

engineering because of their low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, and ease of

manufacture (lonisakin, K.; He, S.; Yang, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, R.; Yang, W)

However, shortcomings such as poor thermal stability and compatibility with other

construction materials may hinder WPC’s wider usage in construction. WPC has

double modal anisotropy and nonlinear viscoelastic mechanical properties and they

show different stress-strain responses under tension and compression (Olonisakin, K.;

He, S.; Yang, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, R.; Yang, W 2002).

The raw materials used in WPC are predominantly thermoplastic polymer, wood

fiber, wood powder, plastic matrix such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride

(PVC), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

terpolymer (ABS) (Ratanawilai, T.; Taneerat, K.,2018)

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The raw material and matrix are molded by extrusion or remodeling. In addition,

flame retardants, compatibilizers, and coupling agents are needed to improve the

properties of WPC. To reduce the carbon footprint of the built environment (Ramesh,

R.S.; Sadashivappa, K.; Sharanaprabhu, L2018), waste wood and recycled plastics

can be used as raw materials to produce environmentally friendly WPC, which can

meet the performance requirements of construction green transformation of the

construction industry depends on the environmental friendliness of building materials.

(Englund, K.; Villechevrolle, V,2017)

Wood is often used in plastics as a means to reduce price compared to a solidplastic

product. Wood used in WPCs often comes from side streams such assawdust
produced while manufacturing lumber or recovered wood products, and ismuch
cheaper to produce than the plastic that it replaces in many products. Thisoften helps
to reduce prices for consumersThe decision to use a WPC product in place of another,
generally speaking,should be predicated on achieving greater performance, reduced
price, or reducedenvironmental impact. Using exterior decking as an example of
improved perfor-mance, a homeowner may choose to use WPC decking instead of
pressure-treatedtimber because of the ease of maintenance and improved durability
(i.e. coatings donot need to be applied), or aesthetic reasons (e.g. lack of knots and

Wood-plastic
splits likely to befound in solid wood)

composites (WPCs) are a product

class that has been developing
over
the last 40 years resulting in
increased applications and
expanded market share.

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More specifically, WPCs are

composites containing a wood
component in particle
form (wood particles/wood flour)
and a polymer matrix. They are
used in a variet
Wood-plastic composites (WPCs)
are a product class that has been
developing over
the last 40 years resulting in
increased applications and
expanded market share.
More specifically, WPCs are
composites containing a wood
component in particle
form (wood particles/wood flour)
and a polymer matrix. They are
used in a variety

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Wood-plastic composites
(WPCs) are a product class that
has been developing over
the last 40 years resulting in
increased applications and
expanded market share.
More specifically, WPCs are
composites containing a wood
component in particle
form (wood particles/wood flour)
and a polymer matrix. They are
used in a variet
This chapter will give an
overview of the material
properties, manufacturing
processes, applications, and
current developments related to
WPCs.

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This chapter will give an

overview of the material
properties, manufacturing
processes, applications, and
current developments related to W
The Process

The process is “any activity or group of activities that takes an input, adds

value to it and provides output to an internal or external customer. Processes use an

organization’s resources to provide definitive results” (Team, E. D et al. 2012)

The process was the different steps in the fabrication of the project and also

the testing procedure if it is functional. After acquiring all the electrical components

and raw materials of the project, the process fabricating the project was done and test

all the design to sure that it is adequate to make the project creative and functional.

The Output

The expected output was the Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of wood -plastic
composite as an alternative lumber in construction.

feature of the project is for having a new different and creative table saw machine in

homes, schools, and etc.

Research Paradigm

Input Process Output

In fabrication w will Wood plastic composite 9

as an alternative lumber
fabricate the indicate in construction.
 Sanchez Mira School of Arts and Trades Senior High School 1
0

Figure #1 The Research paradigm showing the process of development and

performance wood plastic composite as an alternative lumber in construction.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aimed to development improvised of saw as cutting machine

Specifically, the objectives are;

1.To design a wood plastic composite as an alternative lumber in construction.

2.the effectiveness of wood plastic composite as an alternative lumber in construction.

3. Cost of Production

Importance of the Study

Every endeavor has its own significance, not only to the person concerned but

also to other people who may be benefited by it in the future.

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The results of this study provide vital information to the following:

Wood plastic as an alternative lumber in construction inventor The findings of

this study served as a springboard to enrich the content and objectives of the future

study and serve as a basis for creating more relevant wood plastic composite.

Students. This study served as their guide in developing more productive and

valuable that is made from trashes.

Future Researchers. The result of this study provides them additional information

and related researchers which have bearing to this study

The Researcher. The result of the study is very useful in identifying the needs to

be improved and help others. not only for the creativity but also to earn money and

help our community prevent metal pollution.

Scope and Delimitation

The study was delimited to development and evaluation of improvised table saw as

cutting machine It is a creative and productive saw design for the beautification of a

house, buildings, and etc.

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