ENGLISH
Anglo – American
Literature
Anglo
- derived from the word
“Anglo-Saxon”
- referred to Germanic
tribes that settled in
England in early Middle
Ages
American
- refers to the people and
culture of the US
- located in North America
Anglo-American
- describes as shared
cultural, political or historical
connection between US
and UK
- refers to common values,
institutions and historical
ties that link the two
Ancient Times
Epic
- a long poem that recounts
adventures and triumph of a
hero
- laden with biblical and
religious themes
Beowulf
- oldest, longest and most
important recorded epics
in anglo-saxon
Caedmon and Cynewulf
- wrote poems with biblical
and religious themes
Middle Ages/medieval
times
5th to 15th century
- Literary works that were
already written in modern
English
Genres
: Heroic tales Just like the essays -
: Romances religious of Francis Bacon -
- recounted the chivalry and practical
adventures of knights - historical
Thomas Maloy Age of Enlightenment/
- wrote heroic tales and Age of Reason
romances 1685-1815
Vernacular Literature Literary Texts
Vernacular - reason
– in the vulgar tongue - wit
- written in the language of - philosophy
common people - refinement
Geoffrey Chaucer
- author of canterbury tales Comedy of Manners
- father of English literature - popular genre
- greatest English poet - satirizes a specific group
in middle ages of people, usually the upper
Canterbury tales class
- collection of moral and John Milton
humorous stories told by a - wrote Paradise lost
diverse group of people Paradise Lost
Renaissance Period - greatest epic poems
1300s-1500s - story of the fallen man
William Shakespeare Satire
- writes lyric poem that - question and criticize the
expresses personal social norm
sentiments - uses humor to attack a
- collected 154 sonnets social issue
- The greatest dramatist of Jonathan Swift and
all time Alexander Pope
- 37 plays - famous satrists
- wrote Romeo and Juliet John Dryden
Pastoral Poems - dominant literary figure
- shepherding and simplicity - Satirist an England’s first
of life in the country poet laureate in 1668
Christopher Marlowe and -Wrote Absolom
Sir Walter Raleigh and Ahithophel
- famous pastoral poets - story of King David’s son
during renaissance Absolom and his false
Literary Texts friend
Literary Texts Poet Laureate
- special position given by a
king or queen

Romantic to Realistic
Period
1770-1890
“Focused on the expansion
of imagination that gave
way to free forms of
expression”
Gothic Fiction
- gloomy and mysterious
- combines fiction and
horror themes
Gothic Fiction writer(s)
Mary Shelley
- wrote Frankenstein
Ann Radcliffe
- wrote the mysteries
of Udolpho
Egar Allan Poe
- wrote the Case of
Amontillado
Realistic Writers focused
on Portraying societal
problems
Charles Dickens
- wrote oliver twist
Charlotte Bronte
- wrote jane eyre
Samuel Clements
- pen name Mark Twain
- wrote the adventures of
tom sawyer
Modern to Contemporary
1990-present
- commentaries on the
social injustice and
selfishness of the upper
class
- Literary texts based on the
realistic views og life
Francis Scott Fitgerald
- wrote the great Gatsby
Thomas Sterns Eliot
- wrote the Wasteland
Robert Frost
- wrote the poem the Road
not Taken
Ancient Anglo –
Saxon Period
448AD-1066AD
- some stories reached
different kingdoms because
of travelling storytellers
Three Categories of
Poetry
Heroic Poetry
- recounts the
achievements of warriors
Lyric Poetry
- expresses thoughts and
feelings
Elegiac Poetry
- death of loved ones
- has mournful tone
Exeter book
- example of elegiac
- loss, separation and
impermanence of earthly
things
Poetry
- is a type of literature
based on the interplay of
words and rhythm
Types of Poem
1.) Lyric Poem
- expresses personal
emotion or thoughts
- comes from ancient
Greek word “lyre” which
refers to the instrumental in
that era
2.) Epic Poem
- long, narrative poem
- usually about heroic deeds
and events that significant
to the culture of the poet
Features of Poetry
1. Rhyme
- repetitions of sounds in a
poem
: End Rhyme
- rhyming words do not
appear only at the end
: Internal Rhyme
- they may appear within the
line
•Blank/ free verse
- no rhymes
2. Rhythm
- derived from the word
“rhythmos” which means
measured motion
- succession and alternation
of rhymes
3. Meter
- unit of rhythm in poetry or
measurement of poem
4. Imagery
- refers to the vivid images,
clear sounds and exact
feelings that are conveyed
through words of a poet
Sound Devices
- literary techniques or
elements used by writers or
poets
- creates auditory effects,
patterns, rhythms with their
works
A. Alliteration
- repetition of the initial
sound of works
- Ex. Peter Piper picked a
peck of pickled peppers
B. Assonance
- repetition of vowel sounds
at the beginning, middle or
end
C. Consonance
- repetition of consonant
sounds at the middle and
end
D. Onomatopoeia
- use of words whose sound
suggest their meaning
- Ex. Bang, boom, splash,
buzz
5. Figurative Languages
A. Simile
- is not clear and direct
comparison between two
things
- uses “like” or “as”
B. Metaphor
- comparison made
between two things
- does not use “like” or “as”
C. Personification
- attribution of human
qualities,
nature to characters to
something nonhuman or
inanimate objects
D. Irony
- is the expressions of one’s
meaning by using
languages that normally
signifies the opposite,
typically for humorous or
emphatic effect
E. Hyperbole
- is an extreme
exaggeration to make a
point
Types of Irony
Verbal Irony
- someone says something
but means the opposite
Situational irony
- there is a discrepancy
between what is expected
to happen and what actually - expressing surprise or
happened admiration
- Ex. A firefighter house 2. Oh!
caught on fire - indicating realization,
Dramatic Irony surprise, or sympathy
- when the audience or 3. Yay
reader knows something - conveying excitement or
but the characters do not joy
Informative Writing 4. Ouch
- non- fiction writing that - expressing pain or
conveys information about discomfort
something 5. Hmm
- serves to inform or reveal - indicating thought,
information and is uncertainty kor contemplati
organized on
- to raise awareness and to 6. Ah
educate - expressing understanding,
Journalistic Writing relief, or satisfaction
- writing or reporting about 7. Ew
the news - expressing disgust or
- found in newspaper, aversion
periodicals or on 8. Aha
news-related websites - indicating sudden
- To quickly inform realization or discovery
- T entertain and persuade 9. Oops
Literary Writing - acknowledging a mistake
- not entirely factual or or accident
timely 10. Hurray
- cover imaginary events or - expressing celebration or
ideas and range of happiness
innovative and creative 11. Shh
writing - signaling for silence or
- To communicate or appeal secrecy
to emotions 12. Phew
Interjections - expressing relief or
- words that expresses exhaustion
excitement or emotion 13. Gosh
- followed by a comma (,), - expressing surprise or
ellipsis (…) or an disbelief
exclamation point (!) 14. Boo
Types of Interjections - used to scare or surprise
1. Wow someone
15. Duh
- expressing the obvious or
stating the obvious
16. Well
- introducing a statement or
adding emphasis
17. Nope
- indicating refusal or
disagreement
18. Gee
- expressing wonder or
surprise
19. Ugh
- expressing frustration or
annoyance
20. Yikes
- expressing shock or alarm
21. Ahem
- the sound of someone
clearing their throat to get
your attention
22. Ahh
- used to call for help or
when someone is scared
23. Boo
- used to bash someone or
voice of disapproval
24. Eh
- used when you didn’t hear
or understand what
someone said
25. Jeez
- could indicate you can’t
believe something or you’re
- expresses joy or
happiness
29. Yeah
- demonstrates a very
strong affirmation or
approval
30. Yoo-hoo
- an expression used to get
someone’s attention
31. Zing
- usually used to comically
emphasize a clever
statement or comeback
32. Dang
- informal interjection used
to express a variety of
emotions
33. Goodness
- used to express surprise,
admiration, or sometimes
disbelief in a polite or
somewhat old-fashioned m
anner
Sequence Signals or
Connectors
Connectors
- used to link two or more
ideas
Sentence Connectors
- words or phrases that
introduce a clause or
sentence and serve as a
transition between them
So, because (cause –
effect)
- therefore, thus,
consequently, hence, for
this reason, as a result, that
is why
So (similarity)
- similarly, likewise
Before
- beforehand, before this,
first, then, next, afterwards
Or
- alternatively, otherwise
While (same time)
- meanwhile, at the same
time/moment
Sequencing Steps
1. Beginning of your story
- create the beginning of
your story with this
expression.
- Use a comma after
introducing the phrase
First of all
To start off with
Initially
To begin with
2. Continuing the Story
- continue the story with the
ff. expressions or use a time
clause beginning with “as
soon as” or “after”
• Then

imitated Conjunctions • After that

• Next,
26. Ooh-la-la And
• As soon as/
- a slightly comical way to - also, in addition,
•when full clause
refer something as fancy or additionally, moreover,
• …but then
special furthermore
• Immediately
27. Whoa But
- shows surprise or - however, even so, though,
amazement nevertheless, nonetheless,
28. Yahoo still
3. Interruptions and
adding new elements to
the story
- use the ff. expressions to
add suspense to your story
Suddenly,
Unexpectedly,
4. Ending the story
- mark the end of your story
with these introductory
phrases
Finally,
In the end,
Eventually,
Type of Relationship
Addition
- again, also, and, besides,
finally, further, last,
moreover, equally important
Clarification
- as a matter of fact, clearly,
evidently, in fact, obviously,
in other words, of course,
too
Comparison
- also, likewise, in like
manner, similarly, both/and
Contrast
- after all, although,
conversely, at the same
time, but, for that, still, in
spite of
Exemplification or
Example
- for example, for instance,
that is, thus, including
Location or Spatial order
- above, adjacent to, below,
beyond, close by,
elsewhere, inside, nearby,
next to, opposite
Cause/Effect or
Condition/Conclusion
- accordingly, as a result,
because, then, hence, in
short, consequently, thus
Summary
- in brief, in conclusion, in
short to sum up, on the
whole, to summarize
Time
- after, after a short time,
afterward, before, during, of
late, at last, at that time
Transition words that
show transition of time
- first, second, soon, then,
now, immediately, until,
while, meanwhile, when,
during, before, after, next,
last, finally
Modals
- auxiliary or helping verbs
to help us understand the
function of the main verb
A. Prohibition
- can’t, mustn’t
Can’t
- can not
- usually give the idea of
something that is against
the rules
Mustn’t
- must not
- usually means that it is the
speaker who is setting the
rule
B. Obligation
- have to, must
Have to
- shows the obligation
comes from someone else
not the speaker
Must
- obligation comes from the
speaker
Don’t have to
- there is no obligation
C. Permission
- can, may could
Can
- most used to ask
permission
Could
- possible to use but not
often used
Conditional
Conditional sentences are
used to express
hypothetical situations and
their potential outcomes.
They typically consist of two
parts: the "if" clause
(conditional clause) and the
main clause (result clause).
There are several types of
conditional sentences:
1. Zero Conditional:
Describes general truths or
facts. It uses "if" + present
simple in both clauses.
Example: If you heat
water to 100 degrees
Celsius, it boils.
2. First Conditional:
Expresses possible future
situations. It uses "if" +
present simple in the
conditional clause and "will"
+ base form in the result
clause.
Example: If it rains
tomorrow, I will stay at
home.
3. Second Conditional:
Expresses hypothetical or
unlikely situations in the
present or future. It uses "if"
+ past simple in the
conditional clause and
"would" + base form in the
result clause.
Example: If I won the
lottery, I would travel the
world.
4. Third Conditional:
Expresses hypothetical
situations in the past that
didn't happen. It uses "if" +
past perfect in the
conditional clause and
"would have" + past
participle in the result
clause.
Example: If she had
studied harder, she would
have passed the exam.
5. Mixed Conditionals:
Combine elements of
different conditional types to
express complex
relationships between time
and condition.
Example: If I had known
you were coming, I wouldn't
have made other plans
(Third Conditional in the
past and Second
Conditional in the present).
Conditional sentences are a
fundamental part of English
grammar, allowing
speakers to convey various
degrees of likelihood,
possibility, and hypothetical -semi-formal
scenarios. communicative situations
like negotiating with
Communicative Styles or strangers, small group
Language Registers discussion & conversation
1. Frozen in schools
- to be remembered & used
in formal setting such as in 5. Formal
a Church Ritual -used in formal situation
-involves large group of - least amount of shared
people but they are not background and the
permitted to give questions communication style is
to the speaker (fixed largely one way with little or
speech) no feedback
-contents do not change or -speaker avoids slang
rarely change in time terminologies, the speaker
says something that has
2. Casual been prepared
-informal communication -it's complex sentence and
style usually used between noun phrases are well
friends, groups, & peers structured, logically
who have things to share sequenced, & strongly
and have shared coherent
background information
-free and easy participation
of both speaker and listener
3. Intimate
-private talks between close
relationships like couples,
family and best friends
-rarely shared in public,
uses a language between
people with same
orientation & could not be
understood by the people in
the same intimate
group
4. Consultative
-uses professional or
mutually acceptable
language