CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

1. A) Abrahamson and Silva 2008 attenuation relationship

The ground motion prediction calculations are exclusively displayed for the SKR recording station.
Excel results are the sole information available for all other stations.

Base Model:

Where R = (Rrup2+c42)0.5 (SKR R=(3.3^2 + 4.5^2)0.5 = 5.58 km )

For SKR station and T=0.0s ;

F1(M,Rrup)=0.8110-0.398*(7.4-6.75)-0.0372*(8.5-7.4)^2 + [-0.9679+0.265(7.4-6.75)]*ln(5.58) = -0.868

Station Distance to rupture Site Peak Horizontal Acceleration, g

Station Coordinates plane, Rrup (km) Class Strong Comp. Weak Comp.
40.737° N
Sakarya (SKR)* 30.381° E 3.3 412 0.407 (E) N/A (S)

40.763° N Soft
Yarimca (YPT)* 29.761° E 5.0 0.262 (E) 0.298 (N)
Soil
40.790° N
Izmit (IZT) 29.960° E 10.0 780 0.226 (E) 0.169 (S)

40.850° N Soft
Duzce (DZC) 31.170° E 6.7 0.368 (W) 0.322 (S)
Soil
 CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

T (s) c1 c4 a3 a4 a5 n c c2 V LIN b a1 a2 a8 a10 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a18 s1 s2 s1 s2 s3 s4 p m/s
Estimated Measured
VS30 VS30
0,010 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 865,1 -1,186 0,8110 -0,9679 -0,0372 0,9445 0,0000 -0,0600 1,0800 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0067 0,590 0,470 0,576 0,453 0,420 0,300 1,000
0,020 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 865,1 -1,219 0,8550 -0,9774 -0,0372 0,9834 0,0000 -0,0600 1,0800 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0067 0,590 0,470 0,576 0,453 0,420 0,300 1,000
0,030 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 907,8 -1,273 0,9620 -1,0024 -0,0372 1,0471 0,0000 -0,0600 1,1331 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0067 0,605 0,478 0,591 0,461 0,462 0,305 0,991
0,040 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 994,5 -1,308 1,0370 -1,0289 -0,0315 1,0884 0,0000 -0,0600 1,1708 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0067 0,615 0,483 0,602 0,466 0,492 0,309 0,982
0,050 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 1053,5 -1,346 1,1330 -1,0508 -0,0271 1,1333 0,0000 -0,0600 1,2000 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0076 0,623 0,488 0,610 0,471 0,515 0,312 0,973
0,075 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 1085,7 -1,471 1,3750 -1,0810 -0,0191 1,2808 0,0000 -0,0600 1,2000 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0093 0,630 0,495 0,617 0,479 0,550 0,317 0,952
0,10 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 1032,5 -1,624 1,5630 -1,0833 -0,0166 1,4613 0,0000 -0,0600 1,2000 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0093 0,630 0,501 0,617 0,485 0,550 0,321 0,929
0,15 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 877,6 -1,931 1,7160 -1,0357 -0,0254 1,8071 0,0181 -0,0600 1,1683 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0093 0,630 0,509 0,616 0,491 0,550 0,326 0,896
0,20 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 748,2 -2,188 1,6870 -0,9700 -0,0396 2,0773 0,0309 -0,0600 1,1274 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0083 0,630 0,514 0,614 0,495 0,520 0,329 0,874
0,25 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 654,3 -2,381 1,6460 -0,9202 -0,0539 2,2794 0,0409 -0,0600 1,0956 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0069 0,630 0,518 0,612 0,497 0,497 0,332 0,856
0,30 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 587,1 -2,518 1,6010 -0,8974 -0,0656 2,4201 0,0491 -0,0600 1,0697 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0057 0,630 0,522 0,611 0,499 0,479 0,335 0,841
0,40 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 503,0 -2,657 1,5110 -0,8677 -0,0807 2,5510 0,0619 -0,0600 1,0288 -0,3500 0,8423 -0,0039 0,630 0,527 0,608 0,501 0,449 0,338 0,818
0,50 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 456,6 -2,669 1,3970 -0,8475 -0,0924 2,5395 0,0719 -0,0600 0,9971 -0,3191 0,7458 -0,0025 0,630 0,532 0,606 0,504 0,426 0,341 0,783
0,75 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 410,5 -2,401 1,1370 -0,8206 -0,1137 2,1493 0,0800 -0,0600 0,9395 -0,2629 0,5704 0,0000 0,630 0,539 0,602 0,506 0,385 0,346 0,680
1,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 -1,955 0,9150 -0,8088 -0,1289 1,5705 0,0800 -0,0600 0,8985 -0,2230 0,4460 0,0000 0,630 0,545 0,594 0,503 0,350 0,350 0,607
1,5 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 -1,025 0,5100 -0,7995 -0,1534 0,3991 0,0800 -0,0600 0,8409 -0,1668 0,2707 0,0000 0,615 0,552 0,566 0,497 0,350 0,350 0,504
2,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 -0,299 0,1920 -0,7960 -0,1708 -0,6072 0,0800 -0,0600 0,8000 -0,1270 0,1463 0,0000 0,604 0,558 0,544 0,491 0,350 0,350 0,431
3,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 0,000 -0,2800 -0,7960 -0,1954 -0,9600 0,0800 -0,0600 0,4793 -0,0708 -0,0291 0,0000 0,589 0,565 0,527 0,500 0,350 0,350 0,328
4,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 0,000 -0,6390 -0,7960 -0,2128 -0,9600 0,0800 -0,0600 0,2518 -0,0309 -0,1535 0,0000 0,578 0,570 0,515 0,505 0,350 0,350 0,255
5,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 0,000 -0,9360 -0,7960 -0,2263 -0,9208 0,0800 -0,0600 0,0754 0,0000 -0,2500 0,0000 0,570 0,587 0,510 0,529 0,350 0,350 0,200
7,5 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 0,000 -1,5270 -0,7960 -0,2509 -0,7700 0,0800 -0,0600 0,0000 0,0000 -0,2500 0,0000 0,611 0,618 0,572 0,579 0,350 0,350 0,200
10,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 0,000 -1,9930 -0,7960 -0,2683 -0,6630 0,0800 -0,0600 0,0000 0,0000 -0,2500 0,0000 0,640 0,640 0,612 0,612 0,350 0,350 0,200
0,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 865,1 -1,186 0,8040 -0,9679 -0,0372 0,9445 0,0000 -0,0600 1,0800 -0,3500 0,9000 -0,0067 0,590 0,470 0,576 0,453 0,470 0,300 1,000
-1,0 6,75 4,5 0,265 -0,231 -0,398 1,18 1,88 50,0 400,0 -1,955 5,7578 -0,9046 -0,1200 1,5390 0,0800 -0,0600 0,7000 -0,3900 0,6300 0,0000 0,590 0,470 0,576 0,453 0,420 0,300 0,740

Site response model

Where;

For SKR Station and T=0.0s;

V1=1500 m/s, Vs30*=412 m/s, VLIN = 865.1 m/s

PGA1100= f1(M,Rrup)+f5(PGA1100,Vs30*)=exp(-0.868+(0.9445-1.186*1.18)*ln(1100/865.1)) = 0.376

f5(PGA1100,Vs30*)=0.9445*ln(412/865.1)+1.186*ln(0.376+1.88)-1.186*ln(0.376+1.88*ln(412/865.1)1.18) =
0.089

Hanging Wall Model

Because FHV equals zero, this calculation is not taken into account in this context.

Depth to Top of Rupture Model

Large Distance Model

CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

f8(Rrup,M)=0 for all stations since Rrup < 100 km.

Soil Depth Model

Where; Z1.0(Vs30) is the median,

in meters unit and;

Constant displacement Model

This particular problem does not conform to the applicability of this model.

Abrahamson and Silva Equations for Standard Deviation

σB(M,T) = (0.47^2-0.3^2)=0.361
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

lnSa(g) = -0.868 + 0.089 + 0

SA = 0.459g (Median)
SA-1σ = exp(ln(0.459)-0.361) = 0.320g

SA+1σ= exp(ln(0.459)+0.361) = 0.659g

When the formulations mentioned earlier, along with the coefficients provided in Table 1 for
all the stations listed, are employed, the outcomes presented in Table 3 are generated for the
Abrahamson & Silva (2008) ground motion prediction equations.

Station Sa (g) Sa - σ (g) Sa + σ (g)

SKR 0,4615 0,3214 0,6626

YPT 0,3821 0,2661 0,5486

IZT 0,2548 0,1775 0,3659

DZC 0,3502 0,2439 0,5029

ii) Boore and Atkinson (2008) attenuation relationship

lnSa(g)=FM(M)+FD(RJB,M)+FS(Vs30, RJB, M) + ε σT
Distance and Magnitude Functions
Distance function:

FD(RJB,M)= [c1 + c2 (M-Mref) ]*ln(R/Rref) + c3(R-Rref)

For SKR T=0.0 sec;
R = (RJB^2+h^2)0.5 = (3.3^2+1.35^2) = 3.57
FD(RJB,M)=[-0.6605+0.1197*(7.4-4.5)]*ln(3.57/1)-0.01151*(3.57-1)=-0.428
T (s) e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 Mh c1 c2 c3 M ref Rref h b lin V ref b1 b2 V1 V2 a1 pga_low a2 σ tU σ TU tM σ TM

0,010 -0,52883 -0,49429 -0,74551 -0,49966 0,28897 -0,10019 0,00000 6,75 -0,66220 0,12000 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,35 -0,360 760 -0,640 -0,14 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,502 0,267 0,569 0,262 0,566

0,020 -0,52192 -0,48508 -0,73906 -0,48895 0,25144 -0,11006 0,00000 6,75 -0,66600 0,12280 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,35 -0,340 760 -0,630 -0,12 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,502 0,267 0,569 0,262 0,566

0,030 -0,45285 -0,41831 -0,66722 -0,42229 0,17976 -0,12858 0,00000 6,75 -0,69010 0,12830 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,35 -0,330 760 -0,620 -0,11 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,507 0,276 0,578 0,274 0,576

0,050 -0,28476 -0,25022 -0,48462 -0,26092 0,06369 -0,15752 0,00000 6,75 -0,71700 0,13170 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,35 -0,290 760 -0,640 -0,11 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,516 0,286 0,589 0,286 0,589

0,075 0,00767 0,04912 -0,20578 0,02706 0,01170 -0,17051 0,00000 6,75 -0,72050 0,12370 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,55 -0,230 760 -0,640 -0,11 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,513 0,322 0,606 0,320 0,606

0,10 0,20109 0,23102 0,03058 0,22193 0,04697 -0,15948 0,00000 6,75 -0,70810 0,11170 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,68 -0,250 760 -0,600 -0,13 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,520 0,313 0,608 0,318 0,608

0,15 0,46128 0,48661 0,30185 0,49328 0,17990 -0,14539 0,00000 6,75 -0,69610 0,09884 -0,01113 4,5 1,0 1,86 -0,280 760 -0,530 -0,18 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,518 0,288 0,592 0,290 0,594

0,20 0,57180 0,59253 0,40860 0,61472 0,52729 -0,12964 0,00102 6,75 -0,58300 0,04273 -0,00952 4,5 1,0 1,98 -0,310 760 -0,520 -0,19 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,523 0,283 0,596 0,288 0,596

0,25 0,51884 0,53496 0,33880 0,57747 0,60880 -0,13843 0,08607 6,75 -0,57260 0,02977 -0,00837 4,5 1,0 2,07 -0,390 760 -0,520 -0,16 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,527 0,267 0,592 0,267 0,592

0,30 0,43825 0,44516 0,25356 0,51990 0,64472 -0,15694 0,10601 6,75 -0,55430 0,01955 -0,00750 4,5 1,0 2,14 -0,440 760 -0,520 -0,14 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,546 0,272 0,608 0,269 0,608

0,40 0,39220 0,40602 0,21398 0,46080 0,78610 -0,07843 0,02262 6,75 -0,64430 0,04394 -0,00626 4,5 1,0 2,24 -0,500 760 -0,510 -0,10 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,541 0,267 0,603 0,267 0,603

0,50 0,18957 0,19878 0,00967 0,26337 0,76837 -0,09054 0,00000 6,75 -0,69140 0,06080 -0,00540 4,5 1,0 2,32 -0,600 760 -0,500 -0,06 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,555 0,265 0,615 0,265 0,615

0,75 -0,21338 -0,19496 -0,49176 -0,10813 0,75179 -0,14053 0,10302 6,75 -0,74080 0,07518 -0,00409 4,5 1,0 2,46 -0,690 760 -0,470 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,571 0,311 0,649 0,299 0,645

1,0 -0,46896 -0,43443 -0,78465 -0,39330 0,67880 -0,18257 0,05393 6,75 -0,81830 0,10270 -0,00334 4,5 1,0 2,54 -0,700 760 -0,440 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,573 0,318 0,654 0,302 0,647

1,5 -0,86271 -0,79593 -1,20902 -0,88085 0,70689 -0,25950 0,19082 6,75 -0,83030 0,09793 -0,00255 4,5 1,0 2,66 -0,720 760 -0,400 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,566 0,382 0,684 0,373 0,679

2,0 -1,22652 -1,15514 -1,57697 -1,27669 0,77989 -0,29657 0,29888 6,75 -0,82850 0,09432 -0,00217 4,5 1,0 2,73 -0,730 760 -0,380 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,580 0,398 0,702 0,389 0,700

3,0 -1,82979 -1,74690 -2,22584 -1,91814 0,77966 -0,45384 0,67466 6,75 -0,78440 0,07282 -0,00191 4,5 1,0 2,83 -0,740 760 -0,340 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,566 0,410 0,700 0,401 0,695

4,0 -2,24656 -2,15906 -2,58228 -2,38168 1,24961 -0,35874 0,79508 6,75 -0,68540 0,03758 -0,00191 4,5 1,0 2,89 -0,750 760 -0,310 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,583 0,394 0,702 0,385 0,698

5,0 -1,28408 -1,21270 -1,50904 -1,41093 0,14271 -0,39006 0,00000 8,50 -0,50960 -0,02391 -0,00191 4,5 1,0 2,93 -0,750 760 -0,291 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,601 0,414 0,730 0,437 0,744

7,5 -1,43145 -1,31632 -1,81022 -1,59217 0,52407 -0,37578 0,00000 8,50 -0,37240 -0,06568 -0,00191 4,5 1,0 3,00 -0,692 760 -0,247 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,626 0,465 0,781 0,477 0,787

10,0 -2,15446 -2,16137 -2,53323 -2,14635 0,40387 -0,48492 0,00000 8,50 -0,09824 -0,13800 -0,00191 4,5 1,0 3,04 -0,650 760 -0,215 0,00 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,645 0,355 0,735 0,477 0,801

0 -0,53804 -0,50350 -0,75472 -0,50970 0,28805 -0,10164 0,00000 6,75 -0,66050 0,11970 -0,01151 4,5 1,0 1,35 -0,360 760 -0,640 -0,14 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,502 0,265 0,566 0,260 0,564

-1 5,00121 5,04727 4,63188 5,08210 0,18322 -0,12736 0,00000 8,50 -0,87370 0,10060 -0,00334 4,5 1,0 2,54 -0,600 760 -0,500 -0,06 180 300 0,03 0,06 0,09 0,500 0,286 0,576 0,256 0,560

Magnitude scaling:
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

For SKR and T=0.0sec;

M=7.4 > Mh = 6.75 →
FM(M) = -0.5035 + 0*(7.4-6.75) = -0.5035
Distance and Magnitude Functions
Fs = FLIN + FNL

FLIN = blin*ln(Vs30 / Vref) where Vref = 760 m/s

For SKR and T =0.0sec;

FLIN= -0.360*ln(412/760) = 0.220

Vs30 < V1 -> bnl = b1

Vs30 > V1 -> bnl = (b1-b2)*ln(Vs30/V2) / ln(V1/V2) + b2

V2 < Vs30 < Vref -> bnl = b2*ln(Vs30 / Vref) / ln(V2/Vref)

Vref < Vs30 -> bnl = 0

For SKR T=0.0 sec;

bnl = b2*ln(Vs30 / Vref) / ln(V2/Vref) = 0.14*ln(412/760)/ln(300/760) = -0.092

FNL = bnl*ln(pga4nl / 0.1 ) = -0.092*ln(3.94) = -0.126

lnSa(g) = -0.504 – 0.428 + 0.220 – 0.126

Sa = 0.433g (median)

Sa – 1 σ = exp (ln(0.433) – 0.564 ) = 0.246g

Sa + 1 σ= exp (ln(0.433) + 0.564 ) = 0.761g

Station Sa (g) Sa - σ (g) Sa + σ (g)

SKR 0,4328 0,2462 0,7608

YPT 0,2866 0,1630 0,5037

IZT 0,2614 0,1487 0,4594

DZC 0,2729 0,1552 0,4796

CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

iii) Idris 2008 Attenuation Relationship

The attenuation relationship in this study is limited to avg. Shear wave velocity in top 30m
which is Vs30 = 450 to 900 m/s. So this method is only applicable to IZT recording station in
which Vs30 = 720 m/s. The following line of equations are inserted in this study to determine
median values of pseudo absolute spectral acceleration ( PAA(T) );

Ln(PSA(T) = 5.6315 – 0.4104*7.4 – (2.9832 – 0.2339*7.4)-Ln(10+10)+0.00047x10 = -1.152

PSA(T)IZT = 0.316g

SE = 1.28 + 0.05Ln(T) – 0.08M = 1.28 + 0.05Ln(0.01) – 0.08*7.4 = 0.458

Sa = 0.316 g (median)

Sa - 1σ = exp (ln(0.316) – 0.458) = 0.184 g

Sa + 1σ = exp (ln(0.316) + 0.458) = 0.541 g

Station Sa (g) Sa - σ (g) Sa + σ (g)

IZT 0,3159 0,1999 0,4992

Summarization of all spectral acceleration values from relationships above:

Abrahamson&Silva (2008) Boore&Atkinson Idriss (2008)

Station (2008)
Median SA (in g) Median SA (in g) Median SA (in g)
Sakarya(SKR) 0,4615 0,4328 (NA)
Yarimca (YPT) 0,3821 0,2866 (NA)
Izmit (IZT) 0,2548 0,2614 0.3159
Duzce (DZC) 0,3502 0,2729 (NA)

Acceleration response spectra for the SKR and YPT stations, utilizing the Abrahamson &
Silva (2008) ground motion prediction equations, are once more calculated using the data
from Excel and are illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

b)
The seismic motion data is acquired from the PEER Ground Motion Database for the Izmit
station, and a comparison is made between the outcomes derived from the Abrahamson &
Silva (2008), Boore & Atkinson (2008), and Idriss (2008) ground motion prediction equations.
This comparison is illustrated in Figures below.
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

Upon examining the outcomes depicted in Figures above, it is evident that the maximum
horizontal ground acceleration values obtained from the Abrahamson & Silva (2008), Boore &
Atkinson (2008), and Idriss (2008) models closely resemble each other and are in proximity to
the data from the PEER Ground Motion database. However, in Figure 5, there is a variance in
the results between T=0sec to T=1 sec, with a discrepancy of approximately 2-2.5 units when
compared to the NGA GMPE results and the PEER Ground Motion Database results. Several
factors could contribute to this difference. It is possible that variations in shear wave velocities
and magnitudes, as specified in this assignment, as opposed to those in the PEER Ground
Motion Database, may be one of the reasons for the disparity. Furthermore, variations in the
results among different GMPEs might arise from the limitations and distinct methodologies
employed by the respective authors.
c) Sv = Sa / w ; w=2pi/T
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

2) The acceleration response spectra for the Sakarya and Yarimca stations, based on the
Abrahamson & Silva (2008) model, are presented in Figure 9 and 10 for a magnitude (Mw) 6.9
earthquake on the Northwestern segment of the North Anatolian fault. It's important to note
that the Idriss (2008) ground motion prediction equation is designed for soil with VS30 values
between 450 to 900 m/s, and thus, it is not suitable for application to either the Sakarya or
Yenice recording stations.
CE5601 Assignment 2 Solutions Batuhan AYDOĞAN 2261956

The outcomes provided in the preceding example exhibit a favorable agreement with the Boore
& Atkinson (2008) ground motion prediction equation (GMPE) results. When taking into
account the standard error of approximately plus or minus one sigma (±1σ), it is evident that
the results encompass a broad range of probabilities for predicting both the intensity and
frequency characteristics of the ground motions at the two stations.