ME 4241 - Unit Operations and Screening

Manufacturing and
Industrial Processes
ENGR. MAUREEN M. ABANSI
ME 4241
INTRODUCTION TO UNIT
1 OPERATIONS
SOLID-TO-SOLID SEPARATION
CO
2
UR
SE
SOLIDS SIZE REDUCTION
3
OU
TLI
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SOLIDS HANDLING AND
4 TRANSPORTATION
DRYING AND SEPARATING
5 PROCESSES
OTHER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

CO
6
UR
SE
OU
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1
UNIT OPERATIONS
01
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HOW
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A unit operation is a basic step in a process that 01
involves physical change or chemical transformation
during the process
Manufacturing may be
defined as the sequential
application of technical unit
operations to increase or
convert raw material, or
materials, to a high-value
added component or
device.
UNIT OPERATIONS
01
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UNIT OPERATIONS
Since individual processes can be broken down into series of 01
steps, and the individual operations have common
techniques and are based on the same scientific principles, it
is good to study about unit operations.
Types of Unit Operations: (Swain, 2011)
1.Mechanical Operations
2.Fluid-flow operations
3.Heat-transfer operations; and
4.Mass-transfer operations
UNIT OPERATIONS
01
01
1
UNIT OPERATIONS:
Fundamental
Concepts
01
1 MATERIAL BALANCE
“Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.”
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UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

01
1 MATERIAL BALANCE

01
2 ENERGY BALANCE
- to be able to determine the amount of energy required
to carry out on operation, an energy balance analysis is
done
“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”
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01
3 IDEAL CONTACT
It is important to know how much the material being processed is in

contact for any length of time under specified conditions, such as
conditions of temperature, pressure, and etc.

01
4 RATES OF AN OPERATION
Equilibrium must be attained for further change can

take place and the process stops, however the
process tends to keep going. Resistance ( heat
transfer, electrical resistance, etc.) provides the
major difficulty in tackling the rates of an operation.

2
SOLID-TO-SOLID
SEPARATION:
Properties of Solids
02
1 DENSITY and BULK DENSITY
Expressed by the symbol “Apparent Density”; It is the total

ρ, and is defined as the mass per unit total volume.
mass per unit volume. In some cases the bulk density of a
specific material is not equal to the
� actual density of the raw material.
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PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
02
1 DENSITY and BULK DENSITY
One way to compute density:
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02
2 POROSITY
It is the amount of
available spaces
known as void spaces
of a raw material in
which water or air (or
other materials) can
fill up with.
02
Soil in reality, contains

moisture (20% water).
Depending on soil
compaction, contains
air on void spaces.
02
Moisture is an
important factor when
dealing with materials
such as Bagasse.
True Density Bulk Density 02
Nonporous materials have a Porous materials have lesser mass
density equal to its true compared to its nonporous
density. counterpart.
Example: diamond, block of Compare: Powdered talc as filler
pure aluminium for paint.
Compare: Raw material of talc
02
3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The ratio of the density of the material to the

density of a reference substance (usually water at
4°C has a density of 1000 kg/m3).
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02
4 HARDNESS
It is the resistance of materials to indentation and

scratching.
02
5 BRITTLENESS /FRIABILITY
A property of a material to be
easily broken by impact. The
brittleness of coal is ideal when
gravity crushing coal for stokers.
Hard materials can be
brittle/frail and these two
properties are not synonymous
with each other.
02
6 TOUGHNESS
It is the resistance to impact.

The inverse of friability.
Mechanical equipment must
have support that have high
toughness.
02
7 FRICTION
It is the resistance of a
material moving against
another material
2
SOLID-TO-SOLID
SEPARATION:
Screening
02
METHODS OF SEPARATING
MATERIALS
(1) Chemical Separation
(2) Mechanical Separation

02
What is Mechanical Separation?
• those employing a selective

barrier such as screen or a
filter media, (2) Mechanical Separation
• those depending on the
difference on phase density
alone,
• those depending on the fluid
and particle mechanics, and
• those depending on the
surface, electrical, or magnetic
properties of particles
02
It is a mechanical operation that is

generally used in separating large
particles into specific size fractions.
Other term for screening: Sieving.
SCREENING/
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02
Screening is done by passing the

mixture of material in a feed moving
through uniformly spaced opening of
the desired size as the base (screen).
SCREENING/
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02
Mining and Food Industry Chemical

Mineral
Industry
Processing
Plastics and Pharmaceuticals

Recyling
APPLICATIONS OF SCREENING
02
Purposes of Screening
• to remove the coarse particles for
further size reduction
• to remove the fine particles from

crusher feeds to save power by
preventing over-grinding
• to grade the crushed products

into commercial sizes, and
• to perform a step for a

subsequent process.
2
SOLID-TO-SOLID
SEPARATION:
Screening
Terminologies
02
1 PARTICLE
It is the single piece of

raw material being fed
into the screen.
Particles of raw
material are then
separated using the
screen.
SCREENING TERMINOLOGIES
02
1 PARTICLE
It is the single piece of

raw material being fed
into the screen.
Particles of raw
material are then
separated using the
screen.
02
Dimension of a particle
MARTIN’S DIAMETER
- the mean distance between

two parallel tangents to the
projected particle diameter
FERET’S DIAMETER
- the mean chord length of the

projected particle perimeter
02
2 SCREEN APERTURE
It is the clear size

between the
individual wires of the
screen.
w – aperture width
d – wire diameter
p – pitch (distance between
midpoints of wires).
02
3 MESH
The number of screen

apertures per unit
length
The larger the mesh

number, the finer the
screen is.
02
4 SCREEN INTERVAL
- the relationship between

the successive sizes of
screen openings in a series.
Common screen intervals

are 2 for large apertures.
√2=1.4141: for smaller
apertures
√(4&2) =1.892: for careful
work and research
02
5 UNDERSIZE PARTICLES
- the particles that pass

through the apertures
(openings) of the screen.
Undersize particles are

smaller than the aperture
screen size.
Commonly denoted by the
negative (-) sign.
02
6 OVERSIZE PARTICLES
- the particles that retain in

the screen
Oversize particles are larger

than the screen aperture
size.
Commonly denoted by the
positive (+) sign.
02
7 BLINDING
- when particles tend to block the

screen apertures (opening), and
thus prevent screening
1. Presence of near mesh

particles that have sizes very
close to the screen aperture size.
2. Cohesion of particles to each
other.
3. Moisture of the particles tend
to stick to the surface of the
screen.
02
8 BLINDING
- when particles tend to block the

screen apertures (opening), and
thus prevent screening
1. Presence of near mesh

particles that have sizes very
close to the screen aperture size.
2. Cohesion of particles to each
other.
3. Moisture of the particles tend
to stick to the surface of the
screen.
02
CATEGORIES OF SCREENING
(1) Dry Screening (2) Wet Screening
- the drying of a - a category for

material containing a screening fines and
natural amount of moist materials
moisture or a material whose screening is
that has been dried very difficult without
before screening washing

ME 4241 - Unit Operations and Screening

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Manufacturing and

SOLIDS SIZE REDUCTION

SOLIDS HANDLING AND

OTHER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

TEXT Add your words here

Add your words here

Add your words here

Add your words here TITLE

Types of Unit Operations: (Swain, 2011)

“Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.”

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UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.”

��� = ���� + ∆�������

UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

It is important to know how much the material being processed is in

UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Equilibrium must be attained for further change can

UNIT OPERATIONS : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Expressed by the symbol “Apparent Density”; It is the total

One way to compute density:

Soil in reality, contains

The ratio of the density of the material to the

It is the resistance of materials to indentation and

It is the resistance to impact.

(2) Mechanical Separation

• those employing a selective

It is a mechanical operation that is

Screening is done by passing the

Mining and Food Industry Chemical

Plastics and Pharmaceuticals

• to remove the fine particles from

• to grade the crushed products

• to perform a step for a

It is the single piece of

It is the single piece of

- the mean distance between

- the mean chord length of the

It is the clear size

The number of screen

The larger the mesh

- the relationship between

Common screen intervals

- the particles that pass

Undersize particles are

- the particles that retain in

Oversize particles are larger

- when particles tend to block the

1. Presence of near mesh

- when particles tend to block the

1. Presence of near mesh

(1) Dry Screening (2) Wet Screening

- the drying of a - a category for

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