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Natural History of aquatic Insects, 1895, p. 376.

[88]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 18.

[89]

Op. cit. v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1882, p. 61.

[90]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 341.

[91]

Descent of Man, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker,

Arch. f. Naturgesch. lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.

[92]

See J. Linn. Soc. Zool. xiii. 1876, p. 161.

[93]

For many particulars as to respiration of Dytiscus, and peculiarities

of the larva see Miall, Aquatic Insects, 1895, pp. 39, etc. (In the
figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the terminal segment of
the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to in the text.)

[94]

For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," Sci.

Trans. R. Dublin Soc. (2) ii. 1882.

[95]

Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids

have been published by Xambeu, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, xxxix.
1892, p. 137, and Erichson, Arch. Naturgesch. xiii. 1847, p. 275.

[96]
Arch. Mus. Paris (2), viii. and ix. 1887.

[97]

For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart,

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue,
Séverin, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxiii. 1889.

[98]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, xxi. 1852, p. 619.

[99]

Horn, Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, Insect Life, i. 1889,
p. 300.

[100]

Insect Life, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.

[101]

Tr. Amer. ent. Soc. viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.

[102]

Westwood, Tr. ent. Soc. London (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann,
Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod. 1894, p. 121.

[103]

Rev. ent. franc. ix. 1890.

[104]

Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa: II. Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea.

Vienna, 1895 and 1899.

[105]

Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste, Nijhoff, 1890; and

Tijdschr. ent. xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p.
632.

[106]

Schiödte, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (4) v. 1857, p. 169.

[107]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.

[108]

Monograph, Trichopterygia illustrata, by A. Matthews, London,

1872.

[109]

For further information refer to Matthews, An Essay on

Hydroscapha, London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.

[110]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.

[111]

Larves de Coléoptères, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.

[112]

Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. p. 438.

[113]

The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in Ann.

Soc. ent. France, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made
since then.

[114]

For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, Larves, etc.

p. 24.
[115]

SB. Ak. Wien. xxiv. 1857, p. 330.

[116]

Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in Ann. Soc. ent. France,

1888, p. 429.

[117]

For classification, see Sharp, Biol. Centr. Amer. Col. ii. pt. i. 1894,
p. 443.

[118]

See Ganglbauer, Käf. Mitteleuropas, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte

and Horn Classification, etc., p. 130.

[119]

Perris, Larves, etc., p. 75.

[120]

Ritsema, Catalogue of Helota, Notes Leyden Mus. xiii. 1891, p.

223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.

[121]

Zool. Anz. xviii. 1895, p. 244.

[122]

Gerstaecker, Monographie der Endomychiden, Leipzig, 858, 1433

pp. Since this work was published, the species known have been
multiplied two or three times.

[123]

Stettin. ent. Zeit. xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.

[124]
It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the
existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very
difficult to find.

[125]

Bull. ent. ital. 1886, p. 406, and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xliii. 1887, pp.
201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species, but we
presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, Luciola italica.

[126]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, op. cit. xl.
1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see
p. 259.

[127]

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii. 1887, p. 137, postea.

[128]

Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.

[129]

Ent. Mag. xxiv. 1887, p. 148.

[130]

Larves des Coléoptères, 1878, p. 208.

[131]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1894, p. 7.

[132]

Perris, Ann. Soc. ent. France (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.

[133]

Arch. Naturgesch. xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.

[134]

"Les Élatérides lumineux," Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xi. 1886; also
Leçons de Physiologie générale, Paris, 1898, and C.R. Ac. Sci.
cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.

[135]

It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior

segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated
on the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference
of opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of
embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by
Westwood (Mod. Classif. i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably
Buprestis attenuata is doubtless a Passalid.

[136]

Casey has examined the wings in the genus Blapstinus (an

"apterous" genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied
in development, according to the species; in no case, however, did
they appear to be capable of giving more than a laboured and
feeble flight.—Ann. New York Ac. v. 1890, p. 416.

In Eleodes, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of

delicate membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring
some examination for their detection.

[137]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and Ent. Mag. xxvii. 1891, p.
18.

[138]

Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 556.

[139]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, lx. 1891, p. 447.

[140]

"On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-

Beetle, Meloe," Tr. Linn. Soc. xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p.
167.

[141]

Rep. U.S. ent. Commission, i. 1878, p. 297.

[142]

Amer. Nat. xvii. 1883, p. 790.

[143]

For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this

work.

[144]

Les Insectes Vésicants, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work
were previously published in J. de l'Anat. Phys., xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886
and 1887.

[145]

Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon), x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.

[146]

Berlin. ent. Zeit. 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.

[147]

Ann. Soc. Liége, x. 1855, p. 260.

[148]

Mem. Soc. Liége, xvi. 1861, p. 387.

[149]

Packard, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. 1890, p. 689.

[150]

Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.

[151]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.

[152]

Sharp, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.

[153]

For a more extensive account of Rhynchites betulae and others

refer to Wasmann. Der Trichterwickler, Münster, 1884, and Debey,
Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der
Attelabiden, Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive
philosophical discussion; the second is a valuable collection of
observations.

[154]

Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent. New series, No. 7, 1897.

[155]

Perris, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.

[156]

In the males of the genus Cedeocera the tips of the elytra are
drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves,
and rivalling the forceps of earwigs.

[157]

The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of

these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the
males, some individuals of which—in the case of Brenthus
anchorago—are five times as long as others.
[158]

This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera:

nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species
that attack Hemiptera.

[159]

Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that the

Stylops produced from the body of one individual are all of one
sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more
especially female Stylops, and male bees male Stylops. If any
correlation as to this latter point exist, it is far from general.

[160]

Von Siebold, Arch. Naturges. ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's

recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. Zool.
Centralbl. i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data
furnished by von Siebold.

[161]

Ent. Meddel. v. 1896. p. 148, and Ov. Danske Selsk. 1896, p. 67.

[162]

Horae Soc. ent. Ross. xiv. 1879, p. 14.

[163]

Named by Mr. Distant Callidea baro; according to the Brussels

catalogue of Hemiptera, Chrysocoris grandis var. baro.

[164]

Kellogg, Kansas Quarterly, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.

[165]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 751.

[166]

The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of

these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as
such.

[167]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 263.

[168]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that

many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.

[169]

Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xviii. 1885, p. 168.

[170]

Amer. Natural. xiv. 1880, p. 313.

[171]

For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this

moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the
maxillae are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, Quart. J.
Micr. Sci. xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous
proboscides, and as to the difficulties that exist in comprehending
the exact mode of action of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's
papers, especially Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw. xv. 1882, p. 151.

[172]

See Cholodkovsky, Zool. Anz. ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also
Riley, P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 310.

[173]

Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission, 1885, p. 49.

[174]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his Thesis, Bordeaux,
1895.

[175]

C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.

[176]

Fauna of British India, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.

[177]

It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on this

point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The
Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca,
1895, being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the
Elements of Insect Anatomy, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg,
also to Packard's discussion of the subject in Mem. Ac. Sci.
Washington, vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to
in these two memoirs, is based on development, and, when
extended, will doubtless have very valuable results. See Spuler,
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 597.

[178]

The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt

with as part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p.
329, etc.

[179]

The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively

studied. For information refer to Dufour, C.R. Ac. Paris, xxxiv.
1852, p. 748; Scudder, Butt. New England, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot
and Burgess, Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm. 1885, p. 53.

[180]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), v. 1890, p. 143.

[181]

P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1892, p. 305.

[182]

Acta Ac. German. li. 1887, p. 238.

[183]

Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.

[184]

Isis, 1845, p. 835.

[185]

For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, Traité

anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule, La Haye,
1762.

[186]

See Plateau, Bull. Ac. Belgique, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to

structure of ocelli, Blanc, Tête du Bombyx mori ... 1891, pp. 163,
etc.; and Landois in Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvi. 1866, p. 27.

[187]

Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge, Cassel, 1815.

[188]

Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool. 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.

[189]

For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels,

refer to Helm, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and Gilson,
La Cellule, vi. 1890, p. 116.

[190]
Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges. lviii. 1881, p. 116.

[191]

The student will find important information as to the varieties of

external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see
especially Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, 1894, and 1896.

[192]

Latter, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1895, p. 399.

[193]

Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. 1894, No. 115.

[194]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 623.

[195]

Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iii. 1889, p. 646.

[196]

Amer. Natural., xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.

[197]

Amer. Natural., xxxii. 1898, p. 256.

[198]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. viii. 1857, p. 326.

[199]

Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1896, No. 15.

[200]

Natural Science, viii. 1896, p. 94.

[201]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1896, p. 257.

[202]

Ent. Record, vi. 1895, p. 258.

[203]

Trans. ent. Soc. London, 1892, p. 293, etc.

[204]

The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we

think it better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most
unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.

[205]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 1862, p. 507.

[206]

A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in

Beddard's Animal Coloration, London, 1892. An account of the
subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase,
"Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," Bibl. Zool. iii. 1893, Heft viii.
Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may
refer to Professor Poulton's work, The Colours of Animals
(International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.

[207]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 372.

[208]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these

naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae
(see p. 388).
[209]

Stett. ent. Zeit. li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.

[210]

For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, Nov.

Zool. v. 1898, pp. 374-415.

[211]

Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep.
iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all other
butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by
Grypocera, because Netrocera is the name of a genus.

[212]

The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The

following works contain information as to general questions: 1,
Scudder's Butterflies of New England, a beautifully illustrated work
completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2,
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, Exotische Tagfalter, in three folio
volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies
and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber
die Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. xxii. 1896,
treating fully of classification and phylogeny.

[213]

Journal of Entomology, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South

American Nymphalidae see Müller, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. i. 1886, p.
417.

[214]

This is the subject of Scudder's Life of a Butterfly, 1893.

[215]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, p. 205.

[216]

Finn, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p. 213.

[217]

Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii, 1862, p. 495.

[218]

Kosmos, xix. 1886, p. 355.

[219]

P. ent. Soc. London, 1879, p. xxix.

[220]

Allen's Naturalists' Library, Butterflies, i. 1896.

[221]

A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to

these Vanessa, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.

[222]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.

[223]

P. Zool. Soc. London, 1892, p. 191.

[224]

Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1856, pp. c, ci.

[225]

Baker, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.

[226]

Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.
[227]

J. Bombay Soc. ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.

[228]

Hopkins, Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1895, p. 661.

[229]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be many
more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly become
extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.

[230]

Mem. Ac. Washington, vii. 1895, p. 57.

[231]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. op. cit. 1896, pp. 129
and 567.

[232]

Amer. Natural. xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also Ann. N. York Ac. viii.
1895, p. 194, and Ent. Record, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.

[233]

Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1895.

[234]

London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of

State for India in Council.

[235]

Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our

arrangement.

[236]
For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the
nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered
temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of
a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their
scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle
(hypochlorite of potash).

[237]

The genus Cyphanta (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the
fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.

[238]

This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been

known that the female of Heterogynis does not leave the cocoon
(for references see p. 392); the larvae, however, do not live in
cases, as those of Psychidae do.

[239]

See Westwood, Tr. Linn. Soc. London (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.

[240]

For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, Ent. Zeit. Stettin, li.
1890, p. 258.

[241]

For pupa see Chapman, Ent. Rec. vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.

[242]

Souvenirs entomologiques, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.

[243]

Amer. Natural. xii. 1878, p. 379.

[244]
Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," Ind. Mus. Notes, ii. No. 2, 1891,
15 plates.

[245]

See on this subject Pérez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii. 1894, p. 236,
etc.

[246]

Berlin. ent. Zeitschr. xxvii. 1883, p. 9.

[247]

Tr. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.

[248]

Psyche, vi. 1893, p. 385.

[249]

Bar and Laboulbène, Ann. Soc. ent. France, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.

[250]

Op cit. (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and Ent. Zeit. Stettin, xxxix. 1878, p.
221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.

[251]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[252]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.

[253]

Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying

appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both
Perophora and Cicinnus, melsheimeri, and states that it belongs
[according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers
to be enormously developed setae. J. N. York ent. Soc. iv. 1896, p.
92.

[254]

Tijdsch. Ent. xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.

[255]

Ann. New York Ac. viii. 1893, p. 48.

[256]

Weyenbergh, Tijdschr. Ent. xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.

[257]

Jones, P. Liverpool Soc. xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.

[258]

Studies in the Theory of Descent, part 2, London, 1881.

[259]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1885 and 1886.

[260]

Tijdschr. Ent. xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.

[261]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1884, p. 351.

[262]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.

[263]

See Poulton, Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, etc.