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Pipe Net Manual
Pipe Net Manual
With Accumulator:
· Pump Data:
Item Unit
Length m
Diameter mm
Pressure Bar
Velocities m/s
Flowrate Type volume
Flowrate m3/hr3
Density kg/m
Viscosity Cp
Bulk Modulus psi
Volume l
Time s
Force N
Mass kg
Temperature °C
Torque Nm
Inertia kg.m2
(Some of the above units will not be used by the program in this example, but
they will still be specified.)
1.4.1.3 Time Controls
The user must specify the length of the simulation, and how frequently to output
the results. The simulation will be run for 120 seconds in the network with no
accumulator, and for 750 seconds in the network with the accumulator, and the
Time Step will be calculated by PIPENET. Clearly a longer simulation time and
shorter time steps would be required for more detailed analysis. To enter this
information, Time should be selected from the Init menu, and the start and stop
times set as 0 seconds and 120 seconds or 750 seconds, respectively
(depending whether an accumulator is present in the network). At this stage, it
may not be obvious how long the simulation should last, but as with all
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.6 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
Quantity Value
Density 867 kg/m3
Viscosity 33.8 Cp
Temperature (not used)
Bulk Modulus 1.23 GPa
Vapour Pressure (not used)
The temperature and vapour pressure are not used in this problem, so their
values are irrelevant and left at their default values.
1.4.2 The Libraries Menu
1.4.2.1 The Pipe Schedule
The pipe schedule file, or PDF, is where the data on the pipe schedules and
materials is stored. PIPENET requires information about the pipes in order to
calculate the wave speed. If the necessary data is not available then the PDF
can be omitted and an approximate (constant) value for the wavespeed in the
pipes given. In PIPENET, pipes are always referred to by their nominal
diameter. As only one size of pipe is used in the refinery, much of the data is
redundant for this problem. However, as has already been mentioned, private
data files are not usually specific to any one problem, but are normally general
to a project. Once this data has been entered into a particular file, it can be
used whenever pipes from this pipe schedule are involved. In this case, the
Pipe Schedule is as follows:
Figure 1-4
Clicking on OK accepts this data, and PIPENET checks the data to see if any
obvious mistakes have been made. If none is found, the dialog box closes and
the name of this pipe schedule is added to the Pipe Schedules listbox. This
listbox can now be closed by selecting Close from the menu, or by double
clicking on the system menu.
If desired, the pipe schedule can be saved before continuing data entry. If the
user tries to exit PIPENET or to save a network that uses this schedule,
PIPENET will issue a reminder that the schedule has not been saved. Selecting
Save As from the File menu opens the Save As dialog box. This can be used
to save all of the different types of PIPENET file.
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.8 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
The Pipe Schedule option enables a Private Data File to be saved. The
Directories listbox can be used to move to the directory in which the PDF is to
be saved. The name refinery.pdf should be entered into the File Name box and
then OK clicked on to save the PDF.
1.4.2.2 Valve Characteristics
The pressure/flowrate relationship for a valve which is opened by a fraction s
can be defined in terms of the flow coefficient Cv, where
Q
Cv =
P
A full explanation of the models and definition of the valve types can be found
in appendix A2 of the user manual.
The valve used in these simulations is the HV-5002, ERC Valve, whose Cv-s
relationship, taken from manufacturer’s data, is as given in section 1.2
(Summary of Data Used). The data is defined by specifying the Flow coefficient
Cv as a function of s (see previous section). The Libraries menu contains the
Valve types menu, from which Flow coefficient Cv should be selected. The
completed dialog box is shown below.
Once again, this library is saved as refinery.vlb.
Figure 1-6 The Valve Type Dialog Box After Data Entry
1.4.2.3 Pump Curve Data
The pump library is entered and saved in the same way as the pipe schedule.
First Pump types is selected from the Libraries menu, which opens the Pump
types menu bar.
The data for a simple pump will be used. If the coefficients which describe the
pump performance curve were known, the Simple (Coefficients Known)
option would be selected, which opens the Pump types (Coefficients Known)
dialog box (see Figure 1- below). The coefficients can be entered in the
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.10 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
Quadratic, Linear and Constant boxes to define the pump. In this case, the
user does not know suitable quadratic coefficients, so the pump must be
defined by entering up to eight points on the pressure-flow curve of the pump
by selecting Simple (Coefficients Unknown), and PIPENET calculates the
coefficients. Full details of how to do this are given in the User Manual.
When the data for the pump curve has been entered, the data is saved in a file
named refinery.plb using the File Save As dialog box as before.
Figure 1-7 The Pump Type Dialog Box After Data Entry
In summary, the three supporting data files have been entered and saved.
PIPENET now has all the necessary information about the three types of
component, and can locate the supporting data files for each.
1.4.3 The View Menu
We shall write out the information that we need to specify for each of the
components in the network.
· The Pipes
The pipes are defined in the Pipe Types dialog box, under Init. Note that no
pipe linings are used in this example, and so that dialog box can be ignored,
and that the diameters given in this table refer to the nominal diameters of the
pipes. PIPENET will use the corresponding inner and outer diameters taken
from the data given in the PDF.
Pipes is selected from the View menu. This opens the list of pipes in the
network, which initially looks like Figure 1-8.
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.11
Figure 1-9 The First Pipe Dialog Box After Data Entry
Clicking on the Next button has the same effect as clicking OK, except that a
new dialog box is automatically opened ready for the next new pipe. After
entering the data for the second pipe OK should be clicked. A summary of the
two pipes is now added to the list of pipes. The Pipes list can be left open for
reference while other components are being entered, or the window closed by
double clicking on the system menu, to keep the desktop tidy.
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.12 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
· The Pump
The performance details for the pump are held in the Pump Library. The data
for the pump is as follows:
The information node of the valves, I/2 and I/3, represents their positions by a
number between 0 and 1, where 1 is fully open. The valve position will be set
later by an information specification on the information node. The valves in the
network can be entered in the same manner as the pipes.
· The Accumulator
The data for the accumulator is as folows:
· Specifications
The details for all of the components in the network have now been entered.
The View menu is also used to define other details, such as specifications and
output tables.
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.13
In any network there are nodes where fluid can enter or leave the system.
These are called input and output flow nodes, or ionodes. PIPENET Transient
Module uses the convention that flow entering the network is positive, and flow
leaving the network is negative.
Before a simulation can take place, PIPENET requires information regarding
the ionodes over the time period considered (i.e. the boundary conditions for
the problem). The specifications may be constant, or vary with time (for
example, oscillate as a damped sine wave or increase exponentially). Full
details are given in the user manual. Note that PIPENET Transient Module
requires there to be at least one node with a pressure specification.
In this example the input and output flow nodes are those labelled 1 and 9.
Node 9 is open to the atmosphere, and so the pressure there is always 0 bar G.
Node 1 is a point in the tanker into which the LNG is being pumped, and where
the pressure is maintained at 3 bar G.
Figure 1-10 The Specification Dialog Box Showing The ERC Valve Setting
Note that the Specification dialog box automatically changes itself according to
which type of specification is being set.
The final View menu option used is Output tables. PIPENET allows the user to
define which variables he wishes to appear in each output table:
· Pressures at inlets and outlets of the non-return valve
· Pressures at inlets and outlets, and setting of the HV-5002 valve
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.14 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
The Output option opens the Calculation output dialog box, which allows the
user to define where the output files will be stored. For this simple problem only
output tables are to be produced. The entry 'refinery.out' is a suitable output
filename and OK should be clicked.
· Pump and Valve operation and information specifications
The other nodes which have specifications associated with them are the
information nodes. These are the nodes at which information enters and leaves
the system, and in this example they contain information which tells PIPENET
how and when devices such as pumps and valves are to operate.
In these scenarios the effect of valves closing is being investigated, so we
specify that in each case the pump is to work at full speed throughout, while the
valve starts fully open and closes according to the closure pattern specified for
the scenario. Thus for the pump we have:
results files. Selecting OK starts the simulation. After a brief pause, the
Calculator status dialog box appears, which contains a status bar to show how
much of the calculation has been completed.
When the simulation finishes, a message box appears on the screen to tell the
user that the calculation was successful. This message box and the Calculator
status dialog box can be dismissed.
1.4.6 The Output Menu
Report from the Output menu allows the user to 'browse' through the output
file. He can examine the tables of results and check the maximum and
minimum pressures observed during the simulation.
1.5 The Results
The focus in this application is on the pressure surges at the valves. Thus we
plot results (in the Appendix) showing the pressure at the closing valve (either
the HV-5002 or the ERC valve), and the pressure at the inlet and outlet of the
non-return valve. As the non-return valve inherently only allows fluid to pass
through in one direction, we should expect some interesting results at the point
where the pressure wave returning from the closing valve raises the pressure
on the outlet of the non-return valve above that at its inlet, resulting in the non-
return valve shutting until the pressure wave reflects back.
Plotting the setting of the valve that closes superimposed on its inlet pressure
should facilitate understanding of the effect of the different stages of valve
closure on the pressure at that point.
1.6 Analysis of Results and Conclusions
In each case, where no accumulator is present, large amplitude oscillations
occur (peak to peak about 5 bar G which slowly decrease in amplitude to a
steady-state value of between 15 and 18 bar G Where an accumulator is
present, these oscillations are eliminated, and a much smoother pressure rise
is observed, with small damped oscillations occurring at the outlet of the non-
return valve. The steady-state pressure in these cases is about 10.5 bar G
Thus the presence of the accumulator reduces the steady-state pressures and
prevents large oscillations occuring in the network. In all cases, the maximum
pressure observed is less than the design pressure of 19.2 bar G.
1.6.1 Planned Shutdown
1.6.1.1 Two stage valve closure type 1 without accumulator
The graphs show that as valve HV-5002 closes the pressure at its inlet rapidly
increases, but that where the setting reaches a plateau at s=0.2, a pressure
wave is established, and continued when the valve closes fully, resulting in a
damped periodic pressure wave with a peak of just over 16 bar G.
A similar effect occurs at the non-return valve outlet, which is delayed and out
of phase from this first wave.. At the inlet to the non-return valve, however, the
pressure remains constant once the valve has closed fully, at just above 12 bar
G.
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.17
0.8
Pressure/bar G
15
Information
0.6
10
0.4
5
0.2
0 0.0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
17
Pressure/bar G
Pressure/bar G
15
13
11
9
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.19
10
0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0 0.0
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
11
Pressure/bar G
Pressure/bar G
10
7
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.20 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
20 0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
15 0.6
10 0.4
5 0.2
0 0.0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
15
Pressure/bar G
10
0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.21
0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
10
0.6
0.4
5
0.2
0 0.0
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
11
Pressure/bar G
Pressure/bar G
10
7
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.22 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
20 0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
15 0.6
10 0.4
5 0.2
0 0.0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
20
Pressure/bar G
Pressure/bar G
15
10
0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.23
10
0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
8
0.6
6
0.4
4
0.2
2
0 0.0
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
11
Pressure/bar G
Pressure/bar G
10
7
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL TRANSIENT MODULE
Page 1.24 Rev 3.2 - August 1997
0.8
Pressure/bar G
15
Information
0.6
10
0.4
5
0.2
0 0.0
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
Pressure/bar G
15
13
11
9
0 30 60 90 120
Time/seconds
PIPENET APPLICATIONS MANUAL EXAMPLE 1 TRANSIENT MODULE
Rev 3.2 - August 1997 Page 1.25
0.8
Pressure/bar G
Information
10
0.6
0.4
5
0.2
0.0 0
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
11
Pressure/bar G
10
Pressure/bar G
9
7
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time/seconds
EXAMPLE 2
In this paper we present results based on the pioneering work done by ZADCO in pipeline integrity risk management. We believe
that this represents a major step achieved by ZADCO in developing techniques for optimising pipeline inspection & maintenance
and sets a new worldwide standard. The project concerned with the integrity modelling of the arterial oil pipeline, which is a major
asset of ZADCO.
ZADCO plan to derive greater value from its pipeline network which is one of its biggest asset covering hundreds of kilometres in
the Arabian Gulf. The challenge is to achieve a high level of pipeline integrity, through risk-based approaches which have been
gaining attention as a basis for making decisions on inspection & integrity maintenance. Considerable cost savings can be realised
when utilising Risk Based Inspection (RBI). For example, RBI techniques generally yield longer inspection intervals compared to
time-based inspections are effective in prioritising inspections and can provide the confidence to safely postpone subsea
rehabilitation activities.
For example, the water content of ZADCO main oil line is expected to increase in the future. This brings with it the risk of
significantly increased pressure surges due to increased water cut, even though the valve closure time may remain constant. The
use of state-of-the-art techniques developed by ZADCO is invaluable in optimising and planning costly subsea rehabilitation
activities, and in quantifying and justifying the benefit of installing a leak detection system in support of improved pipeline operation.
The total bill for deferred production and repair caused by subsea pipeline failure can be measured in hundred of millions of dollars.
Given that the cost of pipeline failure is of such magnitude, then the use of dynamic modelling should be advocated as an enabling
technique for achieving requisite performance. This paper gives an introduction to the role played by the PIPENET software in this
application to enable better pipeline integrity and risk management.
1
EXAMPLE 2
60 sec
120 sec
240 sec
600 sec (quadratic valve closure)
2
EXAMPLE 2
close. After receiving the signal to stop, the pump takes 60
sec to wind down. The valve closes in 180 sec after
receiving the signal to close. The system schematic and the
graphical results are shown below.
CONCLUSION:
3
EXAMPLE 2
ZADCO has achieved pioneering leadership in the field of
developing pipeline integrity risk management techniques. In
this paper we have shown how to achieve practical benefits
by illustrating the application of this technology in support of
pipeline integrity risk management initiatives. This is an
important issue in the Arabian Gulf.
THE AUTHORS:
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33.52
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'
SULTS
EXAMPLE 4
SUNRISE SYSTEMS LIMITED Page 1 of 1
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Introduction
Pumps are usually protected against flow reversal by some type of check
valve. In the event of a pump shutdown, the valve attached to the pump
closes when the flow starts reversing. The closing of the check valve can be
very fast, thus causing pressure surges in the pipe network.
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the valve parameters on the
pressure surges. To this end the valve is represented by PIPENET’s Inertial
Check Valve, which can be adjusted to model a real valve by a number of
user-defined parameters. A number of different scenarios are looked at in
order to determine in which circumstance the worst waterhammer occurs.
The outlet of the heat exchangers is feed into a common discharge main and
from there the water is released into the sea via a discharge pipe.
Scenarios
In normal operation 7 pumps are running while one is on stand-by. Three
scenarios are investigated:
Both of these scenarios are examined in Case 1. At the start of this simulation
all 8 pumps are running, then one is shut down and the system is allowed to
settle. At this point the normal state of operation is reached and now another
pump is shut down. The shutdown of the second pump represents a situation
in which one pump fails during normal operation.
46
54 29 53 28 52 27 51 26 50 25 49 24 48 23 42 22 47 45 44 21 43
8
8
40
02
36 19 41 39 38 18 37
7
7
34
71
30 16 35 33 32 15 31
6
6
28
41
63
53
43
33
23
13
03
24 13 29 27 26 12 25
5
5
22
11
18 10 23 21 20 9 19
4
4
16
8
62 43 61 42 60 41 59 40 58 39 57 38 56 37 55 12 7 17 15 14 6 13
3
3
10
5
6 4 11 9 8 3 7
2
2
4
44
63 2 5 3 2 1 1
1
1
Management Summary
This study uses PIPENET Transient Module simulations to assess the
magnitude of pressure surges caused by the shutdown of one or more
pumps. The pumps are protected against flow reversal by check valves, which
close in the event of pump shutdown. The way in which these check valves
close determines the magnitude of the pressure surge and whether or not
there is any risk of pipe breakage.
There are a number of parameters both of the valves and of the overall
system that determine the pressure surge. To highlight the benefits of using
PIPENET for analysing the dynamic phenomenon of waterhammer two of
these parameters have been chosen in Case 1:
EXAMPLE 4
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· The mass of the valve door. It is shown that increasing the weight of the
valve door reduces the peak pressure.
· The damping of the valve door. A small amount of damping turns out to be
worse than none at all, whereas a large amount of damping reduces the
pressure peak at the price of increasing the reverse flow through the valve.
In Case 2, the analysis of the simultaneous shutdown of all pumps shows that
this situation does not pose any risk of pipe breakage.
EXAMPLE 4
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Parameters of Simulation 1A
The parameters of the first set of simulations are
List of Figures
The following variables are shown:
INPUT DATA
0.8 0.8
Setting
0.6 0.6
Pump 1 Pump 2
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
80
Angle/deg.
60
Valve 1 Valve 2
40
20
-20
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
800
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
600
Valve 1 Valve 2
400
200
-200
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
5
Pressure/bar G
Closure of Valve 2
3
1
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
3
Pressure/bar G
0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
-0.4
Pressure/bar G
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
5800
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
5600
5400
5200
5000
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
Parameters of Simulation 1B
The only parameter that has been changed is the weight of the valve door. It
is now set to 100kg
List of Figures
INPUT DATA
· Figure 14: Flowrate at the Inlet of the Discharge Pipe (Pipe 43)
60 60
Angle/deg.
40 40
Valve 1 Valve 2
20 20
0 0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
800
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
600
Valve 2
400
Valve 1
200
-200
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
3.0
Pressure/bar G
2.5
Closure of Valve 2
2.0
1.5
1.0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
Closure of Valve 1
2.5
Pressure/bar G
Closure of Valve 2
2.0
1.5
1.0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
-0.45
Pressure/bar G
-0.50
-0.55
-0.60
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
5800
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
5600
5400
5200
5000
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
Parameters of Simulation 1C
In this simulation the mass of the valve doors has been changed back to 20
kg and damping of the valve door has been introduced.
List of Figures
INPUT DATA
· Figure 20: Flowrate at the Inlet of the Discharge Pipe (Pipe 43)
80
Valve 2
Angle/deg.
60
Valve 1
40
20
-20
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
600
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
400
200
-200
Valve 1
-400
-600
-800
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
15
Closure of Valve 2
Pressure/bar G
10
-5
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
15
Pressure/bar G
10
Closure of Valve 1
-5
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
0.5
Pressure/bar G
Closure of Valve 2
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
5800
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
5600
5400
5200
5000
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
Parameters of Simulation 1D
In this simulation the damping of the valve door has been increased
drastically.
List of Figures
INPUT DATA
· Figure 25: Flowrate at the Inlet of the Discharge Pipe (Pipe 43)
80
Angle/deg.
60
Valve 1
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
600
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
400
200
-200
Valve 1
-400
-600
-800
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
3.5
Pressure/bar G
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
-0.2
Pressure/bar G
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
5500
5000
4500
4000
0 2 4 6 8
Time /seconds
Parameters of Simulation 2
The parameters of this set of simulations are
List of Figures
The following variables are shown:
INPUT DATA
· Figure 31: Flowrate at the Inlet of the Discharge Pipe (Pipe 43)
The pump shutdown time of all the pumps in this simulation is the same as
that of Pump 1 in Simulations 1A – 1D. The simulation time is reduced to 6
seconds as there is no other event is this case.
In this simulation only the pressure and flowrate of Valve 1 is shown. This is
representative of all valves as they close simultaneously.
Setting of All Pumps
1.0
0.8
Setting
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
60
Angle/deg.
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
600
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
400
200
-200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
2.5
Pressure/bar G
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
0.1
Pressure/bar G
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
5000
Flowrate/cu.m/hr
4000
3000
2000
1000
-1000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time /seconds
Conclusion
The simulations presented show that PIPENET is a useful tool for designing
and analysing pipe networks. The effect of parameter changes can be
assessed quickly and easily and dangerous designs can be avoided.
Furthermore, it is possible to tune system parameters for optimal
performance.
· A small amount of damping of the valve door can cause dangerously high
pressure surges. (Comparison of Simulation 1A with Simulation 1C)
· In this problem the shutdown of all pumps simultaneously does not pose
any risk of waterhammer as the flow subsides gently in this case. There are
no pumps left operating to generate the pressure that is needed for the rapid
closure of the Inertial Check Valves. (Comparison of Simulation 1A with
Simulation 2)
Case Study
and valves.
Transient Module
provided the engineer with the benefits of sure times to bring peak pressures within the
A nodal model of the water injection system velopment of the model and program opera-
was first sketched out on paper using piping tion enabling a process engineer unfamiliar with
isometrics as a basis and system compo- the software package to gain useful results
nents were identified for entry into the quickly. When a problem could not be solved
(continued)
immediately by telephone, the input files were The diagrams below show two views of the
This article has been reproduced with the kind permission of Brown and Root Ltd.
Case Study Gas processing, Compression and Export facili-
Aker Maritime (AOGT) successfully develop sales gas into the Statpipe system to a capacity
using PIPENET Spray Sprinkler Module. In adding the new modules on to Gullfaks C the
TM
Aker Maritime are undertaking the GCM Modifi- will increase with the addition of the new Mod-
M17. The test and production lines are tied into Aker Oil and Gas Technology UK plc (AOGT),
production manifolds. A new production line will who are undertaking the topsides design and
then feed an inlet separator in the new Process engineering, had at first to develop a model of
Separation Module M10, installed adjacent to the firewater ringmain and each of the deluge
the Gas Treatment Module M14. From the inlet systems. This was undertaken by firstly convert-
within the existing process trains. format. The converted files were then verified
PIPENET
TM
, AOGT were able to set the duty rise Systems has played a major part in enabling
point for the new DADL. This was determined AOGTs Fire Protection Engineer to complete
bished and upgraded to meet this new demand. which allows the responsible engineer to ben-
identify areas within existing deluge systems be presented to Statoil for their future use.
strained by undersized piping. We are under- AOGT are now undertaking a review of the tran-
taking to rectify these piping anomalies with a sient conditions within the ringmain post modifi-
resultant saving in firewater demand of over cation. This will allow AOGT to determine the
Surge analysis of a floating platform that the slow tuning required of the seawater
storage offshore seawater system using return back-pressure controller resulted in the
PIPENET
TM
Transient Module valve remaining open for some time after the
Kvaerner E&C (Australia) was commissioned by the seawater system to drain partially, causing
a client to investigate operational difficulties that vapour pockets to form at high points. When the
have been experienced on the seawater system system was re-started, these vapour pockets
of a floating platform storage offshore (FPSO). collapsed with the consequence that shock
These difficulties included: water hammer when waves were generated. Any air entrained within
the system was returned to normal operation the system would cause severe slugging as it
after tripping to firewater mode; water hammer was brought back online. The modifications com-
when the standby seawater lift pump was prised a software change to close the back-pres-
started; and water hammer when the minimum sure control valve on trip to firewater mode, and
flow control valve closed quickly on instrument a procedure to utilise the drain valves around
air failure. the main isolation valve to prime the system be-
model the events that caused water hammer and The changes to the standby seawater lift pump
then to investigate methods to mitigate the forces system comprised modifications to the discharge
PIC017
PID190
PCV017
PCV190
FCV190
line. Due to leakage past the pump discharge · all main control valves must have relatively
check valve it was possible to draw a vacuum slow closure times defined by their actuator,
between the check valves when the pump was so that they cannot cause waterhammer on
showed that this ensured that the discharge line This article was written by Mr A Jamieson and has
would remain primed between standby pump been reproduced with the kind permission of Kvaerner
waterhammer.
valve;
dry riser;