1

DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Computer Science & IT

Department: IT

Development of an Emergency Response System for Hospital-based Emergencies

Edwin Gichure Nderitu

C027-01-1356/2019

Supervisor

Hellen Mwangi

Project documentation submitted to the Department of Information Technology in the

school of computer science and Information Technology in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of BSc. in Business Information Technology at

Dedan Kimathi University of Technology

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DECLARATION

I, Edwin Gichure Nderitu, hereby declare that this project is my original work, to the best

of my knowledge, and has not been presented for a degree or any other purpose in any

other Institution of Higher Learning.

Signature……………………… Date ………

Edwin Gichure Nderitu

C027-01-1356/2019

CERTIFICATION

This is to confirm that the student under my supervision prepared the work presented in

this project report. I hereby confirm handing of the final report.

Signature ……………………………… Date 17/06/22

Supervisor:

Hellen Mwangi

Dedan Kimathi University of Technology

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DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to God for the strength and guidance to reach this far. I also dedicate this

project to my parents and supervisor for their support and contribution towards the development

of the project.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to appreciate the people who have assisted during this period. I thank my parents

during this time as they have made it possible to still do the research necessary for the project. I

give thanks to my supervisor who has offered guidance on how to create a successful project.

The university should also be recognized for giving this opportunity to do this project and trying

to adapt to the current circumstances under which the projects will be done.
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ABSTRACT

Kenya is a rapidly developing country with an expanding economy and a changing health-care

system. Significant changes in the country's approach to emergency care have occurred in the

decade since the last publication on the state of emergency care in Kenya. In 2013, the country

decentralized the majority of health-care functions to county governments. Despite the triple

burden of traumatic, communicable, and noncommunicable diseases, the Republic of Kenya's

health care system is evolving to accommodate the critical role of care for emergent medical

conditions.

The major concern with emergency response is that the service is not offered in good time and

there are not enough trained professionals in emergency medicine. The ERS is designed to aid a

victim in need in the shortest time possible. After specifying the kind of assistance, one needs,

the ERS sends a signal to the correspondents i.e. the nearest medical center or police station. By

submitting their report, the system sends the message to a response center staffed by a team of

trained professionals. This team is trained to ensure that help is dispatched to the person in need.

The system then notifies the user within which time help will be with them. If the victim fails to

respond to calls at a specified interval, the system sends a signal to the response center.

This research is focused on fast and efficient emergency response. It focuses on developing a

website that is able to handle and delegate emergency services within the shortest time possible.

The system’s main objectives are; to record user response, locate the victim, keep track of

completed emergencies, and generate ratings from the user. Questionnaires and interviews were

adopted as the research methods for the collection of raw and secondary data. It adopted the agile

software development methodology suitable due to the changing user requirements to the

system. The implemented system is able to register and validate new users. It is also able to
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locate the victims and keep track of emergencies acted upon and those pending. After its

successful implementation, the system can be incorporated in various hospitals.

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................2
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................4
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................9
1.1 Background............................................................................................................................9
1.2 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................13
1.3 Purpose of This Study..........................................................................................................14
1.4 Objectives of the Research...................................................................................................15
1.4.1 General Objective..........................................................................................................15
1.4.2 Specific Objective.........................................................................................................15
1.5 Research Questions..............................................................................................................15
1.6 Research Scope....................................................................................................................15
1.7 Limitations...........................................................................................................................16
1.8 Assumptions.........................................................................................................................16
1.9 Justification..........................................................................................................................16
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................17
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................17
2.2Emergencies..........................................................................................................................17
2.2.1 Medical Emergencies.................................................................................................17
2.2.2 Crime........................................................................................................................17
2.2.3 Accidents...................................................................................................................18
2.3 Case Study Two: Emergency Response Systems................................................................20
2.3.1 Personal Emergency Response System (PERS)............................................................20
2.3.2 Emergency Alert Response System (EARS).............................................................20
2.4 Case Study Three: State of Emergency Care in Kenya.......................................................21
2.4.1: Emergency Care...........................................................................................................21
2.4.2: Emergency Medical Services (EMS)-based.................................................................22
2.5 Research Gap...........................................................................................................................22
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................23
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3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................23
3.2 Research design....................................................................................................................23
3.3 Data collection methods.......................................................................................................23
3.3.1 Questionnaires...................................................................................................................23
3.3.2 Interviews..........................................................................................................................24
3.4 Target population.................................................................................................................24
3.5 Sampling and Sample size...................................................................................................24
3.6 Software Development Model.............................................................................................24
Chapter 4: Analysis And Design...................................................................................................26
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................26
4.2 Feasibility Analysis..............................................................................................................26
4.2.1 Economic Feasibility.....................................................................................................26
4.2.2 Technical Feasibility.....................................................................................................26
4.2.3 Operational Feasibility..................................................................................................26
4.3 Requirements Analysis........................................................................................................26
4.3.1 Functions Requirements................................................................................................26
4.3.2 Non-functional Requirements.......................................................................................27
4.4 System Analysis...................................................................................................................27
4.4.1 System Input..................................................................................................................27
4.5 System Design......................................................................................................................28
4.5.1 Use Case Analysis.........................................................................................................28
4.5.2 Flow Chart.....................................................................................................................29
4.5.3 Data Flow Diagram.......................................................................................................30
4.6 System Screenshots.................................................................................................................31
Chapter 5: System Testing And Implementation...........................................................................35
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................35
5.2 Testing..................................................................................................................................35
5.2.1 Unit Testing...................................................................................................................35
5.2.3 Integration Testing........................................................................................................35
5.2.4 Acceptance Testing.......................................................................................................36
5.2.5 Implementation..............................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 6: Conclusion and Recommendation..........................................................................38
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6.1 Discussion............................................................................................................................38
6.2 Limitations...........................................................................................................................38
6.3 Recommendations................................................................................................................38
6.4 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................38
References.....................................................................................................................................39
APPENDICES...............................................................................................................................41
APENDIX B Project schedule...................................................................................................42
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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

Emergency medical care (EMC) is an important part of the healthcare system as it is often the

first point of contact for medical emergencies. Over the years, Kenya's EMC has seen a number

of positive changes, including the development of technical courses and university degrees

dedicated to teaching EMC, an increase in ambulance distribution across the country, and the

development of standards by KEBS to guide ambulance service delivery. It has been

approximately 21 years since the first batch of emergency medical technicians in Kenya were

trained using the US Department of Transport (DOT) curriculum (KENYA EMERGENCY

MEDICAL CARE STRATEGY 2020–2025, 2020, p. xx).

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However, without the advancement of the ambulance system, the goal of delivering emergency

care for persons in need would never have taken off. Initially, the ambulance system was only

used to transfer patients to the nearest medical facility. This evidently wasn’t enough since many

individuals were still dying during transit. This inspired many medical services at the time to

consider ways to allow a responding team to provide preliminary care to a patient once the

patient was in the ambulance. This seemingly simple idea enabled patients to receive immediate

treatment, lowering the death rate significantly over time.

Regardless of the positive developments, the current EMC system in Kenya is faced with many

challenges with relation to financing, management, workforce, and facilities. Due to limited

financing, the majority of counties have insufficient emergency services, while others have

outsourced private firms. In most instances though, patients are transferred to health facilities by

private means like automobiles, trucks or taxis. Others, particularly in remote areas and informal

urban towns, rely on primitive means such as wheelbarrows, carts, and donkeys. Few people

travel by ambulance due to the high cost, scarcity, and lack of a well-connected, dependable

central dispatch system. The goal of an ambulance is to arrive at any location within 15-20

minutes of a distress signal and transit the patient to a medical facility within 20 minutes.

Nevertheless, this rarely happens.

In terms of legal provisions, the Kenyan Constitution of 2010 states that no one should be denied

emergency medical care. The Health Act (2017) emphasizes this constitutional requirement even

more, defining the components of emergency medical care as well as the penalties for

noncompliance (KENYA EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE STRATEGY 2020–2025, 2020,

p. xx). The Health Act defines emergency care as "immediate healthcare required to prevent

death or worsening of a medical situation." It includes pre-hospital care, stabilizing the

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individual's health status, or arranging for referral in cases where the first-call health provider

lacks the facilities or capability to stabilize the victim. This implies that, as stated in the Act,

hospitals and ambulance service providers, including private ones, are required to provide

emergency services.

When compared to the same timeframe last year, the number of individuals killed and injured in

road accidents in Kenya increased by 17.3 percent in December this year. According to National

Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA) records, the total number of victims grew from 15,918

by December 16th, 2020 to the present 19,571. With increase in the number of car owners in the

country generally, the rate of accidents also increases prompting emergency response.

According to data from the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA), 1,968 people died

in road accidents in the first six months of the year (Mbuthia, 2022). This equates to a 9.3

percent increase in the number of road accident fatalities reported during the same period in the

same period last year, which stood at 1,800. Pedestrians accounted for the majority of fatalities,

with 622 recorded deaths, up from 586 in 2021. The increment in deaths resulting from accidents

is a dire call for immediate emergency response.

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Other than accidents, conflict and injuries are a major global public health worry, with

significant regional variance in incidence. Every year, roughly five million people die as a result

of injuries, accounting for 9% of all deaths worldwide. In Kenya, where injuries account for 10%

of all deaths, injuries are progressively becoming a cause of hospital admissions and mortality

(BioMed Central, 2017). Violence and injuries are estimated to account for 9% of all global

deaths, which is nearly 1.7 times the number of deaths caused by HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and

malaria combined. Developing countries bear the greatest burden of injury, with low and middle-

income countries accounting for roughly 90% of all injury deaths. Violence and injuries result in

a significant hospital admission, and impairments, as well as being a leading cause of death.

Injuries account for 6% of all years lived with a disability. For every fatal accident, a dozen more

are admitted, hundreds visit the emergency room, and a portion of these are left with a short- or

long-term impairment. The high number of injury fatalities among economically disadvantaged

populations can be likened to vulnerable situations, a lack of efficient prevention programs, and

limited access to quality health care.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Nyeri is a county with a population of approximately 750,000 individuals ("Nyeri," 2021). Nyeri

has 2 referral hospitals, 10 hospitals, 124 health centers and 228 private clinics ("Department of

Health Services," 2021).

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Of these health institutions, only 12 are able to respond to emergencies. Nonetheless, these

hospitals sometimes lack the capacity to deliver in case of emergencies. A good scenario is the

case of the former Governor Wahome Gakuru. Emergency response services made no attempt to

save former Nyeri governor Wahome Gakuru after he was injured in a horrific vehicle accident.

Mr Gakuru, who had only been in office for 77 days, remained within the wreckage of the

automobile at the scene of the accident for nearly 45 minutes, bleeding profusely and writhing in

pain, while his colleagues and members of the public struggled to save him (Capital News,

2019).

The case of The Late Wahome is just one of the few victims who lose their lives due to lack of

immediate emergency response.

1.3 Purpose of This Study

The purpose of this study is to address the need for immediate emergency response in Nyeri

County. It is also to ensure the wellbeing of residents.

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1.4 Objectives of the Research

The objectives of this study were categorized as general and specific objectives

1.4.1 General Objective

The main objective of the research is to develop a prototype of an emergency response system

for emergency response within Nyeri municipality.

1.4.2 Specific Objective

1. To register a new user and admin

2. To record user response

3. To locate victims in area of emergency

4. Generate ratings from clients as well as reviews.

1.5 Research Questions

1. What is the current state of emergency response in Nyeri?

2. What are some of the areas that require immediate emergency response?

3. What are some of the factors inhibiting immediate emergency response in Nyeri?

4. How ready is the county government to respond to an emergency?

5. Is there an existing emergency response system and if so how can it be enhanced to give better

services?

1.6 Research Scope

The general purpose of this study is to come up with an effective emergency response system

that aids hospitals to dispatch emergency services within the shortest time possible. This study

will mainly be centralized in Nyeri town and its surroundings. It will mostly focus on areas that
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require emergency response such as highways where accidents are likely to occur. The general

population of the county is approximately 750,000 individuals. This study will be conducted for

a period of about 5 months.

1.7 Limitations

Not all users are mobile proficient

1.8 Assumptions

In conducting this research, the following assumptions will be made. It will be assumed that;

1. Majority of emergencies do not occur within reach of the nearest medical center and

police stations.

2. A considerate amount of time passes before the relevant authorities are aware of an

ongoing emergency.

1.9 Justification

Failure to implement the emergency response system will lead to increased mortality rates that

could have been avoided. Many people lose their lives or end up getting hurt in most

emergencies. These are people with families back at home. Implementing this system will make

most families at ease knowing their loved ones are in the right hands.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

Emergencies are non-predictable and can occur at any time. To conduct this study, a

better understanding of the various types of emergencies, existing emergency response

systems and the current state of emergence care in Kenya is quite crucial.

2.2Emergencies

2.2.1 Medical Emergencies

There are various medical conditions that require immediate medical attention. These

vary with age. There are emergencies associated with elderly people such as

hypertension, heart attack, stroke and many more. On the other hand, emergencies

that require immediate medical attention are infant-related. These include; burns,

scalds, bites, stings and cuts. Adult mortality rate of Kenya went up by 0.58 % from

41.91 deaths per 100 population in 2015 to 42.15 deaths per 100 population in 2020.

Since the 8.65 % drop in 2010, adult mortality rate improved by 2.24 % in 2020. The

mortality rate in Kenya can be improved with the implementation of an effective

emergency response system.

2.2.2 Crime

All regions of Kenya, particularly Nairobi and Nyeri, have a high crime rate. There

have been reports of armed aggressors targeting tourists. The most prevalent crime in

Kenya, nevertheless, is carjacking in order for the criminal to commit assault and

robbery ("Crime in Kenya," 2008). On public streets, "snatch and run" offences are

becoming more frequent. Nairobi has about ten vehicle hijackings per day on average,

and Kenyan police have limited potential to impede or investigate such crimes.
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Matatus (public transportation) are frequently targeted because they can carry up to

14 passengers. Victims are sometimes tied up and put in the back seat or trunk of

their own car. Criminals who commit these crimes will not hesitate to shoot a victim

who is even slightly uncooperative or appears to be hesitant before complying with

their assailant.

Carjackings and other forms of robbery take place without knowledge of the relevant

authorities. Nevertheless, an emergency response system would be suitable in this

case for any witness or victim to report the case.

2.2.3 Accidents

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health concern worldwide. RTAs

kill 1.35 million people each year, according to the World Health Organization

(WHO). According to WHO and other sources, the fatality rate is highest in African

countries, with an indexed estimate ranging from 25 to 34 per 1,000,000 population

(Muguro et al., 2022, p. xx). Kenya's fatalities and injuries have increased by 26
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percent and 46.5 percent, respectively, according to the RTA trend analysis for 2020.

RTAs are estimated to cost a country 3–5% of its GDP in terms of Medicare,

insurance, and lost productivity, with low- and middle-income countries accounting

for 93% of all global accidents. Because of the consequences, accidents are a social

issue that all stakeholders should consider.

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2.3 Case Study Two: Emergency Response Systems

2.3.1 Personal Emergency Response System (PERS)

Personal Emergency Response Systems (PERS), also known as Medical Emergency

Response Systems, allow you to summon assistance in an emergency by pressing a

button. A PERS is made up of three parts: a small radio transmitter, a console that is

linked to your phone, and an emergency response center that monitors calls. Transmitters

are small, battery-powered devices. One can be worn around the neck, on a wrist band,

on a belt, or in a pocket. When you require assistance, you press the help button on the

transmitter, which sends a signal to the console. The console dials one or more

emergency phone numbers automatically. Most PERS are set to call an emergency

response center. The center will attempt to determine the nature of your emergency.

They may also go over your health records and determine who should be contacted.

A PERS can be purchased, rented, or leased. Remember that Medicare, Medicaid, and

most insurance firms typically do not cover the cost of the equipment, and the few that do

require a prescription from a doctor. If you purchase a PERS, you should expect to pay an

installation fee as well as a monthly monitoring fee. For this PER, you have to pay while

for an emergency response system, you do not have to pay to use the service.

2.3.2 Emergency Alert Response System (EARS)

The Emergency Alert Response System (EARS) is a medical communications and

personal response system that ensures a quick and efficient reaction to any home

emergencies ("Emergency alert response system (EARS)," 2020). Year-round, assistance

is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Furthermore, the Programme offers social

affirmation to alleviate isolation and enhance quality of care.

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When a button on the unit or pendant is pressed, the 24-hour emergency response center

is contacted. Within seconds, a direct voice communication with an operator is

established via the built-in speaker/microphone, and the user can connect with the

operator. In the event of an emergency, assistance is deployed immediately, and vital

medical information is recounted to emergency crews and emergency room staff to

ensure adequate and timely treatment. Additionally, relatives or emergency contacts are

alerted.

2.4 Case Study Three: State of Emergency Care in Kenya

2.4.1: Emergency Care

The medical expertise committed to the care and prognosis of unexpected illness or

injury is known as emergency medicine (Wachira & Martin, 2011, p. xx). It entails a

distinct body of understanding as defined by the "Model of Clinical Practice of

Emergency Medicine." Emergency medicine encompasses the initial assessment,

diagnosis, care, and temperament of any patient who requires prompt medical, surgical,

or mental health care. Emergency medicine can be practiced in a hospital-based or

freestanding ED, an urgent care clinic, an emergency medical response vehicle, or at a

scene of an accident.

Kenya's emergency care delivery system is quite distinct from, and in most cases less

advanced than, that of nations with a well-developed field in Emergency Medicine. In

contrast to "developing" and "mature" countries, Kenya does not provide training

programs in the expertise of Emergency Medicine. Similarly, Kenya lacks an organized

national trauma care system, whereas countries in the "mature" stage do.
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2.4.2: Emergency Medical Services (EMS)-based

The majority of patients are transported to hospitals by private means, such as car, truck, or taxi.

Because ambulances are scarce and there is a lack of a well-connected, dependable central

dispatch system, few people arrive at emergency centers (ECs) by ambulance. According to a

study conducted in a South African emergency center, the majority of patients (60 percent) used

their own transportation to get to the emergency center. Kenya's national EM development is

thus classified as "underdeveloped" (Wachira & Martin, 2011, p. xx). Countries with "mature"

and "developing" patient care systems typically rely heavily on ambulance services for

transportation.

2.5 Research Gap

This study identified and recorded the gaps that need to be bridged in order to design a robust

solution for a transparent and efficient emergency response system. First and foremost is the time

taken to respond to an emergency. Too much time is spent before a medical team is dispatched to

respond. There is poor management in emergency cases which require immediate response.

Secondly, clinical officers work independently or alongside medical officers to provide urgent

and emergent care to primarily rural populations at most Emergency Centers. Clinical officers

are not physicians, but rather health care providers who have completed three years of rigorous

training in accordance with the medical model. They, too, lack specific training in the specialty

of Emergency Medicine, as do medical officers. In other words, Kenyan patients who present to

ECs with acute, time-sensitive illness or injury are mostly cared for by untrained, non-physician

healthcare providers with no specific training in Emergency Medicine.

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Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This section entails various methods used to conduct this study and various methods of data

collection. It is a methodical approach to problem solving. It is the science of determining how to

conduct research. Essentially, it refers to the methods used by researchers to collect, describe,

explain, and predict events.

3.2 Research design

This is both a quantitative and qualitative type of research using secondary and primary sources

of data. The research design was an applied approach that aimed to find a solution to an

immediate problem that society was facing. Various techniques and methodologies were

employed in an attempt to meet the anticipated goals. The methods chosen primarily revolved

around using existing knowledge to provide better solutions to learning problems by developing

a new system, which is the discipline in this research. The research methods used in this study

were primarily qualitative and qualitative. There was no way to control the variables that were

present. Only what exists is reported.

3.3 Data collection methods

3.3.1 Questionnaires

Open and closed questionnaires are both suitable for this study. The questionnaire entails

questions such as how prepared do you think the local government is prepared in an emergency

response? The questionnaires will be distributed via Google forms and distributed via the

internet. I chose this method because it is a low-cost, effective, and quick way of gathering

information from a large population of respondents.

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3.3.2 Interviews

Interviews were classified into two sections which were: structured, semi structured and

unstructured (Statistical Solution 2020). Structured interviews use a protocol set where only

questions prepared are asked. Unstructured interviews do not have any set protocol but the

interview is within the topic of study. For this particular project, the semi structured interview

was suitable. This is where set protocol was used to allow conversational aspects during the

interview. It also enabled more information to be gathered based on the topic of study. The

information gathered contributed to how the system would work and be developed.

3.4 Target population

The target population of this study is mainly residents in Nyeri County and the corresponding

officers in medical facilities and police stations.

3.5 Sampling and Sample size

The selection of a number of study units from a defined study population is referred to as

sampling. It will determine which study group will be chosen to represent the entire field of

study in this research. Non-probability In this case, sampling will be used because I have no

control over who will be included in the study's selected sample. The purposeful method will be

used because it allows me to use your judgement to select people who are presented or available

who best meet your objectives or target groups.

3.6 Software Development Model

Agile method is most suitable for this study. This methodology is most suitable because it take

an iterative approach to software development. Unlike a straightforward linear Waterfall model,

Agile projects consist of a number of smaller cycles – Sprints. Each one of them is a project in
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miniature: it has a backlog and consists of design, implementation, testing, and deployment

stages within the pre-defined scope of work.

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Chapter 4: Analysis And Design

4.1 Introduction
This chapter entails details on the requirements and system design and analysis. It covers the

feasibility, technical, operational and economic feasibility studies, in addition to requirements

and data analysis.

4.2 Feasibility Analysis

This ensures that the system is legally and technically feasible as well as economically

justifiable.

4.2.1 Economic Feasibility

It addresses the project's financial side. It aids in estimating the project's expected return on

investment. The most important factors in this area of study are cost and time.

4.2.2 Technical Feasibility

Involves complete study of the project in terms of input, processes, output, fields, programs, and

procedures.

4.2.3 Operational Feasibility

The degree to which a proposed system resolves issues, seizes opportunities identified during

scope definition, and satisfies requirements found during the requirements analysis stage of

system development is measured by its operational feasibility.

4.3 Requirements Analysis

4.3.1 Functions Requirements
The features of the product are described in terms of their functional requirements. Functional

requirements, to put it simply, specify what precisely a piece of software must do and how the

system must react to inputs. They include;

i. To create a platform to register and validate users.

ii. To design a platform to record user response.

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iii. To design a database to store user response and details.

iv. To design a geo-location pin to locate victims

v. To generate ratings from user.

4.3.2 Non-functional Requirements

i. Performance- the system will be optimized so as to respond within the shortest time

possible.

ii. Availability- the system will leverage on open-source hosting to ensure that the website is

always available.

iii. Data integrity- the system will utilize modern database technologies in addition to

following best practices in the implementation of database security.

iv. Scalability- the system is expected to span across multiple hospitals once it successfully

accomplishes its objectives.

4.4 System Analysis

4.4.1 System Input
i. For user sign up;

 First Name

 Email Address

 Password

ii. For user sign in;

 Email Address

 Password
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4.5 System Design

4.5.1 Use Case Analysis
In simple terms, use case analysis represents the various ways a software would react based on

the input it receives. Consider a person interacting with a social networking site. A use case

analysis could capture the various ways he or she interacts, as well as the results of that

interaction.
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4.5.2 Flow Chart

Start

Register

Login

Authenticate

Book Key in Details

Appointment

Medical
dispatch

End
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4.5.3 Data Flow Diagram

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a representation that shows how information moves through a

system or process. DFDs assist you in comprehending how a process or system works so that

you can identify potential issues, increase productivity, and create better processes.
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4.6 System Screenshots

This is the sign-up page.

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This is the sign-in form.

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Appointment page for bookings.

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This is the ratings page.

This is the admin panel.

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This is the status of emergencies completed.

Database for appointments.

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Database for emergency response.

This is the user’s database.

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This is the reviews database.

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Chapter 5: System Testing and Implementation

5.1 Introduction
This chapter illustrates the functional system modules that have been implemented and the

validation and the verification methods used to test their efficiency.

5.2 Testing
5.2.1 Unit Testing
Unit testing is whereby the individual components of the system are tested. The Emergency

Response system components were each tested to ensure they produce the expected results. A

good example is the Records module which was tested for the ability to keep track of

emergencies that were acted on and those that were not.

Table 1: Unit testing

Test Test Area Expected results Results obtained

Unit Each module of the Each module is able Each module is able

system to function with its to work

intended purpose and independently and

produce the expected give the expected

outcome result.

5.2.3 Integration Testing

Integration testing is the evaluation of the system as whole. The individual parts of the system

work together to be able to meet its functional and system requirements.

Table 2: Integration testing

Test Test Area Expected Results Results Obtained

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Integration Modules of the All the modules work Each module

system as a whole together as a whole. interacted together

and gave the

expected results of

the system as a

whole.

5.2.4 Acceptance Testing

Acceptance testing is where the users themselves interact with the system. The expected users

were able to interact with the system with ease.

Table 3: Acceptance testing

Test Test Area Expected results Results Obtained

Acceptance Testing System usability The users of the Admin and other

system able to users could use the

interact with the system with ease.

system.

5.2.5 Implementation
The Emergency Response System was implemented using the admin side of the system. The

admin side of the system is a website that controls the whole system. I implemented this using

JavaScript, HTML and CSS. The database used for the system is firebase.
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Using the agile method proved effective as I was able to meet up with new requirements of the

system while being able to easily change to the different phases of the project development. This

also helped in reducing risks that might have slowed down the project development.

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1 Discussion
The main objective of the research is to develop a prototype of an emergency response system

for emergency response. I was able to achieve the main and specific objectives of the system.
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The system is able to register new users, record emergencies, locate victims, keep track of

emergencies that have been acted upon and those pending, and generate ratings from users. It is

also able to guide victims on first aid procedures to use before medics arrive.

6.2 Limitations
Developing the system was met by some hindrances which include;

i. Interviews were done online which meant that network and availability of internet was a

factor to successful interviews.

ii. Android Studio requires a higher ram capacity in order to work better.

6.3 Recommendations
The emergency response system can further be enhanced to respond to emergencies of any kind

e.g. crime.

6.4 Conclusion
The system will help hospitals and medics to be able to respond to emergencies in good time. It

will also help save lives as victims will receive treatment in good time. Its usability is easy and

will allow the administrator to keep track of emergencies.

References

(2017, January 6). BioMed

Central. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3958-0
 42

Crime in Kenya. (2008, May 21). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved June 16, 2022,

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya

Department of Health Services. (2021). https://www.nyeri.go.ke/department-of-health-services/

Driver tells inquest how late governor Gakuru was stuck in wreckage for 45 minutes. (2019,

June 27). Capital News. https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2019/06/driver-tells-inquest-

how-late-governor-gakuru-was-stuck-in-wreckage-for-45-minutes/

Emergency alert response system (EARS). (2020). Department of Aging

|. https://aging.lacity.org/older-adults/wellness-safety/emergency-alert-response-system-

ears

KENYA EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE STRATEGY 2020–2025. (2020). Ministry of

Health. https://www.emergencymedicinekenya.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/

KENYA-EMERGENCY-MEDICAL-EMERGNCY-STRATEGY_2020-2025.pdf

Mbuthia, B. (2022, June 15). NTSA: 1,968 people have died in road accidents this year. Citizen

Digital. https://www.citizen.digital/news/ntsa-1968-people-have-died-in-road-accidents-

this-year-n299650

Muguro, J., Njeri, W., Matsushita, K., & Sasaki, M. (2022). Road traffic conditions in Kenya:

Exploring the policies and traffic cultures from unstructured user-generated data using

NLP. IATSS Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.03.003

Nyeri. (2021). Knoema. https://knoema.com/atlas/Kenya/Nyeri

Wachira, B., & Martin, I. B. (2011). The state of emergency care in the Republic of

Kenya. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 1(4), 160-

165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2011.10.008
 43

Wahome Gakuru died due to lack of emergency services, driver says. (2021, July 11).

Emergency Medicine Kenya

Foundation. https://www.emergencymedicinekenya.org/nyerigovernor/

APPENDICES.
These are the resources that will be used for the development of this system.
 44

Resources table

Table 4: Resource table

Hardware Software
Laptop Windows 10
Hard disk Android Studio
Internet bundles Adobe Photoshop
Printing Materials Database
Electricity

Budget

Table 5: Budget

Items Cost
Laptop 40000
Internet bundles 1500
Printing materials 1500
Hard disk 1200
Electricity 500
Total Ksh 44700

APENDIX B Project schedule.

 45

Duration

May June July August September October November December

Proposal
presentation
Gathering of
Requirements
and necessary
information
Development
prototype
Progress
presentation
Finish on the
development
Presentation
of the final
work