MATHEMATICS

3d Geometry
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna

7+ years Teaching experience

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 Cartesian
Coordinate System

9
Cartesian Coordinate System in 3D

➢ 3 Coordinate Axes
➢ 3 Coordinate Planes
➢ 8 Octants
Distance formulae

Distance between the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2)
is equal to
Section formulae

1 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

A (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2) in the ratio m : n internally is

given by

2 Coordinates a point P which divides line joining

A (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 , z2) in the ratio m : n externally is

given by

3 Coordinates of midpoint of line joining A (x1, y1, z1) and B

(x2, y2, z2) is

Coordinates of Centroid
Distance of a point from Coordinate Planes

y
Distance of Point P from xy plane = | z |
Distance of Point P from yz plane = | x |
Distance of Point P from xz plane = | y |
P (x, y, z)

z
 Distance of a point from Coordinate axes

P (x, y, z)

z
If A and B are foot of perpendicular from (3, 7, 4) on the XY plane
and YZ plane respectively, then find the length of AB.

P (3, 7, 4)

z
Direction Ratios
and Direction
Cosines

17
Direction Cosines (DCs)
If ∝, β, ⋎ are the angles which vector makes with positive direction of
the x, y, z axes respectively then their cosines cos∝, cosβ, cos𝜸 are
called the direction cosines of the vector and are generally denoted by
l, m, n respectively.
Thus l = cos ∝, m = cos β, n = cos 𝜸
Important Results

1 cos2∝ + cos2β + cos2𝛾 = 1

2 sin2∝ + sin2β + sin2𝛾 = 2

Direction Ratios (DRs)
Direction ratios are multiples of direction cosines
Important Results
Direction ratios of a line is not unique but infinite in number
1 but direction cosines will be for a line will be only two.
(l, m, n or -l, -m, -n)
Important Results

A vector along the line with direction ratios a, b, c can be

2 ai + bj + ck
Important Results

Direction ratios of a line joining two points A and B are

3 proportional to x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1
A line AB in three-dimensional space makes 45° and 120° with the
positive x-axis and the positive y-axis respectively. If AB makes
an acute angle θ with the positive z-axis, then θ equals

A. 45° B. 60° C. 75° D. 30°

2010
 Equation of
Straight Line

25
Equation of Line: Vector Form

1 Passing through a point and parallel to given direction

A(i + 2j + 3k)
Equation of Line: Cartesian Form

1 Passing through a point and given DRs or DCs

A(1, 2, 3)
Find the equation of the line through the point 2i + j - 3k and
parallel to the vector 4i + 5j in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form

A
Find the equation of the line through the point (1, 2, -1) and
having DRs 2, -3 and 5
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form

A
Equation of Line: Vector Form

2 Passing through a two points

➞
B(b)

➞
A(a)
Find the equation of straight line passing through points A (6, -7, -1)
and B (2, -3, 1) in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form

B(2, -3, 1)

A(6, -7, -1)

 Angle Between
Two Straight Lines

32
Angle Between Two Lines

Angle between two lines = Angle between their Direction Vectors

Find the angle between the pair of lines given by
Angle Between Two Lines
Find the value of λ so that the following lines are perpendicular
Consider the lines

The unit vector perpendicular to both L1 and L2 is

A. B. C. D.

[JEE Adv. 2018]

Parametric
Coordinates

38
Parametric Coordinates of a
Line
Find parametric coordinates of straight lines

I.

II.
Point of Intersection
of Two Lines

40
Point of Intersection of two Lines
Find the point of intersection of L1 and L2
Foot of Perpendicular/
Image from Point to
Line

42
Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (0, 2, 3) on the line

Find the length of perpendicular.

P(0, 2, 3)
Image of Point in Line
Perpendicular Distance
of Point from Line

45
Perpendicular Distance of Point from Line

M-1 Find Foot of Perpendicular then use Distance Formula

P(x0, y0, z0)

Perpendicular Distance of Point from Line

M-2 Perpendicular Distance =

P(x0, y0, z0)

Find distance between point P(0, 2, 3) and line
Skew Lines

49
Skew Lines
Non parallel, non intersecting lines are called skew lines
Shortest Distance between two Skew Lines

Shortest distance =
Consider the lines

The shortest distance between L1 and L2 is

A. 0 B. 17 / √3 C. 41 / 5√3 D. 17 / 5√3

[JEE Adv. 2018]

If the shortest distance between the lines

and
μ ∈ R is 9, then α is equal to _

[20 July 2021 Shift 1]

Condition for 2 Lines to Intersect
If shortest distance between 2 lines = 0 ⇒ they are intersecting
 Shortest Distance
between two Parallel
Lines

57
Shortest Distance between two Parallel Lines
Condition for
Coplanarity

59
Condition of Coplanarity (for vectors)

1. Two non-zero vectors are always coplanar

➝➝➝ ➝ ➝➝
2. Three non-zero vectors a, b, c are coplanar if [a b c] = 0
Condition of Coplanarity (for lines)

Two lines are COPLANAR if either they are Intersecting or Parallel

If the lines

are co-planar, then the value of k is

[25 July 2021 Shift 2]

Two lines and

are coplanar. Then 𝝰 can take value(s)

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

[JEE Adv. 2013]

Equation of
Planes

65
Definition of Plane

Representation of Plane : P, ∏, 𝝈
General Equation of Plane
Note

3
1. Point - Normal
Form
Find the equation of plane passing through (2,0,1) and normal to
2i + j - k in
I. Vector Form
II. Cartesian Form
Note
If the Equation of Plane is 2x + y + 2z = 5, then find
I. Normal Vector
II. DRs of Normal
III. DCs of Normal
IV. Equation of plane in Vector Form
2. Three Points Form
3. Plane Containing Two Intersecting Lines
4. Equation of Plane Containing Two Parallel Lines
5. Equation of Plane: Normal Form
Find the vector equation of plane which is at a distance of 8 units from
the origin and which is normal to the vector 2i + j + 2k.
6. Intercept form
Let the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 bisect the line joining the points
(4, -3, 1) and (2, 3, -5) at the right angles. If a, b, c, d are integers,
then the minimum value of (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2) is

[18 Mar 2021 shift 1]

[JEE Adv. 2020]
[JEE Adv. 2017]
Perpendicular Distance
of Point from Plane

84
Perpendicular Distance Of A Point From A Plane
[JEE Adv. 2006]
 Distance Between
Two Parallel Planes

88
Distance between Two Parallel Planes
[JEE Adv. 2010]
The equation of the planes parallel to the plane x - 2y + 2z - 3 = 0
which are at unit distance from the point (1, 2, 3) is ax + by + cz +
d = 0. If (b - d) = K(c - a), then the positive value of K is

[18 Mar 2021 Shift 1]

Foot of Perpendicular /
Image of Point in Plane

94
Image of Point in Plane
Foot of Perpendicular from Point on the Plane
A. 47 B. 39 C. 43 D. 41

[26 Feb 2021 Shift 2]

[JEE Adv. 2010]
Solving Line and
Plane

100
Solving Line and Plane
The distance of the point (1, 1, 9) from the point of intersection of
the line and the plane x + y + z = 17 is :
Projection of Line
Segment on Plane

103
Projection of Line Segment on Plane
[JEE M 2018]
Angle between Plane-Plane,
Line-Line and Line-Plane

106
Angle Between Two Planes
Angle Between Two Planes
Angle Between Line and Plane
Parallel and Perpendicular Planes
Consider the three planes
P1 : 3x + 15y + 21z = 9
P2 : x - 3y - z = 5, and
P3 : 2x + 10y + 14z = 5
Then, which one of the following is true ?

A. P1 and P3 are parallel.

B. P2 and P3 are parallel.
[26 Feb 2021 Shift 1]
C. P1 and P2 are parallel.
D. P1, P2 and P3 all are parallel.
Family of Planes

112
Family of Planes
The equation of a plane containing the line of intersection of the
planes 2x - y - 4 = 0 and y + 2z - 4 = 0 and passing through the
point (1, 1, 0) is :

A. x - 3y - 2z = -2 [08 Apr 2019 Shift 1]

B. 2x - z = 2
C. x - y - z = 0
D. x + 3y + z = 4
If the equation of the plane passing through the line of
intersection of the planes 2x - 7y + 4z - 3 = 0, 3x - 5y + 4z + 11 = 0
and the point (-2, 1, 3) is ax + by + cz - 7 = 0, then the value of
2a + b + c - 7 is
[17 Mar 2021 Shift 1]
Angle Bisector

117
Bisector of Angle between Two Lines
Bisector of Angle between Two Lines
A. B. C. D.
[JEE Adv. 2020]
Bisector of Angle between Two Planes
Acute and Obtuse Angle
Bisectors

2
Equation of plane bisecting the acute angle between the planes
x - y + z - 1 = 0 and x + y + z - 2 = 0
A. x + z = 3/2 B. 2y = 1

C. x - y - z = 3 D. x + 2z = 3
 Equation of Straight
Line in Unsymmetrical
Form

126
Equation of Straight Line in Symmetrical form
Equation of Straight Line in Unsymmetrical form
Consider the planes 3x - 6y - 2z = 15 and 2x + y - 2z = 5
Statement-1 : The parametric equations of the line of intersection of
the given planes are x = 3 + 14t, y = 1 + 2t, z = 15t. Because
Statement-2 : The vector 14î + 2ĵ + 15k̂ is parallel to the lines of
intersection of given planes.

[JEE Adv. 2007]

Equation of Sphere

131
Equation of Sphere
Equation of Sphere
General Equation of Sphere
Plane and Sphere
The plane x + 2y - z = 4 cuts the sphere x2 + y2 -x + z - 2 = 0
In a circle of radius

A. 3 B. 1
[2005]
C. 2 D. √2
Intersection of Two Spheres
The intersection of the spheres
x2 + y2 + z2 + 7x - 2y - z = 13 and
x2 + y2 + z2 -3x + 3y + 4z = 8 is the same as the intersection of
one of the sphere and the plane
[2004]
A. 2x - y - z = 1 B. x - 2y - z = 1

C. x - y - 2z = 1 D. x - y - z = 1
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