PURE SUBSTANCES

Pure substances include elements and compounds, it has already been stated that materials with similar
properties throughout are homogeneous. Homogenous describes a system or substance that has
consistent composition or structure throughout. In chemistry, a homogenous solution is created when a
solute is evenly distributed in a solvent, resulting in a single, uniform phase. Examples of homogenous
solutions are sugar dissolved in water, salt dissolved in water, and vinegar. Heterogenous systems, on
the other hand, have distinct phases or components that are not evenly mixed.

. In chemistry, a pure substance is a homogenous material consisting of one particular kind of matter.
Both the sugar and the water of a sugar-water mixture are pure substances. Unlike granite, which has
the different properties of Quartz, feldspar and mica, the properties of sugar cannot be attributed to
anything but the sugar itself and are due to its particular composition.

 Pure Substances refers to a type of material that contains only one single component or
element, with no impurities or mixtures. This can be either an element, such as gold (Au) or
oxygen (O2), or a compound, such as water (H2O) or table salt (NaCl). Pure substances have a
fixed and definite chemical composition and exhibit unique physical and chemical properties
that are distinct from other substances. In contrast, mixtures contain two or more components
that can be separated by physical means, such as filtering, distilling, or decanting.

ELEMENTS

One of the most fascinating facts of science is that all matter is composed of about 118 elements (as of
2018).Approximately, only the first 98 elements are known to occur naturally on Earth in detectable
amounts. Those elements that do not occur naturally on earth have been produced artificially as
synthetic products of man-made nuclear reactions. Hydrogen and Helium are by far the most abundant
elements in the universe. The Earth’s atmosphere consists almost entirely of two elements: nitrogen and
oxygen. Water, which covers around ⅔ of the surface of the Earth, a combination of hydrogen and
oxygen.

 An element is a substance that is made up of atoms that all have the same number of protons in
their nuclei. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances through chemical
reactions. Some common elements include oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N),
and iron (Fe). There are over 100 known elements, and they are represented by one- or two-
letter symbols.

There are 15 most commonly occurring elements in the universe , in the Earth’s crust and in the human
body.
COMPOUNDS

Pure substances that are made of more than one element are called compounds. A compound has two
or more elements chemically combined. Water is a compound that is made of two elements, hydrogen
and oxygen, sugar, carbon dioxide, ammonia, baking soda, and TNT are compounds. The properties of
the elements that make up a compound itself. For example, sodium is a silvery metal that explodes if
placed in water as chlorine is a poisonous yellow-green gas. But when chemically combined, these
elements produce the common table salt, sodium chloride.

 Compounds are substances formed by combining two or more simpler chemical units or
molecules called constituents, held together by chemical bonds like covalent, ionic, or metallic.
These compounds have unique properties that differ from their constituent elements and
exhibit distinct physical and chemical behaviors. Common examples include water (H2O), table
salt (NaCl), and sugar (C12H22O11).

One example of an compound is Water is a compound that is made up of two atoms of hydrogen (H)
and one atom of oxygen (O) combined through chemical bonds. Both hydrogen and oxygen are
elements, but when they combine to form water, it becomes a pure substance with unique physical
and chemical properties.

In summary, pure substances have a fixed composition, structure, and properties that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by physical means. Examples include water, table salt, and iron.
Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more substances that retain their individual properties
and can be separated by physical means. Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout, while
heterogeneous mixtures vary in composition. Examples of homogeneous mixtures include brine, while
examples of heterogeneous mixtures include sand and water or sugar and water. Compounds are
pure substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed proportion.
The properties of compounds are different from those of their constituent elements and cannot be
separated into their constituent elements by physical means alone. Examples include water, table salt,
and sugar.