Professional Documents
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March 7, 2014
Table 831.3
Desirable Roadway Drainage Guidelines
FREEWAYS
Through traffic lanes, branch
X -- X -- --
connections, and other major ramp
connections.
Minor ramps.
-- X X -- --
Frontage roads.
-- X -- -- X
CONVENTIONAL HIGHWAYS
High volume, multilane
X -- X -- --
Speeds over 45 mph.
High volume, multilane
-- X -- X --
Speeds 45 mph and under.
Low volume, rural
X -- X -- --
Speeds over 45 mph.
Urban
-- X -- -- X
Speeds 45 mph and under.
Use a 2% (50 yrs) design storm for freeways and conventionalState highways. Design water spread at
depressed sections should not exceed that of adjacent roadway sections. A 4% (25 yr) design storm may be
used on local streets or road undercrossings that require pumping.
830-4 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
March 7, 2014
(3) Landscaping. Runoff from existing or * Where the longitudinal grade and or cross
proposed landscaping, including excess slope are less than minimum (Refer to
irrigation water runoff, must be considered. Index 204.3 for minimum grade and
Indexes 301.2 and 302.2 for cross slope).
(4) Groundwater. Groundwater is subsurface
water within a permeable strata. Depending * Where there are poor pavement conditions
upon recharge and withdrawal rates the level of (rutting, depressions, inadequate
the groundwater table can fluctuate greatly, roughness).
over a period of a few months or over periods
* Where water is allowed to concentrate
of many years. Consideration should be given
prior to being directed across the travel
to recent history (several years of abnormally
lanes (see Index 831.4(1)).
wet or dry conditions) as well as the possibility
of revised practices by local water districts * Where re-striping projects will reduce
(either increased pumping or increased shoulder widths where dike, curb or
recharge). concrete barrier are present.
Pipes located in areas where contact with These situations may also be present on median
groundwater within their design life is likely widening projects or projects involving
should have watertight joints. If groundwater pavement rehabilitation and or lane addition on
contact is likely and the surrounding soils are multi-lane highways or freeways.
highly erodible (fine grained sand, silty sand Speed and tire pressure appear to be a
and sandy silt/silt of limited cohesion) significant factors in the occurrence of
consideration should be given to wrapping the hydroplaning, therefore, it is considered to be
pipe joint with filter fabric. The fabric should the driver’s responsibility to exercise prudence
cover a length of 4 feet along the pipe, centered and caution when driving during wet
on the joint. Groundwater at or above the conditions (California Basic Speed Law).
drainage system elevation will lead to
infiltration. Where this is undesirable, either Designers do not have control over all of the
joint systems capable of resisting the factors involved in hydroplaning. However,
hydrostatic pressure, or dewatering measures, remedial measures may be included in
should be incorporated into the design. The development of a project to reduce
design of groundwater control measures must hydroplaning potential. The following is
be coordinated with Geotechnical Services in provided as guidance for the designer as
the Division of Engineering Services. practical measures to consider:
(5) Hydroplaning. Hydroplaning is the separation (1) Pavement Sheet Flow
of the tire from the road surface by a thin layer • Maximize transverse slope (see Topic
of liquid (usually water) on the pavement. The 833)
liquid separates the tire from the pavement
because of viscosity (viscous hydroplaning), • Maximize pavement roughness
dynamic lift (dynamic hydroplaning), or a
• Use of graded course (porous
combination of the two. Since water offers
pavements)
little shear resistance, the tire loses its tractive
ability and the driver has a loss of control of (2) Gutter Flow
the vehicle. At locations where there is a
• Limit water spread to Table 831.3
potential for hydroplaning, a careful review of
the wet weather accident rates should be made • Maximize interception of gutter flow
using information obtained from the District above superelevation transitions (see
Traffic Branch. Typical situations that should Index 837.3)
be evaluated for hydroplaning potential are:
(3) Sag Areas
* Where three (3) lanes or more are sloped in
the same direction (see Topic 833).
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-5
July 1, 2015
Topic 834 - Roadside Drainage cement or lime treatment of the soil. The
width treated will depend on the capacity
834.1 General needed to handle the drainage. A depth of
6 inches is generally satisfactory. The amount
Median drainage, ditches and gutters, and overside
of cement or lime to be used should be based
drains are some of the major roadside drainage
on laboratory tests of the in-place material to
facilities.
be tested, and normally varies from 6 percent to
834.2 Median Drainage 10 percent. If a clear or translucent curing
compound is used, the completed area is
(1) Drainage Across the Median. When it is unobtrusive and aesthetically pleasing.
necessary for sheet flow to cross flush medians,
it should be intercepted by the use of slotted Asphalt concrete ditch paving and soil cement
drains or other suitable alternative facilities. treatments cured with an application of liquid
See Standard Plan D98-B for slotted drain asphalt are highly visible and tend to become
details. unsightly from streaks of eroded material.
Cobbles, though effective for erosion control,
Where floodwaters are allowed to cross are not satisfactory in a recovery area for out of
medians, designers must consider the impacts control vehicles. See Topic 872 for further
of railings, barrier or other obstructions to both discussion on erosion protection and additional
the depth and spread of flow. Designers should types of ditch linings. Erosion control
consult their district hydraulic unit for references are given under Index 871.3.
assistance.
(4) Economy in Design. Economy in median
(2) Grade and Cross Slope. The longitudinal slope
drainage can be achieved by locating inlets to
or grade for median drainage is governed by
utilize available nearby culverts or the collector
the highway grade line as discussed under
system of a roadway drainage installation. The
Index 831.2. Refer to Index 204.3 for
inlet capacity can be increased by placing it in
minimum grade and Indexes 305.2 and
a local depression. Use of slotted pipe at sag
405.5(4) for standards governing allowable
points where a local depression might be
cross slope of medians.
necessary may be an alternative solution to a
Existing conditions control median grades and grate catch basin.
attainable cross slope on rehabilitation projects.
The flattest desirable grade for earth medians is 834.3 Ditches and Gutters
0.25 percent and 0.12 percent for paved gutters (1) Grade. The flattest grade recommended for
in the median. design is 0.25 percent for earth ditches and
(3) Erosion. When velocities are excessive for soil 0.12 percent for paved ditches.
conditions, provisions for erosion control (2) Slope Ditches. Slope ditches, sometimes called
should be provided. See Table 865.2 for surface, brow, interception, or slope protection
recommended permissible velocities for ditches, should be provided at the tops of cuts
unlined channels. where it is necessary to intercept drainage from
Economics and aesthetics are to be taken into natural slopes inclined toward the highway.
consideration in the selection of median When the grade of a slope ditch is steep enough
erosion control measures. Under the less that erosion would occur, the ditch should be
severe conditions, ground covers of natural or paved. Refer to Table 865.2 for permissible
synthetic materials which render the soil velocities for unlined channels in various types
surface stable against accelerated erosion are of soil. When the ditch grade exceeds a 4:1
adequate. Under the more severe conditions, slope, a downdrain is advisable. Slope ditches
asphalt or concrete ditch paving may be may not be necessary where side slopes in
required. favorable soils are flatter than 2:1 or where
Whenever median ditch paving is necessary, positive erosion control measures are to be
consideration should be given to the use of instituted during construction.
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-7
March 7, 2014
(3) Side Gutters. These are triangular gutters (2) Type and Requirement. Following are details
adjoining the shoulder as shown in Figures of various types of overside drains and
307.2 and 307.5. The main purpose of the requirements for their use:
3 feet wide side gutter is to prevent runoff from
(a) Pipe Downdrains. Metal and plastic pipes
the cut slopes on the high side of
are adaptable to any slope. They should be
superelevation from flowing across the
used where side slopes are 4:1 or steeper.
roadbeds. The use of side gutters in tangent
Long pipe downdrains should be anchored.
alignment should be avoided where possible.
Local drainage conditions, such as in snow The minimum pipe diameter is 8 inches but
areas, may require their use on either tangent or large flows, debris, or long pipe
curved alignment in cut sections. In snow installations may dictate a larger diameter.
areas it may be necessary to increase the width Watertight joints are necessary to prevent
of side gutters from 3 feet to 6 feet. The slope leakage which causes slope erosion.
from the edge of the shoulder to the bottom of Economy in long, high capacity
the gutter should be no steeper than 6:1. The downdrains is achieved by using a pipe
structural section for paved side gutters should taper in the initial reach. Pipe tapers
be adequate to support maintenance equipment should insure improved flow characteristics
loads. and permit use of a smaller diameter pipe
(4) Dikes. Dikes placed adjoining the shoulder, as below the taper. See Standard Plan D87-A
shown in Figures 307.2, 307.4, and 307.5, for details.
provide a paved triangular gutter within the
(b) Flume Downdrains. These are rectangular
shoulder area. For conditions governing their
corrugated metal flumes with a tapered
use, see Index 303.3.
entrance. See the Standard Plan D87-D for
(5) Chart Solutions. Charts for solutions to details. They are best adapted to slopes
triangular channel flow problems are contained that are 2:1 or flatter but if used on 1.5:1
in FHWA Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. slopes, lengths over 60 feet are not
22, "Urban Drainage Design Manual". recommended. Abrupt changes in
alignment or grade should be avoided.
834.4 Overside Drains Flume downdrains should be depressed so
The purpose of overside drains, sometimes called that the top of the flume is flush with the
slope drains, is to protect slopes against erosion. fill slope.
They convey down the slope drainage which is
(c) Paved Spillways. Permanent paved
collected from the roadbed, the tops of cuts, or
spillways should only be used when the
from benches in cut or fill slopes. They may be
side slopes are flatter than 4:1. On steeper
pipes, flumes or paved spillways.
slopes a more positive type of overside
(1) Spacing and Location. The spacing and drain such as a pipe downdrain should be
location of overside drains depend on the used.
configuration of the ground, the highway
Temporary paved spillways are effective in
profile, the quantity of flow and the limitations
preserving raw fill slopes that are 6:1 or
on flooding stated in Table 831.3. When
flatter in friable soils during the period
possible, overside drains should be positioned
when protective growth is being
at the lower end of cut sections. Diversion
established. Paved spillways should be
from one watershed to another should be
spaced so that a dike 2 inches high placed
avoided. If diversion becomes necessary, care
at the outer edge of the paved shoulder will
should be used in the manner in which this
effectively confine drainage between
diverted water is disposed.
spillways. When it is necessary to place a
Overside drains which would be conspicuous spillway on curved alignment, attention
or placed in landscaped areas should be must be given to possible overtopping at
concealed by burial or other means. the bends. See Index 868.2(3) for
830-8 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
March 7, 2014
836.2 Gutter Design (4) Valley Gutters. Valley gutters across the
traveled way of the highway should not be
(1) Capacity. Gutters and drainage facilities are to used. Valley gutters may be used across
be designed to keep flooding within the limits intersecting streets and driveways, however, at
given in Table 831.3. Easy solutions to gutter intersections with high traffic volumes on all
flow problems can be obtained by using the approaches, it is desirable to intercept all gutter
charts contained in FHWA Hydraulic flow upstream of the intersection and avoid the
Engineering Circular No. 22, "Urban Drainage use of valley gutters. Valley gutters are also
Design Manual" which applies to triangular undesirable along streets where speeds are
channels and other shapes illustrated in the relatively high. In locations of frequent
charts. Parked cars reduce gutter capacity and intermittent low flows, the use of valley gutters
also can cause water to shoot over the curb. with slotted drains should be considered. In
The downstream ends of driveway ramps can general, the total width of gutters should not
also cause water to flow over the curb. As a exceed 6 feet and cross slopes should not
rule of thumb, gutter capacity should be exceed 3 percent. Two percent is suggested
determined on a depth equal to 0.5 the curb where more than nominal speeds are involved.
height for grades up to 10 percent and 0.4 the
curb height for grades over 10 percent in Topic 837 - Inlet Design
locations where parking is allowed or where
driveways are constructed. 837.1 General
(2) Grade and Cross Slope. The longitudinal The basic features of standard storm drain inlets are
grade of curbs and gutters is controlled by the shown in Figure 837.1. Full details appear on
highway grade line as discussed under Index Standard Plan D72 through D75, D98-A and D98-
831.2. B. The variety of standard designs available is
The cross slope of standard gutters is typically considered sufficient to any drainage situation;
8.33 percent toward the curb. Pavement slopes hence, the use of nonstandard inlets should be rare.
on superelevated roadways extend the full 837.2 Inlet Types
width of the gutter, except that gutter slopes on
the low side should be not less than From an operating standpoint, there are five main
8.33 percent. Because they cut down gutter groups of inlets; these are:
capacity and severely reduce inlet efficiency, (1) Curb-Opening. Curb opening inlets have an
cross slopes flatter than 8.33 percent should be opening parallel to the direction of flow in the
avoided, except where gutters are adjacent to gutter. This inlet group is adapted to curb and
curb ramps where ADA requirements limit the gutter installations. The curb opening is most
slope to a maximum of 5 percent. effective with flows carrying floating debris.
(3) Curbed Intersections. If pedestrian traffic is a As the gutter grade steepens, their interception
ruling factor, intersection drainage presents the capacity decreases. Hence, they are commonly
following alternatives to be weighed as to used on grades flatter than 3 percent.
effectiveness and economy. When curb opening inlets are used on urban
(a) Intercept the whole flow upstream of the highways other than fenced freeways, a
crosswalk. 3/4 inch plain round protection bar is placed
horizontally across any curb or wall opening
(b) Intercept a part of the water and allow the whose height is 7 inches or more. The
overflow to cross the intersection. The unsupported length of bar should not exceed
width of flow should be controlled so that 7 feet. Use of the protection bar on streets or
pedestrian traffic is not unduly hampered. roads under other jurisdiction is to be governed
(c) If flow is small, pass the entire flow across by the desires of the responsible authorities.
the intersecting street in a valley gutter.
830-10 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
March 7, 2014
The Type OS and OL inlets are only used with maximum opening in the direction of
Type A or B curbs. A checkered steel plate pedestrian travel to no more than 0.5 inch.
cover is provided for maintenance access. Presently, the only standard grating which
The Type OS inlet has a curb opening 3.5 feet meets such restrictive spacing criterion is the
long. Since a fast flow tends to overshoot such slotted corrugated steel pipe with heel guard, as
a short opening, it should be used with caution shown in the Standard Plans. Because small
on grades above 3 percent. openings have an increased potential for
clogging, a minimum clogging factor of
The Type OL inlet is a high capacity unit in 50 percent should be assumed; however,that
which the length of curb opening ranges from factor should be increased in areas prone to
7 feet to 21 feet. significant debris. Other options which may be
(2) Grate. Grate inlets provide a grate opening in considered are grated line drains with specialty
the gutter or waterway. As a class, grate inlets grates (see the Standard Plans for grated line
perform satisfactorily over a wide range of drain details, and refer to manufacturers
gutter grades. Their main disadvantage is that catalogs for special application grates) or
they are easily clogged by floating trash and specially designed grates for standard inlets.
should not be used without a curb opening The use of specially designed grates is a
where total interception of flow is required. nonstandard design that must be approved by
They merit preference over the curb opening the Office of State Highway Drainage Design
type on grades of 3 percent or more. Gutter prior to submittal of PS&E.
depressions, discussed under Index 837.5,
(3) Combination. Combination inlets provide both
increase the capacity of grate inlets. Grate
a curb opening and a grate. These are high
inlets may also be used at locations where a
capacity inlets which make use of the
gutter depression is not desirable. See the
advantages offered by both kinds of openings.
Standard Plans for grate details.
(a) Type GO and GDO. These types of inlets
Locate grate inlets away from areas where
have a curb opening directly opposite the
bicycles or pedestrians are anticipated
grate. The GDO inlet has two grates
whenever possible. Grate designs that are
placed side by side and is designed for
allowed where bicycle and pedestrian traffic
intercepting a wide flow. A typical use of
occurs have smaller openings and are more
these inlets would be in a sag location
easily clogged by trash and debris and are less
either in a curb and gutter installation or
efficient at intercepting flow. Additional
within a shoulder fringed by a dike.When
measures may be necessary to mitigate the
usedas the surface inlet for a pumping
increased potential for clogging.
installation, the trash rack
The grate types depicted on Standard Plan shownontheStandardPlanD74Bisprovided.
D77B must be used if bicycle traffic can be
(b) Type GOL. This is called a sweeper inlet
expected. Many highways do not prohibit
because the curb opening precedes the
bicycle traffic, but have inlets where bicycle
grate. It is particularly useful as a trash
traffic would not be expected to occur (e.g.,
interceptor during the initial phases of a
freeway median). In such instances, the
storm. When used in a grade sag, the
designer may consider use of grates from
sweeper inlet can be modified by providing
Standard Plan D77A. The table of final pay
a curb opening on both sides of the grate.
weights on Standard Plan D77B indicates the
acceptable grate types to be used for each listed (4) Pipe. Pipe drop inlets are made of a
type of inlet. commercial pipe section of concrete or
corrugated metal. As a class, they develop a
If grate inlets must be placed within a
high capacity and are generally the most
pedestrian path of travel, the grate must be
economical type. This type of inlet is intended
compliant with the Americans with Disabilities
for uses outside the roadbed at locations that
Act (ADA) regulations which limit the
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-11
March 7, 2014
will not be subjected to normal highway wheel public intersections, superelevation transitions,
loads. along shoulders where widening causes a
decrease to allowable water spread, tollbooth
Two kinds of inlets are provided; a wall
approaches, ramp termini, parking lots and on
opening and a grate top. The wall opening
the high side of superelevation in snow and ice
inlet should only be used at protected locations
country to minimize black ice and sheet flow
where it is unlikely to be hit by an out of
from snow melt. Removable grates should not
control vehicle.
be placed where subject to traffic.
(a) Wall Opening Intake. This opening is
Short sections of grated line drain may be used
placed normal to the direction of surface
in conjunction with an existing drainage inlet
flow. It develops a high capacity
as a supplement in sag locations. However,
unaffected by the grade of the approach
based on the depth of the water, the flow
waterway. The inlet capacity is increased
condition will be either weir or orifice. The
by depressing the opening; also by
transition between weir and orifice occurs at
providing additional openings oriented to
approximately 7 inches depth of flow. The
intercept flows from different directions.
HEC-22 method of design for slotted pipe is
When used as the surface intake to a
recommended as the basis for grated line drain
pumping installation, a trash rack across
design. It should be noted that this is inlet
the opening is required. See Standard
interception/capacity design, not the carrying
Plans for pipe inlet details. Because this
capacity of the product as a conduit.
type of inlet projects above grade, its use
should be avoided in areas subject to traffic Furthermore, the grated line drain has a smaller
leaving the roadway. cross sectional area than slotted pipe, and
therefore typically less carrying capacity.
(b) Grate Intake. The grate intake intercepts
water from any direction. For maximum Grated line drains are recommended as an
efficiency, however, the grate bars must be alternative to slotted pipe at locations
in the direction of greatest surface flow. susceptible to pipe clogging from sediments
Being round, it is most effective for flows and debris. Self-cleaning velocities can usually
that are deepest at the center, as in a valley be generated from their smooth interior surface,
median. or if necessary by specifying the optional pre-
sloped sections.
(5) Slotted Drains. This type of inlet is made of
corrugated metal or polyethylene pipe with a Grated line drains may also be useful where
continuous slot on top. This type of inlet can be there is a potential for utility conflicts with
used in flush, all paved medians with slotted drains, which are generally installed at a
superelevated sections to prevent sheet flow greater depth.
from crossing the centerline of the highway.
At locations where clean out access is needed,
Short sections of slotted drain may be used as
removable grates can be specified. In areas
an alternate solution to a grate catch basin in
with pedestrian traffic, special grates which
the median or edge of shoulder.
meet the Americans with Disabilities Act
Drop inlets or other type of cleanout should be (ADA) requirements are mandatory. This type
provided at intervals of about 100 feet. of grate is susceptible to clogging, therefore
removable grates are recommended at these
(6) Grated Line Drains.This type of inlet is made
locations, and they should only be specified
of monolithic polymer concrete with a ductile
when placement directly within the pedestrian
iron frame and grate on top. This type of inlet
path of travel is unavoidable.
can be used as an alternative at the locations
described under slotted drains, preferably in (7) Scuppers. This type of inlet consists of a low,
shoulder areas away from traffic loading. rectangular slot cut through the base of a
However, additional locations may include barrier. Similar to, but smaller than curb
localized flat areas of pavement at private and opening inlets (See Index 837.2(1)), scuppers
830-12 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
May 7, 2012
Figure 837.1
Storm Drain Inlet Types
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-13
September 1, 2006
Figure 837.1
Storm Drain Inlet Types (Cont.)
830-14 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
March 7, 2014
are prone to clogging by sediment and debris In urban areas, the volume and movements of
and require enhanced maintenance attention. vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians constitute
Scupper interception efficiency decreases with an important control. For street or road
increased longitudinal gradient and scupper crossings, the usual inlet location is at the
design is not typically compatible with intersection at the upstream end of the curb or
construction of an inlet depression. Scuppers pavement return and clear of the pedestrian
are typically considered only when other inlet crosswalk. Where the gutter flow is small and
options are infeasible. vehicular, bicycle, and pedestrian traffic are not
important considerations, the flow may be
837.3 Location and Spacing carried across the intersection in a valley gutter
(1) Governing Factors. The location and spacing and intercepted by an inlet placed downstream.
of inlets depend mainly on these factors: See Index 836.2(4).
(a) The amount of runoff, At depressed grade lines under structures, care
must be taken to avoid bridge pier footings.
(b) The longitudinal grade and cross slope,
See Index 204.6.
(c) The location and geometrics of
Safety of location for maintenance purposes is
interchanges and at-grade intersections,
an important consideration. Wall opening
(d) Tolerable water spread, see Table 831.3, inlets should not be placed where they present
an obstacle to maintenance equipment and to
(e) The inlet capacity,
vehicles that leave the traveled way. Grate top
(f) Accessibility for maintenance and inlets should be installed in such locations.
inspection,
Placement of inlets within the traveled way is
(g) Volume and movements of motor vehicles, discouraged. Inlets should typically be
bicycles and pedestrians, relocated when roadways are widened or
(h) Amount of debris, and realigned. Any proposal to leave an existing or
construct a new inlet within the traveled way
(i) The locations of public transit stops. should be discussed with District Maintenance
(2) Location. There are no ready rules by which to verify that future access is feasible.
the spacing of inlets can be fixed; the most (3) Spacing. Arbitrary spacing of inlets should be
effective and economical installation should be avoided. The distance between inlets should be
the aim. determined by a rational analysis of the factors
The following are locations where an inlet is mentioned above. Detailed procedures for
nearly always required: determining inlet spacing are given in FHWA
Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 22, "Urban
• Sag points Drainage Design Manual". In a valley median,
• Points of superelevation reversal the designer should consider the effect of inlet
spacing on flow velocities where the soil is
• Upstream of ramp gores susceptible to erosion. To economize on
disposal facilities, inlets are often located at
• Upstream and downstream of bridges –
culverts or near roadway drainage conduits.
bridge drainage design procedure
assumes no flow onto bridge from (4) Inlets in Series. Where conditions dictate the
approach roadway, and flow off bridge need for a series of inlets, the recommended
to be handled by the district. minimum spacing should be approximately
20 feet to allow the bypass flow to return to the
• Intersections curb face.
• Upstream of pedestrian crosswalks
• Upstream of curbed median openings
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-15
March 7, 2014
(4) Grate Inlets. The grate inlet interception approximately 6.0 CFS when the water
capacity is equal to the sum of the frontal flow surface is 1 foot higher than the lip of the
(flow over the grate) interception and the side opening. Where the flow is from more
flow interception. The frontal flow than one direction, two or more standard
interception will constitute the major portion of openings may be provided. Higher
the grate interception. In general, grate inlets capacity openings larger than standard may
will intercept all of the frontal flow until a be provided but are of a special design.
velocity is reached at which water begins to
(b) Grate Intake. The choice between inlets
splash over the grate. Charts provided in HEC
with a round grate (Types GCP and GMP)
22 can be used to compute grate interception
and those with a rectangular grate (Type
capacities for the various grates contained
G1) hinges largely on hydraulic efficiency.
therein. Grate depressions will greatly increase
In a waterway where the greatest depth of
inlet capacity.
flow is at the center, both grates are equally
The HEC 22 charts neglect the effects of debris effective. In a waterway where the cross
and clogging on inlet capacity. In some slope concentrates the flow on one side of
localities inlet clogging from debris is the grate, the rectangular shape is
extensive, while in other locations clogging is preferred. For rectangular grates, the
negligible. Local experience should dictate the charts contained in HEC 22 can be used to
magnitude of the clogging factor, if any, to be compute flow intercept. Round grates
applied. In the absence of local experience, (Type 36R) with 0.5 foot of depression
design clogging factors of 33 percent for develop a capacity of 12 CFS to 15 CFS.
freeways and 50 percent for city streets may be
assumed.
837.5 Local Depressions
Grate type inlets are most economical and (1) Purpose. A local depression is a paved hollow
effective if designed and spaced to intercept in the waterway shaped to concentrate and
only 75 to 80 percent of the gutter flow. direct the flow into the intake opening and
increases the capacity of the inlet. In a gutter
(5) Combination Inlets. bordered by a curb, it is called a gutter
(a) Type GO and GDO Inlet. For design depression.
purposes, only the capacity of the grates (2) Requirements. Local depressions generally
need be considered. The auxiliary curb consist of a paved apron or transition of a shape
opening, under normal conditions, offers which serves the purpose. Local depressions
little or no increase in capacity; but does should meet the following requirements:
act as a relief opening should the grate
become clogged. Since the grates of Type (a) Valley Medians. In medians on a grade,
GDO are side by side, the inlet capacity is the depression should extend a minimum of
the combined capacity of the two grates. 10 feet upstream, 6 feet downstream and
6 feet laterally, measured from the edge of
(b) Type GOL Inlet. The interception capacity the opening. In a grade sag, the depression
of this inlet, a curb-opening upstream of a should extend a minimum of 10 feet on all
grate, is equal to the sum of the capacities sides. No median local depression,
for the two inlets except that the frontal however should be allowed to encroach on
flow and thus interception capacity of the the shoulder area.
grate is reduced by interception at the curb
opening. The normal depth of depression is 4 inches.
(6) Pipe Drop Inlets. (b) Paved Gutter Flares. The local depression
which adjoins the outer edge of shoulder at
(a) Wall Opening Intake. The standard intake the entrance to overside downdrains and
opening 2 feet wide and 8 inches to spillways is labeled "paved gutter flare" on
12 inches deep provides a capacity of Standard Plans D87-A and D87-D. The
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-17
March 7, 2014
flow line approaching the inlet is depressed (3) General Notes on Design. Except for traffic
to increase capacity and minimize water safety reasons, a local depression is to be
spread on the roadbed. Within a flare provided at every inlet even though the
length of 10 feet the gutter flow line is waterway is unpaved. Where the size of intake
depressed a minimum of 6 inches at the opening is a question, a depression of
inlet. Recommended flare lengths for maximum depth should be considered before
various gutter flow line depression depths deciding on a larger opening. For traffic
are given on the Standard Plans. When reasons, the gutter depression should be
conditions warrant, these flare lengths may omitted in driveways and median curb and
be exceeded. gutter installations.
Traffic safety should not be compromised It is permissible to omit gutter depressions at
for hydraulic efficiency. Any change in the sump inlets where the width of flow does not
shape of the paved gutter flare that will exceed design water spread.
result in a depression within the shoulder
area should not be made. The Type 2 Topic 838 - Storm Drains
entrance taper and paved gutter flare is
intended for use on divided highways 838.1 General
where gutter grades exceed 2 percent and The total drainage system which conveys runoff
flow is in the opposite direction of traffic. from roadway areas to a positive outlet including
(c) Roadside Gutter and Ditch Locations. gutters, ditches, inlet structures, and pipe is
Regardless of type of intake, the opening of generally referred to as a storm drain system. In
a drop inlet in a roadside gutter or ditch urban areas a highway storm drain often augments
should be depressed from 4 inches to an existing or proposed local drainage plan and
6 inches below the flow line of the should be compatible with the local storm drain
waterway with 10 feet of paved transition system.
upstream. This section covers the hydraulic design of the pipe
(d) Curb and Gutter Depressions. This type of or enclosed conduit portion of a storm drain
depression is carefully proportioned in system.
length, width, depth, and shape. To best 838.2 Design Criteria
preserve the design shape, construction
normally is of concrete. Further To adequately estimate design storm discharges for
requirements for curb and gutter a storm drain system in urban areas involving street
depressions are: flooding it may be necessary to route flows by
using hydrograph methods. Hydrographs are
• Length - As shown on Standard Plan discussed under Index 816.5 and further
D78. information on hydrograph methods may be found
• Width - Normally 4 feet, but for wide in Chapters 6 and 7 of HDS No.2, Highway
flows or a series of closely spaced Hydrology.
inlets, 6 feet is authorized. 838.3 Hydraulic Design
• Depth - Where traffic considerations Closed conduits should be designed for the full
govern, the depth commonly used is flow condition. They may be allowed to operate
0.1 foot. Use the maximum of under pressure, provided the hydraulic gradient is
0.25 foot wherever feasible at locations 0.75 foot or more below the intake lip of any inlet
where the resulting curb height would that may be affected. The energy gradient should
not be objectionable. not rise above the lip of the intake. Allowances
(e) Type of Pavement. Local depressions should be made for energy losses at bends,
outside the roadbed are usually surfaced junctions and transitions.
with asphalt concrete 0.15 foot thick.
830-18 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
March 7, 2014
838.5 Appurtenant Structures (c) Spacing. In general, the larger the storm
drain, the greater the manhole spacing. For
(1) Manholes. pipe diameter of 48 inches or more, or
(a) General Notes. The purpose of a manhole other shapes of equal cross sectional area,
is to provide access to a storm drain for the manhole spacing ranges from 700 feet
inspection and maintenance. Manholes are to 1200 feet. For diameters of less than
usually constructed out of cast in place 48 inches, the spacing may vary from
concrete, pre-cast concrete, or corrugated 300 feet to 700 feet. In the case of small
metal pipe. They are usually circular and drains where self-cleaning velocities are
approximately three or four feet in unobtainable, the 300 feet spacing should
diameter to facilitate the movement of be used. With self-cleaning velocities and
maintenance personnel. alignments without sharp curves, the
distance between manholes should be in
There is no Caltrans Standard Plan for
the upper range of the above limits.
manholes. Relocation and reconstruction
of existing storm drain facilities, owned by (d) Access Shaft. For drains less than
a city or county agency, is often necessary. 48 inches in diameter, the access shaft is to
Generally the local agency has adopted be centered over the drain. When the drain
manhole design standard for use on their diameter exceeds the shaft diameter, the
facilities. Use of the manhole design shaft should be offset and made tangent to
preferred by the responsible authority or one side of the pipe for better location of
owner is appropriate. the manhole steps. For drains 48 inches or
more in diameter, where laterals enter from
Commercial precast manhole shafts are
both sides of the manhole, the offset should
effective and usually more economical than
be toward the side of the smaller lateral.
cast in place shafts. Brick or block may
See Standard Plan D93A for riser
also be used, but only upon request and
connection details.
justification from the local agency or
owner. (e) Arrangement of Laterals. To avoid
unnecessary head losses, the flow from
(b) Location. Following are common locations
laterals which discharge opposite each
for manholes:
other should converge at an angle in the
• Where two or more drains join, direction of flow. If conservation of head
is critical, a training wall should be
• At locations and spacing which provided.
facilitate maintenance,
(2) Junction Structures.A junction structure is an
• Where the drain changes in size, underground chamber used to join two or more
• At sharp curves or angle points in conduits, but does not provide direct access
excess of 10 degrees, from the surface. It is designed to prevent
turbulence in the flow by providing a smooth
• Points where an abrupt flattening of the transition. This type of structure is usually
grade occurs, and needed only where the trunk drain is 42 inches
• On the smaller drains, at the or more in diameter. A standard detailsheet of
downstream end of a sharp curve. a junction structure is available for pipes
ranging from 42 inches to 84 inches in
Manholes are not required if the conduit is diameter at the following Office Engineer web
large enough to accommodate a man, site address:
unless spacing criteria govern. Manholes http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/structures_cadd/XS_s
should not be placed within the traveled heets/Metric/dgn/. The XS sheet reference is XS
way. Exceptions are frontage roads and 4-26. Where required by spacing criteria, a
city streets, but intersection locations manhole should be used.
should be avoided.
830-20 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL
July 1, 2015
(3) Flap Drainage gates. When necessary, (1) Districts. The District designs the collector
backflow protection should be provided in the and the outfall facilities leading from the
form of flap drainage gates. These gates offer chamber into which the pumps discharge. This
negligible resistance to the release of water applies to outfalls operating under gravity and
from the system and their effect upon the with a free outlet. Refer to Topic 838.
hydraulics of the system may be neglected.
Details of pumping stations supportive
If the outlet is subject to floating debris, a information to be submitted by the District to
shelter should be provided to prevent the debris the Division of Structures is covered under
from clogging the flap drainage gate. Where Index 805.8 and Chapter 3-3.1(4) of the
the failure of a flap drainage gate to close Drafting and Plans Manual.
would cause serious damage, a manually
(2) Division of Structures. The Division of
controlled gate in series should be considered
Structures will prepare the design and contract
for emergencies.
plans for the pumping station, the storage box
and appurtenant equipment, considering the
Topic 839 - Pumping Stations data and recommendations submitted by the
839.1 General District.
Drainage disposal by pumping should be avoided The Division of Structures will furnish the
where gravity drainage is reasonable. Because District a preliminary plan based on data
pumping installations have high initial cost, previously submitted by the District. It will
maintenance expense, power costs, and the show the work to be covered by the Division of
possibility of failure during a storm, large Structures plans, including a specific location
expenditures can be justified for gravity drainage. for the pumping plant and storage box, the
In some cases, this can be accomplished with long average and maximum pumping rates and the
runs of pipe or continuing the depressed grade to a power required.
natural low area. 839.4 Trash and Debris Considerations
Whenever possible, drainage originating outside Storm drain systems leading to pumping plants are
the depressed areas should be excluded. District to be designed to limit the inflow of trash and
and Division of Structures cooperation is essential debris, as these may cause damage to the pump
in the design of pumping stations, tributary storm impellers and create a maintenance removal
drains, and outfall facilities. This is particularly nuisance. Standard grate designs are effective at
true of submerged outlets, outlets operating under ensuring that trash and debris are screened out of
pressure, and outlets of unusual length. the inflow, but where side opening or curb opening
839.2 Pump Type inlets are constructed, trash racks must be added to
the inlet design. The only Standard Plan detail for
Horizontal pumps in a dry location are generally curb opening designs is shown on Standard Plan
specified for ease of access, safety, and D74B and is used in conjunction with Type GDO
standardization of replacement parts. inlets. On those occasions where pipe risers with
Only in special cases is stand-by power for side opening inlets are part of the system, refer to
pumping plants a viable consideration. All Standard Plan D93C for appropriate trash rack
proposals for stand-by power are to be reviewed by design details.
and coordinated with the Division of Structures. 839.5 Maintenance Consideration
839.3 Design Responsibilities Access to the pumping plant location for both
When a pumping station is required, responsibility maintenance personnel and maintenance vehicles is
for design between the District and the Division of generally provided by way of paved access road or
Structures is as follows: city street. One parking space minimum is to be
provided in the vicinity of the pumping plant. An
area light is generally provided when it is
HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 830-21
July 1, 2015