Social Changes in the 21st Century: Eclectic Analysis of “Macarthur” by Bob Ong

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the Teacher Education Department

Easter College Incorporated

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degrees:

Bachelor of Secondary Education and Bachelor of Elementary Education

by:

Dolinta, Aldrynn Jan

Kee, Rowena

Mangaoang, Ryzle

Salud, Ma. Leslie Ross

May 2023
 The Problem

Chapter I

Background of the Study

Literature has served a purpose that goes far beyond offering itself as an enjoyable

pastime for centuries. It has become a powerful vehicle for social change and a conduit for our

collective grievances to be aired. Throughout history and across the kaleidoscope of cultures that

call this Earth home, books have served as tools for challenging the status quo (Mitchell,2023).

As a form of literary expression, literature’s significance surpasses mere entertainment; it

nurtures empathy, challenges perceptions, and stimulates critical thinking, thereby solidifying its

relevance in personal development (Jenkins, 2023). This study embarks on a journey to explore

the social changes found in 21st literature, focusing on the Filipino context and undertaking an

eclectic approach to "Macarthur" by Bob Ong.

Culture, as a dynamic force shaping society, possesses distinct characteristics that

influence its nature (Culture and Society | Anthroholic, 2023). Literature, throughout the

centuries, has proven to both shape and be shaped by the ebb and flow of societal currents.

EuroSchool (2023) supports this idea, stating that literature's ability to shape societal values lies

in promoting cultural identity and collective memory. By preserving historical events, folklore,

traditions, and societal dynamics, literature offers a historical perspective while reinforcing

societal values.

The multidimensional process of social change involves shifts in norms, beliefs, attitudes,

and actions within communities. Sociologists emphasize the impact of elements such as social

movements, technology, globalization, and cultural diffusion on social change. Social

movements, exemplified by the civil rights movement, women's rights movement, and

environmental movement, play a crucial role by organizing people collectively in pursuit of

common aims and ideals (McAdam, 2018). Beyond challenging existing norms and power

structures, social movements establish new ones, influencing cultural practices, institutions, and

social conventions.

As we step into the 21st century, the evolution of literature emerges as a potent force for

social change. Literature's influence is pronounced as it reflects social realities and injustices.

Through distinctive narratives, authors illuminate the lived experiences of underestimated

individuals and communities, highlighting their struggles, aspirations, and resilience. By

exposing the disparities, discrimination, and social hierarchies ingrained within society, literature

compels readers to confront uncomfortable truths, fostering empathy and understanding

(Vaishnavi, S., 2023).

The evolution of literature as a catalyst for social change can be traced through various

literary movements and epochs. Literary movements, such as Romanticism, Realism,

Naturalism, and Modernism, represent distinct epochs where writers engaged in profound

conversations with the prevailing ideologies and societal structures of their times (Jacksonville,

n.d.). For instance, the Romantic period was characterized by revolutionary ideals, mirroring the

political and economic upheavals of the time. Writers drew inspiration from events like the

French Revolution, contributing to a period of significant social change (Eastern Connecticut

State University, n.d.).The dialogic nature of literature, as expounded by scholars like Mikhail

Bakhtin, introduces the concept of “dialogism.” This concept suggests that within a literary

narrative, multiple types of language and diverse ideological views are interwoven (Mccooley,

2017). It emphasizes that literature is not a monologue but a dynamic conversation between
different voices, perspectives, and cultural influences. This dialogue is not confined to the pages

of a book but extends into the broader societal discourse, reflecting and reframing the ongoing

conversations of the time. In addition, technological developments, globalization, and cultural

diffusion have been crucial in influencing social change by exposing people to different cultures

and ideas (Castells, 2011; Appiah, 2006).

In the Philippines, literature holds a distinctive role in preserving and transmitting

Filipino culture. From epics like "Biag ni Lam-ang'' to contemporary works by authors like Bob

Ong, literature reflects the intricacies of Filipino identity, socio-political landscape, and the

interplay between tradition and modernity (PHILIPPINESBRANDS.COM, 2024). It becomes a

cultural mirror, not only reflecting but also refracting the Filipino experience, offering readers a

nuanced understanding of their society.

Moreover, various interrelated elements in the Philippines influence cultural, political,

and economic environments and, consequently, social change. Social movements, exemplified

by the EDSA People Power Revolution in 1986, have proven the Filipino people's ability to

bring about change (Kerkvliet, 2005). Institutions, policies, governance, media, and technology

contribute significantly to shaping the social fabric of the Philippines (Datuin, 2012). However,

enduring challenges like poverty, inequality, corruption, and the influence of elite groups hinder

progress (Bello & Fajardo, 2016).

In the rich tapestry of cultures worldwide, books have emerged as tools for challenging

the status quo and shaping societal values (Jenkins, 2023). This study embarks on a journey to

delve into the social changes depicted in 21st-century Filipino literature, with a specific focus on
the work of renowned author Bob Ong, notably his dramatic piece "Macarthur" published in

2007.

Bob Ong, born Roberto "Bob" Ong in February 1975, is a prominent Filipino writer

known for his conversational style that offers insightful and humorous portrayals of Philippine

life. His literary journey began after leaving college, with his pseudonym "Bob Ong" originating

from the Bobong Pinoy website. This platform, where he shared humorous insights while

working as a teacher and web developer, caught the attention of Nida Ramirez of Bisprint. Their

collaboration led to the publication of Bob Ong's debut book, "ABNKKBSNPLAko?!" in 2001.

Since then, he has authored eleven additional books, each contributing to his legacy in Philippine

literature.

“Macarthur'', written by Bob Ong and published in 2007, is sometimes cited as his only

work with a primarily dramatic style. In the early 2000s, the illegal drug market gradually and

successfully gained access deep into the bowels of Filipino rural life. “Macarthur'', set in the

slums of Metro Manila in 2007, illustrates this drug culture and its ramifications. “Macarthur'' is

a Filipino slang name for the reappearance of little, floating feces in the toilet bowl despite

numerous flushes, inspired by Douglas McArthur's famous "I shall return'' remark. He used this

metaphor, together with the lives of four main characters, to depict the Filipino youth's struggle

against today's recurring challenges. Thus, the novel stands out for its unique blend of humor and

a candid exploration of the harsh realities of daily life in a Philippine neighborhood.

The researchers will delve into the social problems the book has to offer and find out the

influence of 21st-century literature on social change. This work is significant for its insightful
portrayal of the former and current state of Philippine society and its ability to shed light on

various social issues that continue to plague our country.

"Macarthur" stands out as a work of fiction that reflects the harsh realities of

contemporary Philippine society. Through its portrayal of the everyday struggles and triumphs of

the novel's characters, the piece highlights the issues that continue to plague our society, such as

drugs, vices and their impacts, unemployment, a lack of education, and social and economic

standing. Its ability to accurately capture the social landscape of the Philippines is a testament to

the impact that 21st-century literature can have on society (Kalaw-Tirol, 2009).

Moreover, Bob Ong's works provide an incisive commentary on Philippine society, and

“Macarthur” is no exception because, through his witty and humorous writing style, he tackles

serious social issues and exposes the flaws and failings of our society.

Furthermore, “Macarthur” is a work that speaks to the experiences and struggles of the

average Filipino. In a society that is often characterized by a stark divide between the haves and

have-nots, the novel's characters serve as relatable and sympathetic figures for many readers.

Through their journey of self-discovery, we are able to see the realities of life in the Philippines

through a unique and compelling lens. This ability to connect with readers and highlight the

challenges that many Filipinos face is a hallmark of effective 21st-century literature.

Finally, “Macarthur” is a work that challenges existing norms and conventions. Through

its exploration of themes such as individualism, self-discovery, and the search for meaning, the

novel pushes readers to question their own beliefs and values. This is particularly relevant in the

context of 21st-century literature, which is marked by a willingness to challenge established

norms and conventions. As noted by literary scholar San Juan, Jr. (2013), Bob Ong's works are
notable for their willingness to tackle taboo subjects and push boundaries. Through his work, he

is able to challenge readers to think critically about the world around them and to consider new

possibilities for change.

Thus, the study's findings would be of help to literature students, educators, researchers,

general readers, and especially society as a whole. Firstly, this study will help students gain a

deeper understanding of the complexities and challenges of Philippine society. They can learn

how literature can shape consciousness, provoke critical thinking, and inspire actions towards

social transformation, and this acquired knowledge can enhance their skills as literary analysts

and critics and prepare them to become active agents of change.

In addition, through this research, educators can create an avenue for students to reflect

on the realities of Philippine society, analyze the appropriate literary techniques, and develop

their critical thinking skills. This approach can promote active learning and equip students with

the tools to contribute positively to their communities.

Moreover, the study will help researchers offer new insights into the potential of

literature to mobilize individuals and communities towards collective action. This knowledge can

inspire further research, and it may serve as possible background literature for future studies that

would lay the foundation for developing effective strategies for promoting social change.

Furthermore, general readers can broaden their perspectives and develop greater empathy

for marginalized communities. This knowledge can inspire all readers to take action towards

social justice and make positive changes in their own lives. Likewise, the results of this research

extend beyond the academic realm to society as a whole. Literature, as aforementioned above,

has the power to challenge prevailing narratives, expose social injustices, and inspire collective
action. The insights gleaned from this research can inform public discourse, policy-making, and

community initiatives aimed at addressing social issues.

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework

The theoretical and conceptual framework aims to examine the key concepts and theories

related to social change and literature and how these ideas relate to the research topic. The

researchers will make use of various approaches for this study: Comparative Analysis, Content

Analysis, Class Conflict Theory, Intertextuality approach, Naturalism Approach, and Thematic

Analysis to analyze the language, style, and themes of “Macarthur” by Bob Ong.

Naturalistic Approach

The Naturalistic Approach, also known as Naturalism, is a literary movement that allows

actual-life situations and conditions to be the focal point of a literary piece without the inclusion

of fictional or imaginative elements. This allows the reader to get to know and understand

reality. The French author Émile Zola was the first to use Naturalism when it was made known

during the 19th century. Naturalism focused on delving into the underlying causes of their

characters' actions, decisions, and beliefs. These causes revolved around the influence of family

and society on the individual, along with all of the problems that come with it, resulting in the

belief that external factors are the primary dictators of human character. With this being said, the

researchers utilized this approach to analyze the book “Macarthur”. To identify the social

problems that it contains, such as poverty and violence led by poverty, including theft, using,

selling, and buying illegal drugs, and how Naturalism was incorporated into the story. This helps

the researchers understand how social change can be promoted by using naturalistic literature as

a tool since it becomes a way for readers to become aware of social issues despite not
experiencing them, which would then be a way for them to engage in movements that promote

social changes.

Class Conflict

Karl Marx's Theory of Class Conflict will be applied in this study. Karl Marx was the

first to advocate for class struggle as a social science theory, according to Barber (1957). The

determination of classes was based on the ownership and operation of the means of production

by workers and employers, respectively. Marx predicts a confrontation between the proletariat

and the bourgeoisie. The former controls the means of production—the natural and human

resources—while the latter provides the labor that allows owners to profit from it. Contrarily, the

fight struggle is rarely understood as a conflict between an owner and a laborer; instead, it is

typically just a matter of class disparities. According to Dobie (2009), the Bourgeois and the

Proletariat are two factions within a larger group that engage in intellectual and physical conflict

with one another.

Intertextuality Approach

According to Bazerman (2004), intertextuality identifies the relationships between texts.

Intertextual analysis looks at how a statement fits within a sea of words, how it employs those

words, and how it places itself in relation to those other words. Learning to examine

intertextuality will allow you to discern how the writers lure the characters into the plot and how

they place themselves within these worlds of multiple texts.

Thematic Analysis
 Thematic Analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative data that involves reading

through a set of data and looking for patterns in the meaning of the data to find themes (Fabyio

Villegas, 2022). It is considered the most appropriate for any study that seeks to discover using

interpretations. It provides a systematic element to data analysis. It allows the researchers to

associate an analysis of frequency of the theme with one of the whole content. In this study, the

researchers are using the Thematic Analysis approach described by Virginia Braun and Victoria

Clark. According to Braun and Clark (2021), in order to successfully produce an outcome, a six-

step process must be followed. First, data familiarization This can be done by reading through

the transcripts frequently and actively observing the meanings that appear in the data. This will

be followed by creating initial codes. Once familiar with the data, create a set of initial codes that

represent the meanings and patterns seen in the data. This will be followed by the third step,

identifying possible themes. This includes reading through the data again, and identifying

interesting excerpts and RPTs and applying the appropriate codes to them. Afterwards, reviewing

the themes is a necessary step to avoid overlooking potential ideas. This will be followed by

naming and defining themes and making the thematic map in order to show the relationship

between the texts. Lastly, making the report. This is used to create an interpretation for the

themes and answer the questions: ”What did you find out?” “What did you do?” “How did you

choose this method?” “When were your studies, data collection, and data production?”

Comparative Analysis

According to Holt & Turner (1970), comparative analysis exposes weaknesses in

research design and helps a researcher improve the quality of research. The focus of

comparative research is on similarities and differences between topics. It emphasizes the

explanation of differences, and the explanation of similarities. This involves examining the
potential cause-and-effect relationship that emerges in literature. The goal of comparative

analysis is to discern conceptual similarities, to refine the discriminative power of categories, and

to discover patterns (Tesch 1990). As such, making use of comparative analysis explores and

evaluates relationships between two or more phenomena which can provide valid reasons. (add)

Content Analysis

Content analysis is a method of data collection that focuses on defining and

understanding the meanings and interpretations of a content. The point of the analysis is to

comprehensively and rigorously explore the meanings, patterns, assumptions, and themes of

concepts within texts to make a conclusion. To conduct a content analysis on any set of texts, the

text is coded, or broken down into manageable categories on a variety of levels– word, word

sense, phrase, sentences, or theme– then examined using content analysis. (Busch, Carol, et al.

2005) By using content analysis, researchers are able to identify the intentions, focus, or

communication trends of the coded content.

Research Paradigm

The figure below shows the conceptual structure of the study. It illustrated the

relationship between the three major parts of the research paradigm, namely the input, process,

and output.
Statement of the Problem

This study sought to assess the influence of 21st-century literature on social change. The study

seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the social problems depicted in Bob Ong’s literary piece, “Macarthur”?

2. How does “Macarthur” by Bob Ong reflect and engage with the social problems of the

21st century?

3. What specific ways can Bob Ong's "Macarthur" contribute to social change in 21st-

century Philippines, especially compared to other Philippine 21st-century literature that

has proven its influence on societal change?

Scope and Limitation

In delineating the boundaries of this study, it is imperative to define its scope and acknowledge

inherent limitations. The study's focus is primarily on Bob Ong's "Macarthur" as a representative

work of 21st-century Filipino literature. The analysis will delve into the social problems depicted

in the literary piece, exploring how the narrative engages with and reflects the complexities of

21st-century Philippine society.

Scope:

Literary Focus: The primary focus is on "Macarthur" by Bob Ong, with an in-depth

exploration of the social issues portrayed within the narrative.

Timeframe: The study centers on the 21st century, with a specific emphasis on the

contemporary period in which "Macarthur" was produced.

 Cultural Context: The analysis is situated within the Filipino cultural context, considering

societal nuances and dynamics unique to the Philippines.

Limitations:

Single Work Analysis: The study centers on one literary piece, potentially limiting the

generalizability of findings to other works within 21st-century Filipino literature.

Interpretative Nature: Literary analysis inherently involves subjective interpretation;

thus, findings may be influenced by the researcher's perspective.

Time Constraints: The study acknowledges time limitations, constraining the depth of

analysis and the number of literary works considered.

By explicitly defining the scope and acknowledging limitations, this study ensures transparency

and sets realistic expectations for the depth and breadth of the research.

Methodology

Chapter II

This chapter presents the methods of research employed by the researcher in conducting

the study, which include the research design, sources of data, research tools, treatment of data,

and assertion. This study aims to identify the social problems present in the story “Macarthur”

by Bob Ong and prove that these issues are still prevalent in the 21st century that has shaped into

becoming a catalyst for social change.

For this purpose, the researchers will analyze the themes, plot, underlying humor,

settings, character descriptions, and dialogues in "Macarthur” to find the connection between the

literary themes and real life implication in the Philippines

Research Design

The research method used in this study was qualitative. In qualitative research, a method

known as induction is used to collect data regarding a specific area of study, from which the

researcher constructs various concepts and theories. A qualitative approach was deemed ideal for

this research because it offered greater scope and significance on the influence of 21st-century

literature on social change than a quantitative approach, which is more structured, larger in scale,

and numerically based.

Sources of Data

The data for this study was systematically collected through a multifaceted approach to

ensure a comprehensive exploration of the influence of 21st-century literature, focusing on the

literary piece "Macarthur" by Bob Ong.

The primary source of data was the literary work itself – "Macarthur." A detailed

examination of the narrative, themes, and characters within the story provided foundational

insights into the social issues depicted.

A thorough review of relevant books and scholarly journals was conducted to gather

existing analyses and critiques related to the themes and impact of "Macarthur." This scholarly

literature enriched the study with diverse perspectives and critical insights.

In addition, online news articles, since current societal issues and their reflection in the

literary piece were explored through online news articles. These articles served as supplementary

sources to validate and contextualize the themes identified in "Macarthur."

Also, video presentations, including blogs and YouTube content, were analyzed to

capture public interpretations and discussions surrounding "Macarthur." These visual sources
provided a dynamic dimension to the study by incorporating diverse viewpoints expressed

through multimedia formats.

Furthermore, the actual copy of the literary work, “Macarthur” by Bob Ong, served as a

central data source. Close reading and textual analysis were employed to extract and interpret

themes, characters, and narrative elements relevant to the research question.

Research Tool

The researchers made use of qualitative content analysis to systematically collect data

from existing documents and records, organize and interpret the gathered data. Under this,

conceptual and relational content analysis was used to identify the themes and concepts of the

literary piece as well as the relationship between them. The content analysis will be guided by

the theoretical and conceptual framework. These include naturalistic literary analysis, which is

focused on delving into the underlying causes of their characters' actions, decisions, and beliefs.

Class conflict analysis to determine the problems social classes has to offer and how it affected

the characters as well as well as those around them. Thematic analysis, a process that involves

delving through a data set, identifying patterns, deriving themes, and creating a narrative.

Comparative Analysis is when you place two things you plan to compare and contrast. The frame

of reference may consist of an idea, theme, question, problem, or theory; a group of similar

things from which you extract two for special attention; biographical or historical information.

Lastly, Intertextual Analysis which examines the relationship of each text to the existing

statements, how it uses those words, and how it positions itself in the surrounding text.

Treatment of Data

Assertions
 “Macarthur”, written by Bob Ong and published in 2007, is sometimes cited as his only

work with a primarily dramatic style. Similar to the legendary Bob Ong, he once more

incorporated humor into the story's socio-political theme.

The challenges that today's Filipino adolescents face include drug and vice abuse, work,

education, social and economic standing, and family expectations. These issues are all covered in

this book. Similar to how the legendary Bob Ong tackles particular subjects in his works, the

book is a blend of humor and depressing realities. However, the book stands out for taking a

daring and honest look at daily life in a Philippine neighborhood.

Findings and Discussions

Chapter III

In this chapter, the researchers will be discussing the findings they found using the different

conceptual frameworks aforementioned. As well as to give answers and conclusions to the

following questions from the statement of the problem:

1. What are the social problems depicted in Bob Ong’s literary piece “Macarthur"?

2. How does “Macarthur” by Bob Ong reflect and engage with the social problems of the

21st century?

3. What specific ways can Bob Ong’s “Macarthur” contribute to social change in the 21st

century Philippines, especially compared to other influential literature that has proven its

influence on societal change?

SOP 1: What are the social problems depicted in Bob Ong’s literary piece,"Macarthur,”?

Poverty

The literary piece highlights a number of social issues, the most prominent of which is

poverty, which has been a long-standing problem in the Philippines. Poverty is a state or

condition in which people or communities lack the financial resources and essentials needed for

a basic standard of living. According to an online news article released by CNN Philippines,

nearly half of Filipino families, or 47%, considered themselves poor in the fourth quarter of

2023. This indicates a slight decrease in comparison to the previous survey in September 2023.

Mindanao had a lesser percentage of self-rated poor families, while Luzon had slightly higher

rates. Metro Manila and the Visayas upheld consistent scores. The survey also revealed that

8.1%, or 2.2 million families, were categorized as "newly poor." Furthermore, 33% of families

assessed themselves as living in borderline conditions, while 20% did not consider themselves

poor.

Sale and Usage of Illegal Drugs

Another social problem that was shown in the book is the sale and use of illegal

substances, specifically Shabu. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, also known

as Republic Act No. 9165, is the law that makes drug use and selling illegal in the Philippines.

The act was enacted on June 7, 2002, and it repealed Republic Act No. 6425, also known as the

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972. In an article written by Rappler, Dionisio Santiago, the chairman

of the Dangerous Drugs Board, stated that the drug issue in the Philippines is deeply rooted in

poverty. He highlighted that the poor's few alternatives force them to make a decision between

the dangers of drug-related violence and the struggles of poverty. Which supports the situation in
the literary piece where the characters are forced to sell drugs in order to fend for themselves and

their families.

Criminality

In the book, criminal acts are also seen, specifically robbery, wherein the characters were

forced to steal in order to earn money for the day. This social problem is also a reality for most

people in the Philippines. In 2012, a mother was caught stealing a box of powdered milk for her

sick child. In 2022, a single mom was arrested for stealing goods worth P648 for her child's

birthday. These incidents will always loop back to poverty. Criminality can be addressed by first

addressing poverty.

Social Injustice and Corruption

Social injustice and corruption can be seen in the story, specifically in the scenes where

the protagonists are facing law enforcement officials and are not given a fair and just

punishment. Law enforcement officials in the Philippines have been accused of an array of social

injustices. The Harvard International Review reports that abuse of power and corruption in the

Philippines have risen since former President Rodrigo Duterte's "war on drugs" campaign in

2016. The report emphasizes that Duterte's extreme policies, such as "shoot-to-kill" orders, have

enabled the police by giving them a sense of invincibility, leading to the murder of innocent

citizens and an increase in corruption among the police in the country. Human Rights Watch has

reported the involvement of police in extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances, as well as

other misconduct by authorities.

 According to Inquirer.net, during former President Ferdinand Marcos' martial law, police

officials committed human rights violations such as rape, forcible abduction, mutilation, sexual

abuse of children and minors, and inhumane or degrading treatment.

These social injustices restrict free expression and may contribute to an environment of

anxiety and fear. Dealing with these issues requires participation from every sector of society. It

involves promoting economic growth, strengthening institutions, and protecting human rights.

The Philippine government is taking steps to address these problems, but a lot more remains to

be accomplished to ensure equal treatment for all Filipinos.

SOP 2: How does “Macarthur” by Bob Ong reflect and engage with the social problems of the

21st century?

To understand how “Macarthur” reflects and engages with social problems, the

researchers used the concepts found in the theoretical and conceptual framework of this study.

Naturalistic Literary Analysis

Naturalism is a literary movement that stresses the impact of environment and heredity

on the personalities of individuals. In "“Macarthur”," Bob Ong illustrates the harsh realities of

life in a Philippine slum community, utilizing naturalistic elements. The novel's characters are

shaped by their immediate environment and circumstances of birth. For instance, one of the main

protagonists, Cyrus, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his grandfather, Mang Justo, a
part-time barber. Cyrus is compelled to steal in order to pay his grandfather's medical bills, and

his actions are a direct result of his surroundings, upbringing, and life situation.

The book also looks into the concept of "survival of the fittest.". The teenage protagonists

in the novel have to make decisions for themselves in a harsh and brutal environment. They have

to figure out how to survive the dangers of the slums and defeat ruthless law enforcers and drug

dealers. The boys' survival demonstrates their courage and perseverance in the midst of difficult

circumstances.

“Macarthur” goes into the theme of the never-ending cycle of poverty. The boys in the

novel are born into impoverished conditions and forced to live in a slum neighborhood. They are

unable to escape their circumstances and are compelled to engage in illegal activities to survive.

The novel indicates that poverty is a difficult cycle to break.

The novel also explores the theme of the corrupt nature of Philippine society. The boys in

the novel are constantly at odds with corrupt police officers and drug dealers who exploit their

poverty for their own gain. The novel suggests that corruption is a pervasive problem in

Philippine society that affects even the most vulnerable members of society

Lastly, his written work also delves into the theme of corruption in Philippine society. In

the novel, the protagonists are constantly at odds with corrupt law enforcement officials and drug

dealers, who take advantage of their poverty. The novel implies that corruption is a prevalent

issue in Philippine society, affecting even the most vulnerable members of society.

Through the power of naturalistic literary analysis, “Macarthur” by Bob Ong is a moving

testimony in capturing the harsh realities of life in the Philippine community. Through the
perspective of naturalism, the novel clearly illustrates how characters are shaped by their

environment and circumstances, highlighting the impact of poverty on their lives. The narrative's

underlying message of survival of the fittest points out the teenage protagonists' strength and

drive as they navigate a brutal and unforgiving world. Furthermore, the novel delves into the

never-ending cycle of poverty and sheds light on the corrupt nature of Philippine society,

emphasizing corruption's widespread influence on the lives of those who are at risk.

Class Conflict Analysis

The proletariat and bourgeoisie are the two social classes that are distinguished. Who

controls the means of production (working class) and who owns them (dominant class) is what

essentially determines the social classes. Their divergent ideologies reveal how the two opposing

classes are classified.

Table1. Social Classes

Bourgeoisie Proletariat
1. Aling Sally 1. Marilen
Aling Sally, Marilen's amo, retaliates Aling Sally's maid, Marilen, is typically
at the helpless housemaid. Rather of held accountable for all unfavorable
discussing the actual issue, she accuses circumstances. Despite being naive, Marilen
Marilen of being insufficient. comes out to accept Aling Sally's feelings.
Marilen still obediently obeys her boss.
2. Topak and his subordinates
Topak, a police officer, epitomizes 2. Cyrus
the ideal bourgeois. Although Topak is a law Cyurs aspires to have a happy life, but
enforcement officer, he only assumes this he lacks the resources to even attend to his
persona to steal from common people. He education. Cyrus's material circumstances and
walks about the city with his office buddies. social standing have condemned him to a
challenging life from which he is unable to
 escape.

Karl Marx's concept of the Bourgeoisie, or self-proclaimed elite, is based on the idea that

they were the owners of expensive possessions. It is said that Topak and Aling Sally both

possess worldly goods and social standing that allow them to control others who do not. In

addition, the workers in the society to which they belong, or the proletariat, are the social class

responsible for producing things. The characters that are a part of Proletariat members like Cyrus

and Marilen are treated disrespectfully by their superiors.

After identifying the social classes that are represented in the novel, the following section

presents a study of the class struggles and conflicts that arise within the class structure, as well as

the resistance that results from this divide. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the two social

classes depicted in the novels, are explained in order to examine how their distinctions from one

another relate to societal structures. The disagreement is found mostly on the conflict between

socioeconomic groups. The two opposing troops engaged in conflict are depicted in Table 2.

Table 2. Conflict
Person against Person Person against Society
Aling Sally vs. Marilen Cyrus vs. Topak and his subordinates
Aling Sally's portrayal as a nasty boss The battle between Topak and Cyrus
who takes advantage of Marilen is the epitome as well as his coworkers begun when Cyrus
of what a bourgeoisie looks like. It shows how took a jewelry off of a woman. Topak took
someone in the upper class utilizes power to use of the circumstances to his benefit. They
subjugate others who are weaker than ran across each other again in a somewhat
themselves. On the other hand, Marilen's similar circumstance. The only thing that's
position as a proletariat is seen as a housemaid. changed is that this time, Topak physically
When Aling Sally accused Marilen, her abuses him. Following Topak's capture of
housemaid, of disorganizing the household Cyrus, the policeman beats Cyrus and makes
belongings, a fight broke out between them. him turn in the items he had stolen.
 They are the perfect example of the However, the struggle is far from over; the
bourgeoisie and proletariat in their interaction police's assertion of power revealed more
as employer and employee. The proletariat is profound divisions between the bourgeois
subject to excessive authoritarianism from the and proletariat.
bourgeoisie.

According to the analysis, the proletariat in a class system remains at the bottom of the

social hierarchy, signifying a position of deprivation in the community. There will be resistance

from the working class and a disruption in the system when the bourgeoisie puts down the

proletariat or working class. Conflict exists because there will always be clashes between the

classes.

Moving forward, the novel's resolution of the issues is displayed in Table 3. Class variety

in today's world has overshadowed equality to the point where social disorder has been

disrupted. This was an attempt by the dominant class (bourgeoisie) to subjugate the working

class (proletariat), enacting what is known as a social class war. The resolution may or may not

take place because conflicts between the two forces seem to be a constant in the social structure.

Table 3. Resolution

Aling Sally and Marilen Cyrus and Topak including his

subordinates

The unresolved issue between After Cyrus returned home as if

Marilen and Aling Sally stems from the nothing had happened, Topak's mistreatment
latter's bourgeoisie mentality, which does not of him had ended, and the conflict between
call for an apology. The housemaid's status is Topak and Cyrus with his subordinates was
maintained even if it is obvious that Aling settled. Cyrus seeks to be robbed of items by
Sally mistreats her. Because she wants to Topak, who abuses his power over him, in
continue working, she will continue to be the order to take away his freedom. Therefore,
 target of derision and will ignore it as it never Cyrus, who is left to make his own decisions,
occurred. After being treated with contempt would rather be released than struggle to
by Aling Sally, the lowly character will maintain his right to silence.
persist in her attempt to calm her boss down.

The conflicts seem to be societal, external, and physical in nature. The proletariat

attempts to overturn the current authority, and on the other hand, the bourgeoisie gives maximum

effort to maintain control over the proletariat, and this is how the conflict between social classes

is carried out.

The next section acknowledges the social problems shown in the books. According to the

theory of class conflict, societal issues and disorder are caused by differences in class. Bob Ong's

description of the working class's opposition to the ruling class's will to hold onto power was

figuratively and remarkably explained.

Table 4. Societal Problems depicted in the novel

Robbery
One of the most pervasive social evils identified in “Macarthur” is theft. In the Philippines,
the most frequent index or focus crime overall was robbery, which was followed by rape and
bodily harm (Caliwan 2023). According to the statistics provided by Statista, approximately
13,000 theft cases—which are categorized as index or focal crimes—were recorded in the
Philippines in 2022. Severe crimes that happen frequently enough to qualify as index or focus
crimes. This issue is similar to corruption, as one of the primary characters, Cyrus, has abused
and pilfered from his victims in order to corrupt them. Because of poverty, Cyrus survives on
theft, which he uses to fuel his drug addiction as well. According to Sison (2014), people are
forced to conduct crimes like pickpocketing and snatching because of excessive hunger and
solely economic causes including unemployment, a lack of education, and population
expansion. Poverty has always been the source of this illness, but Cyrus has committed a
deadly sin by doing this in order to feed his drug addiction.
 Addiction to Drugs
Drug addiction is a well-known issue that the Philippine nation has been dealing with.
Millions of people are impacted by this social issue. According to the 2022 Statistical Analysis
of the Dangerous Drugs Board in the Philippines, when looking at the age range of first drug
usage, 41 percent (41.32%) of respondents are between the ages of 15 and 19. About twenty-
five percent (24.68%) reported using drugs monthly, and twenty-one percent (20.62%)
reported using them weekly. Approximately thirty-nine percent (38.73%) acknowledged using
drugs two (2) to five (5) times a week. This is shown in the novel how the four main characters
are delved deeply into drugs, specifically shabu, despite their age.

Murder
One of the characters in “Macarthur” dies. The character's lifeless body was found in a
river by the authorities. Rather than apprehending the murderer, the cops show no concern for
the circumstances. This event in the novel is shown on the previous police force under the
presidency of Rodrigo Duterte where reports say that as long as drug users are dead, the police
force does not care whether who did it because it eradicates the “cancer” and “ill” people of
the society. Jensen, S and Hapal, K. (2018)

Poverty
“Macarthur” talks about poverty in the Philippine context. The characters' destitution
drove them to act badly, which prolonged the misery of their lives. People who are trapped in
poverty can use crime as a means of obtaining material commodities that they frequently
cannot access through any available legal means (Taylor 2006). Additionally, according to
Blimkie 2019, in the Philippines, Many impoverished persons may find that the benefits of
committing a crime outweigh the chance of getting discovered, especially if their opportunity
cost is smaller than that of a richer person. In an environment like this, where people often
make matters worse by doing more harm than good, it is difficult to leave poverty.

Intertextual Analysis
 According to Taag (2009), an organism's environment consists of all conditions found

inside and/or outside of it. This condition affects its growth, development, behavior, and life

processes in some way. The environment can affect an organism from two different sources:

internal and external. Perhaps one of the reasons for the four main character’s ignorance or lack

of qualities is because they are depicted in the novel as hanging around in an area resembling a

squatter's camp, where the majority of the inhabitants are illiterate, bandits, and people with an

affinity for unlawful activity. It's possible that their ignorance has ingrained their fallibility deep

within them.

To illustrate how wicked the four are at the beginning of the novel, the researchers will provide

an excerpt from one of their conversations during a marijuana session:

“Hair dryer… oven…plantsa… electric fan--

yung mga hindi napapansin, yun ang tirahin mo!” [ang] suggestion ni Voltron na may

kasama pang mga talsik ng laway.

“Tangina mo…oven-- hindi ba mapapansin yung oven [nila e ang laki non]? Tangina

talaga nito,” tutol ni Jim.

“Bogaloids [Bobo] ka [talaga] pala e [ano]! Kukunin ni Noel yung TV nila e laging

nakaharap doon [yong] tatay nya!”…….

…“Ba’t ka matatakot sa mga pulis? Mga kawatan din [naman yong] mga yon! Kung

mahuli ka e di t[um]akbo [ka]! Kung mahabol ka [nila] e di patay [ka]! Ano [ang]

problema do’n?” [sambit ni Cyrus.]…

 …“Tarugo kasi kay[ong lahat], ayaw nyo[ng] tigilan [ang] mga bisyo nyo e,” humirit si

Voltron. Nagtawanan [ng malakas] ang tatlo. Si Noel, malayong kalawakan na ang

nararating [at sabog na sabog] (Ong, 2007).

Based on the excerpt, one social issue that can be seen is the environment of the four

main characters. One important finding regarding environments is that, although parents do have

an impact on how children develop their personalities and behaviors in their early years, shared

surroundings—appears to have significant bearing on adult personality differences (Roberts &

DelVecchio, 2000).

Another social problem occurred in the novel is social injustice. According to Stone

2023, social injustice, which affects many societies and their institutions, is the unfair treatment

of a group of individuals within a society that puts that group at a disadvantage. The primary

cause of social injustice is how the individual or groups are treated differently. In the novel, there

are various texts that prove societal injustice. The violent policeman Topak refers to Cyrus as

"Tae" or "Ebak," which translates to "feces" or "poop." In Tagalog, these terms denote

nothingness. When someone refers to someone as "Tae," they are just saying that they are "wala

siyang kwenta," or "useless," meaning that it makes no difference whether they exist or not.

Additionally, Aling Seding, Voltron's mother, said in the story something meaningless that

severely diminished and denigrated his own son's humanity:

 “Etong si Denver [Voltron himself] putangina [ni]‘tong batang ‘to. Pinagaaral ko [ito]

dati, sa sabungan naman pala tumutuloy. Kaya punyeta ka, sabi ko, huminto ka na lang

[sa pag-aaral], wala ka namang pakinabang! Hahahahaha!”

…“Kung mamamatay [man] ‘tong hinayupak na ‘to [hin]di ko rin [naman]

mamamalayan dahil walang pakinabang eh!” (Ong, 2007)

And even when Voltron's body is discovered beneath a bridge, Aling Seding's remarks continue

to portray his son as meaningless:

“Letse ka! Letse ka talagang bata ka kahit kelan! Wala ka[talaga]ng pakinabang! Puro

katarantaduhan [lang] ang alam mong gawin! Letse ka talaga!”…

…”Wala kang kwentang h[in]ayop[ak] ka! Wala ka[talaga]ng alam --- wala! Sayang lang

ang [lahat ng] mga ipinalamon ko[ng pagkain] sa ‘yo! S[in]ayang [mo] lang ang ipinasok

mo noon sa eskwela! Sayang lang ang pagbubuntis ko sa ‘yo!”

Noel also received the same symbol for nothingness after a furious disagreement with his sister

Lyla, from none other than his own father. To emphasize the storyline:

Karaniwang walang [nang] pakialam si Mang Fred sa mga nangyayari sa pamamahay

nya dahil bagsak na ‘to sa pagod pag umuuwi [nakauwi] sa gabi galing opisina. At

umabot man sa kaalaman nya minsan ang [mga] problema ng anak, pinipili nya na lang

ding magbulag-bulagan sapagkat wala syang oras para kausapin pa ‘to [si Noel]. Pero
 noong gabing yon, nagising at lumabas nang kwarto si Mang Fred dahil sa

[napakalakas] na ingay at [mga] sigawan.

Tumakbo sa kanya si Apple [upang] yumakap sa [kanyang] baywang. Natigilan si Noel

[sa] pag[ka]kakita sa ama.”

Wala ka[talaga]ng kwentang tao.” Mahina la[ma]ng ang pagkakabigkas ng padre de

pamilya sa mga salitang dumurog sa kaluluwa ni Noel. “Lumayas ka dito [sa

pamamahay na ito].” (Ong, 2007)

The researchers believe that evaluating the many specific passages above demonstrates how an

individual's surroundings can influence their personality and how societal injustice can be seen

not only externally, but even within a family.

Thematic Analysis

This heartbreaking story is centered on recurring themes of poverty, drug addiction,

criminality, and corruption. Ong presents protagonists who are what many consider to be some

of Philippine society's most persistent ills: drug addicts and thieves. “Macarthur '' breathes

humanity into these words with lives, personalities, dreams, and flaws (Razi, 2020). Bob Ong

shares the struggles of Filipinos who are barricaded by poverty, and deprived of freedom to

climb out of the gutter because the system that is expected to pull them out of destitution are

working against them; exploiting their weakness for their own gain.

Themes:
 The theme, poverty, in Bob Ong’s “Macarthur” showed how people were driven to

commit crimes like stealing, fraud, selling drugs, and the like. The youngest character in the

story is an example of a youth who became an expert thief so he can suffice their day-to-day

needs. The other character was pushed to do and sell drugs to satisfy his drug vice and at the

same time to have money to use in living. Because of poverty, these characters were left with no

choice but to do heinous acts just to survive (Robison, 2018). There are too many people and not

enough resources and with such conditions, people become desperate and practice drastic

measures to provide for themselves and their families. According to the PSA 2007, the time this

novel was published, 30 percent of Filipinos falls below the poverty line and even with the

current statistics, 22.4 percent of the population still lives below the poverty line (PSA 2023),

which can conclude that poverty, being the theme of this novel, is a social problem in this 21 st

century generation.

Criminality, the theme of lawbreaking in “Macarthur” was shown in the book several

times. First, when Cyrus was running away from the police officers because of a stolen jewelry

at the beginning of the story. The protagonists in “Macarthur” resort to lawbreaking out of

desperation, and lack of choices to make ends meet. Stealing does not exhilarate Cyrus, but due

to the reason that he has to support himself and his grandfather, he feels that he has no other

alternative way to acquire basic necessities.

Drug addiction is one of the recurring challenges that the characters Noel, Voltron,

Cyrus, and Jim have been facing throughout their lives. Jim has been the breadwinner in their

family, but because of his drug use, the money that's supposed to be given to his mother and

siblings is being used to buy his supplies. Noel, who is a college student, became excessively

addicted to his vices; he used his tuition money to support his addiction and has been resorting to
stealing from his family. Voltron is acquainted with a criminal from whom he can get his drug

supplies and shares these with his friends, noting that even the youngest associates drugs with

one of his past vices. Cyrus became an addict, which made him hallucinate, pressed him into

thinking his stepfather was a monster, and pulled the trigger on him. Because of drug use, their

lives have not become any more pleasant. It has affected their relationship with their families,

endangered their lives, and deprived them of their mental and physical health. Today, the

problem of substance use and abuse remains one of the major social problems in the Philippines.

It was estimated in 2004 that drug users nationwide numbered 3.4 million (Esguerra, 2004). This

is despite the very stiff penalties, including death, imposed by the law on the sale and

consumption of prohibited drugs. One disturbing aspect of the problem is the fact that drug

abusers are getting younger. One sector of this young population that is particularly vulnerable to

drugs is the so-called street children. In one country, the percentage of drug and substance users

among street children was estimated to be between 60 and 100 percent (Postupniy et al., 2002).

In the Philippines, out of an estimated 1.5 million street children in the country, half of them are

believed to have at one time or another snorted “rugby” and other aromatic solvents (Bordadora,

2003).

Corruption and injustice in “Macarthur” showed how position is being used to oppress the ones

who don’t have money or power to fight for their wills. At the first scene, Cyrus is captured by

the policeman Topak, and Topak uses the opportunity to gain something from him. Topak beat

him up to the pulp and made him turn in the stolen item rather than returning it to the owner.

Topak is just one of many officials who use their position to outweigh the less fortunate

Bob Ong’s “Macarthur” provides readers a glimpse of the reality of the common people in the

Philippines. It is unfair, appalling, and unpleasant. “Macarthur”, and other novels by Filipino
authors will aid students to gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and challenges of

Philippine society. They can learn how literature can shape consciousness, provoke critical

thinking, and inspire actions towards social transformation, and this acquired knowledge can

enhance their skills as literary analysts, critics, and readers to prepare them to take action

towards social justice and become active agents of change.

SOP 3: What specific ways can Bob Ong’s “Macarthur” contribute to social change in the 21st
century Philippines, especially compared to other influential literature that has proven its
influence on societal change?