ASME B31.
3-2018
Figure 319.4.4A Moments in Bends
Th = thickness of pipe matching run of tee or header
exclusive of reinforcing elements
TS = effective branch wall thickness, lesser of Th and (ii)
(Tb)
Ze = effective section modulus of branch
x = πr22TS; see para. 319.3.5
319.5 Reactions
Reaction forces and moments used to design restraints
and supports for a piping system, and to evaluate the
effects of piping displacement on connected equipment,
shall be based on the maximum load from operating condi-
tions, including weight, pressure, and other sustained
loads; thermal displacement; and, where applicable, occa-
sional loads. The reactions shall be calculated using the
modulus of elasticity at the temperature of the condition,
Em (Ea may be used instead of Em when it provides a more
conservative result). The temperature of the condition
may differ in different locations within the piping system.
Where cold spring is used in the piping system, experi-
ence has shown that it cannot be fully assured. Therefore,
the reactions shall be computed both with the assumption
that only two-thirds of the design cold spring is present,
and with four-thirds of the design cold spring present.
If it is necessary to determine the reactions at ambient
temperature, the designer shall consider loads at that
condition, including the design cold spring and self
springing of piping. Self springing may occur if the oper-
ating stress in the piping system exceeds the yield strength
41
of the material or if the piping operates at temperatures in
the creep range of the material.
319.5.1 Maximum Reactions for Simple Systems. For
a two-anchor piping system without intermediate
restraints, the maximum instantaneous values of reaction
forces and moments may be estimated from eqs. (21) and
(22).
(a) For Extreme Displacement Conditions, R m . The
temperature for this computation is the maximum or
minimum metal temperature defined in para.
319.3.1(b), whichever produces the larger reaction.
i 2C yz Em
R m = R jjj1 zz (21)
k 3 { Ea
where
C = cold-spring factor varying from zero for no cold
spring to 1.0 for 100% cold spring. (The factor
two-thirds is based on experience showing that
specified cold spring cannot be fully assured,
even with elaborate precautions.)
Ea = reference modulus of elasticity at 21°C (70°F)
Em = modulus of elasticity at maximum or minimum
metal temperature
R = range of reaction forces or moments (derived
from flexibility analysis) corresponding to the
full displacement stress range and based on Ea
Rm = estimated instantaneous maximum reaction
force or moment at maximum or minimum
metal temperature
(b) For Original Condition, Ra. The temperature for this
computation is the expected temperature at which the
piping is to be assembled.
Ra = CR or C1R, whichever is greater, where nomen-
clature is as in para. 319.5.1(a) and
ShEa
C1 = 1 (22)
SEEm
x = estimated self-spring or relaxation factor; use
zero if value of C1 is negative
Ra = estimated instantaneous reaction force or
moment at installation temperature
SE = computed displacement stress range (see
para. 319.4.4)
Sh = see definition in para. 302.3.5(d)
319.5.2 Maximum Reactions for Complex Systems.
For multianchor piping systems and for two-anchor
systems with intermediate restraints, eqs. (21) and
(22) are not applicable. Each case must be studied to esti-
mate location, nature, and extent of local overstrain, and
its effect on stress distribution and reactions.