Formation of Bubbles-2019

Formation of Droplets and Bubbles
Prof. Michiel T. Kreutzer

Delft University of Technology
Objectives for this class
• Work through – in detail – a basic case

jet that breaks up into drops
• Discuss some current topics, with understanding of basic case
2| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

The Dripping Faucet

Pendant drop
• Gravity balances surface tension
γC = ρgz
rzz 1
C =- +
(1+ rz2 )3/ 2 r (1+ rz2 )1/ 2
These equations are matched

numerically with as a free fitting
parameter

The jet that breaks up


Thermodynamics
2 3 R2L 4
V = πR L n= V = πr 3n
4 r3 3
A = 2πRL + 4πR A = 4πr 2n
Adrops 4πr 2n 3 R
= =
A jet 2πRL 2 r
Drops are energetically favored if

3
r> R
2

Disturbance
R(x) = R0 + ε sin(2πx / λ)
4π 2
Rzz = 2 ε sin ( 2π x / λ )
λ
λ ⎛ 1 4πε ⎞ ⎫
4 p =γ ⎜ + 2 ⎟ ⎪
⎝ R0 + ε λ ⎠ ⎪
⎪ ⎛ 8π 2ε 2ε ⎞
⎬ Δp = γ ⎜⎝ λ 2 − 2⎟
⎪ R 2
− ε ⎠
⎛ 1 4πε ⎞
0
p =γ ⎜ + 2 ⎟ ⎪
3λ ⎝ R0 − ε λ ⎠ ⎪
4 ⎭
R0
Disturbance
R(x) = R0 + ε sin(2πx / λ)
λ
4
⎛ 4π 2 1 ⎞
Δp = 2γε ⎜ 2 − 2 2⎟
>0
3λ ⎝ λ R0 − ε ⎠
4
λ2 < 4π 2 (R02 - ε 2 )
Short wavelength disturbances
are stable
R0
Disturbance
R(x) = R0 + ε sin(2πx / λ)
λ
4
⎛ 4π 2 1 ⎞
Δp = 2γε ⎜ 2 − 2 2⎟
<0
⎝ λ R0 − ε ⎠
3λ
4
λ2 > 4π 2R02
Long wavelength disturbances
will go bananas
R0
10 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer
Extra: Full Solution of Plateau-Rayleigh
After class?
Plateau-Rayleigh Instability
Unperturbed surface an velocity:
p0 = γ / R0 ur 0 = uz0 = 0
is a solution of N-S and continuity
⎛ ∂ur ∂ur ∂ur ⎞ ∂p

ρ⎜ + ur + uz ⎟ =−
⎝ ∂t ∂r ∂z ⎠ ∂r
⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p
ρ ⎜ z + ur z + uz z ⎟ = −
⎝ ∂t ∂r ∂z ⎠ ∂z
1 ∂ ∂uz
( r)
ru + =0
r ∂r ∂z
R0
Linearize the equations
Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure
rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

uˆ z = Z (r ) eωt +ikz
pˆ = P(r ) eωt +ikz + p 0
Remove quadratic terms
⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p
ρ ⎜ r + ur r + uz r ⎟ = −
⎝ ∂t ∂r ∂z ⎠ ∂r
⎛ ∂uz ∂uz ∂uz ⎞ ∂p
ρ⎜ + ur + uz ⎟ =−
⎝ ∂t ∂r ∂z ⎠ ∂z
1 ∂ ∂u
(rur ) + z = 0
r ∂r ∂z
R0
Substitute perturbed variables

Note that the constant pressure p0 will cancel
∂ 1 ∂
∂t
(Reωt +ikz
) =-
ρ ∂r
(Peωt +ikz + p 0 )
∂ 1 ∂
∂t
(Reωt +ikz ) =-
ρ ∂z
(Peωt +ikz + p 0 )
∂ R ∂
∂r
(R eωt +ikz )+ eωt +ikx + (Z eωt +ikz ) = 0
r dz
R0
Find single equation for radial velocity

Eliminate all terms ⎡⎣ eω t+ikz ⎤⎦ after differentiation
1 ∂P ⎫
ωR = − ⎪
ρ ∂r
⎪
ik
ωZ = − P ⎪
⎪ 2 d2R
ρ ⎬ r 2
+ r
dR
− 1 + (kr) 2
(
R=0 )
⎪ dr dr
⎪ Modified Bessel Eq. of order 1
∂R R ⎪
+ + ikZ = 0 ⎪
∂r r ⎭
R0
Find R(r), P(r) and Z(r)

Radial velocity:
R(r ) =C I1(kr )
Pressure, using ωR =-
1 ∂P and axial velocity
ρ ∂r
ωρC
P(r ) =- I0 (kr ) Z (r ) = iC I0 (kr )
k
R0
16 | I 0′ ( x ) = I1( x ), K 0′ ( x ) = K 1( x ) A&S 9.6.27 (p.376) Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer
Boundary conditions I

Kinematic boundary condition
∂r̂
= u ⋅ n ≈ ur at r ≈ R0
dt
∂
dt
( )
R0 + ε eω t+ikz = CI1 (kR0 )eω t+ikz
εω ερω2 I 0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

C= pˆ = p 0 + e
I1 (kR0 ) k I1 (kR0 )
R0
Boundary conditions II
R2 Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

R1
Normal stress balance on free surface
⎛1 1⎞
p̂ = γ∇ ⋅ n = γ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
1 1 1 ε ω t+ikz
= ω t+ikz
≈ − e
R1 R0 + ε e R0 R02
1 ⎛ ∂ 2 r̂ ⎞
≈ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ≈ ε k 2 eω t+ikz εγ
R2 ⎝ ∂z ⎠ pˆ = p 0 -
R0
(1- (kR0 )2 )eωt +ikz
R0
Dispersion Relation

Two pressures combined give the dispersion relation
εγ
pˆ = p 0 -
R0
(1- (kR0 )2 )eωt +ikz
ερω2 I 0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

pˆ = p 0 + e
k I1 (kR0 )
ω2 I1 (kR0 )
(γ / ρR03 )
= kR0
I 0 (kR0 )
(1- (kR0 )
)2
R0
Plateau-Rayleigh Instability
fastest growing
wave kR ! 0.697
0
0.12
ω2
(γ / ρR03 ) 0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
ω2 I (kR )
3
= kR0 1 0 (1- (kR0 )2 )
(γ / ρR0 ) I 0 (kR0 )
0.02
minimum
0
wavelength
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 kR0 < 1, or
-0.02 kR0
3 λ2 > 4π 2R02
1 ρR
t break ! = 2.91 0
ωmax γ
R0

Experimental verification
Donnelly and Glaberson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 290 (1966), 547

Exponental Growth and Dispersion Relation
Donnelly and Glaberson, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 290 (1966), 547

Gas Jet Inside a Liquid

Two pressures combined give the dispersion relation
εγ
pˆ = p 0 -
R0
(1- (kR0 )2 )eωt +ikz
ερω2 K0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

pˆ = p 0 + e
k K1(kR0 )
ω2 K1(kR0 )
(γ / ρR03 )
=- kR0
K0 (kR0 )
(1- (kR0 )
)2
R0
Dispersion relation for a Gas Jet
fastest growing
wave kR ! 0.484
ω2 0.75 0
(γ / ρR03 ) 0.65
0.55
0.45
minimum
0.35
wavelength
0.25
kR0 < 1, or
0.15
λ2 > 4π 2R02
0.05
-0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.15 kR0
-0.25
1 ρR03
t break ! = 1.22
ωmax γ
R0
Can we do all of this simpler?
• Lubrication approximation for inviscid flow
∂u γ d ⎛ 1 d 2r ⎞ 0.14
=− ⎜ − 2⎟ Lubrication works
∂t ρ dz ⎝ r dz ⎠ 0.12
best at long
wavelength
0.1
gives
0.08
1 γ 0.06
ω2 = ⎡
3 ⎣
(kR ) 2
− (kR ) 4
⎤⎦
2 ρ R0
0 0
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.02

Viscous slowing
• Additional lengthscale ω
(γ / ρR03 )1/ 2
ν Shear rate
δ=
ω
Now ω2 = γ 3 f (kR0 ,kδ )

ρh0
kR0
∂u γ d ⎛ 1 d 2r ⎞ ∂ 2
u
Lubrication: =− − + 3ν
∂t ρ dz ⎜⎝ r dz 2 ⎟⎠ ∂z 2
1 γ 3ν
ω2 = ⎡
3 ⎣
(kR ) 2
− (kR ) 4
⎤
⎦ + iω (kR0 )2
2 ρ R0
0 0 2
R0
Confined bubble/droplet formation
Microchannels
Squeezing and Dripping
Squeezing Dripping Jetting water
oil
Thorsen et al. (2001) PRL
Ca = 0.004 Ca = 0.035 Ca = 0.05
de Menech et al. J Fluid Mech (2008)

Confined jets
• Remember that it is the γ 1 term that drives the P-R instability

r
Guillot et al, Phys Rev E 78 (2008), 016307

Plateau-Rayleigh or not?
Garstecki et al, Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005), 164501

Confined Thread Stability
6000
4000
( s( kσ, )0.8) )
ReRe(
2000
0
0 0.5 1
kR
k
0.1
0.01
3
( s( 0.7 , a) ) 1 .10
-1) - 1
Re(s
Re
4
1 .10
5
1 .10
6
1 .10
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Dollet et al, Phys Rev Lett 100 (2008), 034504 a r0/R
Again, P-R or not?
Link et al, Phys Rev Lett 92 (2004), 054503

Leshansky & Pismen, Phys Fluids 21 (2009) 023303
Scaling rules for squeezing regimes
filling stage squeezing stage
Vfill ~ WWin H Vsqueeze ~ Qdisp Dtsqueeze

Vcont WWin H
æ Qdisp ö Dtsqueeze ~ ~
Vdisp = WWin H ç a1 + a 2 ÷ Qcont Qcont
è Qcont ø
a1 ,a 2 = O(1)
Garstecki et al., Lab Chip 6 (2006), 437

Van Steijn et al., Chem Eng Sci 62 (2007), 7505
The role of gutters

The role of gutters

Double Emulsions
Utada et al. Science 308 (2005) 537

Double emulsions (always with oil)

All-aqueous droplet microfluidics
History
1896, Beijerink finds that starch

and agar solutions phase-separate
(Beijerink was founder of

biotechnology in Delft)
Developed into separation method

in Sweden, 1950’s
Partioning coefficients:
- proteins ~ 0.01-100
- cells ~1
Beijerink
Albertsson, Nature 182 (1958) 709

Aqueous two phase systems
Immiscible aqueous polymer solutions

• low surface tension (γ ~ 0.1 mN/m)
• mild conditions for encapsulation
Hydrogel Core-shell
For microfluidic applications, see the review
Hardt, Lab on a Chip (2012) particles capsules
Oops, no drops…
Thread is much more stable than predicted

by Rayleigh-Plateau theory
Ziemecka et al., Lab on a Chip 11 (2011) 620

Geschiere et al., Biomicrofluidics 6 (2012) 022007
Aqueous co-flowing jets are very stable
Actuation off

Drops form when perturbing the jet
Actuation on
Other examples of droplet formation by actuation:

Shum et al., Biomicrofluidics 6 (2012) 012808
Song et al., ChemComm 49 (2013) 1726
Drops form when perturbing the jet

Forced drop formation
Hydrogel beads are stable and monodisperse

What is the stabilizing mechanism?
Thread is much more stable than predicted

by Rayleigh-Plateau theory

How fast does the disturbance grows?
Rayleigh Phil. Mag. (1892)

Tomotika Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A (1936), Stone & Brenner JFM (1996)
Guillot Phys Rev Lett (2007), Herrada Phys Rev E (2007)
What about our (confined) threads?
Very stable, erratically breaks up far from inlet

Sanity check: oil-water threads
same surface tension and viscosities
Breakup length agrees with theoretical prediction

Learn more by perturbing the jet
f = 28 Hz
x
How perturbations grow in time / place

How perturbations grow in time / place

Possible explanations
Non-Newtonian effects
Diffuse interface?
Water-in-water-in-water drops
Ziemecka et al., Soft Matter 7 (2011) 9878-9880

A3PS: Scheme of the device
piezo off
piezo on

Device in action

A3PS: Phase separation in droplets

A3PS: Phase separation in droplets
0 cm
1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm

A3PS: Shell thickness

Just in – water-in-water(-in water) droplets
e 50 μm
What’s more, what have we not covered?
• Break-up, all the non-linear stuff
Doshi et al, Science 302 (2003), 1185

What have we learned
• Droplet formation and bubble formation is

driven by surface minimization
• Viscous effects slow down but do not affect stability
• Linear stability analysis predicts droplet sizes
• In microchannels, confinement creates non-Plateau regimes.

Squeezing more relevant at low Ca.
• Still debate about Plateau-arguments in confined threads

Further Reading
• Excellent reviews by Eggers
Eggers & Villermaux, Rep. Prog. Phys 71 (2008) 036601
Eggers, Rev. Mod. Phys 69 (1997) 865
• Microfluidics: a couple of key papers
Garstecki et al., Lab Chip 6 (2006), 437
Link et al, Phys Rev Lett 92 (2004), 054503
Guillot et al, Phys Rev E 78 (2008), 016307
Garstecki et al, Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005), 164501

Further Reading
• Books
Drazin, Introduction to Hydrodynamic Stability, Cambridge UP
Leal, Advanced Transport Phenomena, Cambridge UP

What’s more, what have we not covered?
• Break-up, all the non-linear stuff
Doshi et al, Science 302 (2003), 1185

Formation of Bubbles-2019

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formation of Bubbles-2019

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Formation of Droplets and Bubbles

Prof. Michiel T. Kreutzer

• Work through – in detail – a basic case

• Discuss some current topics, with understanding of basic case

2| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

3| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

• Gravity balances surface tension

These equations are matched

4| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

5| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

6| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

A = 2πRL + 4πR A = 4πr 2n

Drops are energetically favored if

7| Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Unperturbed surface an velocity:

is a solution of N-S and continuity

⎛ ∂ur ∂ur ∂ur ⎞ ∂p

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Remove quadratic terms

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Note that the constant pressure p0 will cancel

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Eliminate all terms ⎡⎣ eω t+ikz ⎤⎦ after differentiation

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Kinematic boundary condition

εω ερω2 I 0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

R2 Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Two pressures combined give the dispersion relation

ερω2 I 0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

21 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

22 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

23 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Perturbed surface and velocity and pressure

rˆ = R0 + εeωt +ikz Æ uˆ r = R(r ) eωt +ikz

Two pressures combined give the dispersion relation

ερω2 K0 (kr ) ωt +ikz

-0.05 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

26 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Now ω2 = γ 3 f (kR0 ,kδ )

Thorsen et al. (2001) PRL

Ca = 0.004 Ca = 0.035 Ca = 0.05

de Menech et al. J Fluid Mech (2008)

• Remember that it is the γ 1 term that drives the P-R instability

Guillot et al, Phys Rev E 78 (2008), 016307

30 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Garstecki et al, Phys Rev Lett 94 (2005), 164501

31 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Link et al, Phys Rev Lett 92 (2004), 054503

filling stage squeezing stage

Vfill ~ WWin H Vsqueeze ~ Qdisp Dtsqueeze

Garstecki et al., Lab Chip 6 (2006), 437

35 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

36 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer

Utada et al. Science 308 (2005) 537

37 | Droplet formation - MT Kreutzer