Investigating the Social World: The

Process and Practice of Research 9th

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Detailed Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I. Foundations for Social Research
1. Science, Society, and Social Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Learning About the Social World
Avoiding Errors in Reasoning About the Social World
Observing
Generalizing
Reasoning
Reevaluating
Science and Social Science
The Scientific Approach
Research in the News: Social Media and Political Polarization
Pseudoscience or Science
Motives for Social Research
Types of Social Research
Descriptive Research
Exploratory Research
Explanatory Research
Evaluation Research
Careers and Research
Strengths and Limitations of Social Research
Alternative Research Orientations
Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods
Philosophical Perspectives
Basic Science or Applied Research
The Role of Values
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal

8
2. The Process and Problems of Social Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Social Research Questions
Identifying Social Research Questions
Refining Social Research Questions
Evaluating Social Research Questions
Feasibility
Social Importance
Scientific Relevance
Social Theories
Scientific Paradigms
Social Research Foundations
Searching the Literature
Reviewing Research
Single-Article Reviews: Formal and Informal Deterrents to
Domestic Violence
Integrated Literature Reviews: When Does Arrest Matter?
Systematic Literature Reviews: Second Responder Programs
and Repeat Family Abuse Incidents
Searching the Web
Social Research Strategies
Research in the News: Control and Fear: What Mass Killings and
Domestic Violence Have in Common
Explanatory Research
Deductive Research
Domestic Violence and the Research Circle
Inductive Research
Exploratory Research
Battered Women’s Help Seeking
Descriptive Research
Careers and Research
Social Research Organizations
Social Research Standards
Measurement Validity
Generalizability
Causal Validity
Authenticity
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises

9
 ■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
3. Research Ethics and Research Proposals
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Historical Background
Ethical Principles
Achievement of Valid Results
Honesty and Openness
Protection of Research Participants
Avoid Harming Research Participants
Obtain Informed Consent
Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited
Circumstances
Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
Consider Uses of Research So That Benefits Outweigh Risks
The Institutional Review Board
Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for
Permission
Careers and Research
Social Research Proposals
Case Study: Evaluating a Public Health Program
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
Section II. Fundamentals of Social Research
4. Conceptualization and Measurement
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Concepts
Conceptualization in Practice
Substance Abuse
Youth Gangs
Poverty

10
From Concepts to Indicators
Research in the News: Are Teenagers Replacing Drugs With
Smartphones?
Abstract and Concrete Concepts
Operationalizing the Concept of Race
Operationalizing Social Network Position
From Observations to Concepts
Measurement
Constructing Questions
Making Observations
Collecting Unobtrusive Measures
Using Available Data
Coding Content
Taking Pictures
Combining Measurement Operations
Careers and Research
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Level of Measurement
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Interval Level of Measurement
Ratio Level of Measurement
The Special Case of Dichotomies
Comparison of Levels of Measurement
Evaluating Measures
Measurement Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Measurement Reliability
Multiple Times: Test–Retest and Alternate Forms
Multiple Indicators: Interitem and Split-Half
Multiple Observers: Interobserver and Intercoder
Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions

11
 ■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
5. Sampling and Generalizability
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Sample Planning
The Purpose of Sampling
Define Sample Components and the Population
Evaluate Generalizability
Assess the Diversity of the Population
Research in the News: What Are Best Practices for Sampling Vulnerable
Populations?
Consider a Census
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Methods
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Multistage Cluster Sampling
Probability Sampling Methods Compared
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
Availability (Convenience) Sampling
Careers and Research
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Lessons About Sample Quality
Generalizability in Qualitative Research
Sampling Distributions
Estimating Sampling Error
Sample Size Considerations
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
6. Research Design and Causation
Research That Matters, Questions That Count

12
 Research Design Alternatives
Units of Analysis
Individual and Group
The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism
Research in the News: Police and Black Drivers
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs
Cross-Sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Quantitative or Qualitative Causal Explanations
Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanations
Qualitative (Idiographic) Causal Explanations
Careers and Research
Criteria and Cautions for Nomothetic Causal Explanations
Association
Time Order
Experimental Designs
Nonexperimental Designs
Nonspuriousness
Randomization
Statistical Control
Mechanism
Context
Comparing Research Designs
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
Section III. Basic Social Research Design
7. Experiments
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Experimentation
Careers and Research
True Experiments
Experimental and Comparison Groups
Pretest and Posttest Measures
Randomization

13
 Limitations of True Experimental Designs
Summary: Causality in True Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
Research in the News: Airbnb Hosts and the Disabled
Aggregate Matching
Individual Matching
Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs
Before-and-After Designs
Summary: Causality in Quasi-Experiments
Validity in Experiments
Causal (Internal) Validity
Sources of Internal Invalidity Reduced by a Comparison
Group
Sources of Internal Invalidity Reduced by Randomization
Sources of Internal Invalidity That Require Attention While
the Experiment Is in Progress
Generalizability
Sample Generalizability
Factorial Surveys
External Validity
Interaction of Testing and Treatment
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
Deception
Selective Distribution of Benefits
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
8. Survey Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Survey Research in the Social Sciences
Attractions of Survey Research
Versatility
Efficiency
Generalizability

14
 The Omnibus Survey
Errors in Survey Research
Writing Survey Questions
Avoid Confusing Phrasing
Minimize the Risk of Bias
Maximize the Utility of Response Categories
Avoid Making Either Disagreement or Agreement Disagreeable
Minimize Fence-Sitting and Floating
Combining Questions in Indexes
Designing Questionnaires
Build on Existing Instruments
Refine and Test Questions
Add Interpretive Questions
Careers and Research
Maintain Consistent Focus
Research in the News: Social Interaction Critical for Mental and Physical
Health
Order the Questions
Make the Questionnaire Attractive
Consider Translation
Organizing Surveys
Mailed, Self-Administered Surveys
Group-Administered Surveys
Telephone Surveys
Reaching Sample Units
Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys
In-Person Interviews
Balancing Rapport and Control
Maximizing Response to Interviews
Web Surveys
Mixed-Mode Surveys
A Comparison of Survey Designs
Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises

15
 ■ Developing a Research Proposal
9. Quantitative Data Analysis
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Introducing Statistics
Case Study: The Likelihood of Voting
Preparing for Data Analysis
Displaying Univariate Distributions
Graphs
Frequency Distributions
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data
Combined and Compressed Distributions
Summarizing Univariate Distributions
Research in the News: Why Key State Polls Were Wrong About Trump
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median
Mean
Median or Mean?
Measures of Variation
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie With Statistics
Cross-Tabulating Variables
Constructing Contingency Tables
Graphing Association
Describing Association
Evaluating Association
Controlling for a Third Variable
Intervening Variables
Extraneous Variables
Specification
Careers and Research
Regression Analysis
Performing Meta-Analyses
Case Study: Patient–Provider Race Concordance and Minority
Health Outcomes
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships
Conclusions
■ Key Terms

16
 ■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
10. Qualitative Methods
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods
History of Qualitative Research
Features of Qualitative Research
Basics of Qualitative Research
The Case Study
Ethnography
Careers and Research
Digital Ethnography
Participant Observation
Choosing a Role
Covert Observation
Overt Observation
Overt Participation (Participant Observer)
Covert Participation
Research in the News: Family Life on Hold After Hurricane Harvey
Entering the Field
Developing and Maintaining Relationships
Sampling People and Events
Taking Notes
Managing the Personal Dimensions
Intensive Interviewing
Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership
Asking Questions and Recording Answers
Interviewing Online
Focus Groups
Generalizability in Qualitative Research
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises

17
 ■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
11. Qualitative Data Analysis
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art
Qualitative Compared With Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis
Documentation
Organization, Categorization, and Condensation
Examination and Display of Relationships
Corroboration and Legitimization of Conclusions
Reflection on the Researcher’s Role
Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis
Grounded Theory
Abductive Analysis
Case-Oriented Understanding
Research in the News: How to Understand Solitary Confinement
Conversation Analysis
Narrative Analysis
Ethnomethodology
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Combining Qualitative Methods
Visual Sociology
Careers and Research
Systematic Observation
Participatory Action Research
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ HyperRESEARCH Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal

18
Section IV. Complex Social Research Designs
12. Mixed Methods
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Mixed Methods
Types of Mixed Methods
Integrated Mixed-Methods Designs
Embedded Mixed-Methods Designs
Staged Mixed-Methods Designs
Complex Mixed-Methods Designs
Strengths and Limitations of Mixed Methods
Research in the News: Why Women Don’t Report Sexual Harassment
Careers and Research
Ethics and Mixed Methods
Conclusions
■ Key Terms
■ Highlights
■ Discussion Questions
■ Practice Exercises
■ Ethics Questions
■ Web Exercises
■ Video Interview Questions
■ SPSS Exercises
■ Developing a Research Proposal
13. Evaluation and Policy Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Evaluation Research
Evaluation Basics
Questions for Evaluation Research
Needs Assessment
Research in the News: No-Cost Talk Therapy?
Evaluability Assessment
Process Evaluation
Impact Analysis
Efficiency Analysis
Design Decisions
Black Box Evaluation or Program Theory
Careers and Research
Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation
Quantitative or Qualitative Methods
Simple or Complex Outcomes
Groups or Individuals
Policy Research

19
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
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Stettin. ent. Zeit. xliv. 1883, pp. 299, 305.

[316]

For the British species, see M‘Lachlan, Ent. Month. Mag. iii. 1867,
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[317]

The genera Atropos and Clothilla were named after the two fates
Atropos and Clotho. Westwood attempted some years ago to
complete the trio by establishing a genus Lachesilla. This proved a
failure, the genus being a misconception. As the name Lachesis is
in use in various branches of zoology, the desired circle of Psocid
fates is likely to remain always incomplete.

[318]

Phil. Trans. xxii. 1701, pp. 832-834; and xxiv. 1704, pp. 1586-1594,
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Zool. Anz. iii. 1880, p. 304.

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Beitr. Anat. Perla maxima. Inaug.-Diss. Aarau, 1881.

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Entom. Month. Mag. xxix. 1893, p. 249.

[328]

No satisfactory systematic work of a general character on British

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[329]

Mem. Ac. Pétersb. (7) xxxvi. No. 15, 1889.

[330]

Insectes fossiles, etc., p. 407, 1893.

[331]

Festschrift Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1873.

[332]

Reference may be made to Calvert's recent paper introductory to

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Physiol. facett. Aug. 1891, p. 115.

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Bull. Ac. Belgique (3), xvi. 1888, No. 11, p. 31.

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[337]

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The following works convey the best information: Evans's British

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Rev. d'Entomol. v. 1886, p. 232.

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Riveau, Feuille Nat. xii. 1882, p. 123.

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Bull. Mus. Harvard, viii. 1880-81, p. 276.

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Insectes fossiles, p. 394.

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Insectes fossiles, p. 396.

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Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse (7), iii. 1871, p. 379.

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In reference to a doubt as to the name of this nymph cf. Eaton, Tr.

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Tr. Linn. Soc. xxv. 1866, p. 483.

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Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (6) xiii. 1882, p. 113.

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Réaumur, Mem. vi. 1742, p. 457.

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Über vaarige Ausführsgänge, etc., Helsingfors, 1884, p. 53.

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Ann. Sci. Nat. series 3, ix. Zool. 1848, p. 91, pl. 1.

[371]

Newport, Tr. Linn. Soc. xx. 1851, pl. 21, fig. 13. Loew, however,
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[372]

M‘Lachlan, Ent. Month. Mag. vii. 1870, p. 145.

[373]

Rep. Ins. Missouri, ix. 1877, p. 125.

[374]

Tijdschr. Ent. vol. xxxiv. 1891.

[375]

Arch. f. Naturg. iv. i. 1838, p. 315.

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Linnaea entomologica, iii. p. 1848, 346, pl. i.

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Mem. Ac. Sci. étrang. vii. 1841, p. 582.

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Ent. Month. Mag. 1894, p. 39.

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Stettin. ent. Zeit. xxvii. 1866, p. 369; this author has also sketched
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[381]

Ov. Danske Selsk. 1889, p. 43.

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Ann. Sci. étrang. vii. 1834, pl. 12.

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Redtenbacher, Denk. Ak. Wien, xlviii. 1884, p. 335.

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Westwood, l.c. p. 12.

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Cf. M‘Lachlan, J. Linn. Soc. Zool. ii. 1873, p. 219.

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[395]

Brauer, Zool. Anz. x. 1887, pp. 212 and 218.

[396]

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Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1868, p. 189.

[399]

Biol. Centralbl. iv. 1885, p. 722.

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Bull. Soc. ent. France (6), i. 1881, pp. xxi. and xxxi.

[401]

Arch. Naturges. lix. 1893, Band I. p 285.

[402]

Ent. Nachr. xiv. 1888, p. 274.

[403]

Trichoptera europ. 1878, p. 356, note.

[404]

Berl. ent. Zeitschr. xxv. 1881, p. 54.

[405]

Monograph of the British Trichoptera in Tr. ent. Soc. London, third

series, vol. v. 1865; and Monographic Revision of the European
Trichoptera, 1874-1880.

[406]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxv. 1881, Pl. IV. fig. 6.

[407]

Rep. of the Entomologist, 1886, p. 510, Washington.

[408]

Insectes fossiles des temps primaires, 1893, p. 38.

[409]

P. ent. Soc. London, 1866, p. lxv.

[410]

For a history of this complex question, see Gosch, Naturhist.

Tidskr. (Rk. 3) vol. xiii. 1881; and also Brauer, Sitzb. Ak. Wien,
lxxxv. 1882.

[411]

Introd. hist. Insects, 1841, p. 143. The names proposed by

Newman may be adopted when it is specially requisite to use
terms that are morphologically correct. According to his
nomenclature the true whole abdomen of petiolate Hymenoptera
consists of three anatomical parts: 1, the petiole or podeon; 2, the
propodeon or part in front of the petiole; 3, the metapodeon or part
behind the petiole.

[412]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. 1874, p. 184.

[413]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 442.

[414]

CR. Ac. Paris, lxxxiii. 1876, p. 613, and Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xviii. 1876, p. 504; also Horae Soc. Ross. xv. 1880, pp. 20 and 31.

[415]

P. Boston Soc. x. 1866, p. 279.

[416]

Adler, Deutsche ent. Zeitschr. xxi. 1877, p. 209.

[417]
Cameron, Brit. Phyt. Hym. Ray Society, i. 1882, p. 29, and ii. 1885,
p. 218.

[418]

Cameron, op. cit. iv. 1893, p. 9.

[419]

Brit. Phyt. Hym. i. p. 27. Fletcher's record, referred to by Cameron,

mentions N. miliaris, but this name was probably erroneous.

[420]

See Perez and Cameron, Tr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, n.s. ii. 1889,
p. 194.

[421]

Fabre, Marchal, Nicolas.

[422]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. Supp. 1878, p. 103.

[423]

Rejoinder to Professor Weismann, p. 11. Reprint from

Contemporary Review, December 1893.

[424]

Mon. Brit. Phyt. Hym. 4 vols. 1882 to 1893.

[425]

Insect Life, i. 1888, p. 8.

[426]

Souvenirs entomologiques: quatrième série, 1891, p. 308.

[427]
Tr. ent. Soc. London, i. 1836, p. 232.

[428]

Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten, i. 1844, p. 86.

[429]

See Cameron, Brit. Phyt. Hym. iii. Ray Soc. 1890, p. 152.

[430]

The term inquiline is applied in entomology to a great variety of

conditions covered by the Latin word "inquilinus" (incolinus),
signifying a tenant or dweller in another's property. The term
parasite is used in a still wider and vaguer sense, being in fact
applied to a large number of cases, in many of which we do not at
present understand the exact relations between the two parties
concerned. This subject is no doubt destined to become a most
interesting department of entomology. See Riley, P. ent. Soc.
Washington, ii. 1893, p. 397; and Wasmann, Zusammengesetzten
Nester, etc., 1891.

[431]

P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales (2), vii. 1892, p. 357.

[432]

Science (n.s.), i. 1895, p. 457.

[433]

Ray Soc. vol. iv. 1893, p. 24.

[434]

Term. Füzetek, v. 1882, p. 198, and Biol. Centralbl. ii. 1882, p. 617.

[435]

Ann. Soc. ent. France (4), vi. 1866, p. 198.

[436]

Adler and Straton, Alternating Generations, 1894, p. 119.

[437]

P. entom. Soc. Philadelphia, ii. 1864, pp. 447, etc.

[438]

P. ent. Soc. Philad. ii. 1863, p. 34.

[439]

Brit. Phyt. Hym. vols. iii. and iv. Ray Soc. 1891 and 1893.

[440]

Entom. Mag. ii. 1835, p. 219.

[441]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. 109.

[442]

Bull. U. S. Museum, No. 45, 1893, p. 28.

[443]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1881, p. 117.

[444]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1881, pt. vi. f. 3; pp. 120, 126.

[445]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869; Ganin's observations are described

by Lubbock, Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects, 1874, p. 34.

[446]

See also Kulagin, Zool. Anz. xiii. 1890, p. 418; xv. 1892, p. 85; and
Congr. internat. Zool. ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 258.
[447]

Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. i. 1878, p. 587.

[448]

Tr. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 1863, p. 135.

[449]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869, p. 417.

[450]

Souvenirs entomologiques. Troisième série, 1886, p. 155.

[451]

Souvenirs entomologiques. Troisième série, 1886, p. 179.

[452]

Tr. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1855, p. 67.

[453]

According to Ashmead, P. ent. Soc. Washington, ii. 1893, p. 228,

this genus should take the name of Melittobia.

[454]

Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 271.

[455]

Rec. Zool. Suisse, v. 1891, pp. 435-534. Cf. Koulaguine, Congr.

internat. Zool. ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 265.

[456]

Bull. Soc. Ent. France (5) vii. 1877, p. lxix.; also André, Feuille
Natural. vii. 1877, p. 136, and Riley and Howard, Insect Life, iv.
1892, p. 242.
[457]

Insect Life, i. 1888, p. 121.

[458]

Report of the Entomologist, Dep. Agriculture, Washington, 1886, p.

542.

[459]

Wachtl, Wien. ent. Zeit. xii. 1893, p. 24, and Howard, P.U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. 1892, p. 586.

[460]

Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxviii. 1882.

[461]

Mitt. Stat. Neapel, iii. 1882, p. 55.

[462]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1883. p. 389.

[463]

P. biol. Soc. Washington, vii. 1892, p. 99.

[464]

Ann. Botan. Garden, Calcutta, i. 1889, Appendix L.

[465]

P. ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. x.

[466]

For a systematic memoir refer to Mayr, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,

xxxv. 1885, p. 147, etc.

[467]
Insect Life, iv. 1891, p. 193.

[468]

Tosquinet, Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique, xxxviii. 1894, p. 694.

[469]

Ichneum. Forst. Ins. 1844, p. 81.

[470]

Mitt. schweizer. ent. Ges. iv. 1876, p. 518.

[471]

Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. 1890, p. 15.

[472]

Tr. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1852, p. 71.

[473]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1886, p. 162, and 1887, p. 303.

[474]

Ent. Month. Mag. xiii. 1877, p. 200.

[475]

A catalogue, with references, of the British Ichneumonidae was

published by the Entomological Society of London in 1872. Since
then many additional species have been detected and recorded,
by Mr. Bridgman and others, in the Transactions of the same
Society.

[476]

Klapálek, Ent. Month. Mag. xxv. 1889, p. 339, and Arch.

Landesdurchforschung Böhmen, viii. No. 6, 1893, p. 53.
[477]

Ichneum. Forst. Ins. 1844.

[478]

Ann. Soc. ent. France (2), iii. 1845, p. 355.

[479]

Tr. ent. Soc. London, 1885, pp. 224, 219.

[480]

A monograph of the British Braconidae was commenced by the

Rev. T. A. Marshall in 1885, and is still in progress, in the
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London; cf. op. cit.
1885, 1887, 1889, 1891, 1894.

[481]

Berlin entom. Zeitschr. xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.

[482]

Ibid.

[483]

Monograph, Schletterer, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xxxv. 1885, p.

267, etc.; xxxvi. 1886, p. 1, etc.; and Ann. Hofmus. Wien, iv. pp.
107, etc.

[484]

Berlin. entom. Zeitschr. xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.

[485]

Amer. Nat. xxviii. 1894, p. 895.

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