POLYMERIC COMPOSITE

MATERIALS
ASSOC.PROF.DR.DOLUNAY SAKAR DASDAN
YTU CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
 Organic Reinforcement Elements(Molecules)

• Aramides
• there is N in the structure.
• Kevlar is from this group.
• Kevlar is a material consisting of very strong fibers based on very light carbon. It is
a patented trademark invented by the DuPont company in 1965. Kevlar is used
today in making armor, solid rope construction, and non-flammable protective
clothing. Kevlar is a threadlike structure consisting of fibers that can withstand
very high tensile stress. It can be woven, fabricated, cut and sewn. It is especially
used in the construction of steel vest, helmet, parachute rope, road bike tires,
rope that provides additional rigidity for fiber or data cables, or light ropes used
to tie ships and the body or wing structures of composite structures, plates or
pipes or special vehicles. It is marketed with the slogan "It is 5 times stronger
than steel of the same weight".
 KEVLAR Production
• Kevlar is the product of the dissolution of 1,4-phenylene-diamine
(para-phenylenediamine) and terephthaloyl chloride monomer
solution in hydrochloric acid by condensation reaction. The resulting
product is in the form of liquid crystal and the arrangement of
polymer chains in the yarn direction. Hexamethylphosphoramide
(HMPA) was used as a solvent for polymerization, but for safety
reasons it was replaced by DuPont with N-methyl-pyrrolidone and
calcium chloride solution. These processes have been patented by
Akzo.
• Kevlar chemical synthesis:
Hydrogen bonds between individual polymer
chains make Kevlar ultra strong. It strongly
adheres to the molecules around each chain.
There are three classes of Kevlar: K, AP AND XP

• Kevlar K-29 - For industrial applications, Cables, used in place of Asbestos

parts, brake pads, bulletproof vests and vehicle armors.
• Kevlar K49 - it has high modulus and is resistant to fatigue and chemicals as
a reinforcing element, it is used in cables and ropes with glass and carbon
fibers.
• Kevlar K100 - Color version of Kevlar.
• Kevlar K119 - high elongation, stretching and greater fatigue strength.
• Kevlar K129 - High strength for ballistic applications.
• Kevlar AP - 15% higher strength than K-29
• Kevlar XP - yarn combination with lighter resin and KM2
 Usage types
• Plain braided, tubular, ribbon-shaped or arch-shaped

Disadvantage:
1) Ultraviolet rays from sunlight cause Kevlars to
deteriorate and disintegrate, this problem is known as UV
degradation, so it is rarely used outdoors without sunlight
protection.
2) Interest in water is high. It holds about 3% moisture. For
this reason, it is used by wrapping it in a substance without
exposing it to the normal atmosphere.
Usage areas:
• 1-In the construction of ropes used to tie ships,
• 2-In the manufacture of the clothes worn by the miners,
• 3-In the manufacture of the firemen's uniforms,
• 4-In the production of work branch clothes dealing with glass work,
• 5-In the manufacture of uniforms of Air Force pilots,
• 6-Tank
• 7- Airplane wings,
• 8-Light weighted canoe manufacturing,
• 9-Military helmet making
• 10-Parachute and ropes for mountaineering
• 11-Diaphragm of new generation speakers
• 12-In motorcycle equipment
• 13-On the phone covers
Helmet made with Kevlar
 Natural Fibers(Reinforcement Elements)

• It is more advantageous than glass and carbon fibers. Advantages;

• 1-Low cost
• 2-low density
• 3-No abrasive effect on devices
• 4-Does not irritate the skin
• 5-low energy consumption
• 6-low health risk
• 7-renewable
• 8-recyclable and environmentally friendly
• 9-can be used in any field
1-Flax (Keten)
FLAX

great tensile strength

-Vibration absorption feature
-uv blocking feature
-High water absorption - being environmentally friendly -packing, wind
turbine, tennis racket, bicycle making
2-Hemp(kenevir)
HEMP
• - absorbs water well
• - Provides better insulation than cotton
• -blocks UV rays well
• -Can be used instead of wooden products
• -It is used as an additive in paper making, body care products, soap
and detergent production.
3-Jute(Hint Keneviri)
JUTE
• -a fast growing hard plant
• -High carbon dioxide absorption feature
• - low maintenance plant
• -Polished into polypropylene and used in automobile door frame. It
dropped the weight a lot.
• -It is used in furniture and paper making
4-Kenaf (The fibre obtained from plant, similar to
jute)
KENAF
• a fast growing hardy plant
• -Has high carbon dioxide absorption feature
• -low maintenance plant
• -It is added to polypropylene and used in automobile door frame. He
dropped the weight a lot.
• -It is used in furniture and paper making.
5-Ramie(Rami bitkisi-selülozik fiber)
RAMIE
• -It is used on leather, bags and clothing.
• - It has the following advantages in textile and textile industry:
• - resistant to alkali, insects and bacteria
• - extremely absorbent
• -coating easy
• - natural elongation resistance
• - increased elongation resistance when wet
• -Bright surface
• -confusing its shape and not shrinking
• -Durable and stable behavior. 7 times more durable than silk
Disadvantages:

• low elasticity
• slow return to original shape
• low friction resistance
• -easy crease and curl
• high cost
6-SİSAL
SISAL
• grows in tropical climate
• -bag is used for making carpet slippers
7-Coir Fiber(Coconut fiber-Hindistan cevizi elyafı)
used for making mop runners

Fiber production is done by rotting(çürütme), forging(dövme) and carding(taraklama) processes.