General Biology
Biology – is a branch science that studies life
and living organisms
- Fungi, bacteria, plants, animals
Why biology is important in our society?
- Humans are evolving, it needs to be
studied continuously
- Giraffes got long necks to adapt on
their environment
- It’s okay to have viruses to make the
immune system immune
- GMO: Genetically Modified Organisms
(through technology)
- Chromosomes: brings the organisms
characteristics
- Immortality in biology is possible
- Genes can travel the world two times
- Telomeres: the specific DNA-protein
structures found at both ends of the
chromosome
- Cell therapy: placing new and healthy
cells to replace damaged ones
- Dwarfism: has longer life span due to
slower cancer cell reproduction
- Gigantism: faster cancer cell
reproduction (acromegaly)
MAJOR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
Zoology – study of animal behavior,
physiology gene structure and classification &
behavior
- Commensalism: one benefits without
harming the other
- Parasitism: parasite is living on a
harmed host
- Mutualism: two organism benefits
- Competition
- Amensalism: one organism harms
without benefit for itself
- Predation: predator and prey
- Mammals (placental, marsupial, egg-
laying)
- Reptiles
- Aves: Birds
- Flying mammal: Bat
- Swimming mammal: Whales
3 Snake Venoms:
Neurotoxins – Nervous System
- Prevents nerve cells in the brain from
sending signals to the rest of the body
Haemotoxins - Circulatory System
- Cause red blood cells to burst, clot
and lower blood pressure
Myotoxins – Muscular System (bone)
- Keep muscles from contracting
Venomous – Stinged
Poisonous – Ingested
Dodo Bird – extinct due to hunting
Endemic – in a particular place
Pandemic - worldwide
Walo walo Snake – has two kinds of venom
(myotoxin and neurotoxin)
Sea snakes – are under cobra family
Why zoology is important?
- To know different nearly extinct
animals
- Gain knowledge how can we help in
conservation
- Know the characteristics
- For poultry and livestock
- Illegal animals to hunt
Botany – branch of biology that scientifically
studies plants’ structure sociology, physiology
genetics and ecology.
- Plants us the reason why we have
knowledge about passing of genetics
Importance of Botany:
- Medicine
- Agriculture
- Wilderness survival
- Textiles
- Construction
- Moringa Oleifera: Malunggay
- Lung atom: Blastomycosis
 - Marijuana: for epilepsy and cancer,
got banned because of racism
- Rafflesia: they eat animals
Entomology – Study of insects
- Information on how they live
- What roles they play on population
Marine Biology – study of marine organisms
- What causes allergy
their behaviors, and interactions
- Defense mechanisms
- Bee sting: can cause malfunction to
circulatory system and may lead to
heart attack
- Elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis)
- Inflammation from mosquito bites
Mycology – study of fungi
- To know what is useful for medicine
Plant Physiology – plant content
and industry
- Recycling nutrients
- How to cure
- Can be eaten, cure, and cause death
- Alipunga: damp areas
Microbiology – study of microorganisms
(microbes)
Importance of Plant Physiology:
- There are good and bad bacterias
- Lactobacillus: good bacteria
- E-coli: bad bacteria
- Paramecium: amoeba
- To know what can be cultured and
how to cure
- Flesh – eating bacteria
Virology – study of viruses
- To know structures, how they
reproduce
- How to cure them (HIV from sex fluids)
- What kind of virus
- Virus is not living, but rather active or
inactive
- Its host is bacteria and cells (smallest
Plant Morphology – external structure of
bacteria is longest virus)
plants
- Body fluids, sex fluids, air borne
Ecology – study of organisms and how they
interact with their environment
- Relationship between living things and
their habitats
- Biome: an area classified according to
the species that live in that location
(aquatic, grassland, forest, desert,
tundra)
- Climate change effects on ecology
- Converting agricultural land
- The warmer the ocean floor, the
stronger the typhoon
- Human factors contributing on
ecology
- No mining in Palawan
- Bermuda triangle: a high pressure
- To explore more in marine life
- Impact on humas
- There are plants/musses that gives
oxygen and life
- Taxonomy: list of living organism
- Penis snake: amphibian
- Subdiscipline of Botany dealing with
the process and functions of plants
- Descriptive study of variation &
structure of plants at the molecular
and cellular level (herbal, cactus has
large vacuoles)
- Absorbs carbon
- Habitat
- Oxygen (creates much needed
oxygen)
- Provides greenery, beauty, and peace
- Leaves and dead trees provides other
nutrient for plants
- Physical Barrier: pollutants, landslide,
stabilizer
- Trees has stored carbon, once it died it
becomes trapped gas
- Guava leaves: anti-bacterial
- Photosynthesis: absorbing sunlight and
converts carbon to glucose
- Needs structure
- Water
- Carbon dioxide
- Chlorophyll: produce glucose (bunga)
1. Flower
2. Stem
3. Leaf
4. Fruit
5. Roots
6. Seeds
 - Seed Reproduction:
1. Germination
2. Growth
3. Reproduction
4. Pollination
5. Seed Spreading
- Genetics: study of genes; formed
zygotes
- Telomere: genes encoded
Nature VS. Nurture – similar structure different
attitude
- Recessive: Genetics
- Dominant: Parents (directly inherited
genes)
- BB: Homozygous Dominant (pair of
genes)
- bb: Homozygous Recessive
- Bb: Heterozygous (hidden recessive
and dominant traits
Molecular Biology – molecular biologist
- Study of genetics, or the DNA and RNA
in a cell
Anatomy – is one of the main branches of
biology that allows on individual to
understood the structure and the parts of
organisms
- Warm-blooded, cold-blooded, insects
- Amphibian: closest organ structure to
humans
Biochemistry – the study of the structure and
function of cellular components
- And such as proteins (amino acids)
carbohydrates (monosaccharide)
lipids (fatty acids) and nucleic acid
(nucleotide)
- Dietitian: studies the content of foods
Cell Biology – the study of cells at the
microscope or the molecular level
- It includes studying the cell’s
physiological properties, structures and
organelles
Histology – is the branch of biology that deals
with the study of the structure and
organization of tissues at a microscopic level
- Study of tissues
- Connective, nervous, epitilian
Parasitology – focuses on parasite life forms or
organisms that live on or inside other life forms
- Parasitism
- Harms other organism
Biotechnology – applied science concerned
with biological systems, living organisms, or
derivatives thereof, to make or modify
products or processes
Embryology – study of prenatal development
of gametes (sex cells) fertilization, and
development of embryos and fetuses
Immunology – is the study pf the immune
system and is a very important branch of the
medical and biological sciences
- Acquired immune system virus
Developmental Biology – is a biological
science that is primarily concerned with how
a living thing grows and attains maturity
- Egg –> caterpillar –> larva –> pupa –>
cocoon –> butterfly
- Egg --> tadpoles
- Evolution
Ethology – comes under zoology and deals
with behavioral adaptations of animals,
specially in their natural or original dwelling
places
Paleontology – study of fossils and sometimes
geographic evidence of prehistoric life
Astrobiology – the branch of biology
concerned with the effects or outer space on
living organisms and the search for
extraterrestrial life
- Terrestrial: Venus, Mars
- Dust giant: Jupiter
Taxonomy – deals with the classification,
identification, and naming of living organisms
Pathology – focuses on diseases caused by
bacteria, viruses, or fungi and their effect on
the host plant or animal.
Ecosystem – is a defined space in which
interactions takes place in a community
(combination of population)
- Lion community attacked hyena’s
community
- Includes non-living environment,
temperature, rock, soil
- The science of ecology is the study of
ways how organisms interact with non-
living organisms
- Deals in the ways the organisms
adapted to their habitat/environment
(has specific habitat)
- Ecologists: are scientists that studies
both under water and plant
: Animal behavior for defense
mechanism
: crab – clam
: scorpion – sting
- Living things requires a continuous flow
of energy to stay alive
- Micromolecules to energy
- All organisms are dependent to each
other in some way
- Food Web
- Minamata Disease: vegetative state
(from air)
- Environment: everything that affects
on organism in its lifetime
- Abiotic: non-living factors
- Biotic: living factors
- Energy: to sustain life
- Climate: for adaptation
- Weather: nutrients of sunlight and
water
- Minerals: iron, potassium
- Water: for hydration
- PH Level
- Osmeosis: the water in the body is
being drained by the sea water that
causes dehydration
- Algae has acids and it deforms when it
comes close to rocks (Weathering ->
Erosion -> Deposition)
- Physical/Mechanical: same structure
- Chemical: from acid rain and
pollutants came with precipitation
- Biological: similar with chemical but
living organism is involved
- Weathering: breakdown of rocks
- Erosion: by products of the breakdown
- Deposition: settled rocks on the
ground
Types of Erosion:
- Soil
- Glacial
- Water
Soil – important specially for decomposers
- Different kids of soils
Salinity – salt content
Temperature – warm blooded (birds)
- Cold blooded (reptiles)
Biotic – includes all life forms
- Plants, animals, bacterias
~ All organisms find their importance in every
environment
~ Limiting factors can be different
- Many plants are different by scarcity
of water
- Sunlight and specific soil nutrients
- Animals may differ from slimate
Habitat – provides shelter, water, and
everything that an organism needs
- The space that organism habitats
Niche – a habitat supplying the factors
necessary for the existence of soecies
Genome – makes us not able to impregnate
other species
Community & the Ecosystem
- Producer: organic organisms to
photosynthesis
- Primary consumer: organic matter as
food
- Secondary consumer: human
vegetarian, goat, sheep
- Carnivores: kill and eat animals
- Omnivore: plants and animals
- Scavenger: eats dead animals
- Parasite: harms living organisms
- Decomposer: returns organic materials
- Food web: multiple food chains
- Food chain: flow of energy