History of Civil Engineering sustainable infrastructure, climate change
adaptation, and smart cities.
Civil engineering is a discipline that has played
a pivotal role in shaping the built environment
throughout history. This report explores the
evolution and key milestones in the history of
civil engineering, from ancient civilizations to
the modern.
I. Ancient Civilizations (3000 BCE - 476 CE)
Civil engineering has its roots in ancient
civilizations, with notable achievements such as
the construction of
 Pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the
 Roman aqueducts, and the
 Great Wall of China.
These early engineers laid the foundation for
techniques in structural engineering, water
management, and transportation.
II. Medieval and Renaissance Period (476 CE -
1700 CE)
During the Middle Ages, civil engineering
knowledge was preserved by monasteries and
passed down through generations.
Renaissance period
saw a resurgence in engineering, with
advancements in architectural design, bridge
construction, and the study of materials.
 St. Peter's Basilica
 Industrial Revolution
III. Industrial Revolution (18th - 19th Century)
- The 18th to 19th centuries brought
significant changes to civil engineering.
Innovations like the steam engine and
iron and steel production revolutionized
construction. Engineers like:
Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Gustave Eiffel
designed iconic structures such as bridges and
the Eiffel Tower. III.
IV. 20th Century and Beyond
The 20th century witnessed rapid
advancements in civil engineering, including the
construction of massive infrastructure projects
like the
 Hoover Dam and the
 Golden Gate Bridge
 Modern civil engineering has broadened its
scope to include environmental
engineering, transportation engineering,
and earthquake-resistant building design.
 Challenges and Future Directions: Civil
engineers today face challenges related to
 They continue to push the boundaries of
technology, incorporating innovations like
3D printing, artificial intelligence, and
sustainable materials into their projects.
 Challenges and Future Directions Conclusion
The history of civil engineering is a
testament to human ingenuity and
innovation.
From ancient wonders to the cutting-edge
projects of today, civil engineers have
played a vital role in improving the quality
of life and shaping the world we live in. As
the world evolves, so too will the field of
civil engineering, addressing the challenges
of tomorrow’s environment.
CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY AND
OTHER PROFESSION
I. IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN
SHAPING THE WORLD?
 Civil engineers were necessary to build
every part of our transportation
infrastructure, from roads and bridges to
docks, train stations, and airports.
 It provides solutions to the problems we
face in our daily lives.
 Engineers use their knowledge, skills, and
creativity to design, build, and maintain
systems, structures, and technologies that
improve our quality of life.
II. ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY
 Civil engineers develop and improve the
services and facilities we use every day:
from supplying energy and clean water to
homes to processing and recycling waste to
finding solutions to problems like pollution.
 Civil engineers design and build bridges,
roads, railways, and tunnels.
CIVIL ENGINEERING AND OTHER PROFESSION
Civil Engineers collaborate with other
professions to plan, design, and execute
construction projects efficiently, ensuring safety,
efficiency, and compliance with regulations and
requirements.
o ARCHITECTS
o CONSTRUCTION
o WORKERS
o SURVEYORS
Collaboration with other professions ensures
successful and sustainable civil engineering
projects, considering environmental, safety,
regulatory, and community factors in addition to
design and construction.
 Civil engineers face challenges in the 21st
century to build sustainable, resilient, and
efficient infrastructure, requiring innovative
solutions to ensure resilience to natural
disasters.
SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
The foremost challenge in civil engineering
today is the imperative to construct sustainable
infrastructure.
This involves designing and building structures
that minimize their environmental impact,
maximize energy efficiency, and endure the
effects of climate change.
Civil engineers must integrate green
technologies and eco-friendly materials into
their projects, while also reducing resource
consumption and waste generation.
RESILIENCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS
The increasing frequency and intensity of
natural disasters, including hurricanes, floods,
wildfires, and earthquakes, pose a significant
challenge to civil engineers.
Building resilient infrastructure that can
withstand these extreme events and recover
quickly is imperative.
The study delves into the profound impact
of civil engineering on society, highlighting
its role in infrastructure construction, urban
planning, and global quality of life
improvement.
Civil Engineering, Sustainability, and the
Future
I. The Intersection of Civil Engineering and
Sustainability
Civil engineering has traditionally focused on
building structures that meet human needs,
while sustainability is concerned with
preserving natural resources for future
generations.
By incorporating sustainable principles into civil
engineering projects, we can create structures
that are not only functional but also
environmentally responsible.
This means using materials and techniques that
minimize waste and reduce energy
consumption, as well as designing structures
that are resilient in the face of natural disasters
and other disruptions.
II. Sustainable design principles
Sustainable design principles aim to minimize
environmental impact and meet societal needs
by using renewable resources, reducing waste,
and incorporating natural elements into
functional and eco-friendly infrastructure.
III. Green infrastructure
Green infrastructure, a sustainable urban
planning approach, uses natural systems to
manage stormwater, reduce heat island effects,
and improve air quality, as seen in Chicago's
Green Alley Program and New York's High Line
Park.
IV. Challenges to Sustainability in Civil
engineering
Cost and lack of awareness in civil engineering
hinder sustainable practices, despite long-term
benefits. Increased education and outreach
efforts are needed to promote sustainable
practices.
V. The future of civil engineering and
sustainability
Civil engineering and sustainability will become
intertwined, with renewable energy sources and
green infrastructure becoming increasingly
popular in projects due to climate change and
resource depletion concerns.
By applying sustainable design principles
and embracing green infrastructure, we can
create more efficient and environmentally
friendly structures.
However, there are challenges that must be
addressed, such as the cost of implementing
sustainable practices and the lack of
awareness among professionals and the
public.
As civil engineers, it is our responsibility to
design and build structures that are not only
functional but also sustainable.
WHAT DOES A CIVIL ENGINEERING DO?
Civil engineers
- design, create and connect the world
around us. They help make our villages,
towns and cities work for the people
that live there.
- responsible for the design and
construction of society’s infrastructure,
such as buildings, highways, bridges,
mass transit systems, dams and locks,
and municipal water and sewage
treatment systems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
- They work to improve recycling, waste
disposal, public health, and water and
air pollution control.
- They also address global issues, such as
unsafe drinking water, climate change,
and environmental sustainability.
DUTIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
- conduct hazardous-waste management
studies in which they evaluate the
significance of a hazard and advise on
treating and containing it.
- to prevent mishaps.
- Obtain, update, and maintain plans,
permits, and standard operating
procedures.
- to ensure compliance with
environmental regulations.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
- protect human health.
- Protect nature’s beneficial ecosystem.
- Improve environmental-related
enhancement of the quality of human
life.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER’s DEVICE
SOLUTION FOR:
- Water and air pollution control.
- Recycling
- Waste disposal
- Public health
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING JOBS
a) Water supply and treatment
Environmental engineers assess water balance
in a watershed, determining supply, demand,
and seasonal cycles, and developing storage,
treatment, and covey systems for various uses.
b) Wastewater treatment
There are numerous wastewater treatment
technologies. A wastewater treatment train can
consist of a
o primary clarifier system to remove solid
and floating materials.
o a secondary treatment system consisting
of an aeration basin followed by
flocculation and sedimentation or an
activated sludge system and a secondary
clarifier.
o a tertiary biological nitrogen removal
system; and a final disinfection process.
c) Air pollution management
Scientists have created air pollution distribution
models to assess pollutant concentration and
impact on air quality from vehicle exhaust and
industrial flue gas stack emissions.
d) Environmental impact assessment and
mitigation
Environmental engineers use scientific
principles to assess potential adverse impacts
on water, air, habitat, agricultural capacity,
traffic, ecology, and noise.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
- branch of civil engineering that is
concerned with the structural design of
man-made structures.
- designing the 'bones and muscles' of
structures.
- responsible for making sure that that
structure won't collapse or fall over.
- a structure must be able to handle the
forces or loads that it's likely to
experience.
Structural Engineer: Duties and
Responsibilities
a. Analyze Maps, Blueprints, and Charts
- SE regularly analyze detailed charts and
schematics to determine the optimal
approach for building new projects and
repairing existing infrastructure
systems.
b. Design Project Plan
- SE develop new design plans for new
infrastructure systems and create plants
for repairing existing buildings, bridges,
and other structures.
c. Write Reports and Estimates
- SE create detailed project reports and
cost estimates for proposed building
and repair projects, detailing
timetables, material, and construction
data.
d. Oversee Construction Sites
- The structural engineer is responsible
for hiring and managing construction
staff, which requires frequent check-ins
at building project sites.
Difference between…
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
- responsible for making sure that the
structures we use in our daily lives,
like bridges and tall buildings, are
safe, and stable and don’t collapse
under applied loads.
CIVIL ENGINEER
- conceive, design, build, supervise,
operate, construct, and maintain
infrastructure projects and systems
in the public and private sectors.
ARCHITECT
- create designs for new construction
projects, alterations, and
redevelopments.
Structural Engineering Includes:
o Bridge Design
o Site Inspection
o Home Improvements
o Foundation Development
o Skyscraper Design
Common Industries that Structural
Engineers can work in:
o Airports
o Coastal and Marine Structures
o Buildings
o Bridges
o Railways
o Tunnels
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
- a subfield of civil engineering that
focuses on the planning, scheduling,
and management of construction
projects.
- The importance of CEM is that it
ensures that infrastructures are built
to the highest standards.
RESPONSIBILITIES TO ENSURE SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY
1. Planning and designing construction
projects
2. Managing construction projects
3. Inspecting construction projects
4. Managing construction risks
4 COMMON CEM CAREER PATHS
- Civil Engineer
- Construction Engineer
- Construction Manager
- Building Services Engineer
POSSIBLE PROJECTS
- Building Construction
- Bridge construction
- Tunnel construction
- Offshore construction
REQUIREMENTS
- Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC).
- Knowledge in Engineering Mathematics,
Mechanics structural analysis etc.
- Problem-solving analytical skills ability
to work independently.
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
- Study of the behavior of soils under the
influence of loading forces and soil-
water interactions.
- Applied to the design of foundations,
retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners,
and geosynthetics for waste
containment.
- As a geotechnical engineer, you will
assess the physical, mechanical, and
chemical properties of soil and rock to
design foundations, retaining structures
and earthworks.
- Your assessment will enable you to
determine the feasibility of a
construction engineering plan.
SOIL BEHAVIOR
RESPONSE OF SOIL TO External loads, changes in
moisture Content, and other environmental
factors. The behavior of soil is complex and
Depends on several factors, such as soil Type,
structure, compaction, moisture Content, and
load history.
GEOSYNTHETICS
- Man-made materials used to improve
soil conditions.
GEO = EARTH OR SOIL
SYNTHETICS = MAN-MADE
- Typically made from petrochemical-
based polymers (“plastics”) that are
biologically inert and will not
decompose from bacterial or fungal
action.
BRANCHES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 Soil Mechanics
- Soil mechanics is a scientific field of the
civil engineering discipline that studies
the mechanical behaviours of soil.
 Rock Mechanics
- a branch of mechanics that studies the
mechanical behaviors of rocks and their
masses, focusing on their response to
their physical environment's force fields.
 Foundation Engineering
- a subfield of geotechnical engineering
that utilizes soil mechanics, structural
engineering, and project serviceability
to design and construct foundations for
various structures.
MOST COMMON PROBLEMS
- Unexpected soil conditions
- design changes
- environmental factors
- human errors
Karl von Terzaghi - father of geotechnical
engineering
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEER
Water Resources
- origin of water that are essentially
required by human.
- water is basically used for…
o Agriculture
o Industry
o Domestic Purposes
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
- removing water when humans are finished
using it.
- developing infrastructure for water in towns
and cities
- develop methods of avoiding damage from
excess water (floods)
Water Resources Engineering deals with:
- Irrigation network
- River engineering
- Hydraulic structures
- Sewer systems for storms and wastewater
Water Resources Engineering deals with:
- Seepage control
- Hydrology
- Floods, flow of mud and debris
- Wave analysis
Branches of Water Resources Engineering
i. HYDROLOGY
- study of the water cycle and its components
ii. HYDRAULICS
- study of properties and behavior of water
during movement
iii. GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING
- study of how water moves between
groundwater and surface water.
iv. HYDRO POWER ENGINEERING
- study of how water is used to generate
electricity.
v. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
ENGINEERING
- study of how water resources are protected
and conserved.
vi. COASTAL ENGINEERING
- study of how coastal areas are. protected
and developed from flooding, erosion, and
other hazards.
vii. WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING
- study of the physical, chemical, and
biological properties of water to maintain its
quality.
viii. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
- studying how water resources can be
manage in a sustainable manner.
Water Resources Engineering Project
- Construction of artificial reservoirs
- Groundwater recharge
- Drip irrigation systems
- Desalination plants
- Flood control system
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
 branch of civil engineering that involves
the planning, design, operation, and
maintenance of transportation systems to
help build smart, safe, and livable
communities.
 design networking systems that
individuals use for travelling purposes,
including railroads, subways, airways, and
seaways.
 responsible for designing, planning, and
maintaining various aspects of
transportation systems, including:
o Road and Highway Design
o Traffic Control Systems
o Public Transit Systems
o Railway Engineering
o Airport Design
o Port and Harbor Engineering
o Traffic Analysis
o Modeling Environmental Impact
Assessment
 Transportation engineering tackles common
issues in transportation systems for safer,
faster, and more efficient options,
addressing concerns.
 This involves managing road maintenance,
traffic flow, preventing accidents, selecting
appropriate materials, facilitating efficient
trade routes, determining fastest transport
methods, providing safe pedestrian options,
and assessing environmental impacts.
 Types of transportation engineering jobs
- Highway engineers
- Safety engineers
- Traffic engineers
HOW TO BECOME A TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEER
Transportation engineers have a strong
educational background and proven on-the-job
experience to qualify as professional engineers.
- Get a bachelor’s degree in engineering.
- Pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)
exam.
- Complete an internship.
- Meet your state’s requirements for
licensure.
- Pass the Principles and Practice of
Engineering (PE) exam.
HOW TO BECOME AN ENERGY ENGINEER
1. Earn an undergraduate engineering degree
Many energy engineers begin their careers by
obtaining a bachelor’s degree in engineering.
2. Gain work experience After graduating, it can
be helpful to gain a few years of professional
work experience as a junior-level engineer
before applying for a full-time energy engineer
position
3. Obtain an engineering license Many states
require an engineering license for those working
in high-level engineering positions.
4. Complete further education While some
aspiring energy engineers choose to only pursue
an undergraduate degree, many others
complete further education
5. Apply for energy engineering positions
Solar panels
- collect energy from the Sun in the form of
sunlight and convert it into electricity that
can be used to power homes or businesses.
These panels can be used to supplement a
building’s electricity or provide power at
remote locations.

Wind turbines
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
- can turn the power of wind into the
- a professional discipline that integrates
electricity we all use to power our homes
various scientific topics to develop solutions
and businesses.
that protect and enhance the health of
living organisms and the environment.
- typically require a bachelor's degree in
environmental engineering or related fields
- create solutions for wastewater
management, pollution control, recycling,
and public health, while studying
technological advancements to address
environmental issues like acid rain, global
warming, and ozone depletion.

Energy Engineering

- involves extracting and converting resources

into energy, focusing on efficiency, power
generation, facility management,
Note: STUDY THE PREVIOUS
environmental compliance, sustainable
energy, and renewable energy. EXAMmmm