Prepared by:

Hercie Adis
Francine Dela Pena
Trinnah Mae Catipon
Theodore Danielle Hipolito
Katricia Pearl Lipata
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Q O P T A
U O D A Q
Q O P T A
U O D A Q
W I I E T
W E G H G
W I I E T
W E G H G
O V I N N
T I G D G
O V I N N
T I G D G
D O S D A C T P
R T C H I H D T
D O S D A C T P
R T C H I H D T
L N A
O L U
L N A
O L U
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the discussion, the learners should be able to:

1. determine the winning coalitions in a weighted voting

system;
2. determine the critical voters; and
3. compute the Banzhat Power Index and use this value to
determine the voter’s power
What is a Weighted Voting System?
A biased voting system where voters have different amounts of
influence in the outcome of an election.
It has n votes written, to represent the weights of each of the n votes

Quota - the number of votes needed to pass a measure. The quota must
be over half of the total weight and cannot be more than the total
weight.
The weight of a voter - the number of votes controlled by a voter.
Example: A company has 4 shareholders. Mr. Edz has 35%
ownership, Ms. Selang has 20%, Mr. Ramil has 31%
ownership, and Ms. Malou has 14%. There is a motion to
decide where best to invest their savings. The company's
by-laws define the quota as 59%. What does this voting
system look like?
for them to create a decision, the total votes must at least reach or above the quota of 59%

[59: 35, 20, 31, 14]

For example, even though 35% and 20% of the votes were in favor of a resolution, the
combined weight of these percentages is insufficient to make a decision, totaling only 55%.
This falls short by 4%, highlighting the need for support from other shareholders to achieve a
resolution.
Example: which of the following are valid weighted voting systems?

1. [10: 6, 7, 9, 3, 1]
q = 10
total weight = 26 (6+7+9+3+1)

Wt = 26 =
13
2 2

13 < 10 < 26 INVALID

Example: which of the following are valid weighted voting systems?

2. [5: 1, 2, 3, 1]
q=5
total weight = 7 (1+2+3+1)

Wt = 7 =
3.5
2 2

3.5 < 5 < 7 VALID

Example: which of the following are valid weighted voting systems?

3. [21: 5, 8, 11, 1, 2]
q = 21
total weight = 27(5+8+11+1+2)

Wt = 27 =
13.5
2 2

13.5 < 21 < 27 VALID

Types of Weighted Voting Systems
1. One Voter-One Vote System
Each person has only one vote. Thus, a majority
of the votes are required to pass a resolution.
Example 1: W= {q: 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}

since the total number of votes is 7, then q = 4 is the

required number of votes to pass a resolution. hence the
quota is q = 4
Types of Weighted Voting Systems
2. Dictatorship
This type of system has one person whose weight
is enough to pass any resolution.
Example 2: W = {9: 10, 2, 3, 1, 1}
in this system, even if the other 4 (four) candidates vote
for the resolution, the sum is only 7 which is less than the
quota of 9 votes.
Types of Weighted Voting Systems
3. Null System
This is a weighted voting system that cannot pass any
resolution because the sum of all the votes is always less than
the quota.
Example 3: W= {17: 2, 1, 8, 3, 2}

here, (2 + 1 + 8 + 3 + 2 = 16) and 16 < q which is equal to 17

Types of Weighted Voting Systems
4. The Veto Power System
This is one type of weighted voting system where each voter
has a veto power. If one voter does not vote, no resolution will
be passed. This type of voting system will occur when the
quota is equal to the sum of all the votes.
Example 4: W= {18: 4, 5, 1, 2, 6}

here, (4 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 6 = 18) which is equal to the quota

(q=18).
even the voter with one vote will have a veto power.
COALITION
a voting system that is an alliance formed by a group of voters with a
common goal which is either to vote in favor or against a resolution.
Below are some of the terms related to a coalition.

1. A winning coalition is a group of voters whose sum of all votes is

greater than or equal to the quota.
2. A losing coalition is a group of voters whose sum of all votes is less
than the quota.
3. A critical voter is a voter who turns a winning coalition into a losing
coalition if he or she leaves for another group.
COALITION

1. A blocking coalition is a group of voters who can prevent the

4.
approval of a resolution.
2. A dummy is a voter whose weight does not affect any voting
5.
outcome. Note that when a system has a dictator, all other
players are considered dummies.
COALITION
The number of possible coalitions with voters is the number of
possible subsets that can be formed from these voters. This includes
the set containing all the voters and the singleton subsets.

The number of possible coalitions with voters is given by:

n = number of voters
COALITION
example:
1 2 3

[20: 11, 7, 3] = 2 - 1
3
= 7 possible coalitions can be formed

expected coalitions: {11}

{7}
{4}
{11, 7}
{11, 3}
{7, 3}
{11, 7, 3}
BANZHAF POWER INDEX (BPI)
Measure the power of the voters in a weighted voting system
The value of the BPI ranges from 0 to 1. If the BPI value of voter A is
greater than that of voter B, then A has greater power than B. This
means that A can be part of more winning coalitions than B.

The voting power of a voter is measured by the Banzhaf Power Index

which is defined as follows:
 Example:

1. [15: 12, 5, 2]
V1 = 12 V2 = 5 V3 = 2

a. find the total number of coalitions

n 3
2 - 1 = 2 - 1 = 7 coalitions
expected coalitions: {12}
{5}
{2}
{12, 5}
{12, 2}
{5, 2}
{12, 5, 2}
b. look for the winning coalitions
n 3
2 - 1 = 2 - 1 = 7 coalitions

expected coalitions: {12}

{5}
{2}
{12, 5} winning
{12, 2}
{5, 2}
{12, 5, 2} winning
In each coalition, identify the voters who
are critical
winning coalitions critical voters 2 (v3) is not a critical voter as the
{12, 5} V1, V2 given coalition can sum up 17,
which is higher than the given
{12, 5, 2} V1, V2 quota even without V3
Count up how many times each player is critical

Convert these counts to fractions or decimals by dividing by the total times any player is critical

c. solve
2 1
= = / 50%
BPI (V1)
4 2
2 1
= = / 50%
BPI (V2)
4 2
0
= =0
BPI (V3)
4
Answer the following problems involving the weighted voting
system.

Given the weighted voting system: [17: 2, 3, 5, 6, 10]

a. What is the quota?

b. How many voters are in this system?
c. What is the weight of V2?
d. What is the weight of the coalition {V1, V3}?
e. Is {V1, V4} a winning coalition?
f. Which voters are critical voters in the coalition (V1, V3, V4}?
g. How many coalitions can be formed?
Answer the following problems involving the weighted voting
system.

In the voting system [35: 14, 12, 6, 4, 4], consider the coalition {V₁, V₂,
V₃, V₄, and V₅}.

What is the combined weight of the coalition?

What coalition is it? Is it a winning coalition or a losing
coalition?
Which voters are critical voters?
 REFERENCES
All about weighted voting | eBallot. (n.d.). https://www.eballot.com/resources/weighted-
voting
ng.
Aufman, Richard N., et al., (2013). Mathematical Excursions/ 3rd ed., Brookes/Cole, Cengage
Learning.
Lipschutz, Saymour, et al. (2005). Shaum’s Outline of Beginning Finite Mathematics.
McGraw-Hill
Mathispower4u. (2013, August 24). Introduction to weighted voting [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iaxblazgb1Y
Mathuklasan with Sir Ram. (2021, October 28). Weighted Voting systems| Voting Methods
Part 2 || Mathematics in the Modern World [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8yKqSIXGhs
THANK YOU