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Geothermal energy solid waste management: Source, type of waste, and the
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Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · July 2020

DOI: 10.1063/5.0007299

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Geothermal energy solid waste
management: Source, type of waste, and the
management
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2245, 060001 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0007299
Published Online: 08 July 2020

Ayu Utami, Nugraha Aji, Almira Fadyah, Aldo Ghifari, Mufi Bustomi Anam, Syahriar Ramadhani, Faiz
Helmi Rasyid, and Rusdi Rajab Maulana

AIP Conference Proceedings 2245, 060001 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0007299 2245, 060001

© 2020 Author(s).
Geothermal Energy Solid Waste Management: Source, Type
of Waste, and the Management
Ayu Utamia), Nugraha Aji, Almira Fadyah, Aldo Ghifari, Mufi Bustomi Anam,
Syahriar Ramadhani, Faiz Helmi Rasyid, Rusdi Rajab Maulana

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional

Sleman, 55283, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: ayu.utami@upnyk.ac.id

Abstract. Indonesia is one of the countries which have geothermal potential as a renewable energy resource. Forty per
cent of the world's geothermal energy potential, at 28,000 megawatts (MW) is estimated found in Indonesia. Activities in
geothermal also generate some waste, including solid waste. The sources of solid waste in geothermal energy are
including drill cuttings, scale from cooling water, scale from maintenance, domestic waste, hazardous solid waste from
the machine and heavy equipment maintenance, and others. The objectives of this study are to determine the variety of
solid waste sources, types and characteristics of solid waste, and management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid
waste in Indonesia’s geothermal energy utilization. The methods used in this study are field observation, literature
review, and interview with the worker in the geothermal field. The source of solid waste is generally similar because of
similar activity. The primary solid wastes generated from Indonesia geothermal field are drill cutting, scale, domestic
waste, silica sludge, and organic waste. The source for solid waste is similar to other countries such as exploration and
production, maintenance, laboratory analysis, and also power generation activity. Indonesia geothermal field manages its
organic waste generally by composting. The other non-hazardous waste is delivered to the waste bank or environmental
community to be recycled or reused. They manage hazardous waste with the third party and also collect it first at the final
disposal site. To reduce solid waste from the geothermal field, they should have suggestion and innovation program to
manage their solid waste.

Keywords: geothermal industry, geothermal waste, solid waste management

INTRODUCTION

Geothermal could be used as the heat source of many activities. One of the activities that use the heat of
geothermal is power generation. The power generation from geothermal is the application of renewable energy
resources. Indonesia is one of the countries which have geothermal potential as a renewable energy resource. Forty
per cent of the world's geothermal energy potential, at 28,000 megawatts (MW) is estimated found in Indonesia [1].
Geothermal resources in Indonesia are lies along with the volcanoes in Sumatra, Java, Bali, and other islands in the
east part of Indonesia. In 2015, Indonesia has ten geothermal fields, i.e. Darajat, Dieng, Kamojang, Sibayak,
Lahendong, Wayang Windu, Ulu Belu, Ulumbu and Matalako [2].
Solid waste is waste that consist of organic and inorganic substances which are considered no longer useful and
must be managed in order to endanger the environment and protect development investment [3]. Each person in
Indonesia generates around 0.76 kg/day solid waste [4]. Solid waste could become a disaster if the people did not
manage their solid waste. To manage the solid waste, community, organisation, or institution should consider the
characteristics, including types and sources of the solid waste they generate. The type of solid waste in this study
will be classified as hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste. General waste management is viewed as part of a
generation, collection and disposal system [5].

2nd International Conference on Earth Science, Mineral, and Energy

AIP Conf. Proc. 2245, 060001-1–060001-11; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0007299
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-2004-5/$30.00

060001-1
 Activities in geothermal also generate some waste, including solid waste [6]. In the US, the primary sources of
solid wastes at the geothermal field are: drilling mud residues and drill cuttings, power plant and cooling tower
chemical wastes, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) abatement wastes. The primary waste at Geysers is sulfur cake, scale from
the cleaning of wells and pipelines, and filter materials [7]. In Kenya, geothermal development generates a
significant amount of solid wastes from drilling mud, sludge, scales, construction, and maintenance. The scale is
deposited from gathering system, wellbores, separators and turbine blade with the dominant composition is cuprum
(Cu) in the scale [6]. The source of solid waste in geothermal energy, i.e. drill cuttings, scale from cooling water,
scale from maintenance, domestic waste, hazardous solid waste from the machine and heavy equipment
maintenance, and others [6], [8], [9]. The management of solid waste, including disposal and collecting, were
classified for hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste [6]. The study about a similar topic in Indonesia would be
explained in this article.
The characteristic of solid waste in every geothermal field is dependent based on the type of abatement system
and the management system of geothermal power utilization [7]. The report about the characteristics and
management of solid waste in all geothermal fields Indonesia is minimal. Thus, this study is going to explain about
the differences of solid waste type, source, and management in each Indonesia’s geothermal field, i.e. Kamojang,
Darajat, Wayang Windu, and Dieng. The objectives of this study are to determine the variety of solid waste sources,
types and characteristics of solid waste, and management of hazardous and non-hazardous solid waste in Indonesia’s
geothermal energy utilization. Based on the result of this paper, we could determine the general problem of solid
waste at the geothermal field in Indonesia. Therefore, the geothermal field in Indonesia could improve the strategy
to manage their solid waste.

METHODS
The methods used in this study are field observation, literature review, interview with the worker in the
geothermal field, and data analysis. The explanation about how we conduct the study is explained below.
1. Field observation
Field observation was conducted to determine the environmental conditions of the geothermal field and the
environmental management of the geothermal industry. Data obtained from observations is used to
inventory the management of solid waste that exists in the geothermal industry. The condition of the
geothermal field is influenced by the environmental management carried out in the field.
2. Literature review
When the inventory of data field is completed, the data will be compared with the reference. Literature
review of the reference also will support the inventory data field to be analyzed. Furthermore, references can
provide a comparison of sources, types of solid waste and management carried out in the so many
geothermal industries.
3. Interview
The interview was conducted with the supervisor in the field.
4. Data analysis
The analytical method used is qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis used is a
descriptive analysis of field savings and in making hypotheses from information in the field. Quantitative
analysis is done on the basis of calculations. The results of the calculation will be analyzed so that it can be
used as a discussion in a calculation. The calculations will be processed in the form of graphs, percentages
and numbers.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The Source of Solid Waste

The source of solid waste in the geothermal industry is depending on the activities they are doing in geothermal
industries. The activities are exploration, production, maintenance, laboratory analysis, and power generation. This
data was conducted from the geothermal field in the Kamojang, Darajat, Wayang Windu, and Dieng. The source and
type of solid waste in those five geothermal fields were summarized in TABLE 1.

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 Exploration and Production

The activities of exploration and production, including drilling, steam field, condensation, and office. At the
beginning of the activity, before the geothermal energy production process runs, drilling is carried out to determine
the geothermal potential, geological conditions and geothermal reservoir construction. Drilling generates two types
of waste, drill cutting and drilling fluid. These two types of wastes are separated using shale shaker. The production
process of geothermal generates solid waste such as drilling waste, sludge, and also construction material [6].
The process in the steam field is carried out with strict control so that the steam that goes to the power plant in
the power plant is dry steam and all wet steam that is produced can be handled in the steam field area. In the steam
field area, the process of forming silica waste starts from hot water (brine) produced by the production well through
the wellhead.
The geothermal steam then enters the pipeline, which then flows into the steam receiving header. Furthermore,
steam is channelled through a separator which is used to separate the condensate, solids, silica, and brine water that
is carried away, so that dry, clean steam is obtained. The separated water will be re-injected into the injection well.
Dry steam collected in the header will be flowed back to the demister to separate the condensate that still exists in
the dry steam. Dry steam then enters the turbine so that the generator in the PLTP can spin and convert into
electrical energy.
Hazardous waste generates from reinjection well from the diesel engine’s oil spill. The diesel engine is used in
the emergency condition because the entire well and production activities using the electric engine. Office activities
generate domestic waste from work activities in the office. From the office, it could produce solid wastes such as
paper, plastics, food waste, used battery, etc.

Maintenance

Heavy equipment, processing and geothermal treatment unit, and others process require routine maintenance.
The maintenance activities such as washing, spare part replacement, machine maintenance, building maintenance,
gardening, etc. will produce some waste. Wastes generated from this activity are solid waste and wastewater. Solid
waste generates from this activity are hazardous and non-hazardous. The type of waste would be explained in the
next chapter of this article.
Washing activity can produce scale from the impurities carried out from the heavy equipment or machine
cleaning. Furthermore, the spare part replacement could generate solid waste, including used spare parts, scrap
metal, used lubricant cans, etc. The detail list of solid waste generates from spare part replacement could be seen in
TABLE 1. Maintenance is not just for processing plant, machine or heavy equipment, but also for building and
garden. Gardening generates organic solid waste, such as leaves and grass.

Laboratory analysis

Kamojang field has laboratory analysis to control the environment quality during the geothermal process. From
this activity, laboratory analysis produces waste such as chemical substances, hazardous waste, contaminated rag,
used chemical substance cans, etc. For the liquid waste, the laboratory also has wastewater treatment plant.

Power generation

In the Dieng Geothermal Field, the steam produced from the separator will then flow to the power plant via the
main steam pipe. The pipe that goes to the plant first passes through rock muffler located in the Sikidang crater area.
Rock muffler functions as a safety main steam pipe if one day the turbine experiences a trip so that steam can be
directly wasted into the rock muffler and the steam pressure in the main steam pipe is maintained not more than 12
bars (overpressure).
From the rock muffler, steam is flowed to the plant, after arriving at the steam generator with a pressure of 9.8
bars will go through twice filtering through the steam purifier (scrubber) and demister. Both functions are to filter
water (moisture) that is still carried by steam until steam is completely dry to move the turbine.

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 TABLE 1. Summarize of the Source and the Type Geothermal Field Solid Waste
No Activity Source Type of solid waste
1 Exploration and production Drilling Drill cutting
Steam field Silica
Condensation Scale
Sludge
Office Paper
Paper box
Plastics
Woods
Battery
Food waste
Mixed waste
Used fluorescent lamp
Used PPE (Personal
Protective Equipment)
2 Maintenance Washing Scale
Spare parts replacement Used spare parts
and workshop activity Scrap metal
Used paint cans
Used Tonner
Used lubricants can
Gardening Leaves
Grass
3 Laboratory analysis Water treatment Sludge
Analysis using chemical Contaminated rag
Expired chemical
substances
Biocyte cans
4 Power generation Cooling tower Scale

Type of Waste

Solid waste in this article would be classified into 2, hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. Solid waste
types would be explained based on both classifications. The various types of solid waste in the geothermal fields
would be explained below.

Hazardous Solid Waste

Hazardous solid waste is residue from some works/ activities that consist of substances, energy and / or other
components due to their nature, concentration and / or amount, which directly and indirectly, can pollute and / or
damage the environment, and / or endanger the environment, health, and the survival of humans and other living
things [10]. There are different data for the various types of hazardous solid waste in each geothermal field. The type
of hazardous solid waste will be explained below.
Kamojang’s hazardous solid wastes contain, i.e., laboratory analysis waste, used battery, used toner, used paint
cans, used fluorescent lamp, used filter, contaminated rag, and expired chemical substances. Meanwhile, the type of
hazardous waste at Wayang Windu could be seen in TABLE 2. Wayang Windu produced around 10 tons of
hazardous solid waste each year. They could reduce the hazardous solid waste production in 2017 around 5%. The
dry battery was the most significant contributor of hazardous solid waste in 2017. They produced around 6 tons of
dry batteries in 2017.

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 TABLE 2. Type of Hazardous Solid Waste at Wayang Windu Geothermal Field [1]
WEIGHT (TON)
HAZARDOUS & TOXIC WASTE (B3) DISPOSAL METHOD
2016 2017

Contaminated waste 4.358 1.142 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Laboratory waste 0.062 0 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Medical waste 0.03 0.018 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Dry battery 0.01 5.726 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Expired chemical substance 0 0.03 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Used lubricant oil 6.266 2.971 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Used toner 0.001 0.05 Packed and sent to licensed third party
TL lamp waste 0 0.228 Packed and sent to licensed third party
Electronic waste 0 0 Packed and sent to licensed third party
TOTAL 10.727 10.165

Non-Hazardous Solid Waste

One of the wastes generated from activities at Kamojang Areas is a non-hazardous waste, drill cutting, from the
geothermal well drilling process. Drill cutting in the Decree of the Minister of Environment number 101 of 2014
concerning about Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste Material is categorized as non-hazardous waste.
Furthermore, non-hazardous waste in Kamojang is produced from office activities that produce domestic waste in
the form of paper, plastic, cardboard, and food waste. Non-hazardous waste generated by each geothermal field
tends to be the same, by existing activities in the field.
The most significant waste generates in Wayang Windu is from organic waste. In 2016 and 2017, organic waste
was produced in Wayang Windu Areas around 12.000 tons. The second largest was from paper. Paper generates
from the office activities. This waste could be reduced with solid waste management in the field. The various types
of non-hazardous waste at the Wayang Windu geothermal field could be seen in TABLE 3.

TABLE 3. Type of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste at Wayang Windu Geothermal Field [1]
WEIGHT (TON)
NON-B3 WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD
2016 2017
Organic waste 12.696 12.708 The use of recycling composting
Paper 421,16 767,8 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Plastic 206,06 238,47 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Shredded paper 130,5 440,3 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Bantex 70 0 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Carton box 82 40 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Fan blade 1,25 0 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Fan stack - - Packed and sent to Waste Bank
Fill drift 17,182 10,057 Packed and sent to Waste Bank
TOTAL 14.872,902 14.204,627

The various type of non-hazardous waste in Darajat Geothermal Field could be seen in TABLE 4. From the
table, it shown that domestic waste such as wood, plastics and construction waste was the most significant waste
generates in Gunung Salak Geothermal field. Those waste produced around 20 tons in 2016 and 2017. There are the
increasing volumes of waste on 2016 to 2017 because of the wood, plastics, construction, food waste, grass, and

060001-5
leaves increased around 6 tons while the other type of waste was decrease. The increasing volume of solid waste
was because of the lack of innovation program from the industry to reduce the waste.

TABLE 4. Type of Non-Hazardous Solid Waste at Darajat Geothermal Field

Absolute results
Program Type of Waste Unit 2016 2017
Results Results
Utilization of
domestic waste by Wood, Plastics,
Tons 20,48 24,81
SEGD Local Construction Waste
Business Partners
Remnants of Food
Production compost
and Remnants of Tons 14,83 16,78
from organic waste
Grass and Leaves
KEPO BUNDA Paper and
Tons 2,52 0,98
Program Cardboard
PELITA HATI Paper and
Tons 0,00 0,26
Program Cardboard
Bioactivator
manufacturing Food Waste Tons 0,00 0,24
program
Total Utilization Tons 37,834 43,07877

The geothermal steam field of Dieng Geothermal Field has the characteristics of steam or wet produced steam.
Dieng Field carries abundant enough dissolved minerals, both solid material in the form of silica from scaling and
sludge-shaped material as a result of deposition from settling ponds and open channels [11]. In order to be able to
calculate the amount of brine and silica produced, it should be known the percentage of fluid that is turned into
vapour fraction and how much is turned into the brine. The composition of steam produced from the production well
is separated on the separator. The steam contains a dry steam content of 40% and a brine of 60%. The amount of
brine water production, which relatively high could affect the high value of dissolve matter. Of the 60% brine
produced from the activity, the estimated dissolved material has the potential to precipitate approximately 40%. In
this section silica silt formed in the production facilities at the well pad. The silica production and management in
Dieng Field could be seen in the flow diagram FIGURE 1.
Silica produced in the geothermal production process is a natural mineral that is contained and transported in the
brine. Silica sludge generates together with saltwater or brine could be calculated using the calculation of the rate of
silica deposition in the pond or settling pond. The amount of silica produced is obtained from the total amount of
steam production in all production wells, amounting to 6 Steam fields that have different amounts of production.
The estimated amount of silica produced is around 352m3 / day, and the capacity of the truck is 5 m3, so it takes ten
trucks per day to transport silica waste with the amount of transportation seven times per day.

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 FIGURE 1 Silica Production in Dieng Field

Solid Waste Management

There are so many methods to do solid waste management. The hierarchy of waste management system should
be based on the characteristics of the waste and site characteristics. Waste management should be accomplished by
the application of the practices including source reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment and responsible
disposal [12]. The geothermal field also has its own method to manage solid waste. The primary management
system for solid waste, both hazardous and non-hazardous, is to reduce and recycle the waste. Solid waste
management in the geothermal field usually follows the process: waste generation controlling, waste separation, and
transportation. They also have the final disposal site for the solid waste. The scheme of hor Wayang Windu Areas
and Darajat Geothermal Field manage their waste could be seen in FIGURE 2 and FIGURE 3.
Almost the entire geothermal field recycled their organic waste as compost. They have composter to treat their
organic waste like grass and leaves as compost. The compost that Kamojang Areas made is used to fertilize
vegetation at their area and vegetation that they conserved. Wayang Windu Areas also recycled all organic wastes
into compost. Darajat Geothermal Field also recycled all of their food waste, grass, and leaves into compost. Darajat
Geothermal Field separates the vegetable waste, and fruit waste then segregate the wastes. After segregation, the
vegetables and fruits waste processed into compost for two weeks. The composting process of grass and leaves
could be seen in FIGURE 4.
Another non-hazardous waste generates from geothermal industries is the used spare part. At Wayang Windu,
waste from the used fan stack would be reused by Pecinta Alam Tapak as outdoor adventure area in Rahong Forest
area. Furthermore, paper and plastics are managed together by Wayang Windu, TBM Kertamanah and also local
Sanitary Agency. From FIGURE 3, it could be seen that Darajat Geothermal Field also bring the paper and
cardboard to their community development called Kampung Hijau to be reuse or recycle. Drill cutting at Kamojang
Areas from shale shaker will be recycled as paving block. Paving block made from the mixed of drill cutting and
other material is used to fulfil the Kamojang Areas’s internal necessity. The paving block is used to make such as
parking area, jogging track in the company area, footpath around Kamojang area, etc. Drill cutting also recycled as
kansteen in the main building along 250 m and also mono-block for the geothermal reservoir monument. Kamojang
Areas already has the permission to use drill cutting waste as a material with the permission number No. B-
11954/Ro.Hkm&Hms/LH/PDAL/12/2012 based on the decision from the Ministry of Environmental Republic of
Indonesia Number 277 the Year 2012. Dieng field manage their scrap metals by giving it as an auction to the
country. Utilization of used spare parts such as water pump filter and lubricants pump filter is turned over by the
third company.

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 FIGURE 2. Solid Waste Management System at Wayang Windu [1]

FIGURE 3. Solid Waste Management System at Darajat

Drill cutting that has been cleaned from shale shakers is accommodated at Kamojang Areas which is adjacent to
the final disposal site of hazardous waste. There is a signboard and a safety shower that is close to the temporary
shelter of the drilling cutting waste, the shelter is made of concrete with adjustable size. The temporary shelter of
drill cutting waste could be seen in FIGURE 5. Scrap metal and used spare parts in Dieng Field are currently placed
in PAD-12. PAD-12 is a warehouse to keep the used things and other waste. Solid waste treatment in the form of
used PPE that has been carried out by Dieng Field to put them on PAD-12. Solid waste in the form of office
stationery is also collected at PAD-12, but placed in a tub with the label. Silica and silica sludge are collected in the
final disposal site Sileri that can be seen in FIGURE 6.

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 FIGURE 4. Grass and Leaves Process into Compost at Darajat Geothermal Field

Silica production from Dieng Field is increasing. The production per day is 352 m3, while the capacity of the
final disposal site is 39.000 m3. The final disposal site for silica could be handled around five years since the
construction was conduct. To reduce the silica waste production that collected in the final disposal site, some
researcher tries to recycled silica as other material. They made a paving block from silica and also concrete from
silica sludge [11].
The transportation of solid waste is also a part of a solid waste management system. At Darajat Geothermal Field
field, transportation will carry the waste to the final disposal area or other places. The destination of solid waste
transportation at Darajat Geothermal field could be seen in FIGURE 3. Besides that, at Wayang Windu field, they
transport the solid waste to temporary disposal site before to the final disposal site.

FIGURE 5. Temporary Shelter of Drill Cutting Kamojang Areas

FIGURE 6. Final Disposal Site Sileri Dieng Field

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 For hazardous waste, Kamojang Areas collaborates with other instances or companies to process the utilization
of hazardous waste. The hazardous waste management system in Kamojang Areas from the source to collecting the
hazardous waste would be managed by the third company, Prasadha Pamunah Limbah Industri (PPLi). The flow
diagram of hazardous waste management in Kamojang Areas could be in TABLE 5.

TABLE 5. Flow Diagram of Hazardous Waste Management at Kamojang Areas Geothermal Field
Manager / Area
No Procedure Manager Related HSSE Function SCM FunctioPIh Third Side
Functions
A Hazardous Waste Management
Hazardous Waste Producer User / Function
1 Informs the HSSE Function about the type and 11
amount of hazardous waste to be submitted
User / Hazardous Waste Generating Function
2 fills in the Hazardous Waste Handover Form 2
and submits it to HSSE
HSSE identifies the type and amount of
hazardous waste that will enter the hazardous
3
waste landfills, by filling in the hazardous waste 3
logbook and balance sheet
HSSE and or the hazardous waste generating
function coordinately concerning the transport
4 4
vehicle from the producing function to the
hazardous waste landfills
SCM provides vehicles related to requests from
5 HSE and or Waste Producing Functions to 5 5
transport hazardous waste to landfills
HSE considers, storing incoming hazardous
6 waste according to its type and category (note 6
the symbol and label of each hazardous waste)

HSSE manages (dispose, places and packs

7 according to its classification) before being 7
transported by the Third Side

HSSE contacted a third side licensed by the

Ministry of Environment and Forestry to carry
8 out further hazardous waste management 8
(Transportation, accumulation, treatment and
utilization of hazardous waste)
The third side is licensed by the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry to manage further
9 hazardous waste management (transportation, 8 7
accumulation, management and utilization of
hazardous waste
The third side is licensed by the Ministry of
environment and forestry to present manifest
10 8
hazardous waste sheet 2,3 and 7 (or following
the agreement letter
HSEE stores, documents and reports the balance
11 and manifests of hazardous waste to the relevant 11
agencies

Note: = Input
= Process
= Output

CONCLUSIONS

The types of solid waste in the geothermal industry are varied based on the activities as the source in each
different field. The source of solid waste is generally similar because of similar activity. The primary solid wastes

060001-10
 generated from Indonesia geothermal field are drill cutting, scale, domestic waste, silica sludge, and organic waste.
The source for solid waste is similar to other countries such as exploration and production, maintenance, laboratory
analysis, and also power generation activity. Geothermal industries manage their solid waste based on the solid
waste management hierarchy, i.e. reduce, reuse, and recycle. Indonesia geothermal field manages its organic waste
generally by composting. The other non-hazardous waste is delivered to the waste bank or environmental
community to be recycled or reused. They manage hazardous waste with the third party and also collect it first at the
final disposal site. To reduce solid waste from the geothermal field, they should have suggestion and innovation
program to manage their solid waste.

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