BatchA MTE Merged

CEN-306: Foundation Engg
Lecture-01; Introduction
Mahendra Singh
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667, India
mahendra.singh@ce.iitr.ac.in; msingh.civil@gmail.com
2/24/2023 Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 1

CEN-306

Books

Introduction
• Requirement of Foundations
• Requirement of
• Buildings,Foundations
Monuments
• Bridges • Buildings,
• Dams
Monuments
• Bridges
• Dams
Civil Engineering Structures: Founded on SOIL or ROCK

Foundation soil/rock should be Competent

Landslides:

Most Important Engineering Attributes of Soils
• Strength:
• Should not yield/fail under the kind of
load being applied
• Deformability:
• Deformations/ settlement of soil/
structure under the applied loads
should be within limits.
• Permeability
• In many civil Engineering applications:
water seeping through soil has high
influence on engineering response of
soil and structure

Ancient times
• Tomb construction Monuments

Modern times: Dam, Pavement, Foundation
Since, the soil is in direct contact with the

structure, it acts as a medium of load transfer
and hence for any analysis of forces acting on
such structure, one has to consider the
aspect of stress distribution in soil.

Foundations experience vibrations, earthquake and blast loading
It is important to understand the

behavior of soil under vibratory loads
when soil acts as a foundation in such
cases.

Purpose of Foundation
To transfer the load of superstructure to the subsoil
safely:
• Without exceeding the load carrying capacity of the
subsoil strata (Strength Characteristics)
• Without causing settlements which exceed the

permissible limits (Deformation Characteristics)
Aims and Objectives of Course
• To determine the soil design parameters:
• To assess the load carrying capacity of the subsoil strata at a given
particular site subject to given loading conditions;
• To compute the settlements likely to occur due the construction of
the structure
• To suggest the type of foundation suitable at a given site;
• Individual footing, Raft, Pile or Well
• In addition: Retaining walls and Slope stability problems will also be
covered.

Lecture-02; Soil Exploration
Mahendra Singh

Soil Exploration Sequence:
Needed for assessing the engineering
1. Geological Study
properties of the ground 2. Reconnaissance,
• Site investigation – 3. Local Topography
4. Existing Building Codes
• Properties
5. Interaction with local people and
• Geology technology
• Physical 6. Natural drainage pattern, ponds, lakes
• Engineering 7. Inspection of existing excavation,
exposures, cuttings, earth fills
8. Problems being faced -settlement
Detailed Investigations-Pits/ Borings
• Objective -
• Details of underlying
strata
• Thickness,
• Classification,
• Physical properties
• Engg. properties,
• Water table
• OPEN PITS: Shallow

• BORINGS: Deep
Methods of Advancing Boreholes
A. Auger / shell and auger boring
B. Wash boring
C. Percussion boring
D. Rotary boring
A. Auger Boring
• Auger is held vertically on ground
• It is pressed and rotated
• Turning action cuts the soil.
• Hand operated augers may be
used upto 6m depth (soft soil)
• Casing pipe may be used if soil is
collapsible.
Shell and Auger Method
• Sand bailer - Heavy duty pipe Sinker Bar
with a cutting edge
Shell or
• Bailer is raised and let fall in bore
hole Bailer
• cuts the soil
• while going down soil opens
the flat valve
• while going up valve closes due to
weight of soil
• tube is emptied when full Flat
valve
Cutting edge
B. Wash boring
Tripod and pulley
• Casing pipe driven into soil
• Water is forced unto drill rod
• Water helps in cutting soil as
lower end
• Slurry comes up through annular
space between

C. Percussion Boring
• Soil formation is broken by
repeated blows of a heavy bit or
chisel inside a casing pipe.
• Specially used for Gravelly /
boulders strata

D. Rotary Boring
If soil is highly resistant to augering or
wash boring
• Rotary bit (drilling bit) is used at the
lower end.
• Drilling mud (Bentonite slurry) is
forced through hollow drill rod.
• Mud returns back through annular
space between drill rod and side of
the hole.

Samplings: Disturbed and Undisturbed samples
Disturbed Samples- Undisturbed Sample
Original soil structure is disturbed. • Original structure is preserved
• Material properties remain same
a. Representative samples
• Practically it is not possible.
Moisture content and mineralogical
compositions are same • Sample may be considered
undisturbed if properties in the
laboratory tests e.g. UCS, Triaxial,
b. Non-representative samples consolidation are suitable for
• In addition to alteration of soil design.
structure, soil from different
layers gets mixed up
• Not useful

Disturbed Samples: Extent of disturbance
• Extent of disturbance depends on
the following properties of the
cutter
i. Cutting edge
ii. Inside wall friction
iii. Non-return valve
D1 = Inside dia. of cutting edge (drive

shoe)
D2 = Outside dia. of cutting edge
D3 = Inside dia. of sampling tube
D4 = Outside dia. of sampling tube

Inside & Outside clearance
𝑫𝟑 −𝑫𝟏
• Inside clearance: 𝒄𝒊 =
𝑫𝟏
To reduce friction between soil sample and sampler ci = 1 to 3%
𝑫𝟐 −𝑫𝟒
• Outside clearance : 𝒄𝒐 =
𝑫𝟒
Helps in reducing friction when sampler is driven on withdrawn.
Should not be much greater than inside clearance = 0 – 2%
𝑫𝟐𝟐 −𝑫𝟐𝟏
• Area ratio : 𝑨𝒓 =
𝑫𝟐𝟏
 Ar should be kept as low as possible
 20% - for stiff formations
 10% for soft sensitive clays

Recovery Ratio
• Recovery ratio
Recovered length of sample
𝑳𝒓 =
Penetration length of sampler
Lr = 1 good recovery
Lr < 1  soil is compressed
Lr > 1  soil has swelled

Samples required in laboratory
Type of test Type of sample required
Natural moisture content SPT or representative
Density Undisturbed
Specific gravity Representative or undisturbed
GSD Representative or undisturbed
Atterberg limits Representative or undisturbed
Hydraulic conductivity Undisturbed
Consolidation parameters Undisturbed
Shear strength parameters Undisturbed

Depth of exploration
• Boring should be carried out to such a depth
that the net increase in soil stress due to the
load of the structure is less than 10% of the
average contact pressure.
• Generally D  1.5 to two times the width of
the largest size foundation below the
foundation
Adjacent
Foundations:
Inteferance

Ground water levels
• Important as soil becomes saturated
below the foundation
• May be observed from Wells
• Bore holes – 12 to 24 hrs after
stabilization
• It should be assessed as to how close
water table may come to the ground.

Mahendra Singh

Types of Tests

Standard Penetration Test
(SPT) Coupling
Cable or chain
Heavy hammer
Guide tube
Anvil (Impact block)
Drill rod
Bore hole Cutting shoe and
split barrel
Schematic diagram of SPT
SPT number vs  Cohesionless soil
Cohesive soil ????? (NOT FOR DESIGN)

Effective vertical overburden pressure,
SPT Corrections 0
100
• Overburden Correction 200

• Standard OB=100 kPa
kPa
2000 300
𝐶𝑁 = 0.77 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝ҧ > 25 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑝ҧ 400
If OB>25 kPa, Use chart.
• Dilatancy correction 500
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
• Sand with fines (Low permeability) Correction factor, CN
• Dense Fine sand and silt: LOW

PERMEABILTY
• Dilation under undrained condition
• Negative pore water pressure
 Momentary increase in effective stress
𝑁 " = 15 + 0.5(𝑁 ′ − 15)

DCPT
Cone diameter:
50 mm - Without bentonite slurry (IS:4968-Part
I-1976)
65 mm - Used with bentonite slurry.
(IS: 4968-Part II- 1976)
Slurry is used to minimize friction between drill
rods and soil.
• No. of blows for successive 15 cm
penetration--- recorded
• Plot is made for 30 cm penetration each

No. of blows vs depth
• Approximate correlations with SPT N Ncd
0 20 40 60 80 100
• 50 mm cone
0
• Ncd=1.5 N for depth upto 3.0m
• Ncd=1.75 N for depth 3.0 to 6.0 m 0.5
• Ncd=2.0 N for depth > 6m. DCPT-1
1 DCPT-2
• 65 mm cone (CBRI)
1.5
• Ncd=1.5 N for depth upto 4.0m
• Ncd=1.75 N for depth 4 - 9 m 2
Depth, m
• Ncd=2.0 N for depth > 9m.
2.5
3.5
4.5

Static Cone Penetration Test or CPT
• Pile foundations
• Tip resistance (Cone resistance, qc)
• Frictional resistance
1. Stationary position
2. Cone pushed Q=qc. Ac
3. Cone + friction jacket pushed
Total force Q = Qf +Q c
 Qf = Q-Q c
Qf=Af. fs
Frictional
resistance
Area of friction
jacket
𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Friction ratio=
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

• Correlations
CPT Cohesion less soil qc/N: (qc – Kg/cm2)
• Advantages Sandy gravels & gravels 8 to 10
• Continuous record of tip resistance and Coarse sand 5 to 10

frictional resistance Clean fine to medium sand 3 to 4
• Gives static resistance and silty sand
Silts, sandy silts, slightly 2
• Limitations cohesive silt-sand mixture
• No samples
• Not successful for gravels and very dense sand Cohesive soils
• Heavy equipment: Hills/ space 𝑞𝑐 = 𝑁𝑘 𝑐𝑢 + 0
𝑁𝑘 : Cone factor
• 11-19 (Normally consolidated soil);
• Over consolidated soil
• Shallow depth: 15 to 20
• Large depth : 12 to 18
𝑐𝑢 : Undrained shear strength
0 : total OB pressure
Generally Nk=20; ignore 0

Mahendra Singh

Plate load test: More useful for cohesion less soil
• Actual loadd settlement
relationship is obtained
• Pit: Dimension> 5 times plate
dimension
• Plate: square or circular (30cm
to 75 cm size)
• Loading arrangement
• Reaction : Anchor
• Gravity: dead weight
• Settlement: Dial gauges : 4 No.

Plate Load Test
• Seating load 70 gm/cm2.
• Load increments: At least five readings are
required
• After each increment: wait till settlement
stabilizes
• rate of settlement should be less than
0.02 mm/ min;
• in any case a minimum time of 1 hr is
used.
• Apply next increment
• Repeat increments till failure.
• Plot load intensity vs. settlement plot

PLT: Settlement Computation
Cohesion less soil: For same load intensity
2
𝑆𝑓 𝐵𝑓 (𝐵𝑝 + 0.30)
=
𝑆𝑝 𝐵𝑝 (𝐵𝑓 + 0.30)
𝑆𝑓 =Settlement of footing
𝑆𝑝 =Settlement of plate at same load intensity
Example: Bf= 2.0 m; Bp=0.30m; We want to
calculate the settlement of footing at load
intensity of 40 t/m2;
From plot  Sp=6mm; Compute Sf.
Cohesive soil:
𝑆𝑓 𝐵𝑓
= Not recommended; Consolidation
𝑆𝑝 𝐵𝑝
settlement is important

PLT: Bearing Capacity Computation
Cohesion less soil: For same load intensity
𝑞𝑢𝑓 𝐵𝑓
=
𝑞𝑢𝑝 𝐵𝑝
𝑞𝑢𝑓 =Ultimate bearing capacity of footing
𝑞𝑢𝑝 = Ultimate bearing capacity of plate
Cohesive soil:
𝑞𝑢𝑓 = 𝑞𝑢𝑝

Vane shear test
• Used for saturated cohesive soil (u=0)
• Vane is pushed into the soil.
• Rotate at 1° per minute, obtain torque at
failure.
Consider circular strips at base
Shear Force = area x f = (2πr dr) τf
d
πd3 τf
Torque at the bottom = ‫׬‬0 (2πr dr) τf r =
2
12
Shear Force at sides = πdH τf
Torque at sides = πdH τf x d/2= πd2H τf /2
πd3 τf πd2 τf H
Total Torque = 2x 12
(Top & Bottom)+ 2
d 2 H d3
=πτf { 2 + 6 }; f=cu
Pressure meter Test
• Bore hole is advanced

• PMT probe is lowered
• Uniform radial pressure is
applied
• Pressure vs deformation
data is obtained

Geophysical Methods
Seismic Refraction Method
• Seismic waves have different velocities in
different type of soils and rocks
D
• When the cros boundaries, the waves are
refracted
• Waves are generated at source (Impact/
explosion)
• Waves are recorded by geophones
• Direct waves- reach early for closer
geophones
• Refracted waves- velocity depend on
density
• Velocity of waves are obtained
• For distance d  both waves take equal time
• Depth of boundary
𝑑 (𝑣2−𝑣1)
• 𝐷=
2 (𝑣2+𝑣1) d
Electrical Resistivity Method
Based on resistivity of soil
• Electrical current is passed
between outer electrodes
• Potential between inner electrodes
is measured.
Material Resistivity (Ohm-cm x103)
Clay and saturated silt 0 10
Sandy clay & wet silty sand 10 – 25
Clayey sand , saturated sand 25-50
Sand 50-150
Gravel 150-500
Weathered rock 100-200
Sound rock 150 - 4000

Lecture-05; Earth Pressure-1
Mahendra Singh

Earth Pressure and Retaining walls
• Excavations
• For design----Earth pressure

Examples
Photo courtesy: reinforcedearth.com; en.Wikipedia.org; tensarinternational.com; reconwalls.com

Lateral Earth Pressure
• Limiting Equilibrium
• Limiting Equilibrium Analysis
To analyse the conditions that would exist at a
collapse condition, and to apply suitable safety
factors to prevent collapse (Lambe and
Whitman)
• A vertical cut without support
• Force required to keep the failing slope in
limiting equilibrium
• Active, Passive and At rest conditions

Wall movement & Earth Pressure
• Earth pressure at rest:
If the wall is rigid and unyielding, the soil mass is in
the state of rest and there are no deformations as
well as displacements; earth pressure at rest
• Active Earth Pressure
If the wall moves away from the backfill, shearing
resistance is mobilized in direction away from the A - Earth pressure at Rest
wall leading to decrease in earth pressure until the B - Active earth pressure
failure has occurred; C - Passive earth pressure
• Passive Earth Pressure
If the wall pushed towards backfill, the shearing
resistance increases in direction towards the wall
leading to increase in earth pressure until the failure
occurs;
5
Active, Passive and at rest pressure
• If the wall moves away from the backfill, portion of
backfill tends to move downwards and outwards relative
to the wall; shearing resistance is mobilized in direction
away from the wall leading to decrease in earth pressure
until the failure has occurred; at this stage the force
acting on the wall is active earth pressure
• If the wall pushed towards backfill, the shearing
resistance increases in direction towards the wall leading
to increase in earth pressure until the failure occurs; at
this stage the entire shearing resistance is mobilized and
the pressure is called passive earth pressure
• If the wall is rigid and unyielding, the soil mass is in the
state of rest and there are no deformations as well as
displacements; earth pressure corresponding to this state
is called earth pressure at rest A - Earth pressure at Rest
B - Active earth pressure
C - Passive earth pressure

Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest
1 ′
𝜀𝑥 = ℎ − (′𝑣 + ′ℎ ) = 0
𝐸
 ′
′ℎ = 𝑣 = K0′𝑣
1−
K0= Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
For normally consolidated soils
K01.0-sin’
Other expressions are also available
Case1: No surcharge
Case 2: With surcharge
Case 3: With water table
Case 4: With different soil layers

EP at rest

Lecture-06; Rankine Earth Pressure
Mahendra Singh

Different cases
• Dry soil – homogeneous • Different layers
1,’1,c’1
2,’2,c’2
3,’3,c’3
• Water table

Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
• Effective stress analysis: If water is present in the soil, shear strength
is governed ′by effective stress, analysis is done in terms of effective
stress (σ1 ’,σ3 , 𝑐 , ′)
′
M-C criterion
′
in terms of principal stresses: Relationship between 𝝈𝟏 ′
and 𝝈𝟑 at failure:
• For failure, circle will touch the M-C failure envelope,
′ σ′1 +σ′3 σ′1 −σ′3
𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑡 + 2 sin’= 2
′ 2c′ cos ′ 1+sin ′ ′
• σ1 = + σ OR
1−sin ′ 1− sin ′ 3
′ ′
• σ1′ ′
= 2c tan(45 + )+ σ′3 tan2 (45 + ).
2 2
Angle of failure plane (θ)
2θ = 90 + ′ ; θ = 45 + ′ /2.
• The condition of failure as per Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion,
may be represented in two ways i.e. τf = f(σn ) and 1 = f(σ3 )
For simplicity we consider only half circle. Failure conditions will also
satisfy for plane which in clock wise direction.

Active Earth Pressure

Failure planes

Pressure distribution

Rankine Active Earth Pressure for inclined fill

Rankine theory: Passive Earth Pressure

Passive Earth Pressure
Two sets of planes satisfy the failure conditions
σpˈ: Rankine active pressure
For failure condition
𝜎1 ′ = 𝜎𝑝 ′
𝜎3 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 ′
M-C Criterion
′ ′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜑′ 𝜑′
𝜎1 = 𝜎3 45 + 2 + 2𝑐 ′ tan 45 + 2
𝜑′ 𝜑′
𝜎𝑝 ′ = ′ 2
𝜎𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 + 2 + 2𝑐 ′ tan 45 + 2
′ ′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜑′ 𝜑′
𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑣 45 + + 2𝑐 ′ tan 45 +
2 2
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 ′ 𝐾𝑝 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑝
𝜑′ൗ 1+sin 𝜑′
where 𝐾𝑝 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 45 + 2 = 1−sin 𝜑′
11
Earth Pressure distribution diagram
Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 12

Sloping backfill
Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 13

Assumptions in Rankine Theory
• Soil is considered as semi-infinite mass bound by a horizontal surface
• Vertical boundary is formed by the vertical back of a smooth wall
surface
• Soil is homogeneous, dry and cohesionless
• Soil is in the state of plastic equilibrium i.e. when shear failure is
imminent at every point within the soil mass
• Rupture surface is a planar surface that is obtained by considering
plastic equilibrium of the soil .

Lecture-07; Coulomb Earth Pressure
Mahendra Singh

Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory: Assumptions
• Backfill is dry, cohesionless, homogeneous,
isotropic soil.
• Backfill surface is planar and can be inclined
• Back of the wall can be inclined to vertical
• Failure surface is a plane surface which
passes through the heel of wall.
• Sliding wedge is considered to be rigid body
and earth pressure is obtained by considering
limiting equilibrium of the sliding wedge as a
whole.
• For cohesionless backfill, the three forces
keeping the wedge in equilibrium
• Weight W,
• Soil reaction force R
• Earth pressure.
2
Coulomb’s Active Earth Pressure
Maximizing Pa
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝐻2
2
3
Coulomb’s Passive Earth Pressure
1 2
𝑃𝑝 = 𝛾𝐻 𝐾𝑝
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( − ′)
𝐾𝑝 = 2
sin ′ +  sin(′ + )
𝑠𝑖𝑛2  sin( + ) 1 −
sin  +  sin( + )
4
Culmann Method
Graphical method to simplify computations
Can be used for any shape, surcharge
Steps:
1. Draw Weight line Line AE angle ’
2. Trail Rupture planes- AC1, AC2, ….. Can
3. Obtain weights, plot – AD1, AD2,… And
4. Draw Earth Pressure line @ β- from weight
line
5. From D1, D2… draw lines parallel to EP line
 obtain intersection with rupture line 
similar triangle (force polygon) angles are
same 1’-D1, 2’-D2….. Represent Pa values
6. Draw CULMANN CURVE-1’-2’-3’….
7. Get Maximum EP and also the angle of
rupture plane

Lecture-08; Retaining wall
Mahendra Singh

Proportioning and stability analysis of Retaining Walls
Failure Modes
• Overturning about its toe
• Bearing capacity of the soil supporting the
base
• Compression
• Tension
• Sliding along its base
• Deep-seated shear failure
• Excessive settlement.
2
1. Check for overturning
• Consider all the forces acting on the wall,
• Ph=Pa cosα
• Resisting Forces : Weight of the soil above
the heel, the weight of the concrete (or
masonry) and Vertical component of the
active force Pv as Pa sinα
• Calculate Righting moments (+ve)
• Calculate overturning moments (-ve) (Earth
pressure)
• Calculate resultant force and their line of
action
• Calculate factor of safety against overturning
about the toe, about point C;
• Min FOS = 1.5
3
2. Check for bearing capacity failure/ Tension
qtoe and qheel : maximum and the minimum pressures at toe and heel
V = sum of the vertical forces acting on the base slab

Net moment of these forces about point C,
Mnet = ΣMR – ΣMO
Line of action of the resultant R intersect the base slab at E,
Distance CE =𝑋 = Mnet / ΣV
Eccentricity, e= 0.5B – 𝑋
Pressure distribution under the base slab is given as,
σ𝑉 6𝑒
𝑞max , 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1±
𝐵 𝐵
• Middle third rule : If e >B/6  qmin becomes negative,
there will be tensile stress at the end of the heel section.
• This stress is not desirable, because the tensile strength of soil is
very small.
• The design should be re-proportioned!
4
Bearing Capacity 3. Check for Sliding
• FOS against bearing capacity,
• qu is the ultimate bearing capacity of soil.

• Generally, a factor of safety of 3 is required.
• A factor of safety of 3 against bearing
capacity failure may not ensure that
settlement of the structure will be within the
tolerable limit in all cases !
5
Gravity Wall
H’= 6.5m
Coulomb’s active force, Pa = 0.5 γ1 H’2 Ka

Pa = 157.22kN/m; Ph= 126.65kN/m; Pv= 93.14kN/m
1. FSoverturning
Area Area Weight Moment Moment

No. (m2) (kN/m) Arm C (m) (kN-m/m)
1 4.36 102.8 2.18 224.1
2 3.42 80.6 1.37 110.5
3 0.77 18.2 0.98 17.8
4 2.8 66 1.75 115.5
Pv=93 2.83 264
ΣV=361 ΣMR=732
*Weight of soil above backface of the wall is not

taken into account
• Overturning Moment = MO= Ph x = 274.45kN/m
H’/3
FSoverturning = ΣMR/ ΣMO = 2.67 > 2 OK
2. FSsliding 2 ′ 2
ΣV tan ϕ + 𝑐 ′ 2𝐵+𝑃𝑝
FSsliding = 3 2 3 Pp= 0.5𝐾𝑝 γ1 𝐷2 + 2𝑐 ′ 1 𝐾𝑝𝐷
𝑃ℎ
Kp= 3.25
FSsliding = 1.9 > 1.5 Pp= 67.64 kN/m
OK
3. Pressure on Soil at the toe and Heel

𝐵 ΣMR − ΣMO
𝑒= − = 0.483 < 𝐵/6
2 ΣV
ΣV 6𝑒 ΣV 6𝑒
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 1+ = 188.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 & 𝑞ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 1− = 17.7𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵 𝐵

Lecture-09; Sheet pile wall
Mahendra Singh

Flexible Retaining Structure
Sheet pile
Sheet Pile wall connections
• Row of sheet piles driven in close contact to form a
reasonably tight wall to resist earth pressure.
• Bulk head – to retain water
http://www.weatheralldockanddredge.com/retain.html

Construction Methods
1. Backfilled structure 2. Dredged structure

Types of sheet pile walls
• Sheet pile
• Cantilever type
• Anchored bulk head
• Driven to shallow
depth
• Driven to deeper
depth

Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall
• Usually for walls of moderate height— about
6 m or less, measured above the dredge line.
• Sheet piles act as a wide cantilever beam
above the dredge line
• HOW TO GET PROPER DEPTH OF

EMBEDMENT??

Cantilever sheet pile: Sand (c’=0): Earth Pressure Distribution

Computations for proper depth of embedment: STATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
At z= L1 1′ = 𝐿1 𝐾𝑎 (1)
z= L1+L2; 2′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2)𝐾𝑎 (2)
Note: Hydrostatic pressure from both side is
same
Active Pressure below dredge line (depth z ; z is
taken from ground surface)
𝑎′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2 + ′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2))𝐾𝑎 (3)
Passive EP Below dredge line
𝑝′ = ′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2)𝐾𝑝 (4)
Net lateral EP from right to left
′ = 𝑎′ − 𝑝′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2 + ′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 −
𝐿2))𝐾𝑎-′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2)𝐾𝑝
′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2)Ka-′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2)(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎)
′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2)Ka-′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2)(𝐾𝑝 −𝐾𝑎)
= 2′ -′ (𝑧 − 𝐿)(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎) (Where L=L1+L2)
Net EP =0 at depth L3 From Dredge Line
 2′ -′ (𝑧 − 𝐿)(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎) =0
′2
 𝑧−𝐿 = = 𝐿3 (6)
′(𝐾𝑝−𝐾𝑎 )
Get L3
Slope of net pressure distribution 1V: ′(𝐾𝑝 −
𝐾𝑎 )
Force Equilibrium (Horizontal direction)
Area ACDE-Area EFHB+AreaFHBG = 0
Area EFHB  3’=???? (2’/L3=3’/L4);
3′ = 𝐿4 ′(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 ) : Note L4 is unknown

Area: FHBG  4’ is required
4′ = (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2)Ka-′ (𝑧 − 𝐿1 − 𝐿2)(𝐾𝑝 −𝐾𝑎)
4′ = 𝑝′ − 𝑎′
= 𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2 + ′ 𝐿3 + 𝐿4 𝐾𝑝 − ′ 𝐿3 + 𝐿4 𝐾𝑎
Force Eqm
1 1
P − ′3 𝐿4 + 𝐿5 3′ + 4′ = 0
2 2
′3 𝐿4 −2𝑃
𝐿5 =  ′ + ′
3 4
Moment about B =0
1 ′ 𝐿4
P 𝐿4 + 𝑧ҧ − 3 𝐿4
2 3
1 𝐿5
+ { 𝐿5 3′ + 4′ } =0
2 3

• Solve equations by trial and
error
• Get L4 and L5
• Theoretical depth D = L3 +L4
• Increase by 20 to 30%

Calculation of Maximum Bending Moment
The maximum moment  point
of zero shear.
Taking distance from Point E

Standard Solution

Step-by-step procedure
• Step 1. Calculate Ka and Kp
• Step 2. Calculate σ’1 and σ’2 (Note: L1 and L2 will be given.
• Step 3. Calculate L3.
• Step 4. Calculate P.
• Step 5. Calculate 𝑧ҧ (the center of pressure for the area ACDE) by taking
the moment about E.
• Step 6. Calculate 5’=(𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2)𝐾𝑝 + ′ 𝐿3 𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )
• Step 7. Calculate A1, A2, A3, A4.
• Step 8. Solve by trial and error to determine L4
• Step 9. Calculate 3’ and 4’
• Step 10. Obtain L5
• Step 11. Draw a pressure distribution diagram.
• Step 12. Obtain the theoretical depth of penetration as L3 + L4.

Lecture-10; Sheet pille- Clay
Mahendra Singh

For clay u = 0  Ka=Kp=1
𝜎𝑎 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 ′ 𝐾𝑎 − 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑎
𝜎𝑝 ′ = 𝜎𝑣 ′ 𝐾𝑝 + 2𝑐 ′ 𝐾𝑝
Above the point of rotation point O the active

pressure, from right to left is

At the bottom of pile
Passive EP from right =(L1+’L2+’D)+2c
Active EP from left =(’D)-2c
Net pressure from right to left =4c+(L1+’L2)
FH=0
MB=0
Net Area = Area FEBI – Area GHI

Lecture-10; Anchored Sheet Pile Wall
Mahendra Singh

Anchored Sheet-Pile Walls
• Height of backfill> 6m
• Referred to as anchored sheetpile wall
or an anchored bulkhead.
• Anchors minimize the depth of
penetration required by the sheet
piles and also reduce the cross-
sectional area and weight of the sheet
piles needed for construction.
• Methods of designing
• Free earth support method and
• Fixed earth support method

Free/ Fixed support earth methods
Free Earth Support Method Fixed Earth Support Method
(bottom simply supported) (Bottom fixed)
Dfreeearth < Dfixedearth
• Free earth support method involves a minimum penetration depth

• Below the dredge line, no pivot point exists for the static system

Free earth Support Method for Anchored sheet-pile wall
penetrating sand
• NO ROTATION AS IN PREVIOUS
CASES
• RHS soil—ACTIVE; LHS--PASSIVE
• Anchor tie rod– l1 depth below top
′2
𝐿3 =
′(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )
Net pressure (left to right) at bottom

′8 = ′(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )𝐿4

FH=0
1 ′
𝑃−  8 𝐿4 − 𝐹 =0
2
1
𝐹 = 𝑃 − ′(𝐾𝑝 − 𝐾𝑎 )𝐿24
2
MO’=0
𝑃 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 − 𝑙1 − 𝑧ҧ
-  EFG *(l2+L2+L3+(2/3)L4)=0
Solve by trial and error
Dtheoretical = L3+L4
Dactual = 1.3 to 1.4 Dtheoretical
Free earth Support Method for Anchored sheet-pile wall
penetrating Clay
3′ = 4𝑐 − (𝐿1 + ′ 𝐿2 )
FH=0
P1- 3′ D=F
MO’=0
Get D

Braced Excavations
• In many situations open excavations are made
(Sewer lines, Water mains, Electricity cables,
internet cables)
• Permanent excavation- Retaining walls
• Temprary excavations: barings are used for
temporary stabilization. After the work is
complete the excavation is backfilled.
System of bracing required  depends on
depth
• Depth  6m  “Shallow cut”, proper design
may not be required
• Depth > 6m  “Deep cut”  Needs proper
design
 Loads in the struts have to be
obtained.

Braced Cut Design: Apparent pressure diagrams
• Lateral EP in braced cut  depends on
• Type of soil
• Construction method
• Type of equipment
Bracings are independent unit
If one brace fails load is transferred to
next brace  Prgressive failure
Different rom retaining wall (Tilt)
Each strut is designed for maximum load
to which it may be subjected.
Empirical method:
“Apparent pressure diagram” is used
(Envelopes of all the pressure diagrams
determined from measure strut loads in
the field) Hint:

Load on each strut
1. Draw pressure envelope
2. A,B,C… strut levels
3. Sheet pile is assumed to be hinged at all the
strut levels except the top and bottom strut.
4. Obtain RA, RB … by taking moments about
points B,C… and also considering force
equilibrium
5. Reaction will be in kN/m; Obtain Strut forces
by multiplying RA, RB… by spacing of struts s.
6. Sheet pile: Draw SFD and BMD; Required
𝑀
section modulus 𝑍 =  𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
7. For wales (beam normal to plane of paper,
simply supported, length =s), Draw SFD and
BMD; Load is taken UDL.
𝑅𝐴 𝑙 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
8


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CEN-306: Foundation Engg

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Since, the soil is in direct contact with the

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It is important to understand the

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• Without causing settlements which exceed the

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• OPEN PITS: Shallow

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D1 = Inside dia. of cutting edge (drive

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Cohesive soil ????? (NOT FOR DESIGN)

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• Overburden Correction 200

• Dense Fine sand and silt: LOW

𝑁 " = 15 + 0.5(𝑁 ′ − 15)

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• Advantages Sandy gravels & gravels 8 to 10

• Continuous record of tip resistance and Coarse sand 5 to 10

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• Bore hole is advanced

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Photo courtesy: reinforcedearth.com; en.Wikipedia.org; tensarinternational.com; reconwalls.com

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1/27/2023 Mahendra Singh, IIT Roorkee 1

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