‭ hemistry‬‭Metals:‬

C
‭i)‬‭Physics‬‭Properties‬‭of‬‭Metals‬‭and‬‭Non-Metals:‬

‭‬ T
● ‭ he‬‭Periodic‬‭Table‬‭contains‬‭over‬‭100‬‭different‬‭elements.‬
‭●‬ ‭They‬‭can‬‭be‬‭divided‬‭into‬‭two‬‭broad‬‭types:‬‭Metals‬‭and‬‭Non-Metals.‬
‭●‬ ‭Most‬‭of‬‭the‬‭elements‬‭are‬‭metals‬‭and‬‭a‬‭smaller‬‭number‬‭of‬‭elements‬‭display‬‭properties‬
‭of‬‭both‬‭metals‬‭and‬‭nonmetals.‬
‭-‬ ‭These‬‭elements‬‭are‬‭called‬‭metalloids‬‭or‬‭semimetals.‬

‭ roperties‬‭of‬‭Metals:‬
P
‭‬
● ‭Conduct‬‭heat‬‭and‬‭electricity.‬
‭●‬ ‭Are‬‭malleable‬‭(can‬‭be‬‭hammered‬‭and‬‭made‬‭into‬‭different‬‭shapes)‬‭and‬‭ductile‬‭(can‬
‭be‬‭drawn‬‭into‬‭wires).‬
‭‬
● ‭Tend‬‭to‬‭be‬‭lustrous‬‭(shiny).‬
‭●‬ ‭Have‬‭high‬‭densities‬‭and‬‭tend‬‭to‬‭have‬‭high‬‭melting‬‭points.‬
‭●‬ ‭Form‬‭positive‬‭ions‬‭through‬‭electron‬‭loss.‬
‭●‬ ‭Form‬‭basic‬‭oxides.‬

‭ roperties‬‭of‬‭Non-Metals:‬
P
‭‬
● ‭Do‬‭not‬‭c‬‭onduct‬‭heat‬‭and‬‭electricity.‬
‭●‬ ‭Are‬‭brittle‬‭when‬‭solid‬‭and‬‭easily‬‭break‬‭up.‬
‭●‬ ‭Tend‬‭to‬‭be‬‭dull‬‭and‬‭nonreflective.‬
‭●‬ ‭Have‬‭low‬‭densities‬‭and‬‭low‬‭melting‬‭points.‬‭(many‬‭are‬‭gases‬‭at‬‭room‬‭temperature.)‬
‭●‬ ‭Form‬‭negative‬‭ions‬‭through‬‭electron‬‭gain.‬‭(except‬‭for‬‭hydrogen)‬
‭●‬ ‭Form‬‭acidic‬‭oxides.‬

‭i‬‭i)‬‭Chemical‬‭Properties‬‭of‬‭Metals:‬

‭-‬ ‭General‬‭Chemical‬‭Properties‬‭of‬‭metals:‬

‭●‬ T ‭ he‬‭chemistry‬‭of‬‭metals‬‭is‬‭studied‬‭by‬‭analysing‬‭their‬‭reactions‬‭with‬‭water,‬‭dilute‬‭acid‬
‭and‬‭oxygen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Based‬‭on‬‭these‬‭reactions,‬‭a‬‭reactivity‬‭series‬‭of‬‭metals‬‭can‬‭be‬‭produced.‬
‭Reactivity‬‭Series:‬
‭“An‬‭order‬‭of‬‭reactivity,‬‭giving‬‭the‬‭most‬‭reactive‬‭metal‬‭first,‬‭based‬‭on‬‭results‬‭from‬‭a‬‭range‬‭of‬
‭experiments‬‭involving‬‭metals‬‭reacting‬‭with‬‭oxygen,‬‭dilute‬‭hydrochloric‬‭acid‬‭and‬‭metal‬‭salt‬
‭solutions.”‬

-‭ ‬ R ‭ eactivity‬‭with‬‭water:‬
‭●‬ ‭Some‬‭metals‬‭react‬‭with‬‭water,‬‭either‬‭warm‬‭or‬‭cold,‬‭or‬‭with‬‭steam.‬
‭●‬ ‭Metals‬‭that‬‭react‬‭with‬‭cold‬‭water‬‭form‬‭a‬‭metal‬‭hydroxide‬‭and‬‭hydrogen‬‭gas.‬
‭Metal‬‭+‬‭water‬‭=‬‭metal‬‭hydroxide‬‭+‬‭hydrogen‬
‭For‬‭example:‬
‭Calcium:‬
‭Ca(s)‬‭+‬‭2H2O(l)‬‭=‬‭Ca(OH)2(aq)‬‭+‬‭H2(g)‬
‭calcium‬‭+‬‭water‬‭=‬‭calcium‬‭hydroxide‬‭+‬‭hydrogen‬
 ‭ ‬ ‭Metals‬‭that‬‭react‬‭with‬‭steam‬‭form‬‭metal‬‭oxide‬‭and‬‭hydrogen‬‭gas.‬
●
‭For‬‭example:‬
‭Zinc:‬
‭Zn(s)‬‭+‬‭H2O(l)‬‭=‬‭ZnO(aq)‬‭+‬‭H2(g)‬
‭Zinc‬‭+‬‭water‬‭=‬‭zinc‬‭oxide‬‭+‬‭hydrogen‬

-‭ ‬ R ‭ eactivity‬‭with‬‭acids:‬
‭●‬ ‭Most‬‭metals‬‭react‬‭with‬‭dilute‬‭acids‬‭such‬‭as‬‭HCl.‬
‭●‬ ‭When‬‭acids‬‭and‬‭metals‬‭react,‬‭the‬‭hydrogen‬‭atom‬‭in‬‭the‬‭acid‬‭is‬‭replaced‬‭by‬‭the‬‭metal‬
‭atom‬‭to‬‭produce‬‭a‬‭salt‬‭and‬‭hydrogen‬‭gas,‬‭for‬‭example‬‭iron:‬

‭ etal‬‭+‬‭acid‬‭=‬‭salt‬‭+‬‭hydrogen‬
M
‭ e(s)‬‭+‬‭2HCl(aq)‬‭=‬‭FeCl2‬‭(aq)‬‭+‬‭H2(g)‬
F

-‭ ‬ ‭ eactivity‬‭with‬‭oxygen:‬
R
‭●‬ ‭Unreactive‬‭metals‬‭such‬‭as‬‭gold‬‭and‬‭platinum‬‭do‬‭not‬‭react‬‭with‬‭oxygen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Some‬‭reactive‬‭metals‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭alkali‬‭metals‬‭react‬‭easily‬‭with‬‭oxygen.‬
‭●‬ ‭Copper‬‭and‬‭iron‬‭can‬‭also‬‭react‬‭with‬‭oxygen‬‭although‬‭much‬‭more‬‭slowly.‬
‭●‬ ‭When‬‭metals‬‭react‬‭with‬‭oxygen,‬‭metal‬‭oxide‬‭is‬‭formed,‬‭for‬‭example‬‭copper:‬

‭ etal‬‭+‬‭oxygen‬‭=‬‭metal‬‭oxide‬
M
‭2Cu(s)‬‭+‬‭O2(g)‬‭+‬‭2CuO‬‭(s)‬

i‭ii)‬‭Uses‬‭of‬‭Metals:‬
❖
‭ ‬ ‭Uses‬‭of‬‭aluminium:‬
‭●‬ ‭Aeroplane‬‭bodies‬‭—‬‭high‬‭strength‬‭to‬‭weight‬‭ratio,‬‭low‬‭density.‬
‭●‬ ‭Overhead‬‭power‬‭cables‬‭—‬‭good‬‭conductor‬‭of‬‭electricity,‬‭low‬‭density.‬
‭●‬ ‭Saucepans‬‭—‬‭good‬‭conductor‬‭of‬‭heat.‬
‭●‬ ‭Food-cans‬‭—‬‭non‬‭toxic,‬‭resistant‬‭to‬‭corrosion‬‭and‬‭acidic‬‭food‬‭stuff.‬
‭●‬ ‭Window‬‭frames‬‭—-‬‭resistant‬‭to‬‭corrosion.‬

❖
‭ ‬ ‭Uses‬‭of‬‭Copper:‬
‭●‬ ‭Electrical‬‭wires‬‭—‬‭good‬‭conductor‬‭of‬‭electricity‬‭and‬‭malleable.‬
‭●‬ ‭Water‬‭pipes‬‭—‬‭easy‬‭to‬‭work‬‭with‬‭and‬‭bend,‬‭non‬‭toxic‬‭and‬‭unreactive‬
‭(does‬‭not‬‭react‬‭with‬‭water.)‬

‭iv)‬‭Properties‬‭and‬‭uses‬‭of‬‭alloys:‬

‭●‬ A
‭ n‬‭alloy‬‭is‬‭a‬‭mixture‬‭of‬‭two‬‭or‬‭more‬‭metals‬‭or‬‭metal‬‭with‬‭a‬‭non-metal‬‭such‬‭as‬
‭carbon.‬
 ‭●‬ A ‭ lloys‬‭often‬‭have‬‭properties‬‭that‬‭can‬‭be‬‭very‬‭different‬‭from‬‭the‬‭metals‬‭they‬
‭contain,‬‭for‬‭example,‬‭they‬‭can‬‭have‬‭more‬‭strength,‬‭hardness‬‭,‬‭or‬‭resistance‬
‭to‬‭corrosion‬‭or‬‭extreme‬‭temperatures.‬
‭●‬ ‭These‬‭enhanced‬‭properties‬‭can‬‭make‬‭alloys‬‭more‬‭useful‬‭than‬‭pure‬‭metals.‬

‭➢‬ ‭Common‬‭Alloys‬‭and‬‭their‬‭uses:‬
‭●‬ ‭Brass‬‭is‬‭an‬‭alloy‬‭of‬‭copper‬‭and‬‭zinc‬‭and‬‭is‬‭much‬‭stronger‬‭than‬‭either‬
‭metal.‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭used‬‭in‬‭musical‬‭instruments,‬‭ornaments‬‭and‬‭door‬‭knobs.‬

‭●‬ S
‭ tainless‬‭steel‬‭is‬‭a‬‭mixture‬‭of‬‭iron‬‭and‬‭other‬‭elements,‬‭for‬‭example,‬
‭chromium,‬‭nickel‬‭and‬‭carbon.‬
‭-‬ ‭It‬‭is‬‭used‬‭in‬‭cutlery‬‭because‬‭of‬‭its‬‭hardness‬‭and‬‭resistance‬‭to‬
‭corrosion.‬

‭●‬ A ‭ lloys‬‭of‬‭iron‬‭with‬‭tungsten‬‭are‬‭extremely‬‭hard‬‭and‬‭resistant‬‭to‬‭high‬
‭temperatures.‬
‭●‬ ‭Alloys‬‭of‬‭iron‬‭mixed‬‭with‬‭chromium‬‭or‬‭nickel‬‭are‬‭resistant‬‭to‬‭corrosion.‬
‭●‬ ‭Aluminium‬‭is‬‭mixed‬‭with‬‭copper,‬‭manganese‬‭and‬‭silicon‬‭for‬‭aircraft‬‭body‬
‭production‬‭as‬‭the‬‭alloy‬‭is‬‭stronger‬‭but‬‭still‬‭has‬‭low‬‭density.‬

!‭ !Exam‬‭tip!!‬
‭“Alloys‬‭are‬‭mixtures‬‭of‬‭substances,‬‭they‬‭are‬‭not‬‭chemically‬‭combined‬‭and‬‭an‬
‭alloy‬‭is‬‭not‬‭a‬‭compound.”‬

‭●‬ A ‭ lloys‬‭contain‬‭atoms‬‭of‬‭different‬‭sizes,‬‭which‬‭distorts‬‭the‬‭normally‬‭regular‬
‭arrangements‬‭of‬‭metals‬‭in‬‭atoms.‬
‭●‬ ‭This‬‭makes‬‭it‬‭more‬‭difficult‬‭for‬‭the‬‭layers‬‭to‬‭slide‬‭over‬‭each‬‭other,‬‭so‬‭alloys‬
‭are‬‭usually‬‭much‬‭harder‬‭than‬‭the‬‭pure‬‭metal.‬