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286
2 !, - . B 3 ' () C A " 7 %& 8m 40$
Pipe Culvert 6 J KN 2
)(EU *+ V 0W 6 !- ? 2! S 0? " 7 6A 6 !T *+
B 3 !, 0 J Y" 7 %& 03 Z [ 10 0X !, - .
c 2 !, - . %& ! ` 6 0J aJ b? ; J # . %& M 06 6 0J
F (+ !, /0 ^( U D Z d /, !, - . *+ 6
2! 7 %& aH 10 e\ J
Pipe Culvert 6 J KN
- . 6 K! ! 7! 0 ! D ? 3 " < *+
287
' 3 ^? %: 15cm 03 Z [ 3 6%? %& J !T !T h 2!
2 A j 06 %& ]
6 0J H ? ! k 3 3 6 0J H ? ! 0 !, - . J K / h !- ? /0G
6 =0 Y 10 l HU / hJ ^ " 7 ' 0. 6 = 0 T *+
2 !, - . !0J 0U `&
B 2 !, - . %& M 06 6 0J ] J # . ^ 6 KB
2!, #b
IQ m K 6 M 06
M 06 ! 3-8m ; ! " #$ %& ' () *+ 6 M 06
I!, C 7 B [ Q mK 6 M 06
Live Load 3! Y 2
288
I 3! Y
/ " . / 0$ !, i '7 . / 0$ 0G 3! Y 6
BY 0 h , ? /0 ^ ? ($ 6 M 06 F (+ < b 0G
I 0. Q m K r0 *+ E 0G M 06 / hJ
289
" # a? 6 J +
i3 *+0G 3 !, ? ' 0. # a? 6 J +
2 i %? J i3 6 . ? i3
9[ 1.6 m ;e \ 03d / 2m ; e \ 3m E 0G
2! (
b=3m
H=2m
h=1.6m
Q=A*V V=1/n*R2/3*S1/2
A=b*h=3*1.6=4.8m²
n=0.013 %& . ?0G
S=2% =2/100=0.02
R=A/P=b*h/b+2h=3*1.6/3+2*1.6=0.77m
V=1/0.013(0.77)2/3(0.02)1/2=76.92*0.84*0.14=9m/sec
Qmax=A*V=4.8*9=43.2m³/sec
IQ m K L0= M 06
1. Clear span 3m
290
4. Permissible compressive stress of concrete is 40% of compressive stress of
concrete. Rc=0.4*200=80kg/cm²
6. Permissible tensile stress of the steel is 50% of tensile stress of the steel.
Rs=0.5*2800=1400kg/cm²
L=3+0.2+0.2=3.4m
2 40= 40cm K ? ? ^? %: g
Design Load:
1. Dead load
Total=1.11 ton/m
2. Live load
F 0& 2 ! ($ 0 u &B 3g A ? i? 3 / hJ 3 ! Y
2! #$ B 3Q J E ^ T / 3m
291
? 40$ l 0 u / ! 0: ! ($ l 0u !7 / hJ B
5 ! ($ B 3 '7
b=1.22+0.06*L=1.22+0.06*3.4=1.424m
b<2.1m , 1.424<2.1m
Bending Moment:
1. Dead load bending moment =ql²/8=1.11*(3.4)²/8=1.6 ton*m
D=24.22+3=27.22cm=28cm 30cm
d=30-3=27cm
292
Using 20mm steel bars: A = *20²/4=3.14cm²
Space=1.13*100/5*1.13=20cm c/c
ds=50/100*21.735=10.87cm²
No of bars=10.87/1.13=9.61=10 12mm
10 12mm@10cm c/c
] 3 ; f 0+ !, 0G ` abutment F (+
Wwall=0.7*0.6+0.6*1.0+0.8*1.3+0.9*1.8
RD=DL*l/2=1.11*3.4/2=1.887 ton
RL=4P/2=4*7.25/2=14.5 ton
Wtotal=24.16 ton
293
=30 1-sin /1+sin =1-sin30/1+sin30=1/3
P=Wh²/2=24.16(2.3)²/2*1/3=21.3 to
X1=P/w*H/3=21.3/24.16*2.3/3=0.676m
I 0)
0) 3 ? h 2
MR=W*X=24.16*0.35=8.456 ton*m
MP=PH*H/3=1.587*2.3/3=1.22 ton*m
Safety Factor=MR/MP=8.456/1.22=5.8>1.5 ok
0) 3 ? Sliding Lm*J 2
*W=0.6*24.16=14.5
S.F= w/PH=14.5/1.587=9.13>1.5 OK
0) 3 ? ? 2
e=X+X1-b/2=0.35+0.676-2/2=0.026
2! Bcs=20 ton/m² ; ^? ? ^A 03
3 ? U/ i3 ! A u Abutment A ) %& 6
2! ^ i3 !- ? 9 B ! Safe
294
IWing Walls
Wing Wall
Wing Wall
2 )A " 6? g 0% ! *+ Y0 K ! . ?
2/ e \ ` H 2 ! 0.35H-0.40H b B [ ^? %: ! /
295
yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! )yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
l= = B 3 !, *+ ! ) " #$ 3 !, ($
I! ! A l J KB [ 2 (c7
296
I AQ i H 0A B [ 3 |($ ! }@ ~ X J B 2! 0n B0 3
A Q i |($ 3 %? J ? = @ 70 2
! / ! 3 ; 40$ [ ! 1m 3 H 0A
2 A Q i B7 / 3 3 *+ 0 c ! ) B7 B AQ i !5
! l= = PH PH<W ! C ? 3 ? z p ^ *+
B /7 $\ B h ! '7 (8 B ? =
B U ! ($ j ? ? B U = ! C ? 3 ? h ^ *+
M of PH<M of W ! %& j ? ?
!0J 0U •n H / U ba? ! C ? 3 ? _l ^ *+
I ! C ? 3 ? ^El ^ *+
297
Fmax=w/b (1+6e/b) <Bcs and Fmin=w/b (1-6e/b)>0
!03K B 7 ;e \ !, ($ T *+ I ! ) J E
!, - . /0 ! 3 ] @/ %& RCC J !- ? 2 A C ( ! b)U 0 c
2!, - B - 9 B # a? / !,
A 7 %& 6m e \ ! ) J E B0 I ! ) ‚6 0J )l
!, < 0 ! %? J 7 i3 !, 70 K i3 J E
KB [ ; l= = !, # a? ! 6)? B 3 @ )l 6A g
2/ 3m ;e \ 2 !, 2100m ;
e\ H1=3m
40$ ‚ [ B1=0.6H=0.6*3=1.8m
0$ ‚ a1= 0.2H=0.2*3=0,6m
298
40$ ‚ [~ X B=0.6H=0.6*5=3.0m
40$ ~ X a=0.2H=0.2*5=1.0m
!, %? J H3 B [ , l / '7 0 u %? J AASHTO
B=1.2+0.06*L
) [ Dispersion wide 40$ 6 l / hJ '7 0 u %? J ) ? IRC F (+
a ; F -
/ hJ 3 12T !, )E %& . 3 E 0G / 9( 0 u w b
299
; F ! :0$0u ? v, u ! ^? %: # t ! /0 w=50cm b=25cm
I # a?
U=w+2t=50+2*50=1.5m
V=b+2t=25+2*50=1.25m
; B 12T 3 E i !5 ~ %) / hJ Q m 10 ? 3 m 0()? !5? J
# a? F ; l= E 0G !, 6T 30 u
q=p/uv=6/1.5*1.25=3.2 ton/m²
V )#E ; " 0 n Vs 3 !0J < = / %& m 0? n ($ H ($ 0 u F 0&
E 0G g 0: ƒ / hJ J l= ! D
q0=q*0.7=3.2*0.7=2.2 ton/m²
Check of Retaining wall 0M ! )
/0n J 3 = : P1=WH(1-sin /1+sin )=2.2*3(1-sin30/1+sin30)= 2.2t/m
< =m 0? n X’=a²+ab+b²/3(a+b)=1²+1*1.8+1.8²/3(1+1.8)=0.72m
Pt H ($ h’=P1h1+P2h2/w=2.2*1.5+2.7*2/10=0.86m
/7 ^ m 0(J Q $ e= x’+x0-b/2=0.72+0.86-1.8/2=0.68m
=w/p=10/4.9=1.42>1 Safe
3 ? h 2
300
j ? ?! 0 „ Mr=w*X’=10*0.72=7.2 ton*m
j ? ? # 0% Mp=Pt+h’=4.9+0.86=4.263 ton*m
Mr/Mp=7.2/4.263=1.68>1.5 Safe
3 ? ? 2
2! Safe Vs 3 ! . ?f l \? 9 F 0&
301
Qyyyyyyyyyyyyyy myyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy K L
K i# ! / ? 3 !, - . T *+ L F (+ !
!, 0G L ) + 6T !0 ' 6? … + - . !, 0 K /0? 3
F 0& 2 !, C L ^ 3U J 0 3 !, 0 3 0 *+ i
H ! 3] L / ! 0: ! ($ B U ! ($ D+ B U = D+ B 3L
2 A /0
I! 6 0J # B [ L
RCC # L0= 2
Base Course # 9 2
302
Wash Soil Sub grade # 0)E3 L 2
2 !, i ^? %: ! *+ E 0U B [ MEu
2 !, u ^? %: l= 3 E 0G Vs 3 ! 15-25cm /7 ^? %: / hJ
I !, # a? ) 0? ? =B [ < = > ?0 7 0
/ . " 0 ^ !m j 06 t1
L=1/100*10*10-6(54-15)=25cm
# L 2 !, 0G 7 0 ) %& 25cm 0+ / i? B
L=2Ss/w*F*104 I !, %& ? =
! ^? ? ll !7 8? M 06 Ss ! g LI ? =
2 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F ! '7 (8 M 06 †W
I H ? =B [ <=
L=200Ss*As/b*h*W*F=200*600*13/13.5*25*2500*1.5=1560000/1265625=2m
, ?0 Q‡(H? 0F? Ss=1200kg/cm² ! ^? ? ll !7 8? % †Ss
303
E Ss=1200/2=600kg/cm²
b=13.5m ! 40$ g †b
h=25cm ! ^? %: g †h
W=2500kg/cm² ! '7 (8 M 06 †W
F=1.5 ! g 0: 1 6H< †F
2 A 2m ˆ ?g 3 Vs 3 ^( U F %& . / hJ M 06
Design of Reinforcement
a M 06 D+ A cY %& T j 06 !, / hJ B ! #%
I !, # a? H
A=L*F*W/2S
! ^ E? % :0$ [ 0)? = g †A
! '7 (8 M 06 †W L=4m ! g †L
2 / hJ # B ^ E? % 40$ 0)? = g
A=4*1.5*2500/2*1200=6.25 6.5cm²
i A / \) %& ! #% @/ 3 ! T=25cm ^? %: g F 0&
I ^( ^ E? % Vs 3 A '% # /
A1+A2=6.5+6.5=13cm²
304
Design of Tie bars # a? % :0$
`& ` &/ / ; \‰ !, g '% :0$
As=b*h*w*F/100Ss
h=25cm ! ^? %: g †h b=13.5m ! 40$ g †b
Ss=1400kg/cm² ! ^? ? ll % †Ss
As=13.5*25*2500*1.5/100*1400=1265625/14000=90.4cm²
I !, KB [ H ? = L=60cm %& .
L=d*Ss/2*Sb
d=12mm ! 0HU ] †d
Sb=15kg/cm² ! fl ll M 06 †Sb
4 20mm@25cm c/c
305