EQUILIBRIUM

Week 3 - TIU108
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INTRODUCTION

§ Statics deals primarily with the description of the force conditions

necessary and sufficient to maintain the equilibrium of
engineering structures.
§ In order to understand and apply the principles of equilibrium, you
have to understand the concepts of forces, resultant, moment and
couples.
§ When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of all forces acting on
it is zero. Therefore, the resultant force R and the resultant
moment M are both zero.
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EQUATIONS

The necessary and sufficient conditions for the equilibrium of the rigid body is

𝑹 = 𝛴𝑭 = 𝟎
𝛴𝑭! = 𝟎 𝛴𝑭" = 𝟎 𝛴𝑭# = 𝟎

𝑴 = 𝛴𝑴 = 𝟎
𝛴𝑴! = 𝟎 𝛴𝑴" = 𝟎 𝛴𝑴# = 𝟎

(i) (j) (k)

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MOMENT

When force applied to a body in the

direction of its application, a force can
also tend to rotate a body about an axis.
The axis may be any line which neither
intersects nor is parallel to the line of
action of the force. This rotational
tendency is known as the moment M of
the force or torque in another term

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑
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MOMENT

The moment is a vector M perpendicular

to the plane of the body. The sense of M
depends on the direction in which F
tends to rotate the body.

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑
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MOMENT

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑

The right hand rule is used to identify this sense. It represent the moment of F
about O-O as a vector pointing in the direction of the thumb, with the fingers
curled in the direction of the rotational tendency.
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MOMENT

The moment M obeys all the rules of vector

combination and may be considered a sliding
vector with a line of action coinciding with the
moment axis. The basic units of moment in SI
units are newton-meter (N • m).
Forces which all act in a given plane, it shows
where the moment pointing. It mean the moment
with respect to an axis normal to the plane and
passing through a point (showing the moment of
force F about point A in figure).
Moment directions may be accounted for by using a stated sign convention, such as
(+) for counter-clockwise (CCW) moments and a (-) for clockwise (CW) moments.
The curved arrow in the figure is a convenient way to represent moments in a two-
dimensional analysis.
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SYSTEM ISOLATION AND THE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

Purpose
Analysed and represent clearly and completely all forces acting on the body.

Mechanical System
Defined as a body or group of bodies which can be conceptually isolated from all
other bodies. A system may be single body or a combination of connected bodies.

When which body or combination of bodies to analyse, then treat this body or
combination as a single body isolated from all surrounding bodies. This isolation is
accomplished by means of the free-body diagram, which shown in a diagrammatic
representation of the isolated system treated as a single body. The diagram shows all
forces applied to the system by mechanical contact with other bodies, whereas
imagined to be removed.
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THE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

ØThe most important single step in the solution of problems in engineering

mechanics
ØIn diagrammatic representation of the isolated system treated as a single body
ØShows all forces applied to the system by mechanical contact with other bodies
which are imagined to be removed
ØAny forces related present in the body must be shown on the FBD
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THE FREE-BODY DIAGRAM

Basic characteristics of force and the necessities before drawing the FBD
ü vector properties of force
ü can be applied either by direct physical contact or by remote action
ü can either be internal or external to the system under consideration
ü concentrated or distributed forces
ü principle of transmissibility (sliding vector) external effects on a rigid body
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MODELLING THE ACTION OF FORCES – 2D ANALYSIS

• The common types of forces application on mechanical systems for analysis in two
dimensions.
• The application of Newton’s third law.
• It can be in a form of flexible cable, belt, chain, rope, smooth surfaces / rough
surfaces, roller support, freely sliding guide, pin connection, built-in or fixed support,
gravitational attraction, and spring action.
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MODELLING THE ACTION OF FORCES – 2D ANALYSIS
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MODELLING THE ACTION OF FORCES – 2D ANALYSIS
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MODELLING THE ACTION OF FORCES – 2D ANALYSIS
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MODELLING THE ACTION OF FORCES – 2D ANALYSIS
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SAMPLE OF FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS – 2D ANALYSIS
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SAMPLE OF FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS – 2D ANALYSIS
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CONDITIONS

A body is in equilibrium if all forces and moments applied to it are in balance or zero.

𝛴𝑭! = 𝟎 𝛴𝑭" = 𝟎 𝛴𝑴$ = 𝟎

Thus, to solve the problem of equilibrium in two dimensions shown in the equation
above which the third equation represents the zero sum of the moments of all forces
about any point O on or off the body.

It is mandatory to meet the conditions above, once the necessary conditions are
satisfied there can be no imbalance, and equilibrium is assured.
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CATEGORIES

1) Equilibrium of
collinear forces;
requires only the
one force equation
in the direction of
the forces (x –
direction), since all
other equations
are automatically
satisfied.
2) Equilibrium of forces which lie in a plane (x-y) plane and are concurrent at a point
O, requires the two force equations only. Since the moment sum about O, that is,
about a z-axis through O, is necessarily zero.
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CATEGORIES

3) Equilibrium of
parallel forces in a
plane, requires the
one force equation
in the direction of
the forces (x-
direction) and one
moment equation
about an axis (z-
axis) normal to the
plane of the forces.

4) Equilibrium of forces which lie in a plane (x-y) plane and are concurrent at a point
O, requires the two force equations only. Since the moment sum about O, that is,
about a z-axis through O, is necessarily zero.
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EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES
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TACOMA BRIDGE STRUCTURE FAILURE
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ASSIGNMENTS

1) The y-component of the force

F which a person exerts on
the handle of the box wrench
is known to be 70kN.
Determine the x-component
and the magnitude of F.
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ASSIGNMENTS

2) The guy cables AB and AC are

attached to the top of the
transmission tower. The tension in
cable AB is 8 kN. Determine the
required tension T in cable AC such
that the net effect of the two cable
tensions is a downward force at
point A. Determine the magnitude
R of this downward force.
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ASSIGNMENTS

3) A force F of magnitude 800 kN is applied to

point C of the bar AB as shown. Determine the
x-y components of F.
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ASSIGNMENTS

4) Determine the force P required to maintain the

200-kg engine in the position for which θ = 30º.
The diameter of the pulley is negligible.
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ASSIGNMENTS

5) Determine the reactions at A and

E if P = 500 N. What is the
maximum value which P may
have for static equilibrium?
Neglect the weight of the structure
compared with the applied loads.
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ASSIGNMENTS

6) The 500 kg uniform beam is

subjected to the three
external loads shown.
Compute the reactions at
the support point O. The x-y
plane is vertical.
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ASSIGNMENTS

7) A bicyclist applies a 40 N force to the

brake lever of her bicycle as shown.
Determine the corresponding tension T
transmitted to the brake cable. Neglect
friction at the pivot O.
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ASSIGNMENTS – SUBMISSION FORMAT & DEADLINES

• Assignments must be done in handwritten and put ‘TIU108 – assignment 1’

below your name and student number.
• It is suggested to use millimeter block paper.
• No 7 have bonus points.
• Deadlines: Friday at lecture, Wednesday submitted directly to the lecturer for
bonus points.