IGCSE

EXAMINATIONS:
Attempt any three Questions:

Q1:

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a):

SWU had many achievements in his lifetime and had a big influence and role in reviving islam in the
subcontinent, bringing muslims together and making thems stronger and he layed the bases for further
greater actions which lead to pakistan movement and freedom of muslims.

Shah walliullah was a religious reformer, who solved the sectarian crisis, translated the Holy quran and
protected muslims from Marathas.

Firstly, Muslims did not had the complete knowledge of the Holy Quran and about Islam. Another
Problem was that commonly used language was Persian which was a big obstacle in understanding islam
and becoming a more strong community so therefore SWU translated the Holy Quran into Persian
Language. Now the Holy Quran could be understood by a large number of Muslims which really
benefitted the muslim community, increased their unity and made them remember the beauty and
wisdom of their religion. He believed that Muslims could only prosper if they followed proper Islamic
teachings and thus SWU had such a major influence on the revival of Islam in the sub continent.

Secondly, he wrote 51 books in both Persian and Arabic language like Hujjatullal - ul - Baligha and
Izalatakhfa. He also wrote an account of the first four caliph of Islam in a way which was acceptable by
both shias and Sunnis. Therefore, this contribution of SWU helped to heal the division between them
and made muslims stronger as a community and as a nation.

Thirdly, SWU organized and united the Muslim community against Marathas who were threatening to
overrun the Mughal Empire from the south. SWU wrote to all nobles calling them to join together in
unity to save the Mughal Empire. SWU persuaded Ahmed Shah Abdali to come in between. As a result of
this Muslim leader with Abdali forces defeated the Marathas in the battle of Panipat. Hence, SWU had a
major influence in saving the Mughal Empire.

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b):

In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century british was on the road of conquering the world by
using theri wealth, power, technological progress and their armies to expand their kingdoms.

They saw india as a gold mine as india was filled with opportunities, natural teasures and for them it was
the perfect victim to prey on as indians were naive, poor and uneducated.

Very smartly, they got their way in the india by manupulating their rulers and by deception.
The wealth and riches of india made them attract eurepean traders.

Firstly, even before the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Europeans were casting their envious eyes on
India's wealth and treasures. The Portuguese established their base in Goa in 1510 but it was the British
who were most determined to establish trading bases in India. So in order to grab the wealth and riches
of India, EIC became involved in the sub-continent.

Secondly, EIC was hoping to break into spice trade in East Indies but the Dutch had already won control
of the spice trade and would not let any other European power to share it. So EIC turned on India as
alternative. They first landed in Surat in 1608 but it was not until 1612 that they were allowed by Shah
Jahan to trade in the area. Therefrore, EIC became involved in the India subcontinent as Dutch were
already in East Indies and so considered India as the best opportunity to trade.

Thirdly, EIC was more successful in fighting against other European nations who wanted the
opportunity to share in the highly profitable Indian trade. During the 17th century both the Portuguese
and Dutch were defeated but the main opposition came from the French. They have set up their trading
company in 1664 and soon came into conflict with EIC. Robert Clive, an able soldier, defeated the French
and hence EIC took advantage of Indians messed up conditions to increase british influence and control.
So in short, we can say that English wanted to establish its influence in the subcontinent and expel Dutch
and Portuguese.

These opportunities and these intentions of the english combined is what made india a gold mine for
them.

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c): Well Certainly Yes the disunity was among one of the biggest causes but if we look from a overview
perspective disunity was a big factor but there were other factors involved that fueled this disunity and
other factors which resulted in the splitting of indians. Other than that, they were also a lot of other
economical, administrative and other factors that resulted in the downfall. In order to truly make sense
of this story of the era of aurangzeb, we need to consider all the factors as disunity alone wasn't the only
cause of the decline of the mughal empire.

Aurangzeb was an important figure in the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Firstly he started the war
against rajputs and pathans in order to conquer further land. Thus he made the North his enemy. The
North later caused maximum damage to the empire which led to the down fall of the Empire. His Greed
and foolish moves led to his kindom being in danger.

Aurangzeb also started wars against Marathas. Firstly, this led to the Marathas being his enemies. This
meant that Mughals now had enemies in the South as well who harmed them in the future. Secondly,
the war against Marathas continued for 25 years which was a great wastage of time and led to the affairs
of the state left unattended. This weakened the administration and the Empire as well. Thirdly these
wars were very costly, the war against Marathas almost emptied the treasury of the empire. The major
downfall of the economy led to the downfall of the Empire. Aurangzeb had also increased the taxes in
order to cover up the expense of the wars. This made him unpopular among his Empire as people
resented to pay for the useless adventures of Aurangzeb. His weak leadership, courage and failed
strategies is what led to this massive downfall. Only if he played his moves smartly and did what needed
to be done, things would have been better.

According to some historians Aurangzeb was also intolerant towards other religions. This was glanced
in his actions of imposing Jizya tax and the destruction of some of the temples and also the banning of
Suttee (a traditional Hindu practice). This led to hatred for him among other religions especially Hindus
who were in majority. This decreased support for the Empire and thus weakened it. he could have stayed
down and did things in a little differet way so his support remains stable but he didn't.

One of the other wrong acts of Aurangzeb was his extravagance. He built luxurious palaces and mosques
for example pearl mosque which he built for his own personal use. Firstly such acts led to a weak
economy and clearly was a wastage of money which devalued it. Secondly, he stood as the worst of
inspirations for the future rulers to come.

Pleasure seeking attitude also contributed to the down fall of the Empire. The Mughals had become
more ease loving. They used to wear fine clothes and jewellery. Firstly they spent more time in such
activities than administration. This also led to the extravagance in the emperors who built great buildings
but the cost involved led to the downfall of the economy and thus the Mughal Empire. Their pride and
extravagance cost them everything.

Instead of caring about his people, he was lost in his own self.

Disunity was a frightened thing, it ate the empire form within. Everything greatabout the mughal empire,
the unity and their ways, it shattered everything and wasted great potential of the kindom and its
people.

However, there were other reasons as well for the decline of Mughal Empire like the succession
disputes. Time to time when the emperors died their sons fought for the throne. Firstly it led to the
expenditure of great sums of money; this eroded the economy having an adverse effect on the Empire
stability and wasted huge sums of money which could have been used for the empire. Secondly these
Disputes decreased the unity in the Empire as it divided Mughals and their supporters into different
groups thus the Empire fell into the worse decline. This disunity was the most horrifying thing that lead
to unexpected decline of the empire.

The succession disputes also led to the decline in the military expertise as this divided the military into
different groups supporting different princes. This not only created disunity among the forces of the
Empire but also wastage of arms and ammunition, this made the military and thus the Empire more
vulnerable to invaders like Nadir Shah and the rebels who played a vital part in the decline of the Empire.
This weakened the empire and resulted in destruction.

The succession disputes also led to wastage of time. Meanwhile the wars on disputes took the time
when the Empire needed an emperor for guidance and survival. This free time earned the discontented
group which weakened the Empire. The time when mughals needed to stand, they failed.

Administrative weakness was also an important factor that contributed to the Decline of the Mughals.
Firstly, due to the huge size of the Empire, emperors could not know what was going on in each part of
the Empire. Decisions also had to be relayed over thousands of miles. When rebellion broke out it was
often many months before Emperors could take decisive actions. Thus Empire started to disintegrate.
Weak control was also a very important factor that contributed the decline. The weak control in the
centre the other administrative institutions like the Mansabdari system also failed to work which added
problems for the Emperor and the Empire. The system was corrupted and the empire was not very
flexible and further disunity weakened the control more which resulted in the downfall.

Invaders were also continually weakening the Empire.Some like Ahmed Shah Durrani conquered Punjab
and Kashmir.This meant that much of the Empires land was being eaten up. This was one of the other
signs of the disintegration, weak leadership and the close fall of the Empire.

Others like Nadir Shah were also significant in the decline of the Empire. Firstly, his success against
Mughals exposed the weakness of the Mughal army in front of the British who were encouraged to take
over the Empire. Nadir Shah also played an important role in weakening the Empire since he took a lot of
wealth and the precious peacock throne, thus he pushed the Empire to its financial decline. the empires
disunity made them vulnerable to their enemies and contributed in the downfall.

But the British also holds the great importance in the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Firstly, the British
economic and military strength was greater due to their industrial revolution. British industries were
producing cheap manufactured goods which were sold around the world. With the wealth created by
British they could afford military strength (e.g modern weapons) which the Mughals could not match
therefore when the British was ready to get its hands into the Empire, its failure was inevitable.

The British army was also well trained in military tactics. They could fight efficiently and could come up
with clever strategies to defeat opposition and they very much much more organized and united than
tha muggals. The Mughals on the other hand were already weak in military, had poor training and very
disunited. As a result the British were able to seize the control of the Empire.

The British being the super power of that time had more confident soldiers. Their political belief was to
only succeed and never to fail, they had far more courage andmotivation and therefore the army was
more eager and determined to defeat the Indians. Their spirits were high and they fought with more
courage. As a result they managed to come up with strong and brave force that was able to defeat the
scattered, disunited and weak Mughals quite easily.

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Q4:

a):

Direct Action Day was celebrated by the muslims in 1946 after the British government Left India. Direct
Action Day alarmed muslims and therefore, it was observed by Muslims to persuade British to partition
India before they leave.

Muslims knew negotiations had been done and this was their moment to lose or gain pakistan and to
show their unity and intensity with which Muslims wanted a separate homeland for them. Muslims
wanted to show their strength and pressurize British for independence as they knew that their last
attempt to keep India united i.e. the Cabinet Mission failed. So with a bit of more pressure they would
partition India therefore direct action day was observed. Jinnah feared after the Cabinet Mission, the
British might withdraw without partition. Since he feared Hindu domination and knew that this is the
only chance, he therefore asked the Indian Muslims to observe the Direct Action Day to show their
strength and feelings for Pakistan so that both Hindus and the British could be pressurized for partition.
Muslims demonstrated this day peacefully. However, there were many Hindu and Muslim conflicts
happening in Calcutta in which about 4000 Indians were killed. On seeing this, the British realized that
these two communities could not live peacefully and therefore a partition would be necessary which a
step towards the creation of Pakistan was.

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b):Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929? [7

There were many threats and reasons that led to Jinnah taking action and producing its 14 points:

1: When the Nehru Report was published in 1928, it denied certain rights of the Muslims such as
separate electorates. This was unacceptable to Jinnah as the congress was lacking out of their concession
made in the Lucknow never compromised when it came to the Muslims. Furthermore, when Jinnah
suggested amendments they were rejected by the conference. Therefore, to face the Nehru Report,
Jinnah produced his 14 points. These points helped unifying the different factors of Indian Muslims who
later carried out the Pakistan Movement as a single community.

As a response to Nehru Report, Quaid issued his 14 points in which he demanded separate electorates
and added weight age for Muslims. This showed that he was not ready to compromise any Muslim rights
and wanted them to be protected at any cost. In 1940, in the annual session which was presided by
Jinnah, Lahore Resolution was passed which declared that the Muslims of India need a separate
homeland. Thus Jinnah gave Muslims a clear cut goal to work for and incresed their purpose.

Moreover, in 1942, Jinnah refused to accept the Cripps mission as it had no reference to the
establishment of Pakistan. By rejecting this mission Jinnah showed his commitment to get a separate
Muslim homeland and encouraged other Muslims to work with the same sense of purpose.

In the Gandhi Jinnah talks of 1944, Gandhi tried to overpower Jinnah but Jinnah was too smart to fall for
such a trap. Gandhi wanted that partition should be considered after the British left. Jinnah knew that
after the British left, the chance will be lost. thus, due to his efficient and smart landing of the talks
Gandhi was forced to believe that Jinnah could not be trickled and he was forced to accept Muslims as
an important community.

In the Simla conference Lord Wavell had said that there would be an equal number of Muslims and
Hinduism in the executive council, but Jinnah was on the point that as the Sikhs and scheduled casts in
the councils would vote for the Hindus which would result in a unfair Muslim minority in the council. This
idea of Jinnah was important for the Pakistan movement as he made sure that the Muslims would not be
dominated by Hindus.

Moreover in this Conference of 1945, congress said that they also had the right to nominate the
Muslims for the Executive councils. Jinnah agreed that this was the Muslims right and thus the Simla
conference broke down without any result due to Jinnah’s determined attitude. However the British and
the congress were now clear that the only solution to political problems of India was the creation of
Pakistan, as Jinnah would not compromise on Muslims right.

During the years 1937-45, due to Jinnah's efforts he was able to convey the manifesto of “Pakistan”
more effectively to the Muslims of India. Thus due to Jinnahs hard work ML won the elections of 1945-46
and was in a position to pressurize both Hindus and British to accept its demand of separate homeland.

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c):The First Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful one of all

three’ Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer

Indeed and ofcourse I agree as the 2nd and third failed miserably.

Round Table Conferences achieved some of the success in the 1st Round Table Conference and there
were many reasons that contribute to its success. The first was better because their were fewer
conflicts.In the first there were some unity but in the second and third, the disunity increased resulting in
failure.

1:The British agreed that Indians would be given provincial autonomy in the new constitution. This
delighted the Muslim League as it was one of the main demands of Jinnah's 14 points which meant that
now the Muslims could protect their interests in Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal by making
independent laws for themselves. Which was a huge success and a,though third and second failed but
still they also gave some benfits to the muslims.

First amazing ,the only drawback was the absence of gurantee and the absence of gandhi.

In the 2nd Round Table Conference, the British decided / agreed that N.W.F.P and Sindh would be made
the Muslim majority areas. They were the areas which were included in Pakistan at the time of
independence in 1947. Therefore, it can be said that the Round Table Conferences helped to design the
map of Pakistan.

But it was worse than the first because:

Gandhi took a hard line in the 2nd Round Table Conference and refused to accept the rights of minorities
including Muslims. This annoyed the Muslims as they felt that Hindus were not interested to give them
their due rights which strengthened the Two –Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan which led to the
formation for the Pakistani Movement. On the other hand, the representatives of minorities insisted that
their rights must be considered first. This created a complete deadlock among the Indians resulting in the
failure of this conference.
There was a change of government in Britain and the Pro – Indian Labour Party was replaced by a
collation government which was less interested to give Indians their rights. So the Round Table
Conference failed due to the lack of interest by the organizers.

Gandhi wanted that the recommendation of the Nehru report should be included in the new
constitution which was opposed by the Muslim League as Nehru report was anti – Muslim whereas the
Muslim League wanted that Jinnah's 14 points should be a part of the constitution, which was rejected
by Congress as these points were against their demand in Nehru report. Therefore, the Round Table
Conference failed due to such a non-cooperation attitude of the two main political parties of India. The
disunity contributed in the failure.

The British government changed the viceroy and lord irwin was replaced by lord willington, who was less
prepared to make concessions to Indians. His negative attitude towards the Indians made them reluctant
to attend the conference as they expected little from the new British government. Therefore, hardly 46
delegates attended the conference, fulfilling the formality, resulting in its failure due to no side willing to
negotiate. Everyone was stuck on their opinion and lack of cooperation was the problem.

Congress not only rejected the Communal Award but also boycotted the 3rd Round Table Conference.
Since it was the main political party in India, no main decision could be made in its absence so the
conference failed. Jinnah went into voluntary exile as he was disappointed by the lack of progress in
these conferences and he was not even invited by the British to attend the 3rdRound Table Conference.
As he was the main Muslim leader, nothing substantial could be decided about the Muslims in the
conference leading to its failure.

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Q5:

a): what was the Quit India Resolution? [4]

After the Cripps Mission, Congress realized that the British were too weak in the 2nd World War.
Therefore, they decided to exploit the British and then they launched the Quit India Campaign to oust
the British by pressurizing them.

Congress was aware that the Japanese, who were the rulers of the Britain in the World War, were too
close to Indian border and they could attack India at any time. So, Indians started the Quit India
Campaign to oust the British in order to protect themselves from Japanese invasion.

From the Cripps Mission, Congress realized that the British were considerate towards Muslims demand
of Pakistan. As Congress was against any kind of partition of the subcontinent, hence they launched the
Quit India Campaign to stop the creation of Pakistan by getting control of India's administration after
ousting the British.

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b): Why did Khilafat Movement fail by 1924? [7]

There were many reasons for the failure of the khilafat movement, these include :

1: Gandhi’s withdrawal from non cooperation movement was the most important reason as to why the
khilafat movement failed. After rioting and Chaura Chauri incident, in which an angry mob set fire to a
police check post, the non cooperation movement was called off by Gandhi due to reckless violence.
Hence this weakened the movement as it lost consideration support of Hindus from its side.

During this movement many unfortunate Muslims tried to migrate to Afghanistan, however the Afghan
government was not very receptive. Thus because of the denied access the full opposition to British
could not be shown and Muslims were unsuccessful in getting a favourable response from British hence
Khilafat movement failed.

Also it was the Muslim leaders who had advised people to migrate to Afghanistan and so, people held
them responsible for the sufferings they had to bear afterwards. Thus the strength of the supporters
decreased because of mistrust and disunity in leaders and thus the movement failed. Because of the
Hijrat movement many Muslims had lost their property and were now homeless as well as jobless.
Therefore the movement failed as the people were to busy in rehabilitating themselves and were not
interested in the movement anymore.

Also Muslim league was not supporting the Hijrat movement. The league in particular Jinnah emphasized
that the politics be restricted to the subcontinent rather than going abroad. Thus, as the major Muslim
party was not supporting the movement, a sense of completeness and disunity was felt, hence leading to
failure.

Another was that the delegation that was sent to convince British to reconsider also failed. This
delegation urged the British prime minister, Liyos George to accept their demands regarding Turks, but
he paid no heed to it. Thus, as the primary objective of this delegation was not accepted, there could be
very little progress so this weakened the movement, hence leading to its failure.

Yet another reason was due to the absence of a common objective and purpose in the community. The
Muslims were mainly striving for religious purpose while the Hindus had only joined for materialistic
riches and to achieve hindu domination. Thus, it failed because there was a of lack of unity and that if
either demands of a party were not met it would with draw their support from the movement. This
leading to the failure.

Yet another reason was that Turkish government itself abolished the Khilafat system. Kemal attaturk
abolished caliphate and as Muslims had been striving to uphold the Khilafat, with it abolished there was
no point in continuing with the movement anymore, hence it failed.

Yet another reason was lack of capable leaders. After the third khilafat conference and non cooperation
movement many of the leaders like the Ali brothers were arrested. therefore, there was no one left to
guide it towards success.

Lastly, was the Mopla revolt, Communal violence broke out between the mopilas and Hindus because
of disagreements near the Bombay coast. The mopilas and Hindus were the majority supporters of
Khilafat movement and after this incident differences rised between them and the two communities
were no longer prepared to coperate, hence as the movement lost its support and failed.

All these reason combines led to the failure of the khilafat movement.

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c): Was the main reason why Congress rule (1937-1939) was hated so much because

of the introduction of Bande Matram? Explain your answer.

Yes Bande Mahtram was one of the big reasons that conributed to the hate of the congress rule but it
was not the only one, there were other big and greater reasons as well and together they resulted in the
failure and hate of the congress rule. Not one reason contributed as there were a lot of factors that
together made muslims hate congress so much that it was unacceptable by them.

1: Bande Matram was one of the main reason for hate and failure of congress rule in which a nationalist
Hindu song was made unofficially the anthem by Congress. This was seen as an insult to the Muslims as
they knew that the verses of this song contained degrading remarks of the Indian –Muslims which led to
them hating the Congress rule as Muslims were forced to sing this song before the start of any business
and as it was against their religion. Muslims saw this as a threat to their religion and their position.

2: Wardha Scheme was introduced in which children were expected to bow before the picture of Gandhi
in their school. This caused fear in the Muslims as they thought that the Hindus were forcily trying to
convert their religion to Hinduism which led to them extremely hating the Congress Rule. They say it as a
hige warning that their culture, religion and identity was in great threat.

Hindi was made the official language of India replacing Urdu, which was too important for the culture of
Muslims which led to them hating the Congress Rule as they thought that their identity in India was now
at stake. They saw this as a hige sign of threat to their culture and their political position.

Muslims were forbidden to eat beef and were treated harshly by the Hindus when they slaughtered
cows as it is a holy animal in their religion. Therefore, Muslims hated the Congress rule as they felt
suffocation in such a rule and felt like their religion was being dominated which threatened them. Azaan
was banned and noisy processions were arranged by Hindus outside mosques at the time of prayers. This
angered Muslims who resented the Congress Rule as they believed that Congress did not protect their
religious rights. They felt serious religious threat as they felt like hindus were trying to erase muslims
form the subcontinent and make them their slave.

Furthermore, pigs were pushed into mosques by the extremist Hindus which increased hatred for the
Congress Rule as pig are considered very unclean in Islam and anything unholy in mosque is stricly
forbidden and call out to the muslims for jihad as this is a very serious disrespect to their religion and
muslims are allowed to war.

There were anti –Muslim riots and Muslim lives, buisnesses and properties were targeted by the Hindus.

Widiya Mandar Scheme was introduced where students were taught about Hindu heroes and the
teaching was conducted in temples. This increased hatred for the Congress as Muslims thought that their
children were made inclined towards Hinduism. They thought they were trying to convert them.

However, when Muslims complained to Congress's authority, they were usually not given justice which
made them hate the Congress Rule as they felt that it was just a Hindu rule. They knew secretly hindus
were on the plan of complete domination and they felt like they wanted to wipe out their existence.

These signs clearly alarmed muslims and it was unacceptable to allow such things which made the
muslims to act against it.

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Thank you ma,am for checking my paper and I hope you have a good day:

:)