1.

BAR CHARTS, Phrases

The bar chart illustrates …….

This chart shows the ……
Fell slightly from ___ in [YEAR] to ____ in [YEAR] and then remained level through the following decade
______ grew steadily by ____ each decade.
This led to a rise in the total number
____ continue to make up majority of ______
Proportion of _______ increased sharply in this period.

Both increased as a percentage of ___, but ____ remained at a higher rate

Increased quite sharply
___ and ___ showed a similar pattern, with both ____
Also increased at a steady rate
_____ was the most popular, whilist ____ was the least popular
Similar trend
Apart from _____, the largest ______ are…..
Rose from about _____ to about _____
Fairly large increase from_____ to _____
The largest change was in _____
It can be clearly seen that the ____ did not correlate with the ____ in terms of numbers
The line graph compares the
over a period of ten years between ____ and _____
increase by approximately the same amounts that they had increased by the thirty years before
____of total spending to categories such as _____
over a period of 5 years
Growth in this share was especially strong in the case of ____, where the figures rose from __ to _____
However, ______remained the ______ with the highest percentage overall.
The first graph shows the trend in world ______ growth between____
Overall, the higher the level of _______, the more ___________
The two diagrams show ________ responses to the question of how good they are at ____________
Overall, the findings suggest that __________ generally manage their _________ well
more than doubled from ______% to ______%, while _________proportion almost tripled in the same period
Overall, this represents a huge increase in the number of________
Compared to the number of _______, the number of ___________ was significantly smaller.
The year _____ saw the most dramatic developments
The first one for __________, the second one for ____________
In the year _______
An upward / a downward tendency
An increase / a slightly increase / a decrease
The given period of time
Almost twice as much
Almost doubled
Some changes take place (CHANGES TAKE PLACE AND NOT HAPPENS)
A dramatic change in the numbers can be observed
The largest change was / The largest change took place

2. TIPS
To signal comparison and contrast within a sentence you can use the following
conjunctions:

as ....... as, not as ......... as, not so ........ as, whereas, but, while, although

To signal comparison and contrast between sentences you can use the following words
and phrases:

However, By contrast, On the other hand, In comparison

Хорошие начала предложений

In summary
Overall
A closer look at the information _____ reveals
I can mention
It is argued / It is believed

Никогда не начинать предложения с BUT, AND!

Adjective Comparative Superlative

bad worse worst
big bigger biggest
expensive more expensive most expensive
good better best
great greater greatest
high higher highest
large larger largest
little less least
long longer longest
low lower lowest
many more most
much more most
new newer newest
old older oldest
poor poorer poorest
rich richer richest
short shorter shortest
small small smallest
strong stronger strongest
weak weaker weakest

1) Sample answer

The graphs compare the number of deaths caused by six diseases in Someland in 1990 with
the amount of research funding allocated to each of those diseases. It can be clearly seen
that the amount of research funding in many cases did not correlate with the seriousness of
the disease in terms of numbers of deaths.

In 1990 there were around 0.2 million deaths from AIDS, 0.1 million deaths from leprosy, 0.3
million deaths from tropical diseases, 0.5 million deaths from diarrhoea, 0.4 million deaths
from malaria and 1.8 million deaths from TB. These figures can be contrasted with the
amount of funding allocated for each disease. In 1990 AIDS received 180 million dollars in
research funding, leprosy 80 million dollars in research funding, tropical diseases 79 million
dollars in research funding, diarrhoea 60 million dollars in research funding, malaria 50 million
dollars and TB 20 million dollars in research funding.

In conclusion it is clear that funding allocation for disease research in Someland is not wholly
determined by the number of deaths for which each disease is responsible in a given year.

2) Sample answer

Source: NASDAQ OMX Helsinki

The graph shows the changes and a decline overall in the share price of Outokumpu in a
five-year period from January 2006 through December 2010.

At the beginning of this period the share price was at EUR 13 per share. There were several
fluctuations until late 2006 when there was a sudden increase from EUR 21 to EUR 31. This
higher price did not last long, however, and it fell before rising strongly again in 2008. From
mid-2008 there was a sharp downward trend through the end of the year when it fell to the
lowest point in this period at just over EUR 7 per share. After that the share price recovered
and, despite some fluctuations, continued to rise until it reached a peak of EUR 17 in early
2010. Until late 2010 the trend was downward again, ending the year at just over EUR 12.

Outokumpu made significant gains and losses during this period but overall lost around EUR
1 per share.

(164 words)

3) Sample answer

The line graph shows the percentage of tourists to England who visited certain Brighton
attractions between 1980 and 2010. We can see that in 1980 and in 2010 the favourite
attractions were the pavilion and the festival. In 1980 the least popular attraction was the pier
but in 2010 this changed and the art gallery was the least popular.

During the 1980s and 1990s there was a sharp increase in visitors to the pavilion from 28%
to 48% and then the percentage gradually went down to 31% in 2010. The trend for the art
gallery was similar to the pavilion. Visitors increased rapidly from 22% to 37% from 1980 to
1985 then gradually decreased to less than 10% over the next twenty-five years. The number
of tourists who visited the Brighton Festival fluctuated slightly but in general remained steady
at about 25%. Visitors to the pier also fluctuated from 1980 to 2000 then rose significantly
from 12% to 22% between 2000 and 2010.

(163 words)
4) Sample answer

Employees and self-employed: by sex and occupation, 1992

The charts provide information on the proportion of males and females in employment in 6
broad categories, divided into manual and non-manual occupations. In general, a greater
percentage of women work in non-manual occupations than work in manual occupations, and
the reverse is true for men.

In the non-manual occupations, while a greater percentage of working women than men are
found in clerical-type positions, there is a smaller percentage of women than men employed
in managerial and professional positions. The percentage of women employed in other non-
manual occupations is slightly larger than the percentage of men in these occupations.

In manual employment, the biggest difference between the two sexes is in the employment of
craft workers, where males make up 24% of the workforce and females just 3%. Furthermore,
the percentage of women working as general working as general labourers is very small, only
1%. There is not a great deal of difference between the percentage of men doing other forms
of manual work (26%) and women in other manual work (27%).

In summary, the two charts clearly show that women do not have the same access as men to
certain types of employment.
(194 words)

5) Sample answer

The bar chart gives information about how many people visited New York City through three
major airports, over a six-year period between 1995 and 2000.

Overall, it can be seen that over the period, there was a fluctuant trend in the number of
passengers who travelled via John F. Kennedy airport, while the other two airports saw an
upward trend. Another interesting point is that LaGuardia airport was the most popular at the
end.

Looking at the detail, the number of travellers at John F. Kennedy airport started at 26m in
1995, and then increased remarkably to reach the highest point of 47m in 1997. In 1999, the
figure dipped to 32m. At the last year, there was a slight growth to 44m. On the other hand,
LaGuardia began at 35m in 1995, after that it rose remarkably for the next three years, at
46m. In 2000, LaGuardia hit the peak point at 68m travellers.

However, if we look at Newark airport, it started at the lowest point of 16m passengers in the
first year. After this point, the trend increased significantly to 42m in 1998. In the last two
years it remained stable at 42m travellers.
(197 words)

6) Sample answer

1.1.1 Model answer

The bar chart shows the unemployment rates among women in the countries that make up
the United Kingdom, both in 2013 and in 2014. There has generally been a small decrease in
female unemployment rates from 2013 to 2014, except in Scotland.

In 2013, 5.6% of women in Northern Ireland were unemployed. The only country with a
smaller percentage of women unemployed was Wales, with a rate of 5.4%. Both countries
saw a decrease in the percentage of unemployed women in 2014. In Northern Ireland, the
percentage fell to 4.6% and in Wales it fell to 5%.

England had the greatest percentage of unemployed women in 2013, with 6.8%. However,
this decreased by 0.3% in 2014. Lastly, Scotland was the only country which had an
increasing percentage of unemployed women. In 2013, it had 6.1% of women out of work.
This increased to 6.7% in 2014, making it the country with the highest female unemployment
rate of the four countries.
(160 words)

7) Sample answer

The two pie charts compare the percentages of online sales across different retail sectors in
Canada in the years 2005 and 2010. For three of the sectors, it is evident that over this time
frame there was significant change in their proportion of online transactions.

At 35% we can see that electronics and appliance sector accounted for the majority of online
sales in 2005, but this percentage had dropped to 30% by 2010. During the same five-year
period, as an increasing number of people chose to purchase food and beverage online, we
can see that transactions went from just 22% to 32%, making it the retail sector with the
largest overall proportion of the online market.

In 2005, the home furnishing industry boasted an impressive 25% of the total online sales in
Canada. However, by 2010, the figure had fallen considerably to 15%. Interestingly, online
 sales of video games eventually overtook sales of home furnishings, although video games
still represented only 23% of the market.

(165 words)

8) Sample answer
Cinema viewing figures for films by country, in millions

Action Romance Comedy Horror Totals

India 8 7.5 6.5 2.5 24.5

Ireland 7.6 3.8 5.5 6.4 23.3

New Zealand 7.2 4.5 3.9 4.7 20.3

Japan 7.1 4.5 4 2.2 17.8

Total 29.9 20.3 19.9 15.8

1.2 Test Tip

The word respectively is useful in Task 1 for placing data in the order that you write about it.
Romance and Comedy are the next popular genres, with the total number of 20.3 million
viewers and 19.9 million viewers respectively.

1.2.1 Model answer

The table compares four countries in terms of the number of people who watch four different
genres of film at the cinema: Action, Romance, Comedy and Horror.

The table indicates that more Indian people watch films at the cinema than the other three
nationalities. In all four countries, Action is the most popular genre of film. The total number of
viewers for action films is nearly 30 million and in each country about 7-8 million people
watch them.

Not many people like watching horror films at the cinema compared to the other genres of
film. In India and Japan only 2-2.5 million people watch horror films but they are more popular
in New Zealand and Ireland. On the other hand, romance films are very popular in India with
7.5 million viewers but it is not as popular in the other countries. New Zealand and Japan
come next with 4.5 million viewers each.
(152 words)

9) Sample answer

The graph shows the increase in population of three counties, Columbia, Yamhill and
Washington in the U.S. state of Oregon, between 1940 and 2000. In 1940, Columbia had the
lowest population of the three counties, at around 25,000. This compared with about 30,000
in Yamhill and approximately 75,000 in Washington.

By 1970, Columbia’s population had risen to just under 36,000. Although this appears on the
graph to be a gentle increase, it is in fact an increase of approximately 50%. Yamhill’s
population also rose by nearly 50% between 1940 and 1970: from 30,000 to just under
45,000. However, the greatest real increase was in Washington, where the population in
1970 had increased by approximately 75,000, to 125,000.

The years 1970 to 2000 saw the populations of Columbia and Yamhill increase by
approximately the same amounts that they had increased by the thirty years before. In 2000,
Columbia’s population – at approximately 76,000 – was triple what it had been in
1940. Likewise, Yamhill’s population, at around 90,000, was almost triple what it was in 1940.
Although Washington’s increase in population between 1940 and 1970 was large, its
increase in the following thirty years was even sharper, rising from about 125,000 in 1970 to
more than 240,000 in 2000.

(206 words)

10) Sample answer

The charts give information about the genres of TV programmes that Australian men and
women and different age groups watch. It is clear from the charts that women tend to
watch ...........television than man overall, although they watch slightly ........... game shows.
The people who watch the ........... television are in the 45+ age group.

Nearly 70% of women watch reality shows, which is almost ........... as many as the
percentage of men who choose this genre of programme. Nevertheless, most age groups
watch ........... reality shows than game shows revealing that game shows are
generally ........... popular than reality shows.

The percentage of people watching reality shows increases steadily from ages 16 to 45 with
the........... percentage of viewers, at just over 50% of the age group 16-24 and
the ........... percentage, at 68% of the over-45s.

However, the pattern is different for game shows. The number of programmes watched by
25- to 44-year-olds is ........... lower than the number watched by 16- to 24-year-olds and
those over 45. Just over 50% of 16- to 24-year-olds watch game shows, but this share is
not ........... high as the share of people aged 45 and over watching game shows, at nearly
70%. Only 41% of 35- to 44-year-olds watch game shows, and the share of 24- to 34-year-
olds is ........... lower at 38%.

11) Sample answer

The bar chart ........... how consumers in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and
Japan allocated different shares of total spending to categories such as food, housing, and
transportation in 2009.

We can see that the United States had the ........... housing expenditure share, 26% of total
expenditures in 2009. The United Kingdom and Japan followed, with 24% and 22%,
respectively. Canada had the ........... housing share at 21%. Housing was
the ........... expenditure component in all countries ........... Japan.

..........., Canada had the largest transportation share of all four countries at 20%. The United
States and the United Kingdom had the next-highest transportation shares, 17% and 15%,
respectively. Japan had the lowest, at 10%.

..........., in Japan, consumers spent 23% of their total expenditures on food in 2009. The
United Kingdom had the second-highest share at 20%. Canada, with 15%, and the United
States, with 14% had the lowest food expenditure shares among the countries studied.

..........., the data ........... that housing and health care shares of total expenditures
were ........... in the United States than in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan in
2009, ........... Americans had the lowest clothing share. Canada had the highest clothing and
transportation shares, and Japan had the highest food share, ........... the countries compared.
12) Sample answer

The chart shows changes in the share of international students who graduated from
universities in different Canadian provinces over a period of 5 years.

In 2001, this share had a relatively narrow range, from 3% in Ontario to 7.0% in New
Brunswick. Nova Scotia had the second highest proportion at 6.5%. Five years later, the
figures for most provinces had risen, with the exception of Alberta. There, the figures fell by
1% to just over 4%.

By 2006, some parts of Canada experienced a considerable increase in their share of

international graduates. Growth in this share was especially strong in the case of New
Brunswick, where the figures rose from 7% to 12%. The largest growth occurred in British
Columbia, where it more than doubled to 11%.

Over this five-year period, changes in the proportion of international graduates have been
very uneven across the provinces of Canada. However, New Brunswick remained the
province with the highest percentage overall.

(158 words)

13) Sample answer

The graph shows how the size and distribution of the UK's ageing population is likely to
change over a 50-year period.

Overall, the proportions are predicted to increase in all UK countries. In 1985, 15 per cent of
the UK population was over 65, but by 2035, this will account for 23 per cent of the total
population.

A closer look at the data reveals that the ageing population is expected to rise more in some
parts of the UK than in other. In 1985, Wales had the highest percentage of people aged 65
and over, at 16 per cent. The second-largest group could be found in England and the third in
Scotland. Northern Ireland had lowest proportion, with 12 per cent aged 65 and over.

By 2035, Wales is still going to have by far the greatest percentage of over 65s, with figures
likely to reach 26 per cent. However, the biggest increases in this age group, relative to the
rest of the population, are predicted to occur in Northern Ireland and Scotland. In Northern
Ireland, for example, this figure will increase almost double to 23 per cent.

(189 words)
14) Sample answer

The table shows the reason why people in Edmonton use their cars in the city and the pie
chart explains what type of transport people prefer to use most of the time.

Looking at the pie chart first, it is clear that the car is the most popular means of transport in
this city. 45% of the people say that they prefer to commute by car. The second most popular
form of transport is the LRT, while busses and taxis are the main means of transport for the
rest of the people.

The table gives more detailed information about why people use their cars. Surprisingly, 55%
of the people need to commute to work by car. Cars are also used a lot for taking children to
school or business purposes. Only 15% of drivers are doing their shopping and, similarly,
15% need to travel by car for leisure.

Overall, people in Edmonton make good use of alternative methods of transport but there is a
heavy dependence on cars for work.
15) Sample answer
Number of children ever born, Women aged 40–44 years

Four or

One Two Three more

None child children children children

year % % % % %

2006 15.9 13.2 38.3 21.5 11.0

1996 12.8 11.3 38.2 24.6 13.1

1986 9.7 8.7 35.6 27.0 18.9

1981 8.5 7.6 29.0 27.4 27.6

Source: ABS Births Australia 2001, 2006 (3301.0)

The table shows the number of children born to women aged 40–44 years in Australia in
1981, 1986, 1996 and 2001.

In 1981, women aged 40-44 years were only marginally more likely to have had two children
than three children (29% vs 27.4%) or four or more children (27.6%). Similarly, by 1986,
women of this age were considerably more likely to have given birth to two children than
three children (35.6% vs 27%) or four or more children (18.9%).

In 1996 and 2006, the proportions of women aged 40-44 years who had given birth to two
children were almost identical, though the proportions who had given birth to three children or
to four or more children had decreased. In these more recent periods, women were more
likely to have had two children than three or more children - a trend that was most marked in
the most recent period (38.2% vs 24.6% in 1996; 38.3% vs 21.5% in 2006).

While two-child families now predominate, the number of women who had given birth to only
one child increased progressively from 7.6% in 1981 to 13.2% in 2006.

In 1981, similar proportions of women aged in their early forties were childless or had given
birth to only one child (8.5% and 7.6% respectively). By 2006, 15.9% of women were
childless and 13.2% had given birth to only one child.

Overall, by age 40-44 years, the proportion of women who have had three or more children
has fallen considerably since the 1980s, while the proportions who have had no children, or
only one or two children has increased.

(266 words)

16) Sample answer

The first graph shows the trend in world population growth between 1800 and 2100, while the
second graph gives predicted urban population figures for the next 25 years.

The world population has experienced continuous growth since 1800. Between 1800 and
1950, the population grew slowly from just under 1 billion to 2.5 billion people. After that, the
growth rate increased and currently the figure is around 6.5 billion. Projections show a
continued increase in population in the near future, but a steady decline in the population
growth rate. The global population is expected to peak at 8.2 billion by 2050, and then decline
to around 6.2 billion by 2100.

The predictions also show that almost all urban population growth in the next 25 years will
occur in cities of developing countries. In developed regions, on the other hand, the urban
population is expected to remain unchanged at about 1.3 billion people over the next two
decades.

The graphs show that the global population increase will not occur evenly throughout the
world, but will be greater in some areas than others.

(180 words)

17) Sample answer

The bar chart gives information about the gender of teachers in six types of educational institutions in the UK in 2010. It shows
what percentage of teachers was male and what percentage was female.

Women dominated the teaching profession in primary education, but less so at lower and upper secondary education. It was
particularly true of nursery school, where the share of female teachers was above 95%. Similarly one-sided was the situation in
primary school, where over 90% of teachers were also female.

At secondary and upper secondary level this pattern was less pronounced, where there were nearly equal proportions of male
and female teachers. On the other hand, male teachers outnumbered female teachers in high-level education, where the
proportion of men was twice that for women.

Overall, the higher the level of education, the more male teachers dominated, and the reverse occurred with respect to female
teachers.

18) Sample answer

The two diagrams show students' responses to the question of how good they are at managing their finances. The pie chart
illustrates the ability of UK students to manage their finances and the table shows the proportion of students, by age, who think
they are very organised at managing their finances.

More than three-quarters of students (76%) believe they are either ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ organised financially, while one in five (20%)
say they are not very organised in this area. Only 4% of students rate themselves as ‘not at all’ competent.

The ability to manage one’s finances well would seem to develop with age and experience as older students are almost twice as
likely to say they are ‘very’ organised than younger ones (31% of students aged 26 or over compared to just 17% for those aged
up to 22).

Overall, the findings suggest that students generally manage their finances well.
(151 words)

19) Sample answer

The pie charts illustrate changes in the population of different areas of the world between 1900 and 2000. The major regions are
represented as percentages of the total world population.

From 1900 to 2000, the percentage of people living in Africa more than doubled from 4.5% to 10%, while Latin America’s
proportion almost tripled in the same period. On the other hand, the percentage of population in Europe and Asia decreased over
the last century. Europe’s percentage dropped from 25% to 14%, while Asia declined from 60% to 54%. North America’s
percentage however, remained constant at 5% in 1900 and 2000. The Middle East and North Africa, a new category in 2000,
represented 6% of world population.

Overall, this represents a huge increase in the number of humans on the planet, from 1.6 billion to 6 billion in just one century.
Most of this population growth has occurred in developing countries.

(151 words)

20) Sample answer

The bar chart illustrates the number of male and female students studying Computer Science at a UK university over three years.
It also indicates whether they were home or international students. Compared to the number of home students, the number of
international students was significantly smaller. Nevertheless, there was clear statistical growth in the latter group from 2010-
2012. Furthermore, the number of female home students eventually overtook the number of males from the same group, reaching
a high of 45 in 2012.

The year 2011 saw the most dramatic developments; the number of male home students fell from just below 40 to 24 and the
number of females rose from 32 to 44. There was also significant growth in the number of male students from overseas, climbing
from 20 in 2010 to 39 in 2012. Overall, we can see an upward trend in the number of students at the university.

21) Sample answer

The three graphs of wheat exports each show a quite different pattern between 1985 and 1990. Exports from Australia declined
over the five-year period, while the Canadian market fluctuated considerably, and the European Community showed an increase.

In 1985, Australia exported about 15 millions of tonnes of wheat and the following year the number increased by one million
tonnes to 16 million. After that, however, there was a gradual decline until 1989 and 1990 when it stabilised at about 11 million
tonnes. Over the same period, the amount of Canadian exports varied greatly. It started at 19 million tonnes in 1985, reached a
peak in 1988 of 24 million, dropped dramatically in 1989 to 14 million tonnes and then climbed back to 19 million in 1990.
Seventeen million tonnes were exported from the European Community in 1985, but this decreased to 14 million tonnes in 1986
and then rose to 15 million in 1987 and 1988 before increasing once more to 20 million in 1990.

(165 words)

22) Sample answer

In this analysis we will examine three pie charts. The first one is headed ‘World Spending.’ The second is ‘World Population’ and
the third is ‘Consumption of Resources.’

In the first chart we can see that people spend most of their income (24%) on food. In some countries this percentage would
obviously be much higher. Transport and then housing are the next major expenses at 18% and 12% respectively. Only 6% of
income is spent on clothing.

In the second chart entitled ‘World Population’, it is not surprising to find that 57% of people live in Asia. In fact China and India
are two of the most populated countries in the world and they are both situated on this continent. Europe and the Americans
account for nearly 30% of the total, whilst 10% of people live in Africa.

Finally, the third chart reveals that the USA and Europe consume a huge 60% of the world’s resource.

To sum up, the major expenditure is on food, the population figures are the highest for Asia and the major consumers are the
USA and Europe.

(182 words)

23) Sample answer

The graph shows the preferred leisure sctivities of Australian children aged 5-14. As might be expected, it is clear from the data
that sedentary pursuits are far more popular nowadays than active ones.

Of the 10,000 children that were interviewed, all the boys and girls stated that they enjoyed watching TV or videos in their spare
time. In addition, the second most popular activity, attracting 80% of boys and 60% of girls, was playing electronic or computer
games. While girls rated activities such as art and craft highly – just under 60% stated that they enjoyed these in their spare time
– only 35% of boys opted for creative pastimes. Bike riding, on the other hand, was almost as popular as electronic games
amongst boys and, perhaps surprisingly, almost 60% of girls said that they enjoyed this too. Skateboarding was relatively less
popular amongst both boys and girls, although it still attracted 35% of boys and 25% of girls.

(157 words)