RESEARCH Phone Cooler Final 06.05.23

PORTABLE PHONE COOLER WITH THERMAL SENSOR
A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the College of Education
Iloilo Science and Technology University
La Paz, Iloilo City
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education Major in Electronics Technology
Rachelle Ann S. Convocar
Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar
Katherine E. Jazmin
July 2022
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled, “Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor”, prepared and
submitted by Rachelle Ann S. Convocar, Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar, and Katherine E.
Jazmin, in partial fulfilment for the degree Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher
Education major in Electronics Technology, is hereby approved.
ERVERT T. SOTERANIA, M. Ed.
Research Adviser
Passed the final defense and recommended for approval by the Panel of Examiners on
July 18, 2022.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
ANA V. ANCHETA, MSIE JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA,Ed. D.
Panel Member Subject Professor
MERLINDA T. TUCAR, Ed. D.
Chairperson
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements to the degree Bachelor of
Technical Teachers Education major in Electronics Technology.
JOEL A. CIRIACO, Ph. D.
Dean, College of Education
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers hereby express their gratitude and lifetime appreciation to those
who contributed their help to finish this study. Above all things, the researchers gratefully
acknowledge the help of the Almighty God for the guidance and for giving them
knowledge, wisdom and skills.
In addition, the researchers would like to extend their gratitude to the following
persons who motivated and supported through the completion of this study;
Dr. John Eric V. Juaneza, Research Professor, for the advice, support, patience
and for sharing his knowledge and wisdom;
Mr. Ervert T. Soterania, Research Adviser, for the assistance, support, sharing his
expertise and patiently guiding the researchers throughout their study;
Memebers of the panel, Ana V. Ancheta and Dr. Merlinda T. Tucar, for sharing
their time in checking the document and for the insightful comments to make this study
better;
Ms. Kenilyn Rose E. Caluste, for her expertise in the English Language and acted
as the grammarian by checking and editing the manuscript;
Mr. Marty John E. Pinuela, Statistician, for his time and effort in solving data
gathered by the researches;
Gratitude is also expressed to the researchers’ friends and family for their endless
moral and financial support, and for being the inspiration throughout the duration of the
research;
Finally, to the Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in
Electronics Technology students, staffs and electronics expert of Iloilo Science and
Technology University Electronics Department who served as the respondents of the
study, for their availability and cooperative response to all the questions solicited in this
study.
DEDICATION
This study is dedicated to our family who have been our source of inspiration
and continually provide their moral, spiritual and financial support.
To our friends and teachers who shared their words of
advice and supported us throughout the process.
And above all, to the Almighty God for
giving us strength, wisdom,
protection, skills and
healthy life.
ABSTRACT
PORTABLE PHONE COOER WITH THERMAL SENSOR
Rachelle Ann S. Convocar, Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar, Katherine E. Jazmin

This study aimed to determine the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor. It is also
aimed to provide solution for overheating mobile phones and upgraded it with the use of
a thermal sensor which helps to automatically detect temperature rise in phones. The
study was conducted from June 22, 2022 to June 28, 2022. Experimental research design
was used and adapted research questionnaire was utilized. The questionnaire was a five
(5)-point hedonic scale which is composed of seventeen (17) questions. There were
twenty-six (26) selected respondents, five (5) from electronics department professors at
ISAT U Main, and twenty-one (21) were from Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher
Education major in Electronics Technology third year students. The level of acceptability
of acceptability of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor in terms of design as
evaluated by students and electronics professors showed that it was “highly acceptable”.
In terms of construction, the result showed also that it was “highly acceptable” as
evaluated by students and electronics professors and the same with the performance as it
was also “highly acceptable” by the students and electronics professors. It was noted that
there is no significant difference in the level of acceptability of the design, construction,
and performance of the portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated by college
students and professors, therefore the hypothesis was accepted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
PRELIMINARIES
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of Related Studies
Synthesis
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Participants of the Study
Data Gathering Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure

Data Analysis Procedure
Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
Results and Discussions
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the Study
Summary of Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study
B Research Questionnaire
C Evidence
D Statistical Analysis
E Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Total Cost of the Design
2 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable
Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by
Students in terms of its Design

Professors in terms of its Design
Students in terms of its Construction
Professors in terms of its Construction
Students in terms of its Performance
Professors in terms of its Performance
8 Whitnney U test result for the differences in Mean
Ratings of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal
Sensor in terms of Design

Sensor in terms of Construction
Sensor in terms of Performance
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The Conceptual model of the study
2 Block Diagram
3 Tools
4 Supplies and Materials

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
In this time of Covid 19 pandemic, to curb the spread of Covid 19, most
governments have opted to employ quarantine protocols and temporarily shut down their
educational institutions. As a consequence, more than a billion learners have been
affected worldwide. Among this number are over 28 million Filipino learners across
academic levels who have to stay at home and comply with the Philippine government’s
quarantine measures (UNESCO, 2020). Therefore, mobile phone usage has become
prevalent when the system shifted to online learning platforms, and people are spending
more time on their phones, increasing their usage time by almost 50% from 2019 to 2020
and expected to increase in the coming years (Pop, 2021).
The researchers found out that consequently, after prolonged periods of time
using mobile phones, constantly using two or more apps at the same time can affect its
efficiency and will exhaust ones battery life affecting your activities. The electrical
resistance to the flow of electrical current during the operation of the electronic devices
through the leads, poly-silicon layers and transistors will result in a significant internal
heat generation and temperature rise, which if unchecked may lead to a deterioration in
the device performance, and even lead to fracture, delamination, melting vaporization and
combustion (Tan, 2003).
Existing phone coolers and technologies focus upon heat spreading and transport
within a device rather than active removal of heat from the device (Walsh, 2008). Ideally,
this research intends to adapt an idea of using an axial fan in phone coolers to maximize
the cooling performance of the phone cooler while still aiming to make a budget-friendly
and reliable electronic device. This study aims to provide a solution for overheating
mobile phones and upgraded it with the use of a thermal sensor which will help to
automatically detect temperature rise in your phones.
This proposed device will automatically start when it hits the desired heat or
temperature on the mobile phone and it will automatically stop its operating mode until
the phone's temperature is controlled. A rechargeable battery (lithium-ion) will be used as
a component to achieve long lasting performance while keeping it budget-wise to the
phone cooler to make it a portable device carrying it wherever you go while you are
making your PowerPoint presentation, using google meets and zoom apps, editing some
documents, watching educational YouTube videos and even for mobile gaming.
Therefore the aim of this research is to propose a simple yet more convenient and
efficient gadget that can be helpful for smartphone users and students during their online
learning.
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the level of acceptability of the design, construction
and performance of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of acceptability of the design, construction and performance of
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated by electronics professors?
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated by college students?
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as
evaluated by college students and electronic professors?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated
by college students and electronic professors.
Theoretical Framework
This section described the theoretical approach for the prediction of a Phone
cooler with thermal sensor performance. The thermal and overall system performance are
defined and developed using a solution for forced convection heat transfer and heat
exchanger theories.
This research was based on Newton’s Law of cooling or Newton’s cooling theory
where he states that “the rate at loss of heat of a hot body is directly proportional to the
difference in temperature between the temperature of the warm body and its surrounding,
provided the difference in temperature is small and the nature of the radiating surface
remains the same.”
This will determine if the temperature of the phone will have a significant change
exam after the thermal sensor detects the heat and signals the phone cooler to
automatically start.
This research relied on the thermodynamic principle that heat will flow from a
warmer material into a cooler material until their temperatures equalize. This theory
asserts that there must always be a temperature difference between the media. The heat
lost by the hot medium is equal to the amount of heat gained by the cold medium, except
for losses to the surroundings.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of this study was shown in the paradigm below.
INPUT THROUGHPUT OUTPUT
Design, Level of
construction and Evaluation and Acceptability of
performance of testing portable phone
portable phone cooler with
cooler with thermal sensor
sensor
Feedback
Figure 1. The conceptual model of the study.

Figure 1 presented the conceptual framework of the study. It is consisted of three
variables, input, throughput, and output. The input of the study is the function of Portable
Phone Cooler with Sensor. The throughput is the evaluation of the respondents of
Portable Phone Cooler with Sensor as to its acceptability. The output of the study is the
level of acceptability of the Portable Phone Cooler with Sensor.
Feedback is to improve its design, construction, and performance of Portable
Phone Cooler with Sensor to improve any defect. These data was gathered from the
group of evaluators who have knowledge of its operation and function
Definition of Terms
For further understanding of the study, the following terms were defined
conceptually and operationally as used in this study.
Phone Cooler. A device meant to prevent a phone’s battery from overheating
made especially for 4 to 7 inch screens (Kevin, 2020).
In this study, phone cooler is made up of two cooling fans with LED light that
will automatically turn on when the thermal sensor detects heat on the phone.
Portable. Small and light enough to be carried or moved easily, and not attached
by electric wires (Cambridge Dictionary, 2022).
In this study, portable is used to describe the phone cooler with a thermal sensor.
Sensor. A sensor is a device that detects the change in the environment and
responds to some output on the other system (Smith, 2020).

In this study, sensor will be connected to the phone cooler and will start the phone
cooler once it detects phones temperature ranging to 39 degree Celsius and higher.
Smartphone. The term smartphone refers to a hand held electronic device that
provides a connection to a cellular network. Allow people to access the internet, play
games, and send text messages in addition to making phone calls and sending emails
(Investopedia, 2020).
In this study, a smartphone is a hand held device used by students during their
online gaming or academic online learning which was used as a primary device to be
examined to show the effectiveness of a Phone cooler with a thermal sensor.
Student. A person who is studying at a school or college (Oxford Languages).
In this study, student is defined as an individual who is enrolled in the degree
Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in Electronics Technology at
Iloilo Science and Technology University.
Significance of the Study
This study was undertaken to determine the level of effectiveness of the design
and application of sensor in portable phone cooler during the overheating of mobile
phone. The study will benefit the various sectors as follows:
Students. The direct recipients of this research are the students involved in online
learning. This is very convenient for their online classes.
Gamers. This will be beneficial for those who are involved in online gaming for this
device will allow their smartphones to perform at its best.

Entrepreneurs and Gadget sellers. The success of this device will be beneficial to the
entrepreneurs or sellers by selling it to students and gamers who experience overheating
on their mobile phones.
Future Researchers and Innovators. This study could serve as reference for researchers
and innovators who are either composing further research for innovation or conducting
related studies in relation to this subject.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study focused on determining the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. The data
collection was conducted to twenty-six (26) respondents, twenty-one (21) from Bachelor
of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in Electronics Technology 3-A
students and five (5) from electronics professors at Iloilo Science and Technology
University (La Paz Campus). The study was conducted through utilization of google form
to the students as a survey and reference and actual demonstration for electronics
professors.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researcher
considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presented the
synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for better comprehension of the study.
Performance efficiency of cooling fans
A phone cooler cool down the phone or gives relief from heat which is radiated
due to continuous use of phone. The working principle of the cooler is so easy to
understand. Now- a-days power dissipation levels in mobile phones are continue to
increase due to gaming, higher power apps and increased functionality associated with
internet. With this power dissipation level, products such as mobile phones will require
active cooling to ensure that the comfort and reliability perspectives. The current cooling
methodologies of natural convection and radiation limit the power dissipation within a
mobile phone to between 1-2 w depending on size. In this paper, the external portable
mobile phone cooling system has proposed. This system does not need any changes in
designing of mobile phone. It can be used for any types of mobile phone. The proposed
cooling system is portable and reliable in cooling phones. The result of this project shows
up to phone heating can be controlled in any condition without any external higher power
source. It has very less limitations. If the model is connected to phone to provide input
power to it the fan and cool it, it will result in drainage of battery of phone. It will not so
comfortable to use it for long time less than two hours (Chaitanya et al, 2022)
As we know that smart phones are now an important customer product, so its use
is increasing day by day. But at the same time, their app developers (APs) use a lot of
power (especially Android phones / mobiles). But as soon as they consume a lot of
energy, their performance is limited by thermal barriers. In this paper, we are dealing
with the use of bended heat pipe by presenting a compact thermal model and then
performing the experiment with bended heat pipe. Heat-cooled technology has been used
on smart phones, such as the Redmi not 8 pro, Sony Xperia Z5, Samsung Galaxy S8, and
LG G7 and Samsung Galaxy M31s for better cooling performance to reduce APs
temperatures. Bendable heat pipes, which can be bent after fabrication as per the need,
are the unique devices for thermal management. The effect of bending on the drop in
temperature, performance and performance limits has also been investigated. In this
exercise, the effects due to bending are studied by working at three different angles of 0 °,
90 ° and 180 °. In this work, the working of heat pipe was measured in terms of thermal
conductance, which is a reciprocal of thermal resistance. Two heat pipes were used for
their study. The two heat pipes tested were designated as HP1 and HP2. This document
describes the effects of bending on the operation of heat pipes (Rahman, 2020).
A Central Processing Unit (CPU) Fan definitely helps to lessen a CPU’s heating.
Without it, a CPU will not function properly and it will affect the whole computer
system. It is a vital component since it gives the CPU more time to function properly. The
circuits are very compact and layered in the chips, and with electricity moving through
them at the speed of light, a lot of heat gets generated. The power supply also produces
heat as it supplies power to the computer. The role of the computer fan is to pull cooler
air into the computer to cool the hot circuitry, particularly the CPU. If this component
reaches a pre-set temperature, the computer will shut down. This is called a "thermal
check," and mainframes, servers and personal computers all have this protective feature
built in (Hughes, 2018).
According to the IEEE Global Spec (n.d.), CPU coolers are heat sinks which are
specifically designed to remove waste heat generated by a central processing unit
(CPU).They may include integral fans for active cooling and often fit standard CPU
sockets. Most computers include at least one fan to facilitate the drawing of cool, ambient
air from outside the chassis, the expulsion of warm air from inside, or a combination of
both. Fans may also be used to move warm air across a heat sink in order to be cooled.
What is really the science behind a CPU Fan’s wonder to remove heat from a CPU? As
stated by Kazmeyer (2017), the basic thermodynamic principle behind CPU cooling is
convection. A hot object transfers some of that heat to the air molecules near its surface,
cooling slightly in the process. If the air is moving, then these heated molecules will float
away, allowing cooler air to replace them and absorb more heat. Using a fan forces the air
to move, providing a constant stream of cooler air to absorb heat from the object and
significantly increasing the rate of cooling.
Overheated parts will lose normal function resulting in computer system
problems. Cooling fans are used to keep the temperature of each internal component at a
safe operating level and speed up the exchange between air heat from internal computer
parts and cool ambient air. The computer cooling fan system is used for cooling purposes
to draw external cooler air into the computer to cool the heated components. When
processors, graphics cards, RAM and other components in computers get hot in high
speed and power consumption environment, the amount of heat generated from these
components has also been increased. These components must be cooled to maintain
within a proper temperature range to keep computer system from overheating, instability,
and malfunction (Li, 2017).
Although most cooling fans are not reliable to dissipate heat in a faster way, it can
still cool down the phone by removing the waste energy generated from the battery. “The
development of microelectronics puts great demands on efficient thermal management
techniques, because all the components are tightly packed and chips can get really hot.
Without an effective cooling system, our phones could have a system breakdown and
burn our hands if we run them for a long time or load a big application (Wang, 2020).
We present thermoelectric cooling solution embedded into mobile devices on the
chip surface that enables efficient processor thermal management. Our goal is to
minimize performance degradation from thermal throttling by efficiently using the TEC.
Our solution controls the TEC cooling power adaptively to the runtime workloads and
ambient temperature. To address this challenge, we first need to model the thermal
characteristics of the TEC and the processor chip. Using the system thermal model, we
then need to determine the optimal cooling current and perform adaptive cooling control
by tracking runtime workloads and ambient temperature. Chip temperature forms a
convex function of the cooling current and the processor speed, facilitating mathematical
optimization to determine the optimal cooling current. At runtime, we read thermal
sensors to learn a processor activity factor and adaptively control the cooling power. We
have evaluated the effectiveness of the TEC cooling solution on a smartphone using
representative mobile benchmarks. When running compute-intensive workloads without
the TEC, the processor speed is lowered to the minimum level resulting in significant
lagging. Using the TEC, the processor speed can be maintained close to the maximum
speed; only reduced 1.8% on average with the TEC compared to 19.2% without the TEC.
Our TEC solution achieves the maximum performance at cost of 0.2W cooling power
consumption by adaptively controlling the TEC. We also perform thermal simulations to
complement the experimental evaluation for extreme ambient temperatures by emulating
the TEC with thermal parameters identified from the experiments. The results showed the
large performance degradation under the adverse ambient can be saved by using the TEC
but at the cost of higher cooling power consumption (Lee et al, 2017).
Laptop cooler fans reduce the device's operating temperature which both limits
heat exposure to the hardware and makes the device itself more comfortable to use.
Laptops include built-in cooling fans and can be placed on notebook cooler pads to
reduce operating temperature. Prolonged heat exposure and component overheating can
damage a computer's components over time, whereas extreme overheating can actually
break the system. Laptops have limited space to work with for cooling, which makes the
cooling fans vital to the device's well-being (Stone, 2017).
In this paper using of the phase change materials (PCMs) in a micro-channel heat
sink (MCHS) is numerically investigated. The air is first used in heat sink and then four
phase change materials (paraffin wax, neicosane, p116 and RT41) have been used as
cooling mediums in different types and different configurations at different ambient
temperatures. Constant heat flux is applied on the base of heat sink and mixed
(convection and radiation) boundary condition is applied at the top surfaces of heat sink.
The results showed that, using of the phase change materials in micro-channels heat sink
with different configurations lead to enhance the cooling performance of micro heat sink.
The phase change material should be selected according to its melting temperature
according to the certain application as different phase change materials caused different
values of reduction in heat sink temperature in range of ambient temperature due to
difference in melting temperatures of PCMs. The cost of materials depends on the
classification of the PCM (organic and inorganic) and quantity of PCMs used in a certain
application (Hasan et al, 2018).
The continuing increase of power densities in microelectronics and the
simultaneous drive to reduce the size and weight of electronic products have led to the
increased importance of thermal management issues in these applications. Over the time,
the size and cost of typical electronic device has drastically decreased while the required
functionality, reliability and operating temperatures have significantly increased. In
addition, day by day the rate of automation is increasing significantly in all the fields; for
example, today’s average new automobile content is about 40% of electronics [Nielsen et
al. (2012)]. The temperature at the junction of an electronics package (chip temperature)
has become the limiting factor determining the lifetime of the package. The most
common method for cooling packages is the use of passive heat sinks or active heat sinks.
Passive heat sinks used in natural convection applications where normal heat dissipation
load is about 5 – 30 W, which are relatively simple, and their usage does not require
external power. Electronic equipment relies on the flow and control of electrical current
to perform a fantastic variety of functions, in virtually every major industry throughout
the world. Whenever electrical current flows through a resistive element, heat is
generated in that element. An increase in the current or resistance produces an increase in
the amount of heat that is generated in the element. The heat continues to be generated as
long as the current continues to flow. As the heat builds up, the temperature of the
resistive element starts to rise, unless the heat can find a flow path that carries it away
from the element. If the heat flow path is poor, the temperature may continue to rise until
the resistive element is destroyed and the current stops flowing (Kumar and Chopra,
2019).
Performance efficiency of Thermal sensors
This paper presents a highly efficient thermal which has been extensively
developed and used for a variety of industrial requirements: steel manufacturing, gas
appliance safety, electrical and mechanical apparatus manufacturing, car manufacturing,
power production, thermoelectric cooling, and chemical (oil, gas) processing.
Studies shows the efficiency of thermal sensors in fire-fighter’s clothing, fire-
fighter/industrial-worker burn injuries and fatalities occur every year within the last
decades of inadequacy of performance in protective clothing, thermal sensor are used to
predict the heat flux transferred through protective clothing under fire exposures; the heat
flux predicted is used to evaluate the performance of protective clothing (Mandal and
Song, 2014). Basically, Thermal sensors are used to predict the heat flux in the phone
battery to ensure safety in the device and unwanted disruption on its performance.
In the paper written by Sirmacek and Riveiro (2020) they mentioned that different
noise factors can affect the result of a low-resolution heat sensor. Two of the noise factors
that they mentioned are people and objects exposed to sunlight. To collect the data,
humans and objects were exposed to sunlight for a couple of seconds to generate more
heat. The object or human was removed but the sunlight was still present in the sensor's
field of view (FOV). This was done to see if the sunlight could generate enough heat to
trick the sensor to believe that the object or human was still present in the FOV. Because
the sensor is affected by distance, data was also collected when the sensor was positioned
in different angles, in the ceiling or on the wall. This was done to answer the second
research question. It was believed that placing the sensors in different positions could
result in a better FOV in terms of wideness. Because it could give more angled focus on
the target object instead of the room temperature, meaning that more of the human body
could be captured by the sensors. If more of the human body is captured, the more pixels
in the sensors FOV are occupied, resulting in more focus on the human body rather than
the room temperature. It is mentioned in the user manual Omron (2017) how distance can
be increased by position of the heat source. By placing the heat sensor at a specific
position, it can give the heat source a better position when it is caught by the sensor
(Magnusson and Hermansson, 2021).
A temperature sensor is among other sensors used in monitoring environmental
elements in data centers like temperature, power, and airflow. These sensors allow data
center managers to monitor and immediately address the issues that may arise. Which is
made possible by wired or wireless temperature sensors. These sensors can be integrated
with data center storage, servers, and large network equipment products. Monitoring
these environmental elements through sensors on server racks enables data center
managers to maintain the necessary airflow, IT load, and cooling adjustments as needed.
These sensors are configured to send alerts should the safe operating temperature be
exceeded. Some Data center infrastructure management (DCIM) systems have remote
monitoring and management features for cooling units. As a response to unstable heat
loads, these systems can automatically make cooling adjustments. This will not only
prolong the life of IT equipment but will also reduce data center cooling costs
(www.Akcp.usa.com, 2021).
Thermal sensors track temperature changes. In many process
industries, temperature sensors are used to measure gas, liquid, and solid thermal
properties and are intended for general as well as for specific purposes. Some of the most
common thermal stimulation detection methods are bimetallic streams, thermocouples,
thermometers, or thermistors. Infrared cameras can also be used to classify low-level heat
sources. Heat energy and even coldness emitted by an object or instrument is measured
by temperature sensors, which can sense or detect any physical change producing
analogue or numerical output at this temperature. Thermocouples, real time digital
simulator (RTDs), thermistors, and semiconductor integrated current (ICs) are the
primary temperature sensors that are used. Thermocouples can be tested at a low cost;
they are stable and have a wide range of temperature. Sensors, detectors, and transducers
are electronic instruments that can detect thermal parameters and provide signal input
control and display. A temperature sensor typically depends on the RTD or thermistor for
measuring and translating the temperature into an output voltage. Sensors and detectors
form maximum and minimum observable temperatures, and diameter and length
measurements are the main parameters (McGrath and Scanaill, 2013).

Temperature sensors based on polymer-metal oxide composites use changes in the
resistivity of the polymers as transductor to measure thermal information of the
environment. The relationship between the temperature and the resistivity of the materials
is given by a coefficient known as temperature coefficient, such that it takes a negative
(positive) value when the resistivity of the sensing layer decreases (increases) as the
temperature rises. A negative temperature coefficient indicates that electrons of valence
band undergo thermal agitation, which maximizes the number of active charges, i.e.,
electric conduction increases with temperature. For materials with positive temperature
coefficient, thermal lattice agitation associated with impurities and defects in
nanocrystals is induced with the increment of temperature, which in turn increases
(decreases) its electrical resistivity (conductivity). Temperature sensors usually use NTC
materials to obtain high sensitivity and strong electrical response under low-temperature
stimuli. Additionally, conductive polymers, with negative and positive temperature
coefficients, have been employed to develop current limiters, over-temperature
protectors, self-regulators, and thermistors (Palencia et al, 2022).
Thermal sensors are construction elements to measure temperature and engage
functional dependence of a particular physical property of the sensory material on the
temperature, which is routinely identified and well defined. The need for these sensors is
imminent in manufacturing and process monitoring industries such as chemical plants,
agriculture, automotive, power plants, aerospace, logistics, medical, health, safety, etc.
Kong et al. reported the development of rGO-based temperature-sensitive
electrode via. inkjet printing of rGO onto Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) which served
as a temperature-sensitive substrate with an electrical resistance of 0.3 MΩ/square and

optical transparency of 86% which is tunable to the respective needs. The electrode
behaved as a negative temperature coefficient (nonmetallic behavior) material, showing a
sharp deterioration in electrical resistance with an increase in temperature. There was a
faster response time observed by an order of magnitude along with sensitivity, similar to
those of conventional materials where the dR/dT is negative. The potential of such a
composite electrode can be used as a writable, flexible, extremely thin, and
transparent temperature sensor. The result exhibits the evaluation of temperature sensory
role upon tapping the electrode with a finger-tip at room temperature. Due to human
touch, a change in temperature over the sensor is observed with a decrease in resistance.
However, when tapped with any other nonliving objects which were at equilibrium with
room temperature, no change was observed for the electrode resistance (not shown in the
figure) which indicated that these changes were a result of heat transfer between the tip of
the finger and the electrode due to variation in temperature between both (Gupta, 2022).
Performance Proficiency of Lithium ion batteries
The expansion of lithium-ion batteries from consumer electronics to larger-scale
transport and energy storage applications has made understanding the many mechanisms
responsible for battery degradation increasingly important. The literature in this complex
topic has grown considerably; this perspective aims to distil current knowledge into a
succinct form, as a reference and a guide to understanding battery degradation. Unlike
other reviews, this work emphasises the coupling between the different mechanisms and
the different physical and chemical approaches used to trigger, identify and monitor
various mechanisms, as well as the various computational models that attempt to simulate
these interactions. Degradation is separated into three levels: the actual mechanisms
themselves, the observable consequences at cell level called modes and the operational
effects such as capacity or power fade. Five principal and thirteen secondary mechanisms
were found that are generally considered to be the cause of degradation during normal
operation, which all give rise to five observable modes. A flowchart illustrates the
different feedback loops that couple the various forms of degradation, whilst a table is
presented to highlight the experimental conditions that are most likely to trigger specific
degradation mechanisms. Together, they provide a powerful guide to designing
experiments or models for investigating battery degradation (Edge et al, 2021).
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely recognized as the most promising
energy storage technology due to their favourable power and energy densities for
applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and other related functions. However, further
improvements are needed which are underpinned by advances in conventional electrode
designs. This paper reviews conventional and emerging electrode designs, including
conventional LIB electrode modification techniques and electrode design for next-
generation energy devices. Thick electrode designs with low tortuosity are the most
conventional approach for energy density improvement. Chemistries such as lithium-
sulfur, lithium-air and solid-state batteries show great potential, yet many challenges
remain. Microscale structural modelling and macroscale functional modelling methods
underpin much of the electrode design work and these efforts are summarized here. More
importantly, this paper presents a novel framework for next-generation electrode design
termed: Cyber Hierarchy And Interactional Network based Multiscale Electrode Design
(CHAIN-MED), a hybrid solution combining model-based and data-driven techniques for
optimal electrode design, which significantly shortens the development cycle. This
review, therefore, provides novel insights into combining existing design approaches with
multiscale models and machine learning techniques for next-generation LIB electrodes
(Gao et al, 2021).
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while first commercially developed for portable
electronics are now ubiquitous in daily life, in increasingly diverse applications including
electric cars, power tools, medical devices, smart watches, drones, satellites, and utility-
scale storage. As battery usage multiplies, so do the specific requirements, with
increasing divergence of battery designs and sizes to suit each specific use. A pressing
challenge—especially over the next decade—is to develop batteries that will make a
significant contribution to reducing and eventually eliminating carbon emissions, in some
countries including the UK as early as 2050, to mitigate global warming. Current LIBs
are fit for frequency regulation, short-term storage and micro-grid applications, but
expense and down the line, mineral resource issues, still prevent their widespread on the
grid. There are many alternatives with no clear winners or favoured paths towards the
ultimate goal of developing a battery for widespread use on the grid (Grey and Hall,
2020).
To a large extent, these developments have been made possible by the lithium-ion
battery. This type of battery has revolutionized the energy storage technology and
enabled the mobile revolution. Through its high potential, and high energy density and
capacity, this battery type has already contributed to improving our lives, and arguably
will continue to do so in the years to come. However, battery development is very
daunting and challenging in general, and perhaps particularly so when it comes to
lithium-based cells. Ever since Alessandro Volta presented his famous “pile” around
1800, tremendous effort has been invested in the development of batteries. Many
scientists and engineers, working in academia, industry, and even independently, have
contributed to this development, realizing that the identification of solutions for efficient
batteries is a highly difficult task. The development has thus been relatively sluggish and
only very few efficient battery configurations have been successfully designed over the
years. For example, we still rely on the lead–acid battery discovered in the mid-19th
century. Nevertheless, due to several ground-breaking multidisciplinary scientific
discoveries, encompassing electrochemistry, organic/inorganic chemistry, materials
science, etc., these challenges could indeed be met, and the lithium-ion battery becomes a
reality that essentially changed our world. The working principle of a battery is relatively
straightforward in its basic configuration. The cell is composed of two electrodes, each
connected to an electric circuit, separated by an electrolyte that can accommodate
charged species. Frequently, the electrodes are physically separated by a barrier material
that prevents them from coming into physical contact with one another, which would
cause the battery to short-circuit. In the discharge mode, when the battery serves to drive
the electric current, an oxidation process takes place at the negative electrode (anode),
resulting in electrons moving from the electrode through the circuit. A complementary
reduction process takes place at the positive electrode (cathode), replenished by electrons
from the circuit. The cell voltage largely depends on the potential difference of the
electrodes, and the overall process is spontaneous. For rechargeable (secondary) batteries
the process can be reversed and external electricity can be used to produce
complementary redox reactions at the electrodes. This process is energy-dependent and
non-spontaneous (Yoshino et al, 2019).
Lithium ion battery is an efficient energy storage and conversion device in our
daily life and industry production. Several problems still limit its wider application, such
as the low reversible capacity, short cycle life, slow charging rate, safety issues, etc. For
example electrodes materials suffer from large volume change during electrochemical
cycling, leading to fracture and pulverization of the materials and degradation and failure
of the lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the structural integrity is very important and plays
a critical role in the performance of LiBs devices. Thus, this article section presents a
fundamental review of LIBs, electrode materials and the mechanical properties,
microstructure changes, and degradation mechanisms of electrodes in Li metal electrodes.
It also addresses some of the challenges in measuring the mechanical properties (tensile
and compressive) of battery components including anode, cathodes and separators by
developing a procedure for characterizing that can be easily reproduced. The stress-strain
behaviour, rate dependence, and solvent-immersion dependence of components were also
presented. The expansion/contraction of electrodes during cycling causes changes in the
mechanical properties, microstructure, and porosity of electrodes. Understanding the
relationship between mechanical property evolution, microstructure degradation, and
capacity fading in LiBs has been elucidated and it was observed that structural changes
could be induced by stress evolution emanating from the variation in material
composition and can lead to crack nucleation and propagation of fracture and failure in
LIBs. While areas for improvement of the fabrication and performance of the LIBs still
exist, the article demonstrate the promising potential of the structural integrity of the
various components the battery for the efficient use (Bello and Soboyejo, 2022).
Lithium ion batteries have aided the revolution in microelectronics and have
become the choice of power source for portable electronic devices. Their triumph in the
portable electronics market is due to the higher gravimetric and volumetric energy
densities offered by them compared to other rechargeable systems. The higher energy
density is due to the higher operating voltages of ∼4 V resulting from the use of water-
free, nonaqueous electrolytes compared to the use of aqueous electrolytes in other
systems that limit the operating voltages mostly to <2 V. Lithium ion batteries have also
begun to enter the electric vehicle market and are being intensively pursued for grid
energy storage as well. Energy, power, charge–discharge rate, cost, cycle life, safety, and
environmental impact are some of the parameters that need to be considered in adopting
lithium ion batteries for various applications. While energy density is the most important
factor for portable electronics, cost, cycle life, and safety also become critical parameters
along with energy density (driving distance between charges) for electric vehicles. On the
other hand, cost, cycle life, and safety become more important than energy density for
grid-energy storage. It is desirable to have a fast charge–discharge rate for all three
applications (Manthiram, 2017).
In this review, W. Shang discussed the effects of temperature to lithium-ion
batteries at both low and high temperature ranges. Lithium-ion batteries, with high energy
density (up to 705 Wh/L) and power density (up to 10,000 W/L), exhibit high capacity
and great working performance. As rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries serve as

power sources in various application systems. Temperature, as a critical factor,
significantly impacts on the performance of lithium-ion batteries and also limits the
application of lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, different temperature conditions result in
different adverse effects. Accurate measurement of temperature inside lithium-ion
batteries and understanding the temperature effects are important for the proper battery
management. Thermal challenges exist in the applications of LIBs due to the
temperature-dependent performance. The optimal operating temperature range of LIBs is
generally limited to 15–35 °C. Both low temperature and high temperature out of this
scope will affect the performance and may cause irreversible change to the LIBs. At low
temperatures, the degradation of performance is mainly caused by the reduction of ionic
conductivity and the increase of charge-transfer resistance. Lithium plating is a specific
effect that occurs on the surface of graphite and other carbon-based anodes, which leads
to the loss of capacity at low temperatures. High temperature conditions accelerate the
thermal aging and may shorten the lifetime of LIBs. Heat generation within the batteries
is another considerable factor at high temperatures. With the stimulation of elevated
temperature, the exothermic reactions are triggered and generate more heat, leading to the
further increase of temperature. Such uncontrolled heat generation will result in thermal
runaway (Shang et al, 2018).
LIBs have an anode and electrode, as well as an electrolyte in three main
components. When LIBs is charged, lithium ions are removed from the cathode
electrode. The decomposition of lithium ions then travels through the electrolyte and
transfers into the anode electrode, and the energy is stored in LIBs during this cycle.
When the LIBs stop storing, the lithium ions move back to the cathode electrode; and the
stored energy has been released. The selection of cathode and anode materials is very
important, and this is the main focus of various researchers. The conventional electrode
material is subject to complicated synthesis, low energy/power density, and limited life
cycle. MOFs are promising electro-materials for LIBs due to their unique character,
nonspecific surfaces, well-developed porosity, and high storage ability.
Lin et al., with hydrophobic and polar-functionalized MOFs (bimetallic metal
organic frameworks (BMOFs)), showed excellent thermal and chemical stability. They
have demonstrated that lithium ions are deposited primarily by pores in BMOF. It also
contributed to the highly required capacities of nitrogen atoms in BMOF amine groups.
The maximum ability of the BMOF could be further increased by the maximum surface
area, the pore volume, and the current nitrogen-rich functionality content. The prevailing
concentrations were the small particle size and the rapid movement of lithium-ion
through extensive open skeleton passages. Most of the MOFs in air and moisture are
unstable. In the complicated electrical climate of LIBs, chemical stability in MOFs is
suffering from tougher challenges. Thus MOFs are in high demand for thermal, chemical,
and structural stability that is critical in practical applications for LIBs cycling
performance. Besides, for practical capabilities and rate efficiency, the
electrical conductivity of MOFs is critical. For LIBs, MOFs are thus desirable electrode
materials with high electrical conductivity and stability (Ramesh and Praveen, 2021).
Prior Art 1
Laptop cooling pad with heat-dissipating fan adjustable in position
Patent No. US8582296B2

Date: 2011
Inventor: Cheng Yu Huang
Abstract
A laptop cooling pad having one or more heat-dissipating fans adjustable in
position is disclosed. The laptop cooling pad is provided with a ventilation portion so that
a heat-dissipating fan can be mounted on the ventilation portion through a fan support.
The ventilation portion has a groove for receiving pushing nodes of the fan support so
that a user can push the pushing nodes to move the heat-dissipating fan inside the laptop
cooling pad and make the heat-dissipating fan close to a heat source, thereby ensuring the
heat-dissipating effect of the laptop cooling pad.
Background
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to laptop cooling pads having heat-dissipating fans, and
more particularly, to a laptop cooling pad having one or more heat-dissipating fans
adjustable in position
Description of Prior Art
Laptop computers are made to be portable, and when working with the developed
wireless internet access, can vigorously function everywhere. With the related engineers'
efforts, laptop computers have recently been developed to be light and compact and
provide continuous usage. For all these reasons, existing laptop computers are highly
welcome and extensively used by people for various works on diverse occasions.
However, due to its configuration, a laptop computer is innately inferior to other
IT devices such as personal computers and server computers in terms of heat dissipation.
As known, a laptop computer typically has its hard drive, Central Processing Unit (CPU)
and power supply settled near its bottom (back), and the heat generated by these
components has to be dissipated or the accumulated heat can eventually damage the
entire device.
For properly dissipating heat from laptop computers, many laptop cooling pads or
similar devices that facilitate heat dissipation of a laptop computer placed thereon have
been developed with various materials, configurations and sizes.
A conventional laptop cooling pad uses heat-dissipating fans fixedly mounted
thereon to generate air flow that brings heat away from the laptop computer it supports,
so as to achieve heat dissipation. However, laptop computers from different
manufacturers may have their heating portions located differently, so the cooling pad
with the immovable heat-dissipating fans cannot ensure best heat-dissipating effect while
being used with different laptop computers.
Summary of the Invention
In view of the shortcomings of the conventional laptop cooling pad, the inventor
of the present invention has conducted researches and tests and finally developed a laptop
cooling pad with heat-dissipating fans adjustable in position, as disclosed herein.
To overcome the shortcomings of the conventional laptop cooling pad, the present
invention provides a laptop cooling pad having a ventilation portion for movably
receiving a fan seat whereon a heat-dissipating fan is mounted. The ventilation portion is
provided with a groove where pushing nodes of the fan support can be inserted into so
that a user can move the heat-dissipating fan inside the cooling pad by pulling the
pushing nodes in order to place the heat-dissipating fan close to a heat source of laptop
computers from different manufacturers, thereby ensuring the heat-dissipating effect.
Prior Art 2
Thermal Sensor, Non-Contact Thermometer Device, and Non-Contact Temperature
Measurement Method
Patent No. US20110164655A1
Date: 2009
Inventor: Shinichiro NAWAI, Tadamasa MIURA
Abstract
A thermal sensor that includes a ceramic body formed of NTC thermistor
ceramic, heat sensing part electrodes, temperature compensation part electrodes, external
electrodes, and a cavity. A heat sensing part, which is the surface layer of the ceramic
body, is heated by, for example, radiant heat transfer, reducing the resistance value of a
thermistor ceramic layer between the heat sensing part electrodes. Since the heat of the
heat sensing part of the ceramic body is insulated by the cavity and thus prevented from
diffusing, the heat capacity of the heat sensing unit is reduced, obtaining high sensitivity
and high responsiveness.
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a thermistor bolometer-type thermal sensor for
use in non-contact temperature detection sensors, human body detection sensors, and the
like, a non-contact thermometer device, and a non-contact temperature measurement
method.
2. Description of Prior Art
Cross Reference to Related Applications
The present application is a continuation of International Application No.
PCT/JP2009/067833, filed Oct. 15, 2009, which claims priority to Japanese Patent
Application No. JP2008-265945, filed Oct. 15, 2008, and Japanese Patent Application
No. JP2009-179022, filed Jul. 31, 2009, the entire contents of each of these applications
being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a thermal sensor that
has high detection sensitivity and high responsiveness and is easy to manufacture,
surface-mountable, and small, and a non-contact temperature measurement method. To
solve the above-mentioned problems, a thermal sensor, a non-contact thermometer
device, and a non-contact temperature measurement method of the present invention are
configured as follows. The thermal sensor includes: a ceramic body; a heat sensing part
formed adjacent to at least a first main surface of the ceramic body and made of a
thermistor material; and a heat sensing part electrode disposed within the heat sensing
part and intended to detect the resistance value of the heat sensing part. The thermal
sensor has a structure where a heat insulation part is formed more internally than the heat
sensing part within the ceramic body. This structure can reduce the heat capacity of the
heat sensing unit, increasing the rate of temperature increase due to convective heat
transfer or radiant heat transfer, resulting in an increase in detection sensitivity. Further,
this thermal sensor can be easily manufactured by a method similar to that for a general
multilayer ceramic component, reducing cost. Furthermore, the formation of the external
electrodes on the ceramic body allows formation of a surface-mountable thermal sensor.
Prior Art 3
Mobile phone holder
Patent No. US6285758B1
Date: 1999
Inventor: Shu-Shen Lu
Abstract
A mobile phone holder is disclosed. The mobile phone has a disk operatively
controlling a first plate and a second plate to move simultaneously to each other or away
from each other. With such an arrangement, the mobile phone holder is able to adjust its
size to receive all kinds of different mobile phones readily by simply rotating the disk
Background of the Invention
1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a mobile phone holder, and more particularly to a
mobile phone holder that is able to adjust its size readily so as to receive all kinds of
mobile phones.
2. Description of Prior Art
Due to the booming of modem technology of telecommunication, mobile phones
have become a daily necessity for the users. In order to grasp the trend, all the
telecommunication manufacturers focus on making various kinds of mobiles. Each of the
mobile phones have its own unique appearance design and function for the customers to
choose according to various requirements. Besides all the different-sized mobile phones,
other mobile phone accessories are also introduced to meet with the customer's
requirements. Among them, a mobile phone holder has become the top seller in the
market. That is because various customers have various needs for the mobile phones,
which circumstantially promotes the popularity of mobile phone holders. However, once
the customer decides to change the brand of the mobile phone, due to the size change of
the mobile phone, the customer will have to purchase another holder to receive the new
mobile phone, which is quite a waste to the customer. To overcome the shortcoming, a
new holder for receiving a mobile phone therein is thus introduced to the market. Yet,
this kind of mobile phone holder mostly uses springs with strong strength, which not only
is inconvenient to the user, but also is easy to damage the housing of the mobile phone.
Again, due to the strength of the spring, the manufacturer also encounters difficulty
assembling the holder and high cost.
Therefore, it is an objective of the invention to provide an improved mobile phone
holder to mitigate and obviate the aforementioned problems.

The primary objective of the invention is to provide an improved mobile phone
holder to receive all kinds of mobile phones readily.
Another objective of the invention is to provide an improved mobile phone holder
having a disk provided with a helical groove, such that two positioning bosses provided
on a first plate and a second plate are able to be received in the helical groove to enable
the first plate and the second plate to move inward or outward simultaneously when
rotating the disk.
Still, another objective of the invention is to provide grill-like structure on the first
plate and the second plate, such that when the first and the second plates are assembled,
the grill-like structure will be able to ensure that no relative movement between the first
and the second plates in the vertical direction.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become more
apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the
accompanying drawings.
Synthesis
In prior art 1, the invention has a heat sink that provides a flat surface on which a
portable computer can be placed and a finned surface for heat dissipation. Micro-fans pull
air through the space enclosed between the two materials. And these fans are powered
through the computer's universal serial bus (USB).
In prior art 2, the invention includes a ceramic body formed of NTC thermistor
ceramic, heat sensing part electrodes, temperature compensation part electrodes, external
electrodes, and a cavity. A heat sensing part, which is the surface layer of the ceramic
body, is heated by. Since the heat of the heat sensing part of the ceramic body is insulated
by the cavity and thus prevented from diffusing, the heat capacity of the heat sensing unit
is reduced, obtaining high sensitivity and high responsiveness.
In prior art 3, the invention has a disk operatively controlling a first plate and a
second plate to move simultaneously to each other or away from each other. This
invention is able to adjust its size to receive all kinds of different mobile phones readily
by simply rotating the disk

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter described the research design, respondents of the study, the data
gathering instrument, the validity of the instrument, the reliability of the instrument, data
gathering procedures, and data processing techniques.
The Research Design
This research aimed to find out the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor when
evaluated by electronics professors and college students. Experimental research design
was used in this study. Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a scientific
research design. It includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the
researcher, and variables that can be measured, calculated and compared.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the electronics professors and Bachelor of
Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in Electronics Technology students of
Iloilo Science and Technology University. These professors and students are specialized
in fields of the electronics sector thus making them appropriate in evaluating. Purposive
sampling was used. Twenty-six (26) respondents, five (5) from electronics department
professors at ISAT U Main, twenty-one (21) were from Bachelor of Technical Vocational
Teacher Education major in Electronics Technology 3-A- students.

Data Gathering Instruments
The instrument utilized was the survey form that was administered to the group
of electronics professors and Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major
in Electronics Technology students of Iloilo Science and Technology University. The
survey form contained set of questions that evaluates the device in terms of its usability,
compatibility, reliability and performance efficiency affiliated with the corresponding
rating scale 4.21-5.00-excellent, 3.41-420-very satisfactory, 2.61-3.40-satisfactory, 1.81-
2.60-good and 1.00-1.80-poor.
Data Gathering Procedure
In gathering data, the researcher created a group chat for the two groups of
respondents. Afterwards, a link to a Google Form was sent, along with a video
presentation showing the device's features and how it is operated. The respondents filled
out and evaluated the device by answering the Google form that was sent to them.
Answers were automatically sent to the email of the researchers, with a copy sent to the
respondents.
Data Processing Techniques
In this study Descriptive and Inferential Statistic were used;
Descriptive Statistics
Mean was used to describe the average level of acceptability of a Phone cooler
with thermal sensor to its design, construction and performance.

Standard Deviation was used to quantify the amount of dispersion of a set of data
values from the mean.
Inferential Statistics
T-test for Independent Sample is used to compare the means of two groups and to
know if there is a significant difference in the level of acceptability of portable phone
cooler with thermal sensor as to its design, construction and performance as evaluate by
electronics professors and Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in
Electronics Technology students.

Project/Plan Design
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Phone’s USB
LED
Micro USB Indicator
Charging Port
Thermal sensor
Fan and Heat

Lithium-Ion
sink
Figure 2.1 Present the Block Diagram of the Study
Sampling Method
In this study, non-probability sampling was used, which is called purposive
sampling. First, the researchers established criteria for who would be eligible to
participate in the study. After the criteria were made, the researchers rejected those
respondents who did not meet the criteria. Below are the criteria;
Student
⮚ He or she must be a Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major
in Electronics Technology student and currently studying in Iloilo Science and
Technology University Lapaz Campus.
⮚ Has an android phone used for online learning or online gaming.
⮚ Has commonly experienced interruption and lagging due to overheating in his or
her phone.
Electronic Teachers or Electronic Professionals
⮚ He or she has more than five years of expertise and knowledge in the field of
electronics.
⮚ He or she is a licensed professional specialized in Electronics and the like field of
specialization.
Only twelve (21) Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in
Electronics Technology 3-A students and five (5) electronics professors at Iloilo Science
and Technology University (Lapaz Campus) were qualified to take the survey. Total of
twenty-six (26) respondents, with the confidence level of 95% and margin of error of 5%.
The sample size was solved from raosoft sample size calculator which is an online
sample calculator that used Slovin's Formula in solving sample size.
Reliability and Validity Testing of Instrument

In this study Cronbach's Alpha was used to measure the reliability of the
questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test, see if multiple questions like Likert scale surveys
are reliable then it was also considered to be valid also. Here Cronbach's alpha tells you
how closely related a set of test items are as a group.
Construction Procedures
Soldering Iron Pliers Screwdrivers
Electric Drill Hacksaw
Figure 3. Tools and Equipment

Cooler fan with Heat sink Thermistor (Thermal Sensor)
3.7V Lithium-ion LED
Figure 4. Supplies and Materials
Construction Procedures:
The construction procedures of the device consist of four phases: purchasing,
construction of different parts, assembling, installation of electrical components and
control system.
Phase I – Purchasing:
1. Purchase the existing gadget.
2. Prepare materials, tools, and equipment.
Phase II - Construction of different parts:
1. Lithium-ion Battery- 3.7 Volts 4,200 mAh
2. Cooler fan
3. Thermal Sensor
4. Light Emitting Diodes
5. Switch
6. Insulated wire
Phase III - Assembling:
Phase lV – Installation of electronics components:
1. Installation of all the electronic components inside the case.

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presented the data gathered concerning the specific problems and
hypotheses of the study, their corresponding analysis and interpretation as well as the
discussion on the implications of the findings.
Table 1. Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable Phone Cooler with
Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Students in terms of its Design.
Items Mean Std. deviation Remarks
1. The size of the gadget is suitable 4.6190 .49761 Highly Acceptable

for the mobile phone.
2. The weight of the gadget is 4.7619 .43644 Highly Acceptable
portable
3. The components of the device 4.8571 .35857 Highly Acceptable
follow the proper layout.
4. The gadget looks attractive. 4.9048 .30079 Highly Acceptable
5. The strength of the gadget is 4.7143 .56061 Highly Acceptable

based on its shape.
Grand Mean 4.7714 Highly Acceptable

Legend
Excellent Very Satisfactory Good Poor

Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Design. Table 1 showed the level of acceptability of the gadget evaluated by
students in terms of Design of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In terms of
design, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.7714 which is highly acceptable.
The suitability of the gadget’s size for the mobile phone has an average mean of
4.6190 equivalents to highly acceptable which is also the lowest among the items. The
weight of the gadget’s portability has an average mean of 4.7619 equivalents to highly
acceptable. The laying out of the component has an average mean of 4.8571 which is
equivalent to highly acceptable. The gadget’s appearance has an average mean of 4.9048
which is equivalent to highly acceptable. The strength of the gadget as based on its shape
has an average mean of 4.7143 equivalents to highly acceptable.
Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Professors in terms of its Design.
1. The size of the gadget is suitable 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable

for the mobile phone.
2. The weight of the gadget is 4.6000 .54772 Highly Acceptable

portable
3. The components of the device 4.4000 .89443 Very Acceptable

follow the proper layout.
4. The gadget looks attractive. 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable
5. The strength of the gadget is 5.0000 .00000 Highly Acceptable

based on its shape.
Legend
Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Design. Table 2 showed the level of acceptability of the gadget evaluated by
professors in terms of Design of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In terms of
design, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.7200 which is highly acceptable.
The suitability of the gadget’s size for the mobile phone has an average mean of
4.8000 equivalents to highly acceptable which is also the lowest among the items. The
weight of the gadget’s portability has an average mean of 4.6000 equivalents to highly
acceptable. The laying out of the component has an average mean of 4.4000 which is
equivalent to very acceptable. The gadget’s appearance has an average mean of 4.8000
which is equivalent to highly acceptable. The strength of the gadget as based on its shape
has an average mean of 5.0000 equivalents to highly acceptable.
Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Students in terms of its Construction.
1. The device wiring connection is 4.7143 .56061 Highly Acceptable

properly connected.
2. The components and materials 4.7143 .56061 Highly Acceptable
used are appropriate in cooling down
overheating mobile phone.
3. The device construction cost is 4.6667 .57735 Highly Acceptable
practical.
4. The device components are 4.7619 .43644 Highly Acceptable
properly placed.
5. The device is easily installed. 4.8095 .40237 Highly Acceptable
Legend

Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Construction. Table 3 showed the level of acceptability of the gadget evaluated
by students in terms of Construction of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In
terms of Construction, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.7333 which is highly
acceptable.
The wiring connection of the device has an average mean of 4.7143 which is
highly acceptable. The components and materials used in cooling down overheating
mobile phones have an average mean of 4.7143 equivalents to highly acceptable. The
construction cost of the device has an average mean of 4.6667 which is highly acceptable.
The placement of the device components has an average mean of 4.7619 equivalents to
highly acceptable. The installation of the device has an average mean of 4.8095 which is
highly acceptable.
Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Professors in terms of its Construction.
1. The device wiring connection is 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable

properly connected.
2. The components and materials 4.8000 .44721Perfo Highly Acceptable
used are appropriate in cooling down
overheating mobile phone.
3. The device construction cost is 5.0000 .00000 Highly Acceptable
practical.
4. The device components are 5.0000 .00000 Highly Acceptable
properly placed.
5. The device is easily installed. 5.0000 .00000 Highly Acceptable
Legend

Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Construction. Table 4 showed the level of acceptability of the gadget evaluated
by professors in terms of Construction of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In
terms of Construction, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.9200 which is highly
acceptable.
The wiring connection of the device, and the components and materials used in
cooling down overheating mobile phones has the lowest average mean of 4.8000 which is
equivalent to highly acceptable. On the other hand, the construction cost of the device,
the placement of the device components, and the installation of the device got the highest
average mean of 5.0000 which is equivalent to highly acceptable.
Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Students in terms of its Performance.

1. The device is effective in cooling 4.8095 .40237 Highly Acceptable

the overheating mobile phone.
2. The performance of components is 4.7143 .56061 Highly Acceptable
sustainable.
3. From the installation of the device 4.6667 .48305 Highly Acceptable
to the actual performance is
convenient.
4. The device is safe for the users. 4.7619 .53896 Highly Acceptable
5. The device is durable. 4.8095 .40237 Highly Acceptable
Legend

Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Performance. Table 5 showed the level of acceptability of the device evaluated
by students in terms of Performance of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In
terms of Performance, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.7524 which is highly
acceptable.
The effectiveness of the device in cooling the overheating phone has an average
mean of 4.8095 which is equivalent to highly acceptable. The sustainability of the
components’ performance has an average mean of 4.7143 equivalents to highly
acceptable. The convenience from the installation of the device to the actual performance
has an average mean of 4.6667 which is equivalent to highly acceptable. The safeness of
the device for the user has an average mean of 4.7619 equivalents to highly acceptable.
The durability of the device has an average mean of 4.8095 which is equivalent to highly
acceptable.
Table 6. Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable Phone Cooler
with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by Professors in terms of its Performance.
1. The device is effective in cooling 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable

the overheating mobile phone.
2. The performance of components is 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable
sustainable.
3. From the installation of the device 4.6000 .54772 Highly Acceptable
to the actual performance is
convenient.
4. The device is safe for the users. 4.8000 .44721 Highly Acceptable
5. The device is durable. 4.6000 .54772 Highly Acceptable
Legend

Satisfactory
4.21-5.00 3.41-4.20 2.61-3.40 1.81-2.60 1.80-1.00
Performance. Table 6 showed the level of acceptability of the device evaluated
by professors in terms of Performance of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor. In
terms of Performance, the gadget gained a grand mean of 4.7200 which is highly
acceptable.
The effectiveness of the device in cooling the overheating phone, the
sustainability of the components’ performance, and the safeness of the device for the user
has the highest mean of 4.8000 which is equivalent to highly acceptable. On the other
hand, the convenience from the installation of the device to the actual performance and
the durability of the device has the lowest average mean of 4.6000 which is equivalent to
highly acceptable.
Table 7. Mann – Whitnney U test result for the differences in Mean Ratings of
Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor in terms of Design.
Ranks
Group N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Design Students 21 13.55 284.50
Teachers 5 13.30 66.50

Total 26
Test Statisticsa
Design
Mann-Whitney U 51.500
Wilcoxon W 66.500
Z -.071
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .943
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)] .950b
a. Grouping Variable: Group
b. Not corrected for ties.
As shown in the foregoing table the Mann-Whitney value is 51.500 and the
significant difference is 0.943.
Since the computed probability value were greater than the set probability value
of 0.05, the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the Portable Phone Cooler
with Thermal Sensor in terms of design when evaluated by students and professors is
accepted. This means that the response of the students and professors in the Portable
Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor were similar. This further implies that the
respondents do not differ on their response and perception towards the device in terms of
design.
Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor in terms of Construction.
Ranks

Construction Students 21 12.81 269.00
Teachers 5 16.40 82.00

Total 26
Test Statisticsa
Construction
Wilcoxon W 269.000
Z -1.052
with Thermal Sensor in terms of construction when evaluated by students and professors
is accepted. This means that the response of the students and professors in the Portable
construction.
Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor in terms of Performance.
Ranks

Performance Students 21 13.57 285.00
Teachers 5 13.20 66.00

Total 26
Test Statisticsa
Performance
Wilcoxon W 66.000
Z -.112
with Thermal Sensor in terms of construction when evaluated by students and professors
is accepted. This means that the response of the students and professors in the Portable
performance.
Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusion, and
recommendations of the study.

Summary of Findings
This study was conducted to determine the level of acceptability and determine
the significant difference of the design, construction, and performance of Portable Phone
Cooler with Thermal Sensor.
Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated by electronics professors?
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as evaluated by college students?
3. Is there a significant difference in the level of acceptability of the design,
construction and performance of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor as
evaluated by electronic professors and college students?
The data were gathered from twenty-six (26) respondents, which were composed
of twenty one (21) students and five (5) professors of Iloilo Science and Technology
University. The data were gathered through google form for students and actual
evaluation for professors. Furthermore, this study adapted the instrument of Roi V.
Biongan. It was already validated and undergone reliability testing and this instrument
were appropriately utilized in this study.
The results in the design of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor were rated
highly acceptable as reflected by the average mean of 4.7714 as evaluated by students

and an average mean of 4.7200 as evaluated by professors, hence the design rated as
highly acceptable.
Moreover, for the level of acceptability in terms of construction rated as highly
acceptable reflected by the average mean of 4.7333 as evaluated by students and for
professors rated as highly acceptable reflected the average mean of 4.9200, hence it is
rated as highly acceptable. Lastly, for the performance it is rated as highly acceptable as
reflected by the average mean of 4.7524 evaluated by students and attain the average
mean of 4.7200 evaluated by professors. Therefore, the device was rated as highly
acceptable in terms of its performance.
The results of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in the
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor in terms of design, construction, and
performance when evaluated by students and professors. This means that the response of
the students and professors in the portable phone cooler with thermal sensor were similar.
This further implies that the respondents do not differ on their response and perception
towards the device in terms of design, construction, and performance.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. The device is rated as highly acceptable in terms of its design, construction, and
performance.
2. The students and professors are satisfied in the performance on the device in
terms of design, construction, and performance.
Recommendations
1. It is recommended to future researchers to conduct further research about this
technology on how it will become more useful and beneficial to users and it can
be marketable.
2. It is recommended that the device should have more charging ports for more
portable electronic devices.
3. The cooler fan should have built-in battery so it could be detachable to its body
and support wireless control.
4. The device cooling fan should also be applicable for tablets and other portable
devices.
REFERENCES
References
Smathers, M. (2022) https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ temperature-affect-performance-
computer-components-28197.html
(J. LI, 2011)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259240212_Comper_Aided_Modeling_and_Si
mulation_of_Cooling_Fan_Systeutm
Wang, R. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2021.100009 volume 1
Barrera, J, Galleano N. M (2021) Designed high-performance lithium-ion battery
electrodes using a novel hybrid model-data driven approach. Pages 435-458
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.01.007
https://rtcl.eecs.umich.edu/rtclweb/assets/publications/2017/ISLPED2017.pdf
WActive Cooling Of A Mobile Phone Handset
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.002
Stone, D (2017) The advantages of a cooler fan for a laptop
https://sciencing.com/advantages-cooler-fan-laptop-19467.html
Grey, C., Hall. D (2020) Prospects for lithium-ion batteries and beyond—a 2030 vision
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19991-4
Shuai, M. (2018) Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A
review Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages 653-666 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.11.002
https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/advanced-chemistryprize2019.pdf Lithium
ion batteries
Oct 9 2019 John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Akira Yoshino

https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics6040102
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.01.007 Designed high-performance lithium-ion
battery electrodes using a novel hybrid model-data driven approach. April 2021, Pages
435-458
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19991-4 Prospects for lithium-ion
batteries and beyond—a 2030 vision
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.11.002 Temperature effect and thermal impact in
lithium-ion batteries: A review Volume 28, Issue 6, December 2018, Pages 653-666
https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-0-01691-9Polymer-metal oxide composite as sensors,
2022, pages Pages 307-339 Manuel Palencia, ... Diego F. Restrepo-Holguín,
s https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9631236 Active Thermal Sensor for Improved Distributed
Temperature Sensing in Haptic Arrays Volume 2018, Article ID 9631236, pages 1-14
(Rahman, 2020) Thermal modeling and design on smart phones with Bended heat pipe
cooling technique
https://www.irjmets.com/uploadedfiles/paper/volume2/issue_10_october_2020/4156/162
8083164.pdf
APPENDICES
Appendix A
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY
June 10, 2022

DR. JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA
This University
Sir:
A pleasant day!
We, the third year Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education major in
Electronics Technology students will be conducting a research study entitles “Phone
Cooler with Thermal Sensor”. In connection to this, we would like to request from your
good office to allow us to conduct this study.
We hope that you will grant us your approval. The information and result will be held
strictly confidential and will be used only for study.
Thank you very much!
Very truly yours,
(Sgd.) RACHELLE ANN S. CONVOCAR
(Sgd.) GIENNYTH MARIE G. ESCANLAR
(Sgd.) KATHERINE E. JAZMIN

(Researchers)
Noted by:
(Sgd.) ERVERT T. SOTERANIA (Sgd.) JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA, Ed. D

Research Adviser Research Professor
Letter to the Respondents
June 22, 2022
Dear respondents:
We, the undersigned, are currently conducting a study entitled, “Phone Cooler
with Thermal Sensor”. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course TED-2
Research.
In this regard, we would like to ask your permission to be one of our respondents
on our study. We will be giving out checklist for you to answer. We assure you that
collected data will be held with full confidentiality.
Hoping for your utmost participation. Thank you very much and God bless.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd.) RACHELLE ANN S. CONVOCAR
(Sgd.) GIENNYTH MARIE G. ESCANLAR
(Sgd.) KATHERINE E. JAZMIN
Researchers
Noted by:
ERVERT T. SOTERANIA JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA, Ed. D
Research Adviser Research Professors
Approved by:
JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA, Ed. D

APPENDIX B
QUESTIONNAIRE
PORTABLE PHONE COOLER WITH THERMAL SENSOR
( LIKERTS SCALE QUESTIONNAIRE)
Name: (optional) ____________________________________________

Classification: ( ) electronics professor ( ) student
Directions:
Please tick (/) the parenthesis below with the appropriate rating to indicate your
evaluation as to the acceptability of the design, construction, and performance of the
portable phone cooler with thermal sensor.
Legend:
5 - HA - Highly Acceptable 4 - VA - Very Acceptable

3 - A - Acceptable 2 - SA - Slightly Acceptable
1 - NA - Not Acceptable
PART 1: DESIGN
QUESTIONS NA SA A VA HA
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. The size of the gadget is suitable for the mobile
phone.
2. The weight of the gadget is portable
3. The components of the device follow the proper
layout.
4. The gadget looks attractive.
5. The strength of the gadget is based on its shape.
PART 2: CONSTRUCTION
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. The device wiring connection is properly
connected.
2.The components and materials used are appropriate
in cooling down overheating mobile phone.
3. The device construction cost is practical.
4. The device components are properly placed.
5. The device is easily installed.
PART 3: PERFORMANCE
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1.The device is effective in cooling the overheating
mobile phone.
2. The performance of components is sustainable.
3.From the installation of the device to the actual
performance is convenient.
4.The device is safe for the users.
5.. The device is durable.
Appendix C
EVIDENCES
Appendix F
RESEARCHERS CURRICULUM VITAE
RACHELLE ANN S. CONVOCAR

Brgy. Magara, Roxas, Palawan
Mobile: +639186859429
Email: rachelleann.convocar@students.isatu.edu.ph
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : October 4, 2001

Place of Birth : Roxas, Palawan
Age : 21 years old
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Catholic
Father’s Name : Sammy L. Convocar
Occupation : Teaching
Mother’s Name : Arleen S. Convocar
Occupation : Teaching
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary : Magara Elementary School
Secondary : Magara School for Philippine Craftsmen
Tertiary : Iloilo Science and Technology University

(Bachelor of Technical Vocational
Teacher’s Education Major in Electronics
Technology)
KATHERINE E. JAZMIN
Lumina Homes , Phase 1 Block 4 Lot 26, Lawaant St.
Abilay Norte, Oton
Mobile: +639475530164
Email: jazminkath101@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Date of Birth : April 8, 2001

Age : 22 years old
Sex : Female
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Christianity
Father’s Name : Oriel P. Jazmin Jr.
Occupation : Pastry Chef
Mother’s Name : Karen E. Jazmin
Occupation : Housewife
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary : Tina Elementary School
Secondary : Tina National High School
: PHINMA University of Iloilo

: (Humanities and Social Science)
Tertiary : Iloilo Science and Technology University

(Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher’s
Education Major in Electronics Technology)

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PORTABLE PHONE COOLER WITH THERMAL SENSOR

Faculty of the College of Education

Iloilo Science and Technology University

La Paz, Iloilo City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Technical Vocational Teacher Education Major in Electronics Technology

Rachelle Ann S. Convocar

Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar

submitted by Rachelle Ann S. Convocar, Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar, and Katherine E.

Education major in Electronics Technology, is hereby approved.

ERVERT T. SOTERANIA, M. Ed.

July 18, 2022.

ANA V. ANCHETA, MSIE JOHN ERIC V. JUANEZA,Ed. D.

Panel Member Subject Professor

MERLINDA T. TUCAR, Ed. D.

Technical Teachers Education major in Electronics Technology.

JOEL A. CIRIACO, Ph. D.

Dean, College of Education

To our friends and teachers who shared their words of

advice and supported us throughout the process.

And above all, to the Almighty God for

giving us strength, wisdom,

protection, skills and

PORTABLE PHONE COOER WITH THERMAL SENSOR

Rachelle Ann S. Convocar, Giennyth Marie G. Escanlar, Katherine E. Jazmin

of acceptability of portable phone cooler with thermal sensor in terms of design as

there is no significant difference in the level of acceptability of the design, construction,

students and professors, therefore the hypothesis was accepted.

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Studies

Participants of the Study

Data Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

Results and Discussions

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of the Study

A Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study

E Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae

1 Total Cost of the Design

2 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Students in terms of its Design

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Professors in terms of its Design

4 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Students in terms of its Construction

5 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Professors in terms of its Construction

6 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Students in terms of its Performance

7 Presents the result of the acceptability of Portable

Phone Cooler with Thermal Sensor as Evaluated by

Professors in terms of its Performance

8 Whitnney U test result for the differences in Mean

Ratings of Portable Phone Cooler with Thermal