GREEK AND LATIN TEXTS

AND TRANSLATIONS

ANATOLIA

LYCIA

1. Xanthos. Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos (Lycian pillar-tomb). Lower

part in situ; sculptures in British Museum in London, Archaeological
Museum in Istanbul. Local limestone. H. of inscribed shaft, 4.04 m. W.
at base 1.705 m. Th., 1.505 m. Two inscriptions in Lycian on all four
faces plus twelve lines of Greek on the north face (c), lines 20-31.
Kalinka-Heberdey, TAM I, Vienna 1901, no. 44; F. W. Konig, Stele von Xanthos I,
Vienna 1936, 79-81; Meiggs-Lewis, Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, Oxford
1969, no. 93; P. Demargne, Fouilles de Xanthos I; Les piliers fun/mires, Paris 1958,
79-105, basic publication of monument; W. A. P. Childs, AnatSt 31 (1981), 62-72,
recent scholarship on monument and current status of Lycian inscriptions; C.
Deltour-Levie, Les piliersfuniraires de Lycie, Louvain-la-Neuve 1982, 163-67.

E]~ OU 't' Eupw1t1jV ['A ]crLexlO 8LXex 1tov['t ]010 tVE.Il[ E. ]v,
O]U8E.LIO 1tW AUXLWV cr-djA1jV 'tOL&v8E. eXVt01jx(E.)v
8]w8E.xex Oe.oLIO eX v. 2 yopiilO EV XexOexPWL 'tE.lltVE.L,
•• ]E.WV XexL 1tOAtIlOU Ilviillex 'to8E. eXMv(ex}'tov.
•. •• ] LIO 00E.
,,~ 'Ap1t~yo
L.
ULulO
,).
~PLcr'tE.UcrexlO 'tex ex1texv'tex
1. ' , "
5
XE. ]pcrL 1t&A1jV AUXLWV 'tWV 'to't' EV ~ALxLexL,
1tO ]AAcX' 8t eXxP01tOAE.L, aUv 'A9T}vexLexL 1t'tOAL1tOp9wL
1t ]tpcrexlO cruVYE.VtcrLV 8WxE. IltpolO ~excrLAtexlO·
wv XexpLV ~1.0exvex'
T , ' tOL" OL ex1tE.IlV
, (1j, ) crexV'to oLxexLexV.
~,

E.1t'tcX 8t ()'ItAhexlO X'tE.LVE.V EV ~lltpexL 'Apx&8exlO liv8pexlO, 10

Z1jVL 8t 1t(A)lcr'tex 'tP01texLex ~(p)o'twv t[cr't]1jcrE.V cX1t&v('t)wv,
xexAALcr'tOLIO 8' tpYOLIO Kex[p ]Lxex ytvolO Ecr'tE.<p&vwcrE.v.
ca. 400 B.C.
[Ever since the sea divided Europe from Asia
None of the Lycians hitherto has dedicated such a monument (stele)
To the Twelve Gods of the Agora in (their) pure temenos,
. .. and this eternal memorial of war.
... is, son of Harpagos, best in wrestling of all the Lycians of his age,
Having sacked many citadels with Athena, Destroyer of Cities,
Gave his kinsmen the rank of king,
For which the immortal gods bestowed just favor on him.
He slew seven hoplites, men of Arkadia, in a day
50 CATALOGUE, TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS

And set up the most trophies to Zeus of all mortal men

And crowned the house of Kheriga 1 with the fairest deeds.]

1 See Chapter I, note 8.

Komba
See Komba 1-25.

EGYPT
2. Herodotus (ca. 485-ca. 425 B.C.), Histories (ed. C. Hude, 3rd edition,
Oxford n.d.).
A. 11.4.1-2. oO"a 8t dtvOpw1t'f)La 1tprr'((J.a"ta, w8& U&yov <>(J.OAoy€OV"t&~ O"CPLO"L,
1tpw"tou~ Alyu1t"tLOU~ dtvOPW1tWV Q;1tcXV"twv &e&Up&LV "tOY &vLau"t6v, 8uw8&xa (J.€p&a
8aO"a(J.€vou~ "toov wp€wv &~ aU"t6v. "tau"ta 8t &e&Up&LV &X "toov &a-.pwv U&yov •.••
Aly61t"tLOL 8t "tPLTjXOV"tT\(J.€pou~ &yoV"t&~ "tou~ 8uw8&xa (J.ijva~ &1tcXyOUo"L dtva 1t&Y
&"to~ 1t€v"t& i}(J.€pa~ 1tcXp&e "tOU dtPLO(J.OU, xat O"cpL <> XUXAO~ "toov wp€wv &~ "twu"to
1t&PLLWV 1tapayLV&"taL. 8uw8&xcX "t& 0&00'01 &1tWw(J.La~ U&yov 1tpw"tou~ Alyu1t"tLOU~
vO(J.LO"aL xat "EnTjva~ 1tapa O"cp€wv dtvaAa~&rV, ~w(J.ou~ "t& xat dtycXA(J.a"ta xat
VTjOu~ O&OLO"L dt1tOV&L(J.aL O"cp€a~ 1tpw"tou~ xat ~Cila &'01 ALaOLO"L &rrAU~aL.

[As for all human activities, so they (the Egyptians) said, agreeing
with themselves, the Egyptians first of all men discovered the year,
dividing the twelve parts of the seasons into it. They said they found this
out from the stars .... Each year the Egyptians add to the twelve thirty-
day months five days beyond the number, and for them the circle of the
seasons as it passes comes around to the same point. They said that the
Egyptians first recognized the eponyms of the Twelve Gods (for the
months) and the Greeks borrowed from them, and that they also first
assigned· altars and images and temples for the gods and carved living
beings in stone.]

B. II. 43.1. 'HpaxA€o~ 8t 1t€pL "t6v8& "tov A6yov i}xouO"a, O"tL &rTj "toov 8uw8&xa
0&00'01. "tOU t"t€pou 8t 1t€pL 'HpaxA€o~, "tov "EnTjv&~ ot'8aO"L ou8a(J.'U Aly61t"tou
&8uvcXO"OTjv dtxouO"aL.
[Concerning Herakles I heard this story, that he was (one) of the
Twelve Gods. Concerning the other Herakles, whom the Greeks know, I
was unable to hear (anything, i.e., learn anything) anywhere in Egypt.]

C. 11.43.4. dtncX "tL~ dtpxaLo~ &a-.L O&O~ AlyumLoLO"L 'HpaxA€Tj~' w~ 8t aU"tot

A€yOUo"L, &"t&cX &a-.L t1t"taxLO"XLALa xat (J.upLa &~ .,A(J.aO"L\I ~ao"LA&uO"aV"ta, &1t&£"t& &X
"toov ox"tw 0&00'01 or 8uw8&xa O&Ot &y€voV"to "toov 'HpaxA€a tva VO(J.L~OUo"L.