Luke 1:39-47

Mary Visits Elizabeth

39 At that time Mary got ready and hurried to a town in

the hill country of Judea, 40 where she entered
Zechariah’s home and greeted Elizabeth. 41 When
Elizabeth heard Mary’s greeting, the baby leaped in her
womb, and Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit. 42 In
a loud voice she exclaimed: “Blessed are you among
women, and blessed is the child you will bear! 43 But why
am I so favored, that the mother of my Lord should
come to me? 44 As soon as the sound of your greeting
reached my ears, the baby in my womb leaped for joy.
45 Blessed is she who has believed that the Lord would

fulfill his promises to her!”

Lesson 2:
The Integumentary System
 Learning Outcomes:
• Describe the general functions of the integumentary system.
• Describe the structure and function of the epidermis.
• Describe the epidermal strata and relate them to the process
of keratinization.
• Describe the structure and discuss the function of dermis.
• Describe the structure and discuss the function of the
subcutaneous tissue.
• Describe the structure of a hair.
• Name the glands of the skin and the produced secretions.
• Describe the parts of the nail.
• Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage.
• Name and define the type of skin cancer
• List the changes that the integumentary system undergoes
with age
 Integumentary System

• The Body Covering

• Includes: skin, nails & hairs
• Skin = cutaneous membrane
 Structure
• Two main parts =
• Epidermis- surface epithelial layer
• Dermis -deeper connective tissue
layer
• Deep dermis not part of the skin =
subcutaneous layer or Hypodermis
Figure 5.1
 Epidermis

• Keratinized stratified squamous

epithelium
• 4 cell types:
• Keratinocytes
• Melanocytes
• Langerhans cells
• Merkel cells
 Epidermal Cells

• Keratinocytes
• 90% of epidermal cells
• 4-5 layers
• Produce keratin
• Protect skin
• Waterproof skin
 Epidermal Cells

• Melanocytes - produce melanin

• Transfer pigment to keratinocytes
• 8% of epidermal cells
 Epidermal Cells

• Langerhans Cells- immune

response
• Merkel cells – sensory
Include tactile disc and neuron
= touch sensation
 Epidermal Layers

• Generally 4 strata (layers)

• Stratum basale –includes stem cells
• Stratum spinosum – 8-10 cell layer
Cells beginning to look flattened
• Stratum granulosum –keratin
Losing cell organelles and nuclei
Include lamellar granules = waterproofing lipid
• Stratum corneum – flattened dead
cells
Cells shed and are replaced from below- mostly keratin-filled
 Skin Color

• Melanin- dark color

Darkness depends on amount of melanin
produced.
gives some protection against UV

• Carotene- yellow orange

In stratum corneum and adipose layers-

• Hemoglobin in blood- pink-red

Depends on blood flow
 Accessory Structures

• Hair
• Skin glands
• Nails
 Hair
• Found on most skin surfaces
Not on palmar surfaces of hand and fingers or plantar
surfaces of feet

• Made of fused keratinized cells

• Consists of shaft & root
• Surrounded by hair follicle
Base is bulb which includes growing matrix producing cells

• Nerves- hair root plexuses

• Muscle- arrector pili
Figure 5.3
 Glands
• sebaceous gland- secrete oily sebum
Connected to hair follicles
• sudoriferous or sweat gland
• Eccrine sweat gland
Wide distribution- thermoregulation
• apocrine sweat gland
Axilla, groin, areolae, beard
Contain other cell material and produce pheromes
• Ceruminous Glands- external auditory
canal
Combine with sebum to produce earwax
 Nails

• Plates of packed hard dead

keratinized cells
• Nail body- major visible portion
• Free edge- part extending past
finger or toe
• Root – part not visible
Figure 5.4a
Figure 5.4b
 Functions

• Temperature Regulation
• Protection
• Sensory reception
• Excretion & Absorption -small
• Vitamin D synthesis
Integumentary System as a
Diagnostic Aid

• cyanosis, decrease blood O2 content

• jaundice (icterus), can occur when
the liver is damage by a disease
(hyperbilirubinemia)
• rashes and lesions in the skin can be
a symptom of a problem elsewhere in
the body
• the condition of the hair and nails
 Aging

• Adolescence- can develop acne

• Mostly dermis- visible ~ age 40
• Loss of collagen fibers
• Loss of elasticity
• Loss of immune responses
• Decreased melanocyte functions-
gray hair, blotches
• Thinning