INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Chapter 5
 Components of Integumentary
System
• Cutaneous Membrane • Accessory structures
superficial located in the dermis
epithelium-epidermis -hair
underlying – nails
connective tissue- – exocrine glands
dermis (sebaceous and sweat
• underneath the dermis- glands)
subcutaneous layer
 Functions of the Skin
• Protection-of underlying tissues and organs
• Excretion-of salts, water and organic wastes
• Maintenance of normal body temperature
• Synthesis of Vitamin D3
• Storage of nutrients
• Sensory function-detection of touch,
pressure, pain and temperature.
 EPIDERMIS
• Provides mechanical protection.
• Helps keep microorganisms outside the body.
• Layer consists of stratified squamous
epithelium.
• The most abundant epithelial cells, the
keratinocytes form different layers.
• Thick skin (5) and thin skin (4)-refer only to
the epidermis.
 EPIDERMAL LAYERS
• Stratum Germinativum (basale)
• Stratum Spinosum
• Stratum Granulosum
• Stratum Lucidum
• Stratum Corneum
 Stratum Germinativum
• This layer is firmly attached to the basement
membrane.
• Epidermal Ridges
• Most of the cells are keratinocytes.
• Stem cells divide and replace with the cells on top
(keratinocytes)
• these cells are also nourished by the adjoining tissues
in the dermal layer.
• The accessories arise from this layer.
 Stratum Spinosum
• This consists of 8-10 layers of cells
• Also contain Langerhans cells, part of the
immune system (defense against
microorganisms and cancers).
• Cannot be distinguished in standard
histological procedures.
 Stratum Granulosum
• This is also called the grainy layer.
• Contains 3-5 layers of keratinocytes.
• Manufacture keratohyalin and keratin.
• Keratin is the basic component of hair and
nails.
 Stratum Lucidum
• In the thick skin of the palms and soles.
• Cells in this layer are flattened, densely
packed and filled with keratin.
 Stratum Corneum
• These contain 15-30 layers of keratinized cells.
• This layer is water-resistans but not waterproof.
• Takes 15-30 days to move from base to top.
• Coated with lipid secretions from sebaceous and
sweat glands.
• Insensible vs.sensible persipiration.
• Xerosis
 Skin Pigmentation
• Interaction between pigment composition and
concentration and the dermal blood supply.
• Pigments are melanin and carotene.
• Melanocytes secrete melanin. Amount of
pigment varies.
• Melanin is produced from the amino acid
tyrosine.
 Skin Pigmentation
• Carotene, a yellow orange pigment is a
precursor of vitamin A. This is found in the
stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis
and subcutaneous layer.
• Melanin protects against UV damage.
• Albinism is an inherited disorder, where the
individual is unable to produce melanin.
• Vitiligo, irregular white spots.
 Dermal Circulation
• Red blood cells contain hemoglobin.
• When bound to oxygen-bright red color
• when oxygen is removed-darker red tone.
Seen from surface a bluish coloration called
cyanosis.
• Also response to respiratory or circulatory
disorders.
 DERMIS
• Pappilary layer -consists of loose connective
tissue, capillaries and neurons.
• reticular layer - dense irregular connective
tissue.
• Accessory organs of epidermal origin, such as
hair follicles and sweat glands extend into the
dermis.
• Sensory receptors_ Meissner’s and Pacinian
 Accessory Structures
Hair
• Anatomy of hair
• Hair Growth
• Hair color
• Hair functions-protection from UV light,
cushion a blow and insulate the head, prevent
entry of foreign materilas.
• Arrector pilli muscle.
• Types of hair-velllus and terminal
 Accessory Structures
Glands
• Sebaceous Glands- holocrine, secrete sebum.
Provides lubrication and inhibits growth of
bacteria.
• Sudoriferous Glands (sweat glands)-apocrine
or merocrine. Coolong the surface of skin,
excretion and protection.
• Mammary Glands-
• Ceruminous Glands
 Accessory Structures
Nails
• Anatomy of the nail-consists of dead,
tightly compressed cells packed with
keratin.
• Function of the nail
 Injury and Repair
• Scab
• Granulation Tissue
• Scar Tissue
• Keloid
 Aging and the Integumentary
System
• Epidermis thins
• Langerhans cells decrease
• Vitamin D production decreases
• Melanocyte activity declines
• Glandular activity declines
• Blood supply to dermis is reduced
• Dermis thins