The fundus and cardia are two distinct stomach regions, responsible for gastric secretion and

digestion. The cardia, located at the top of the stomach, allows food to enter the stomach and
prevents acid reflux. The fundus secretes hormones for hunger control and digestion, stores food,
and mixes it with gastric juices. These regions work together to promote effective nutrient
absorption and digestion.

The fundus breaks down and mixes food with gastric juices, containing parietal cells that secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors. These cells are essential for protein breakdown and
vitamin B12 absorption. The fundus also forms chyme, which is passed on to the small intestine
for further digestion and nutrient absorption.

However, individuals with achlorhydria may experience impaired function in the fundus, leading
to deficiencies in nutrients. The small intestine has its own mechanisms for digestion and
absorption, such as the secretion of digestive enzymes and the presence of villi. The small
intestine can adapt to deficiencies by increasing its own secretion of digestive enzymes and
enhancing the surface area of its villi. This adaptive response ensures efficient digestion and
nutrient absorption, even with impaired fundus function.

The fundus and cardia are two stomach regions that are crucial for gastric secretion and
digestion. The cardia, located near the esophagus, generates mucus to protect the esophagus from
stomach acid and prevent acid reflux. The fundus secretes hormones, stores food, and mixes it
with gastric juices. The fundus also breaks down proteins and absorbs vitamin B12, forming
chyme. However, achlorhydria, where the fundus cells do not secrete enough hydrochloric acid,
can impair protein breakdown and vitamin B12 absorption. The small intestine can compensate
for these deficiencies by increasing its own secretion of digestive enzymes and enhancing its villi
surface area. Despite impaired function in the fundus, the small intestine can still efficiently
digest and absorb nutrients, making it a crucial part of overall digestive efficiency.