“Gempa Bumi“

Dr. Astyka Pamumpuni

pamumpuni@itb.ac.id
Outlines

• Apa itu gempa

bumi?
• Jalur gempa dunia
dan Indonesia
• Jenis gempa dan
mekanisme
kejadiannya
• Sumber-sumber
gempabumi
• Magnitudo dan
intensitas gempa
Apa itu gempabumi?
The Sendai Framework sets four
specific priorities for action:

1. Understanding disaster risk;

2. Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk;
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction
for resilience;
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for
effective response, and to "Build
Back Better" in recovery,
rehabilitation and reconstruction.
“Mengerti dan Memahami
Bahaya dan Risiko”
Jalur gempa dunia dan Indonesia
Jalur gempa dunia dan Indonesia
Katalog Pusgen >M5.5
Distribusi gempa

0 30 100 200 300km

N. Sumatra 2. Aceh
N. Sulawesi 56. Sulu thrust Philippine Subduction
Subduction
3. Tripa Subduction
W. Molucca
4. Renun 8. Sumpur E. Molucca Subduction Irian
Subduction
Subduction
1.Seulimeum 5. Toru 9. Sianok 77. Manokwari trench
57. Gorontalo
74. Sorong 75. Ransiki
12. Siulak 54. Batui thrust
72. Sula-Sorong 70. Yapen
6. Angkola 13. Dikit 50. Palu-Koro
7. Barumun 14. Ketaun
53. Poso
10. Sumani 18.Semangko
11. Suliti 51. Matano
15. Musi 73. Sorong-Maluku
31. Baribis 58. Lawanopo
33. Semarang 34. Wetar back arc 78. Lowland
52. Walanae 55. Tolo thrust
S. Sumatra 16. Manna
Subduction 71. Tarera-Aidun
17. Kumering
30. Bumiayu 76. Membrano
19.Sunda 34. Jogja
36. Flores back arc Banda Sea thrust tbelt
32. Cimandiri Subduction 79 Highland thrust belt
Jawa-Sumba
Subduction Timor Subduction

Sumber-sumber gempabumi yang sudah didentifikasi dengan

baik di Indonesia (Tim Revisi Peta Gempa Indonesia 2010)
Apa yang menyebabkan gempabumi terjadi?

Sumber gempa bumi

Sesar adalah bidang diskontinuitas
pada batuan yang menunjukkan
adanya pergeseran batuan.
______________________
Apa yang menyebabkan gempabumi terjadi?
Brittle – Ductile Deformation in The Earth Crust
The strength of brittle rocks increases with confining
pressure, but decreases with temperatures.
Cataclasis Deformation Lithospheric Strength Profiles

Oceanic Continental
Model of a Fault - Shear Zone

(Scholtz, 1990)
Model of a Fault - Shear Zone

Sibson (1973)
Model of a Fault - Shear Zone

Lin (2008)
Lin (2008)
Seismic Waves
Four types of seismic waves:
• Body Waves travel through the
interior of the earth.
• P Waves: Particle motion in
direction of wave propagation
• S Waves: Particle motion
transverse to direction of wave
propagation
• Surface Waves travel along the
earth’s surface:
• Rayleigh waves: Particle
motion elliptical in vertical/radial
plane
• Love waves: Particle motion
transvers to direction of wave
propagation
SEISMOGRAM – CATATAN GELOMBANG GEMPA
TO LOCATE EPICENTER EQ

• EPICENTER DETERMINED USING THREE STATIONS

Wave Attenuation

Wave amplitude decreases with propagation due to:

• Geometric Spreading
Amplitude decreases as wavefront spreads over larger area (conservation of
energy)
Surface waves don’t propagate in depth → smaller spreading losses
• Absorption
Energy lost due to friction
Absorp on loss is constant per wave cycle → long wavelength waves (e.g.,
surface waves) propagate with lower loss

At large distances surface waves have largest amplitudes

Jenis Sesar
Parameter Sesar

• Lokasi (regional, detil-surface

rupture)
• Jenis dan mekanisme sesar
(normal, mendatar, naik)
• Geometri (strike, dip, kedalaman)
• Magnitudo maksimum
• Slip rate
• Maksimum slip
• Sejarah kegempaan
• Aktif atau tidak?
Magnitudo vs intensity
Moment magnitude is a measure of the energy released
by the earthquake. The moment magnitude is based, in
part, upon important physical characteristics, including
the seismic moment, the area that ruptured along a fault
plane during an earthquake, the amount of movement or
fault slip during an earthquake, and the rigidity (i.e., shear
modulus) of the rocks.

A qualitative way of comparing earthquakes is to use the

Modified Mercalli Scale, which describes 12 divisions of
intensity, based on observations concerning the severity
of shaking during an earthquake.
Kedalaman Sumber Gempa dan Intensitas

Guncangan Guncangan
gempa terasa gempa terasa
pada area yang dengan sebaran
lebih luas Guncangan area yang lebih
gempa terasa kecil
kuat pada area
yang luas
Batuan dan guncangan gempa
Site response: Amplification

• Seismic wave velocity depends on material

– Faster through hard rocks
– Slower through soft rocks/soils
• Waves passing from hard to soft material slow down,
amplitude
increases for wave to carry same energy
• Hard rock/stiff soils preferable to soft rock/soil
Site response: Resonance

• Fraction of seismic energy “trapped” in layer by

reflections
• Energy increases as later waves enter
• Wavelengths for which reverberating and later waves
add constructively are amplified -> Resonance
Geologi gempabumi

• Studi sesar aktif untuk mengetahui

parameter-parameter sesar dengan
melakukan:
• pemetaan sesar aktif (surface/subsurface),
• menggali paritan (trenching),
• mempelajari morfologi akibat pergerakan sesar,
• penentuan umur sesar (dating),
• sejarah kegempaan,
• dll.

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Pemetaan Sesar Aktif
Remote sensing,
geomorfologi

Foto udara

Data Geofisika bawah

permukaan dangkal (GPR,
Geolistrik, dll.)

Data Geofisika bawah

permukaan (seismic
refleksi, tomografi dll.)
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Pemetaan Sesar Aktif ~ remote sensing

Pemetaan Sesar aktif untuk

mendapatkan informasi Panjang sesar,
• Maksimum Magnitudo
• Segmen sesar

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Data Geofisika bawah permukaan
dangkal (GPR, Geolistrik, dll.) Untuk
menetukan lokasi sesar di permukaan
dengan akurat

Data Geofisika bawah permukaan (seismic

refleksi, tomografi dll.) untuk mendapatkan
informasi geometri sesar (kemiringan, jenis
sesar, displacement, dll.)

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Trenching

Lokasi ditentukan berdasarkan hasil pemetaan (remote sensing, geofisika bawah permukaan,
geomorfologi)

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Trenching
(Meghraoui & Atakan, 2014)
Hasil dari trehncing:
• Kapan terakhir sesar
bergerak
• Berapa tahun sekali sesar
bergerak
• Besar pergeseran tiap-tiap
kejadian gempa
• Sesar Aktif?

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Earthquake Effect

Direct Indirect
• Ground shaking • Tsunamis
• Rupture • Mass wasting
• Liquifaction • Landslide
• Rock Fall • Flood
• Landslide • Fire
• Structure damage/collaps • Toxic contamination
Taiwan Earthquake Feb 6, 2018
LIQUEFACTION AND SINKHOLE
 SUBSIDENCE AND UPLIFT

Land subsidence – Tanjung Area

 SUBSIDENCE AND UPLIFT

Uplifted Corals
 DEBRI FALL

Tuff - Lekopiko Fm. Tuff - Lekopiko Fm.

Tuff - Kalibabak Fm.? Tuff - Lekopiko Fm.

Hokaido EQ
Sept 5th 2018 M6.7
Hokaido EQ
Sept 5th 2018 M6.7
Hokaido EQ
Sept 5th 2018 M6.7
 • Seismic Hazard
“The probability of exceeding a given
level of ground shaking at a particular
location within a given time”
• Seismic Risk
Earthquake Hazard “The probability of exceeding a given
Analysis level of social or economic losses at a
particular location within a given time”

• Deterministic & Probability Seismic

Hazard Analysis
Siesmic
Hazard
Analysis
Why do we conduct PSHA (& PSRA)?
• Loading standards for building codes
• Design specifications for critical infrastructure (power plants, dams etc)
• To identify credible scenario events for disaster response planning
• Used to determine insurance premiums, particularly by re-insurers
• Informs risk-based decisions – e.g. prioritising risk mitigation measures among different hazards
PSHA Methodology

Key Ingredients to PSHA:

1. Source Model:
Seismo-tectonics, active fault
maps, EQ catalogue
2. Earthquake Recurrence
Relationships:
Earthquake catalogue, active
fault slip rates
3. Attenuation Relationships:
Ground motion prediction
equations (GMPEs), site
amplification maps
4. Seismic Hazard Calculation:
PSHA software (e.g. EQRM)
Source Model
GOAL:
“To define areas within which the seismicity is the
same such that it does not change in space and
time”
• Input Data Required:
• Knowledge of seismo-tectonics
• Maps of active faults
• Earthquake catalogue, and seismicity maps
• Seismic Sources can be defined as:
• Background seismicity (polygons)
• Faults (lines/2D planes)
• Subduction interface (lines, 2D planes)
• Subduction intraslab (3D box)
 Output:
• Polygons that represent background
source zones (max depth), and
• Lines that represent fault sources (dip,
strike, width, length)
Earthquake Catalog
Maps of Active Fault
Maps of Active Fault
Active Faults
Maps of Active Fault
Active Fault
Earthquake Recurrence Relationships
GOAL:
“To define the earthquake recurrence statistics for each source
zone defined in step 1”
Input Data Required:
– Earthquake catalogue
– Geological field studies of active faults
– GPS data for fault slip rates
OUTPUT:
– Gutenberg-Richter (a & b) parameters for each source zone
– Slip rates for active faults
– Maximum magnitudes for each source zone
Earthquake Recurrence Relationships
Background Seismicity Sources:
• Data Required: Earthquake catalogue
• Areas of seismic activity are characterised by parameters a,b
in the Gutenberg-Richter recurrence relation:

N(m)= a - b*m

• In practice, a ‘truncated’ or ‘tapered’ G-R relation is used

which also takes into account a maximum magnitude, Mmax.
• We also define a Mmin for PSHA calculations which is the
minimum magnitude that could cause damage
Earthquake Recurrence Relationships
Attenuation Relationships
• The most simple GMPEs give the ground motion level as a function of distance and
magnitude.
• More complex GMPEs also include: faulting style, location relative to the hanging wall etc.
Ground Motion Model
Site amplification is often classified in terms
of shear-wave velocity in the topmost 30m
(Vs30), according to the US National
Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program
(NEHRP) system, where site class A-E can
give rise to amplification of roughly 100-
300%, respectively.

From Wald & Allen (2007), a comparison of

site classification using Vs30 point
measurements (A), surface geology (B), and
topographic slope (C), shows that the latter
can be used as proxies for measured VS30.
Seismic Hazard Calculation
• GOAL:
“To combine all the source models, earthquake statistics, GMPEs and site amplification to calculate seismic hazard
exceedence curves and maps”
• Input Data Required:
• Seismic source zones (background seismicity, faults)
• Earthquake recurrence parameters for each source zone (a, b, Mmax)
• Selected GMPEs (related to tectonic setting of sites)
• Site amplification data (Vs30 or site classes)
• OUTPUT:
• Seismic hazard curves for a given location
• Seismic hazard maps
• Disaggregation graphs for a given location
Seismic Hazard Calculation
Hazard Curves: For one sistem we can calculate
the exceedance for a range of ground motion,
either PGA or spectral period
 Peta mikrozonasi bahaya seismik (gempabumi )
di Indonesia pra SNI 03-1726-2002

Peta gempa Indonesia periode ulang 500

Peta gempa Indonesia periode ulang 500 tahun tahun (Engkon Kertapati, Dep. Mineral dan
(Teddy Boen&Haresh Shah, university of Stanford) Energi)

Peta gempa Indonesia periode ulang 500

tahun (Jodi Firmansyah dan Masyhur Irsyam,
Peta gempa Indonesia dengan variasi periode ITB)
ulang (Theo F Najoan, Puslitbang SDA)
Peta mikrozonasi bahaya seismik (gempabumi ) di Indonesia (SNI 03-1726-2002)
 Map of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
for Subduction Zones of Indonesia Based on
Deterministic Approach

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Map of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) for Faults
of Indonesia Based on Deterministic Approach

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Map of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of
Indonesia for 10% probability of exceedance in
50 years (500 years earthquake)

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Map of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of
Indonesia for 10% probability of exceedance in
100 years (1,000 years earthquake)

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Map of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of
Indonesia for 2% probability of exceedance in 50
years (2,500 years earthquake)

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Accelerations for Design

Acceleration at building

Acceleration at ground surface

(Soft Soil) Soil Surface

(Medium Soil)
Acceleration at bedrock
(Hard Soil )
 An Example of Surface Spectral Accelerations for
500 year Return Period
1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70
Spectral Acceleration (g)

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Period (sec)
Average Average + 1 SD UBC 1997 (SD) Recommended
 Map of 0.2 sec Spectral Acceleration (PGA) of
Indonesia for 10% probability of exceedance in
50 years (500 years earthquake)

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

 Map of 1.0 sec Spectral Acceleration (PGA) of
Indonesia for 10% probability of exceedance in
50 years (500 years earthquake)

(Irsyam et al., 2010)

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Terima Kasih
Astyka Pamumpuni
pamumpuni@itb.ac.id
@pamumpuni