018 History Mind Map - 230726 - 204031 - 240215 - 084623

çkxSfrgkfld dky
(Prehistory)
a
s"krk, foHk
fo'k ktu
iqjkik"kk.kdky
dksbZ fyf[kr lk{; miyC/ ugha [Paleolithic Period]
(2 Million BC to 10,000 BC)
iqjkrkfRod vo'ks"k ns'kHkj ls çpqj ek=kk esa çkIr
eè;ik"kk.kdky
[Mesolithic Period]
çkIr lkeku& iRFkj osQ vkStkj] feV~Vh osQ crZu] (10,000 BC to 6,000 BC)
dyko`Qfr;ka] /krq osQ midj.k
uoik"kk.kdky
[Neolithic Period]
(6,000 BC to 4,000 BC)
§ Hkkstu& f'kdkj § Hkkstu& f'kdkj rkezik"kk.kdky

(cMs+ tkuoj) ,oa (NksVs tkuoj ,oa [Chalcolithic Period]
(4,000 BC to 1,500 BC)
dan&ewy eNyh) ,oa § o`Qf"k (loZçFke
§ Hkk"kk ,oa lapkj osQ dan&ewy vUu mRiknu)] ykSg;qx
ckjs esa cgqr de § rhj&/uq"k dk ç;ksx i'kqikyu lqpk# :i
[Iron Age]
(1,500 BC to 200 BC)
tkudkjh 'kq#] iQyd ls gksus yxsA pkoy
§ 1863 esa iyoje~ midj.k dh [ksrh iwohZ Hkkjr § rkacs vkSj dkals dk ç;ksx 'kq:A
(enzkl) ls jkWcVZ (DokVZtkbV iRFkj esaA ogha ^vkx dk /krq v;Ld dks xykuk vkSj /krq
czwl iqQV dks ls fufeZr) tSls& mi;ksx 'kq:* dh dyko`Qfr dks rS;kj djus dh
iqjkik"kk.kdkyhu vfLFk fufeZr egRoiw.kZ miyfC/A rduhd
gLroqQBkj çkIr midj.k (ljk;ukgj § [ksrh ,oa ifjogu esa § lkekU;r% ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs ;g
gqvk FkkA jk;] egngk) tkuojksa dk ç;ksx laLo`Qfr fodflr gqbZ
& vkx dh [kkst § i'kqvksa dks ikyrq § dikl vkSj Åu osQ § nf{k.k Hkkjr esa xksnkojh] Ñ".kk]
§ çeq[k LFky cukuk] ckxokuh] diM+kas dk mi;ksx rqaxHknzk ufn;ksa osQ fdukjs Ñf"k
&mÙkj if'pe Hkkjr vk| o`Qf"k dh § çkIr lk{; leqnk; LFkkfir gq,
esa lksu (Soan) 'kq#vkrA tSls& &pkoy § is;eiYyh (rfeyukMq) ls bl
?kkVh vkSj iksVokj i'kqikyu (9]000&7000bZ-iw) dky dh dbZ oLrq,a çkIr gqbZ gSa
iBkj (vknex<+] ckxksj) dk çkphure lk{; uksV% gM+Iik laLo`Qfr rkezik"kkf.kd
&f'kokfyd igkfM+;ka § xqtjkr] ;w-ih] ,e- ygqjknso ls laLÑfr dk ,d fgLlk ekuh tkrh
&HkhecsVdk ih] jktLFkku] &xsgaw (7000bZ-iw-) gSA
(eè;çns'k) fcgkj ls lk{; feys dk çkphure lk{;
&vknex<+ igkM+h esgjx<+ ls
(ueZnk ?kkVh) § bl dky esa ^vk;ks± dk vkxeu* gqvkA
&o`Qf"k ,oa i'kqikyu § mÙkj oSfnddky esa ^yksgs dh [kkst* gqbZA
xqiQdjky ls § êgktuinksa* dk laca/ blh dky ls gSA
§ dbZ êgkik"kk.k lekf/;ka* nf{k.k Hkkjr esa
ekLdh] ukxktqZudksaMk vkfn esa ik;h xbZ gSaA
(1)
DELHI (H.O.): 632, Ground Floor, Main Road, Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-9 | Ph.:7011750058, 8826592062 9654349902
eè;ik"kk.kdky ls lacaf/kr vU; egRoiw.kZ rF; bfrgkl
fyf[kr lk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij
§ eè;ik"kk.kdky osQ vkStkjksa dks ^lw{e ik"kk.k vkStkj* Hkh dgk
x;k gSA ,sfrgkfld dky
§ Hkkjr esa loZçFke vfLFkiatj osQ lk{;ksa dh çkfIr blh le; gqbZ
§ vU; uke îQyd laLÑfr* vk|&,sfrgkfld dky
§ Hkkjr esa eè;ik"kk.kdky osQ fo"k; esa loZçFke 1867&68 bZ- esa çkxSfrgkfld dky
irk pyk FkkA
§ ygqjknso (pkoy dk çkphure lk{;) osQ ckn dksyfMgok ls
pkoy dh Hkwlh osQ çek.k feys gSaA 1861 esa vysDtsaMj dfua?ke
Hkkjr dk iqjkrRo losZ{kd fu;qDr
Hkkjrh;
^jk"Vªh; ekuo laxzgky;* Hkksiky esa gSA iqjkrRo
laca/kh rF; 1871 esa iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx
dk xBu
1901 esa ykMZ dtZu osQ le; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k foHkkx dks ^Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k* esa rCnhy dj fn;k x;k rFkk
blosQ igys egkfuns'kd tkWu ek'kZy cusA
ijh{kki;ksxh vU; tkudkfj;ka
esgjx<+ ls Hkkjr esa ekuo dk gksekslSfi;al dh euq"; us ^loZçFke Hkkjr dk

çkphure LFkk;h loZçFke lk{; mifLFkfr rkack dk ç;ksx* ^çkphure uxj*
thou osQ çek.k gFkukSjk çkxSfrgkfld dky fd;kA ogha çFke eksgutksnM+ks
osQ vykok ik"kk.k (ueZnkiqje ;k esa gh rhl ls cuk;k x;k gfFk;kj (e`rdksa dk Vhyk)
laLÑfr ls ysdj gks'kaxkckn) ls pkyhl gtkj o"kZ ôqQYgkM+h* FkkA dks ekuk tkrk gSA
fla/q lH;rk osQ feyk gSA iwoZ FkhA
vo'ks"k Hkh feys gSaA
cqtZgkse dh [kkst Mh-Vsjk ,oa ihVjlu us dh
[kkstdrkZ
HkhecsVdk dh •kst 1957&58 esa fo".kq Jh/j okd.kdj us dh
(2)
rkezik"kkf.kd la Ld̀fr
ekyok laLÑfr tksjos laLÑfr dk;Fkk laLÑfr vgkM laLÑfr

iwohZ Hkkjr& fcgkj
nf{k.k&iwohZ jktLFkku rkezik"kk.k nf{k.k&iwohZ Hkkjr (fpjkan] lsuqokj]
O;oLFkk lksuiqj] rkjkMhg)
vgkM fxyq.n
ckykFky ds {ks= if'peh iwohZ ;w-ih-&
kuk
vksft; egkjk"Vª [kSjkMhg] ujgu
ckxksj vU;& efg"kny]
cukl ?kkVh esa fLFkr gksus osQ dkj.k cukl if'peh eè;çns'k
vgenuxj iq.ks ikaMq jktj f<fc
laLÑfr ukedj.k
ekyok uonkVksyh
fdyscan cfLr;ksa osQ
ekyok e`nHkkaM rkezik"kk.k dk;Fkk ,j.k çek.k feys gSa
e`nHkk.Mksa esa loksZÙke
ekyok uon &,p-Mh-ladkfy;k }kjk mR[kfur
kVksy
a h
;gka ls pj[kk vkSj lLd̀fr &lokZf/d iQly osQ lk{;
rdfy;ksa osQ çek.k feys gSa &lcls cM+k mR[kfur xzkeh.k LFky
&pkSdksj vkSj o`Ùkkdkj ?kjksa osQ lk{;
xzkeh.k laLo`Qfr lcls cM+k 'kgj rkacs dh oLrq,a] rkacs dk jFk pykrk euq";
nSekckn rFkk lkaM] xSaMk ,oa gkFkh dh vko`Qfr çkIr gqbZ gS
nSekckn
çeq[k LFky
tksjos la Ldfr
` usoklk (iVlu dk lk{;) vgenuxj iq.ks
tksjos
oqQN cfLr;ka tSls nSekckn bukexkao& fdykcan vkSj [kkbZ ls f?kjk panksyh] lksuxk¡o]
,oa bukexkao esa uxjhdj.k gqvk FkkA ;gka ls ekr`nsoh dh çfrek] bukexk¡o
dh çfozQ;k ns[kus dks feyrh gS 5 dejksa dk ,d edku feyk gSA
dk;Fkk la Ld̀fr vgkM

rkacs dh oqQYgkfM;ka]
pwfM;ka ,oa pknjsa çkIr
a
lLd̀fr
çkphu uke rkEckorh
dk;Fkk e`nHkkaMksa ij dk;Fkk ls LVsVkbV vkSj iRFkj osQ ?kj
izko~Q gMIiu] gMIiu dkWuSfy;u iRFkjksa osQ fxyq.n çeq[k osaQnz Fkk
vkSj gMIiksÙkj gkj çkIr gq, gSa
laLo`Qfr dk çHkko çLrj iQyd m|ksx osQ vo'ks"k
(3)
fla/kq lH;rk
çeq[k rF; lokZf/d LFky (xqtjkr esa)
(2400&1750 bZ-iw-)
fla/q lH;rk osQ [kkstdrkZ&
n;kjke lkguh ewy fuoklh& nzfoM ,oa Hkweè;lkxj
fla/q lH;rk çko~Q ,sfrgkfld ;k
uxjh; lH;rk Fkh] O;kikj eq[; is'kk Fkk
dkaL; ;qx esa j[kh tkrh gSA
canjxkg&yksFky] lqjdksVnk
ekank (tEew ,oa d'ehj)
fpukc unh 'kklu&of.kd oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa
lqrdkxs.Mksj vkyexhjiqj
(CywfpLrku) fla/kq lH;rk dh lhek,a (esjB] ;w-ih-) lSU/o lH;rk dk O;kikj
nk'd unh fg.Mu unh
nSekckn (egkjk"Vª)
xksnkojh unh vk;kfrr oLrq,¡ LFky@{ks=k
iru ds lanHkZ eas fo}kukas ds er

lksuk viQxkfuLrku] iQkjl] dukZVd
pk¡nh bZjku] viQxkfuLrku] eslksiksVkfe;k
fo}ku er rk¡ck [ksrM+h (jktLFkku)] CywfpLrku
tkWu ek'kZy] eSds ,oa ,l vkj jko ck<+ fVu bZjku] viQxkfuLrku
lsy[kM+h CywfpLrku] jktLFkku] xqtjkr
xkMZu pkbYM ,oa àhyj cká ,oa vk;ks± ds vkØe.k
gfjr ef.k nf{k.k Hkkjr
vksjy LVkbu] , ,u ?kks"k tyok;q ifjorZu
'ka[k ,oa dkSfM+;k¡ lkSjk"Vª (xqtjkr)] nf{k.k Hkkjr
,e vkj lkguh HkwxfHkZd ifjorZu uhy&jRu cn['kk¡ (viQxkfuLrku)
tkWu ek'kZy iz'kklfud f'kfFkyrk f'kykthr fgeky;h {ks=k
ds ;w vkj dusMh izkÑfrd vkink fiQjkstk bZjku
yktonZ cn['kk¡] eslksiksVkfe;k
Hkkjr fLFkr lcls cM+k iwoZ gM+Iik LFky % jk[khx<+h
xksesn lkSjk"Vª (xqtjkr)
fla/q lH;rk ds rhu pj.k LVsVkbV bZjku
LiQfVd
(4) nDdu iBkj] mM+hlk] fcgkj
1- izkjafHkd% 3300 bZ-iw- & 2600 bZ- iw-
2- ifjiDo% 2600 & 1900 bZ-iw- LysV dk¡xM+k (fgekpy izns'k)
3- mÙkj gM+IikbZ% 1900 & 1300 bZ-iw- lhlk bZjku] jktLFkku] viQxkfuLrku] nf{k.k Hkkjr
(4)
nks iQlyh [ksrh m|ksx ,oa f'kYi dyk
gy dk ç;ksx
çeq[k fo'ks"krk,a &eksgutksnM+ksa ls b±V osQ HkV~Vks osQ vo'ks"k feys gSaA
iQlyksa dh fofo/rk &gM+IikbZ yksxksa dks yksgs dk Kku ugha FkkA
&os rkack esa fVu feykdj dkalk cukrs FksA
&ukS iQlyksa dh [ksrh& xsgaw] tkS] jkbZ] &uko cukus osQ lk{; (yksFky ls feV~Vh osQ uko) feys
eVj] fry] ljlkas] pkoy] dikl gSaA
,oa vukt &y?kq /krq ewfrZ & ekse&lk¡pk fof/
&o`Qf"k dk;Z gsrq çLrj (iRFkj) ,oa &çeq[k m|ksx & lwrh oL=k fuekZ.k
dkals osQ vkStkjksa dk ç;ksx &pkanh loZçFke fla/q lH;rk esa ikbZ xbZ gSA
&dksbZ iQkoM+k ;k iQky ugha feyk gSA o`Qf"k &dkaL; dyk] e`.ewfrZ;ka] eudk&fuekZ.k rFkk eqgj fuekZ.k
laHkor% ydM+h osQ gyksa dk ç;ksx dh dyk çpfyr FkhA
djrs FksA çeq[k dykÑfr;ka
okf.kT; &eksgutksnM+ksa ls çkIr û`R; dh eqnzk* esa uXu L=kh dh
,oa dkaL; çfrek
&ikyrw tkuoj% cSy] HkSal] xk;] HksaM+] O;kikj
oqQÙks] [kPpj &gM+Iik ,oa pkUgqnM+ks ls çkIr dkals dh xkfM+;k¡
&gkFkh dks ikyrq cuk fy;k x;k FkkA &eksgutksnM+ksa ls çkIr nk<+h okys flj dh iRFkj dh ewfrZ
&owQcM+ okyk cSy lcls fç; i'kq FkkA (laHkor%iqtkjh)
ogha Å¡V dh vfLFk;ka dkyhcaxk ls &LokfLrd fp=k
çkIrA crZu
&lqjdksVM+k esa ?kksMs+ osQ vo'ks"kksa ds
feyus dh fjiksVZ (igpku lansgxzLr) vkfFkZd &feV~Vh osQ crZuksa esa ,d:irk] crZu lkns gSa] iDdh
uksV% gM+Iik laLÑfr esa u rks ?kksM+s dh i'kqikyu feV~Vh dh e`.ewfrZ;ka feyh gSaA
gfM~M;k¡ u gh mlds izk:i feys gSaA
fLFkfr &crZuksa ij yky iV~Vh osQ lkFk dkys jax dh fp=kdkjh
&crZuksa ij ouLifr dk fp=kkadu i'kqvksa dh vis{kk
T;knkA
&O;kikj fofue; ç.kkyh ij & crZuksa ij eqnzk ds fu'kku Hkh gSaA
vk/kfjr FkkA ekirkSy
&gM+Iik] eksgutksnMksa rFkk yksFky esa
vukt osQ cMs+ xksnke feys gSaA eqgjsa &;s gM+Iik lH;rk dh loksZÙke dykÑfr
&ns'kh O;kikj osQ ifjogu lk/u &rkSy dh bdkbZ 16 gSaA ¹vkÑfr& pkSdksj (vf/dka'k)]
cSyxkM+h ,oa i'kq tcfd fons'kh osQ vkorZdksa esaA csyukdkj] o`Ùkkdkj] vk;rkdkjº
O;kikj eq[;r% ty ifjogu lsA tSls& 16] 64 &vf/dka'k eqgjsa eksgutksnM+ksa ls
&canjxkg ls tqMs+ 'kgj& ckykdksV] &lSa/o yksx ekiuk &eqgjksa ij lokZf/d fp=k ,d lhax
MkcjdksV] lqRdkxs.Mksj] lksVdkdksV] Hkh tkurs FksA okys lkaM (o`"kHk) dk gSA
&eqgjksa ij fpf=kr i'kq & xSaMk] HkSalk]
eq.Mhxkd] ekyoku] Hkxrjko rFkk mnkgj.k& yksFky gkFkh] ck?k] fgj.k
çHkklikVuA ls gkFkh nkar ls & vf/dka'k eqgjsa lsy[kM+h dh cuh
&fons'kh {ks=k ftuls O;kikj gksrk Fkk& fufeZ r iS e kuk fyfi gksrh FkhA
fnYequ (vk/qfud cgjhu)] eudk feyk gSA
(vkseku) &n'keyo i¼fr &fyfi Hkko fp=kkRed gS tks ozQe'k% nkb± vksj ls ckb± rFkk ckb±
&eslksiksVkfe;kbZ vfHkys[kksa esa ij vk/kfjr vksj ls nkb± vksj fy[kh tkrh FkhA bl i¼fr dks ^cksLVªksiQhnksu*
êssyqgk* 'kCn fla/q {ks=k osQ fy, ekirkSy ç.kkyhA dgk tkrk FkkA (lkekU;r% nkb± ls ckb±)
ç;qDr &gM+Iik fy[kkoV vHkh rd i<+h ugha tk ldh gSA
(5)
&'kklu laHkor% of.kd oxZ osQ gkFkksa esa
&g.Vj osQ vuqlkj] ;gka dh 'kklu O;oLFkk turkaf=kd i¼fr ls pyrh Fkh
jktuhfrd &LVqvVZ fiXxV us bl lH;rk dh tqM+ok jkt/kfu;ka gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnMksa dks crk;k Fkk
fLFkfr
&ekr`nsoh dh mikluk] i'kqifr f'ko] fyax ,oa ;ksfu iwtk] ukx iwtk] o`{k iwtk] /kkfeZd
i'kq iwtk] vfXu iwtk vkfn dk çpyu FkkA
fLFkfr
&/kfeZd n`f"Vdks.k dk vk/kj bgykSfdd ,oa O;kogkfjd FkkA
&Hkwr&çsr] ra=k&ea=k vkfn esa fo'oklA
&;K ls ifjfpr Fks rFkk iqutZUe esa fo'okl djrs FksA
&dkyhcaxk ls vfXuosfndk dk lk{; çkIr gqvk gSA
&eafnj osQ vo'ks"k ugha
&eksgutksnM+ks ls i'kqifr f'ko dh in~eklu eqnzk esa cSBs iq:"k dh ,d eqgj feyh gSA ogha gM+Iik ls çkIr ,d ewfrZ esa L=kh
osQ xHkZ ls fudyrk ikS/k fn[kk;k x;k gSA
izeq[k lk{; LFky

lkekftd
fLFkfr § dkyhcaxk (jktLFkku) (tksrs gq, [ksr] uDdk'khnkj b±V)] vfXuoqaQM
§ ekgsutknsMk+s & Lukukxkj (lcls cMh+ l/ aS odkyhu beZkjr)] i'kiqfr] urd
Z h efwrZ
§ yksFky & vfXuoqaQM] euosQ dk dkj[kkuk
§ gM+Iik & eksgj (vf/dka'k eqgjksa ij ,d Jàxh i'kq dk vadu)
&ijaijkxr bdkbZ% ifjokj § pagqnM+ks & eudk dkj[kkuk
&lSa/o lekt laHkor% ekr`lrkRed § Ñf"k & eq[; iQly (xsagw] tkS)] dikl lcls igys fla/q lH;rk esa mxk;k x;kA
(L=kh e`.kewfrZ;k¡) § cukoyh & feV~Vh osQ gy
&lekt vusd oxks± tSls& iqjksfgr]
O;kikjh] § uxjksa ,oa ?kjksa ds foU;kl esa xzhd i¼fr dk mi;ksx
vf/dkjh] f'kYih] tqykgs ,oa Jfed § lwrh ,oa Åuh oL=k ç;ksx gksrk Fkk
esa foHkkftr FksA buesa O;kikjh lcls § VsjkdksVk (vkx esa idh feV~Vh)&dkys jax ls fMtkbu yky feV~Vh osQ crZu
çHkkoh FksA § eukjst a u & eNyh idMu+k] f'kdkj] i'k&qi{kh yMk+b]Z pkiSM+ ,oa iklk [kys uk
&;ks¼k oxZ osQ vfLrRo dk dksbZ lk{; § /kSykohjk ls tylaxzg gsrq cka/ksa osQ fuekZ.k dk lk{;
ugha § LokfLrd (lw;Ziwtk) osQ lk{;
&laHkor% nkl çFkk çpfyr FkhA
§ eafnj vo'ks"k ugha rFkk ekr`nsoh dh mikluk lokZf/d gksrh Fkh
&lSa/o yksx 'kkdkgkjh ,oa ekalkgkjh
nksuksa FksA § dwcM+ okyk cSy fo'ks"k iwtuh;
&vkHkw"k.kksa dk ç;ksx iq:"k ,oa efgyk § ?kksMs dh vfLFk;ka & lqjdksVnk] dkyhcaxk] yksFky
nksuksa djrs FksA § ;krk;kr & nks ifg;ksa ;k pkj ifg;ksa okyh cSyxkM+h ;k HkSalxkM+h
§ ryokj ls ifjp; ugha
§ inkZ çFkk ,oa os';ko`fr dk çpyu Fkk
§ nkg laLdkj fof/ ¹;qXe lek/h & yksFky ,oa dkyhcaxkº
§ 'ko tykuk (eksgutksnMks) ,oa xkM+uk (gM+Iik)
(6)
o"kZ 1924 esa] tkWu ek'kZy (rRdkyhu
gMIikbZ
+ LFky ASI egkfuns'kd) us fla/q lH;rk dh
[kkst dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA
LFky HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr [kkstdrkZ@[kqnkbZ izkIr lk{;
gM+IIkk jkoh unh] (ck;sa rV ij) n;kjke lkguh] 1921 Jfed fuokl] lksyg HkfV~V;k¡] N% vUUkkxkj]
eks.Vxksejh] ikfdLrku dfczLrku R-37] 'ka[k dk cuk cSy] dk¡ls dk
,Ddk ,oa niZ.k] eatw"kk] crZu ij eNqvkjs dk
fp=k] moZjrk dh nsoh dk fp=k
eksgutksnM+ks fla/q unh (nk;as rV) yjdkuk] jk[kynkl cuthZ] 1922 e`rdkas dk Vhyk] fo'kku Lukukxkj] vUUkkxkj]
ikfdLrku dk¡ls dh uXu urZdh] dqEgkj ds N% HkV~Vs] lwrh
diM+k] 'krjat dh xksfV;k¡] nk<+h okyk lk/q]
gkFkh dk diky [kaM] i'kqifRk ds vadu dh
eqgjA ?kksM+s ds nkar] vfHkys[k ;qDr lokZf/d
lqRdkxs.Mksj nk'd unh] cywfpLrku] ikfdLrku vkSjsy LVkby] unh dh rVh; O;kikfjd pkSdh] jk[k ls Hkjk
1929 ,oa tkWtZ MsYl crZu] rkacs dh oqQYgkM+h] feV~Vh dh pwfM+;k¡A
vkejh flU/q unh] fla/] ikfdLrku ,u th etwenkj] 1935 iwoZ gM+IIkk lH;rk ds fpUg rFkk ifjorhZ
tkWtZ ,iQ] MsYl 1963@79 ifjorZu ds pj.kkas dh igpku gqbZA ckjgflaxk
dk uewukA
pUgwnM+ks fla/q unh] fla/ ikfdLrku ,u th etwenkj] 1931 eqgj mRikn dsUnz] vkS|ksfxd 'kgj] feV~Vh dh
cuh cSyxkM+h] dk¡ls dh f[kykSuk xkM+h] nokr]
nqxZ dk vHkko] fyfifLVd dk lk{;] euds
dk dkj[kkuk
dkyhcaxk ?kXxj unh] jktLFkku veykuUn ?kks"k] 1953@60 vFkZ&dkys jax dh pwM+h] gy }kjk tksrs [ksr]
csyukdkj eqgj] iDdh feV~Vh dk gy] lcls
igys Kkr Hkwdai dk lk{;] vfXudqaM] mQ¡V dh
gfM~M;k¡] dPPkh ,oa vyaÑr b±V
dksVnhth fla/q unh] fla/ ikfdLrku iQty vgen] 1953&54 iwoZ gM+IIkk] fefJr Lrj] iRFkj dh uhao okys
?kj] iÙkh ds vkdkj dk ok.kkxz] xrkZokl] xgukas
dk t[khjkA pkd ij fufeZr e`n~Hkk.MA
jksiM+ lryt unh] iatkc ;KnÙk 'kekZ] 1953&54 rk¡cs dh dqYgkM+h] 'ka[k dh pwfM+;k¡] dqÙks dks
ekfyd ds lkFk niQukus dk lk{;A
jaxiqj eknj unh rV] xqtjkr jaxukFk jko] 1953&54 /ku dh Hkwlh] ?kksM+s dh e`.kewfrZ] dPPkh b±Vkas
dk nqxZ] iRFkj ds iQyd
(7)
lqjdksVnk dPN] xqtjkr tsúihú tks'kh] 1954 ?kksM+s dh gfM~M;k¡] crZu eas 'kok/kuA
yksFky Hkksxok unh] vgenkckn] xqtjkr jaxukFk jko] 1957 vUUkkxkj] lqesfj;u ewy ls lacaf/r v{kh;
ufydk lfgr lksus ds euds] eudk dkj[kkuk
xksnhokM+k (canjxkg)] ;qXe 'kok/ku] /ku dh
[ksrhA
vkyexhjiqj fgaMu unh] mÙkj izns'k ;KnÙk 'kekZ] 1958 jksVh csyus dh pkSdh] dVksjs ds VqdM+s] feV~Vh
ds crZu] xaxk&;equk nksvkc dk igyk
mR[kfur LFkyA
/kSykohjk dPN] xqtjkr txrifr tks'kh (1967)] /kSykohjk dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ& LkisQn oqQvka] rhu
(2021 esa /kSykohjk ikapok vkj-,l fc"V (1990&91) Hkkxkas eas foHkkftr ,dek=k 'kgj] ukxfjd
;wusLdks oYMZ cM+k gM+Iik LFky) mi;ksx ds fy, lcls cM+k vfHkys[k] [ksy dk
gsfjVst eSnku] ,d laiw.kZ ty iz.kkyh ds vo'ks"k
?kksf"kr)
jk[khx<+h ?kXXkj unh] fglkj ftyk] gfj;k.kk lwjtHkku] 1963 izkd~gM+IIkk ,oa ifjiDo gM+IIkk ds lk{;]
1997 esa vejsanzukFk Hkkjr eas fLFkr bl lH;rk dk lcls cM+k
}kjk [kqnkbZ LFkyA
ferkFky gfj;k.kk lwjtHkku] 1963 rk¡cs dh oqQYgkM+h] laLÑfr ds rhukas Lrj
cuokyh ljLorh unh] fglkj gfj;k.kk vkjú,lú fc"V] 1973 iwoZ&gM+IIkk rFkk mÙkj&uxjh;] feV~Vh ds
euds] rk¡cs dh cuh eNYkh idM+us dh calh]
feV~Vh ls cus gy dk izfr:i] okLrfod gy
ds oqQN VqdM+s] izfrj{kk nhokj ds ckgj xgjh
vkSj pkSM+h [kkbZ] feV~Vh osQ pDds ds izfr:i
ckykdksV vjc lkxj] cywfpLrku] ikfdLrku vkjú,lú fc"V 1973@74 iwoZ gM+IIkk ds vo'ks"k] Hkou fuekZ.k ds fy,
dPPkh b±Vkas dk iz;ksx] lhaikas dh dk;Z'kkykA
Hkxokuiqjk ljLorh unh] dq:{ks=k gfj;k.kk th-ih- tks'kh] 1975@76 liQsn] dkyh ,oa vklekuh jax dh pwfM+;k¡]
rk¡cs dh pwfM+;k¡A
oqQ.kky ljLorh unh] iQrsgkckn] gfj;k.kk ,eúvkjú jko] 1994 iwoZ&gMIik LFky] pk¡nh ds nks eqdqVA
uksV % ctV 2020&21 esa jk[khx<+h] gfLrukiqj] f'kolkxj] èkkSykohjk] psuSYywj vkfn dks ^vkbdkWfud LFky* ds :i esa
fodflr fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ FkhA
(8)
osn a `
oSfnd lLdfr osn 'kCn ls oSfnd cuk gSA
oSfnd
lH; osn dk vFkZ ^Kku*
vk;ks± dks tkuus dk eq[; lzksr rk d v
ks ^v k;Z dk v
k;Z l FkZ mÙk
Hkk"kk&laLÑr H;r e] Js"
k* Hk B
h dg
rs gSaA
ÍXoSfnd dky (1500&1000 bZ-iw-) mÙkjoSfnd dky (1000&600 bZ-iw-)
§1400 bZ-iw- cksxtdksbZ (,f'k;k ekbuj) ds vfHkys[k eas §'kriFk czkã.k ls vk;ks± ds izlkj dh tkudkjh
ÍXoSfnd dky ds nsorkvkas (bUnz] o:.k] fe=k rFkk uklR;) dk §vk;Z foaè;kpy ds mÙkj ds laiw.kZ {ks=k eas igq¡pus eas liQy jgs
mYYks[kA §lzksr & lkeosn] ;tqosZn] vFkoZosn] czkã.k xzaFk
§lIr lSa/o izns'k (ÍXosn eas o.kZu)%& ;g lkr ufn;kas& fla/q §vk;ks± ds thou eas LFkkf;Ro (Ñf"k dk egRo c<+us ls)
(lqoklk)] lryt ('krqfnz)] O;kl (foik'kk)] jkaoh (iq:".kh)] §fgeky; ,oa foè;kpay ds eè; {ks=k dk uke êè; ns'k*
psukc (vkfLduh)] >sye (forLrk)] ?kX?kj (lq"kkek) ls f?kjk §xaxk&;equk nksvkc dk uke ^czãf"kZ ns'k*
{ks=k FkkA jktuhfrd fLFkfr
§ÍXons esa viQxkfuLrku dh pkj ufn;ksa oQqHkk (dkcy q )] Øeqq
(oQqjeZ)] xkesrh (xkesy)] vkjS loqLrq (Lokr) dk mYYk[sk gAS igyh ckj jkT;kas dk mn;
§ÍXosn ds unh lwDr eas 21 ufn;kas dk o.kZu gS (fla/q dk mnkgj.k& iq: ,oa Hkjr feydj ^dq:* cus
lokZf/d) (dq:avkas dks jkt/kuh& vklanhor~] gfLrukiqj)
ØljLorh& lcls ifo=k unh (vU; uke& ekrsrek] unhrek]
ikapky lokZf/d
nsohrek) fodflr jkT;
Øunh lwDr eas foik'kk unh dk dksbZ mYYks[k ugha
ØÍXosn eas pkj leqnzkas dk mYYks[k gSA
izfl¼ 'kkld
izokg.k jkt/kuh oSfnd lH;rk eas ikapky dks
ØÍXosn eas fgeky; ioZr ,oa bldh ,d pksVh eqtoar dk
dkfEiY; ôSfnd lH;rk dk loZJs"B
mYYks[kA izfrfuf/* dgk x;k gSA
§ÍXoSfnd iqjkrkfRod lk{; ds eq[;r% rhu izdkj %&
§^tuin* dk vfLrRo vk;k] ^jk"Vª* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
Ødkys ,oa yky e`nHkkaM Ørkez iqat Øxs:o.khZ e`nHkkaM+
§^jkT; dh mRifÙk dk fl¼kar* loZizFke ,srjs; czkã.k eas
jktuhfrd fLFkfr
jktk
lcls NksVh bdkbZ&oqQy@ifjokj xzke] fo'k vkSj tu mPprj {ks=k jkT; uke jktk dk uke
bdkbZ;ka Fkh
ç/ku¾oqQyqi iwoZ lkezkT; lezkV
Øxzke dbZ ifjokjksa dk lewg (xzke.kh bldk
if'pe LojkT; LojkV
ç/ku Fkk)A
Øfo'k dbZ xk¡oksa dk lewg (ç/ku&fo"k;ifr) mÙkj oSjkT; fojkV
Øfo'k lewg ¾ tu (ç/ku&jktk@tuifr)
Øtuksa dk ç/ku&jktu nf{k.k HkksT; Hkkst
§ç'kklu eq[;r% dchykbZ
eè; çns'k jkT; jktk
§lSfud Hkkouk çeq[k
(9)
§jktk ds vU; uke& tuL;xksik] iqjHksÙkk] fo'kifr] x.kifr] 12 mPPk dksfV ds vf/dkjh (jfRuu)
xksifr 'kriFk czkã.k eas mYYks[k
§izeq[k vf/dkjh& iqjksfgr (lcls izeq[k)] lsukuh] xzkeh.k §iqjksfgr (/kfeZd dk;Z)
o`¼ tukas ,oa oqQyhu O;fDr;kas dh laLFkk §lsukuh (lsukifr)
§lwr (jktk dk lkjFkh)
fL=k;ka 'kkfey lHkk ÍXosn eas 8 ckj mYYks[k §xzke.kh (xzke dk iz/ku)
§Hkkxnq/ (dj laxzgdrkZ)
lnL; ^lqtku* dgykrs Fks §lax`fg=kh (dks"kkè;{k)
§v{kkoki (ikls ds [ksy eas jktk dk lg;ksxh)
izeq[k& bZ'kku lfefr dchykas dh vkelHkk ;k §jFkdkj (jFk fuekZrk)
lkekU; turk dk izfrfuf/Ro §xksfodÙkZu (taxy foHkkx dk iz/ku)
§efg"kh (eq[; jkuh)
fL=k;ka ugha
§ikykxy (fonq"kd] nwr] fe=k)
§fonFk & vk;ks± dh çkjafHkd laLFkk (dk;Z&vkfFkZd] lSU;] §;qojkt (jktdqekj)
/kfeZd] lkekftd)
§jRuh & lwr] jFkdkj rFkk dEEkkfn vkfn dqy 12 vf/dkjh FksA izeq[k rF;
§oztifr & xkspj Hkwfe vf/dkjh §lcls izkphu laLFkk fonFk mÙkjoSfnd dky eas lekIr
§ÍXosn eas U;k;kf/dkjh dk mYYks[k ugha §jktk ij lHkk vkSj lfefr dk fu;a=k.k lekIr
§;q¼ gsrq ^xfof"V* 'kCnA §vFkoZosn eas lHkk ,oa lfefr dks iztkifr dh nks iqf=k;k¡ dgk
§jktk LFkk;h lsuk ugha j[krk FkkA x;k
§lnqkl ds ijqkfsgr ôf'k"B* rFkk nl tuka s ds l?ak ds ^fo'okfe=k* FkAs §jktra=k gh 'kklu dk vk/kj] dgha&dgha x.kra=k Hkh
§LFkk;h lsuk ugha Fkh
nljkK ;q¼ §jktk U;k; dk loksZPPk vf/dkjh
§mÙkjoSfnd dky eas fu;fer dj olwyh 'kq: gqbZ ftls cfy]
'kqYd ;k Hkkx dgk x;kA (ek=kk 1@16)
ÍXosn ds iq:".kh (jkoh) lqnkl ,oa
7oas eaMy eas ds rV ij nl tukas ds chp lkekftd fLFkfr
mYYks[k yM+k x;k (lqnkl fot;h) §dsoy oS'; leqnk; dj nsrs FksA
5 vk;Z dchys §ÍXoSfnd dh vis{kk mÙkjoSfnd eas efgyk fLFkfr fxjh
(,srjs; czkã.k eas iq=k dks îfjokj dk j{kd* rFkk iq=kh dks ^nq[kksa
iq: vuq dk lzksr* dgk x;k gSA)
;nq nzqgq §tkckyksifu"kn eas pkj vkJekas (czãp;Z] x`gLFk] okuizLFk
rqoZl laU;kl) dk mYYks[k
5 vuk;Z dchys §pkoy] ued] eNyh] gkFkh rFkk ck?k vkfn dk Kku gqvk tks fd
ÍXoSfnd eas Kkr ugha Fkk (gkFkh ikyrq cukus ds lk{;)
vdhUUk f'kfo §;K vuq"Bku c<+us ls czkã.kkas dh 'kfDr eas o`f¼
iEFk fo"kk.kh §o.kkZJe O;oLFkk izeq[k vk/kj (,srjs; czkã.k eas pkjkas
Hkyku'k o.kks± ds drZO; mYysf[kr)
lkekftd fLFkfr
§ÍoSfnd lekt pkj o.kks± eas foHkDr Fkk& czkã.k] {kf=k;] §o.kZ O;oLFkk eas dBksjrk 'kq:
oS'; vkSj 'kwnzA (O;olk; ij vk/kfjr) ¹ÍXosn ds 10oas eaMy 'kCn oxZ 'kCn oxZ
ds iq:"k lwDr eas pkj o.kks± dh mRifÙk dk o.kZuº
§lekt fir`lÙkkRed] la;qDr ifjokj izFkk ,sfg czãk.M vknzo oS'o
§lekt dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ&ifjokj ;k dqy ¹eqf[k;k&firk
(oqQyqi)º vkxPN {kf=k; vk/o 'kwnz
§ÍXoSn eas nkl izFkk dk mYYks[k Hkh gSA
(10)
czkã.k (eq[k ls mRifÙk)
czkã.k f}t {kf=k;
'kqnz pkj
{kf=k; (Hkqtk ls mRifÙk)
(iSj ls mRifÙk) o.kZ oS';
§budk mi;u laLdkj gksrk FkkA 'kwnzksa dk ugha gksrk FkkA
oS'; (ta?kk ls mRifÙk)
vkfFkZd fLFkfr
fookg % ;g ,d ifo=k laLdkj Fkk §Ñf"k eq[; is'kk] i'kqikyu xkS.k
§yksgs ds midj.kkas ls Ñf"k eas o`f¼
fookg §'kriFk czkã.k eas Ñf"k fØ;kvkas dk mYYks[k
vuqykse fookg osQ çfrykse fookg §vFkoZosn eas flapkbZ lk/ukas&o.kkZdwi ,oa ugj (oqQYik) dk
çdkj
mPp o.kZ iq:"k ,oa mPp o.kZ L=kh vkSj mYYks[k
fuEu o.kZ dh L=kh fuEu o.kZ dk iq:"k §lhrk& gy dh ukyhA
§eq[; iQly& /ku] xsgw¡A
fL=k;ka (ÍXoSfnd dky) §pkj izdkj ds e`nHkkaM dh tkudkjh& yky] dkys] fpf=kr
§inkZizFkk ,oa lrh izFkk izpfyr ugha /wlj] dkys ikWfy'knkjA
§fLFkfr vPNh] f'k{kk xzg.k §rSfÙkjh; czkã.k eas uxj dh ppkZ gkykafd 'kq:vkrh uxj gh
§dU;kvkas dk miu;u LFkkfir (gfLrukiqj@dkS'kkach tSls Proto- urban site)
§iqufoZokg] fu;ksxizFkk ,oa cgqifr fookg izpfyr
§Jsf"Bu@Js"B;& O;kikjh FksA
§vektw& vfookfgr efgyk,a
§'kriFk czkã.k eas egktuh izFkk dk mYys[k (oqQlhfnu&
§cky fookg ugha
lwn[kksj)
§izeq[k fonq"kh& yksikeqnzk] ?kks"kk] flDrk] xkxhZ] fo'o/kjk]
§leqnz dk Kku Fkk (oSfnd xzaFkkas eas leqnz ppkZ)] flDdk
vikyk vkfnA
§ÍXosn& îRuh gh x`g gS* (tk;nLre)
izpfyr ugha gqvk FkkA
§mÙkjoSfnd xzaFkkas eas dikl dk ftØ ugha] cqukbZ@d<+kbZ gksrh FkhA
vkfFkZd fLFkfr
§izkjafHkd thou vLFkk;h (ewyr% xzkeh.k) egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh
§i'kqikyu eq[; is'kk] (Ñf"k xkS.k)
czhfg /ku ek.k mMn
§xk; lokZf/d egRoiw.kZ (ÍXosn eas 176 ckj mYYks[k)
§ÍXosn eas c<+bZ] jFkdkj] cqudj] peZdkj] dqEgkj vkfn ;o tkS eqn~x ewax
f'kfYi;kas dk mYYks[k
/kfeZd fLFkfr xks/we xsgw¡
§vk;Z cgqnsooknh gksrs gq, Hkh ,ds'ojokn eas fo'okl djrs FksA
§izÑfr dk ekuohdj.k dj mldh iwtk 'kq:A /kfeZd fLFkfr
§eq[;r% izÑfr iwtd §/eZ ,oa Írq dh ladYiuk
§vk;ks± ds nsorkvkas dh Jsf.k;ka
§izR;sd osn ds vius iqjksfgr gks x,A
Øvkdk'k dk nsork& o:.k] fe=k] iw"ku] fo".kq] lw;Z]
vkfnR;] m"kk] vf'ou vkfnA §;K & lkse;K] v'oes?k;K] oktis; ;K] jktlw; ;K ('kfDr
Øvarfj{k ds nsork& bUnz] :nz] ok;q] e:r vkfnA izn'kZu)
ØiFòh ds no s rk& vfXu] lkes] iFòh] cg`Lifr] ljLorh vkfnA §:nz] fo".kq bl dky ds vU; nsork
§bUn&z lokfZ/d irzkih ,o a ykds fi;z nosrk (vk;k±s dk ;¼
q ursk) §bUnz ds cnys iztkifr (l`tu nsork) dks loksZPPkrk
§vfXu& ÍXosn ds 5oas eaMy eas vfXu lwDr] (nwljs egRoiw.kZ §e`R;q dh ppkZ 'kriFk czkã.k] eks{k dh mifUk"kn eas] iqutZUe
nsorkA) dh o`gnjk.;d mifUk"kn eas] fu"dke deZ fl¼kar
§o:.k& rhljk ie z [qk nosrk] ty dk nosrk] vU; uke& ÍrL; xkisk bZ'kksifu"kn eas
§?kkS:& lcls izkphu ÍXoSfnd nsork
(11)
egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh osn iqjksfgr osn iqjksfgr
if.k O;kikjh xo;rq nwjh dh eki ÍXosn gksrk ;tqosZn vèo;qZ
csdukV lqn[kksj fgj.; lksuk lkeosn mn~xkrk vFkoZosn czãk
ÍXosn eas i'kqvkas dk mYYks[k vU; izFkk

§?kksM+k] cSy] HkSal] HksM+] cdjh] Å¡V dk mYYks[k §f=koxZ& /eZ] vFkZ] dke
§ck?k] gkFkh dk mYYks[k ugha §iq:"kkFkZ& /eZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k
§mikè;k;& osnkas ds vè;kid
o`Qf"k laca/h 'kCnkoyh o`Qf"k laca/h 'kCnkoyh
ÍXosn (10 eaMy) jpf;rk
moZjk twrs [ksr lhrk gy ds fu'kku
izFke es?kkfrfFk] e/qPNEnk
ykaxy gy oqQYik ugj
f}rh; x`Rlen
dfj"kq xkscj [kkn f[kY; pkjkxkg
r`rh; fo'okfe=k
voV oqQvk¡
prqFkZ okenso
xk;a=kh ea=k (lw;Z dks lefiZr) iape~ vf=k

"k"Be~ Hkkj}kt
jpukdkj & fo'okfe=k
lIre~ of'k"B
ÍXosn ds rhljs eaMy eas mYYksf[kr vk"Ve~ d.o ,oa vafxjl
§uksV% ÍXoSfnd dky eas mikluk dk n`f"Vdks.k HkkSfrdoknh] uoe~ lkse nsork ,oa vU;
iqutZUe dh vo/kj.k ugha] ;K dh rqyuk eas izkFkZuk vf/d n'ke~ foenk] banz] 'kph
mifu"kn~@osnka r ÍXoSfnd nsork

mifu"kn~@osnkar e:r vka/h&rwiQku ds
vFkZ& lehi cSBuk vkj.;d czkã.k xzaFk ;e e`R;q ds
§^'osrk'oj* eas eks{k dk mYYks[k fe=k 'kiFk ,oa izfrKk ds
§ôg` nkj.;d* esa ;kKoYD; ,oa xkxhZ loakn §nk'kZfud ,oa §oSfnd lafgrkvkas
§oSfnd lkfgR; ds vafre Hkkx] blfy,
jgL;kRed fo"k;kas dh x|kRed
vf'ou fpfdRlk ds
ôsnkar* dgrs gSA dk o.kZu O;k[;k
§ou eas i<+kus ds §;Kkas ,oa vj.;kuh taxy dh nsoh
§dqy la[;k 108
§eq.Mdksmifu"kn~ ls ^lR;eso t;rs*
pyrs ^vkj.;d* deZdkaMks dks
§ufpdsrk ,oa ;e laokn ^dBksifu"kn* ls
dgyk, le>us gsrq ljLorh unh dh nsoh (fo|k dh Hkh)
§vFkoo
Z ns dk dkbsZ jfpr
§^NkUnksX; mifu"kn* eas czãp;Z] x`gLFk itZU; o"kkZ ds
rFkk okuizLFk vkJe dk mYYks[k vkj.;d ugha
(12)
oSfnd lkfgR;
osn czkã.k mifu"kn~ miosn izeq[k rF;

ÍXosn ,srjs;] dkSf"krdh ,srjs;ksifu"kn] dkSf"krdh vk;qosZn 10 eaMyksa eas foHkDr] ftleas 2&7 izkphu] 1028
lwDr] (Hkk"kk i|kRed)] ^vlrkas ek ln~xe;*
ÍXosn ls fy;k x;k] ^xk;=kh ea=k* rhljs eaMy eas]
;tqosZn bZ'kksifu"kn] o`gnkj.; /uqosZn ;Kksa dh fof/;kas dk mYYks[k] x| vkSj i| nksukas eas]
&'kqDy ;tqosZn 'kriFk dBksifu"kn] eS=kk;.kh] jktlw;@oktis; dk mYYks[k] 'kqDy ;tqosZn dks
&Ñ".k ;tqosZn rSrjh; ôktlus;h lafgrk* Hkh dgrs gSa] ea=kkas ds mPPkkj.k
'osrk'orjksifu"kn~ dk dke ^vèo;qZ* uked iqjksfgr }kjk
lkeosn iapfo'k] "kMfo'k okUNksX;ksifu"kn] xU/oZosn lke (xku)] blds ea=k nsorkvkas dh Lrqfr eas xk;s
tSfeuh; dSuksifu"kn x,] 1875 jpuk,a (75 ÍXosn ls fy, x,)]
Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fodkl eas lgk;d
vFkoZosn xksiFk eqaMdksifu"kn] f'kYiosn vFkokZ Íf"k ds uke ij vFkoZosn] dqy 20 eaMy]
nks fiIIkykn ek.MqD;ksifu"kn 731 lwDr] izeq[k fo"k;& ra=k&ea=k] czãKku] vkS"kf/
'kk[kk,a 'kkSud iz;ksx] ex/ ,oa vax egktuinkas dk mYYks[k] lHkk
,oa lfefr iztkifr dh nks iqf=k;kaA
fgUnw osnkFkZ Kku eas lgk;d 'kkL=k dks osnkax dgk tkrk gSA
/eZ x
zaFk
6 osnkax
osnka x ;g Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk fu:Dr O;kdj.k T;ksfr"k NUn dYi T;kferh dk
çkphure
xzaFk gSA
izfr fuxaBq ikf.kuh ekx/eqfu
'kk[; dk dk
xzaFk
xzaFk
v"Vkè;k;h osnkax /eZ lw=k
'kqYo lw=k blesa
bls oSfnd
oSfnd lkfgR; ds ea=kksa ds fy;s ç;qÙkQ blosQ pkj
lw=k lkfgR; Hkh
Hkkx gSaA x`g lw=k ;Kksa osQ
fd;s x;s fofHkUu Nanksa dk mYys• dgrs gSaA
Nan uked osnkax esa gqvk gSA JkSr lw=k fuekZ.k dh fof/
crkbZ xbZ gSA
¹lacaf/r xzaFk& fiaxyeqfu dk Nan lw=kº
egktuin
oSfnd dky ds 6oha 'krkCnh rd oSfnd dky eas lkekftd vkfFkZd

nkSjku mHkjs vkrs&vkrs fliZQ pkj tuin egÙoiw.kZ jkT; fodkl eq[;r%& Ñf"k
(NBh 'krkCnh 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; jg Fks] ftuds izeq[k vkSj lsuk eas yksgs ds
bZ-iwZ- 16 x,%& ^tu* dgykrs FksA vkStkjkas ds mi;ksx ds
egktuin) 1- ex/ lkFk&lkFk /kfeZd vkSj
2- voarh jktuhfrd fodkl ds
3- dkS'ky dkj.k egktuinkas dk
4- oRl mn; gqvkA
(13)
egktuinkas dk mn;
egktuin jkt/kuh {ks=k (vk/qfud LFkku)

vax paik Hkkxyiqj] eqaxsj (fcgkj)
ex/ fxfjczt@jktx`g iVuk] x;k (fcgkj)
dk'kh okjk.klh okjk.klh ds vkl&ikl (mÙkj izns'k)
oRl dkS'kkEch bykgkckn ds vkl&ikl (mÙkj izns'k)
ofTTk oS'kkyh eqtÝiQjiqj ,oa njHkaxk ds vkl&ikl dk {ks=k (fcgkj)
dks'ky JkoLrh iQStkckn (mÙkj izns'k)
vofUr mTTkSu@ efg"erh ekyok (eè; izns'k)
eYYk dq'khukjk nsofj;k (mÙkj izns'k)
iapky vfgPN=k] dfEiY; cjsyh] cnk;w¡] IkQ:Z[kkckn (mÙkj izns'k)
psfn 'kfDrerh cqansy[kaM (mÙkj izns'k)
oqQ: bUnzIkzLFk vk/qfud fnYYkh] esjB ,oa gfj;k.kk ds dqN {ks=k
eRL; fojkVuxj t;iqj (jktLFkku) ds vkl&ikl ds {ks=k
dEckst gkVd jktksjh ,oa gtkjk {ks=k (mÙkj izns'k)
'kwjlsu eFkqjk eFkqjk (mÙkj izns'k)
v'ed IkksVyh@iksru xksnkojh unh {ks=k (nf{k.k Hkkjr dk ,d ek=k tuin)
xa/kj r{kf'kyk jkoyfiaMh ,oa is'kkoj (ikfdLrku)
la Ldkj
laLdkj dk vFkZ gS&

x`á lw=k eas fuEu 16 izdkj ds laLdkjkas dh ekU;rk gSA
ifj"dkj ;k 'kqf¼dj.kA
16- vUR;sf"V laLdkj

1- xHkkZ/ku laLdkj
15- fookg
2- iqalou laLdkj 8- pwM+kdeZ 10- fo|kjaHk 12- osnkjaHk laLdkj
6- fu"Øe.k laLdkj laLdkj laLdkj laLdkj 14- lekorZu
5- ukedj.k laLdkj laLdkj
7- vUUkizk'ku 9- d.kZos/u 11- miu;u 13- osQ'kkar
3- lhekUrksU;u laLdkj 4- tkrdeZ laLdkj laLdkj laLdkj laLdkj laLdkj
(14)
6oha bZ- iwZ- ds
/kkfeZd vkanksyu
tSu /eZ ckS¼ /eZ 'kSo /eZ Hkkxor /eZ

tSu /keZ
§tSu lkfgR; dks ^vkxe fl¼kar* dgk tkrk gSA Í"kHknso § bu egkozrkas dks ^v.kqozr* Hkh
§^ftu* 'kCn ls tSu cuk (vFkZ& fotsrk) vU; uke dgk tkrk gSA
§fuxz±Fk ;kuh tSu lk/q §vkfnukFk] vkfn'ojk] ;qxkfnnso] § czãp;Z dks egkohj us ckn eas
§mn; dk dkj.k& fgUnwvkas eas :f<+oknh deZdkaM izFkekjkts'oj tksM+kA ckdh pkj dk izfriknu
,oa czkã.kkas dk opZLo §tUe& v;ksè;k ik'oZukFk us fd;k FkkA
§laLFkkid&rhFk±dj §iq=k & Hkjr] ckgqcyh § 'osrkacj& (LFkwyHknz)& 'osr
§izFke rhFk±dj & Í"kHknso oL=k /kj.k djus okys
f=kjRu
§½"kHknso vkSj vfj"Vusfe rhFkZdj dk uke § fnxacj& (Hknzckgq)& uXu jgus
§lE;d~ n'kZu
ÍXosn eas mYYksf[kr §lE;d~ Kku
okys
§Í"kHknso& b{okaoqQ oa'k ls lacaf/r FksA laFkkjk
§lE;d~ vkpj.k
§tSu /eZ dk fgLLkk
egkozr
§'osrkacj bls ^laFkkjk* dgrs gSA
tSu /eZ ds 'kkgh laj{kd §czãp;Z
§fnxacj ^lays[kuk* dgrs gSaA
mÙkj Hkkjr eas nf{k.k Hkkjr eas §vfgalk
§vkej.k vu'ku dh vuq"Bku
§vLrs;
§fcaclkj §dnEc jktoa'k §vifjxzg
fof/
§vtkr'k=kq §xax jktoa'k §ve`"kk
§panzxqIr ekS;Z §veks?ko"kZ
§fcanqlkj §oqQekjiky
§L;knokn@ vusdkraokn vkSj izaHkth fla¼kar tSUk /eZ ls tqMs+ gSaA
§g"kZo¼Zu (pkyqD; 'kkld) §tSu la?k dk izFke vè;{k& lq?keZu
§fcanqlkj
§^vkthod laiznk;* ds laLFkkid& eD[kfyxksLkky
§[kkjosy
§tSu/eZ ds vkè;kfRed fopkj ^lka[; n'kZu* ls izHkkfor FksA
§egkeLrdkfHk"ksd mRlo Jo.kcsyxksyk (foaè;fxjh igkM+h ij)] (gklu]
dukZVd) esa 12 o"kZ ds varjky ij vk;ksftr
tSu /eZ dh eq[; f'k{kk,a
§Hkxoku ckgqcyh dh (57 iqQV Å¡ph) ewfrZ dh iwtk gksrh gS
§lalkj dks nq%[k ewyd ekuk x;k gSA
§;g lekjksg 981 bZ- esa xaxk oa'k ds nkSjku 'kq# gqvk Fkk
§nq%[k dk ewy dkj.k& r`".kk
§b'Zoj esa fo'okl yfsdu b'Zoj ds vfLrRo dks ^ftu* ls uhps j[kk gAS
§o.kZ O;oLFkk dh fuank ugha dh] cfYd lq/kj dk iz;kl fd;kA
§vkRek ds LFkkukarjxeu vkSj deZ fl¼kar eas fo'okl
§tSu /eZ eas vtho (futhZo lÙkk) dk foHkktu ik¡p Hkkxkas (iqn~xy] dky] vkdk'k] /eZ rFkk v/eZ) eas fd;k x;k gSA
§tSu /eZ eas iqutZUe] deZokn] eks{k ,oa lÙkk dks Lohdkjk x;k gSA
§;g osn dh vikS:"ks;rk rFkk bZ'oj ds vfLrRo dks vLohdkjrk gSA
§tSu er ds vuqlkj fo'o 'kk'or gS rFkk dsoy la?k lnL;kas gsrq ^dSOkY;* dk fo/ku gSA
(15)
izeq[k tSu rhFk±dj vkSj muds izrhd fpUg
uke izrhd fpUg uke izrhd fpUg
Í"kHknso o`"kHk foeyukFk okjkg
vftrukFk xt vuUrukFk ';su

laHkoukFk v'o /eZukFk otz
vfHkuUnu ukFk dfi 'kkafrukFk e`x
lqefrukFk dkSap oqQaFkqukFk vt
i|izHkq i|e vjukFk ehu
lqik'oZukFk LokfLrd efYYkukFk dy'k
pUnzizHkq pUnz eqfulqozr owQeZ
lqfof/ukFk exj usfeukFk uhydey
'khryukFk dYio`{k vfj"Vusfe 'ka[k
Js;kalukFk xs.Mk ik'oZukFk liZ
iwT;ukFk efg"k egkohj flag
tSu laxhfr;ka
o"kZ LFkku vè;{k eq[; ckras
izFke (332&298 bZ-iw-) ikVfyiq=k LFkwyHknz 12 vaxkas dk ladyu
f}rh; (6oha 'krkCnh) oYYkHkh {kekJ.k 12 vaxkas dks fyfic¼ fd;k x;k
540 bZ- iwoZ eas tUe oSQOkY; izkfIr osQ ckn egkohj dgyk,%&
egkohj Lokeh (o¼Zeku) 1- ftu (fotsrk) 2- vagr (iwtk)
tUeLFkku& oqaQMxzke ;k oqaQMyiqj 3- fuxz±Fk (ca/ughu)
(oS'kkyh) fcgkj
h
nZ'ku
eYYkjktk lf`Lriky oQs

oqQy)
vu
fiz;
( K k r ` d jktilz kn esa egkohj

kksnk
fl¼kFkZ
sdk dk i
ikok 8 bZ-iw-
firk&
;k
Lokeh dks ^fuok.Zk*

;'
rao zfri
kfy
.kks.
kn@ knu
h&
te
ikzIr gvq kA
iqjh
&v
q 46
iRu
LFk
ekrk& f=k'kyk (fyPNoh jktk psrd dh cgu)

kn&
kio
e`R;
iq=kh
nke
24oas rhFk±dj
kn
ik¡poas ozr
30 Ok"kZ dh mez eas laU;kl thou& 12 o"kZ dh riL;k ds ckn lky o`{k ds uhps ^czãp;Z* dks tksM+k (ckS¼ /eZ ds
(Ítqikfydk unh ds rV ij] t`fEEkdkxzke ds utnhd) Kku dh izkfIr (oSQOkY;) okLrfod laLFkkid)
(16)
laLFkkid xkSre cq¼ ckS¼ /keZ cq¼
f=kjRu /EEk
fou;fiVd
(la?k laca/h fu;e) f=kfiVd la?k
f=kfiVd dh nl 'khy
lqÙkfiVd Hkk"kk ikfy gSA
(cq¼ ds mins'k) vfHk/Ee fiVd v"Vkafxd §vfgalk
izKk ekxZ §lR;
(nk'kZfud fl¼kar)
lE;d n`f"V §vLrs; (pksjh u djuk)
lE;d ladYi 'khy lekf/ §vifjxzg (/u lap; u
lE;d oko~Q djuk)
pkj lE;d~ Lef`r §czãp;Z
vk;Z lR; nq%[k fujks/& lE;d lE;o~Q
§vle; Hkkstu u djuk
xfeuh izfrink dek±r vtho lE;d~
nq%[k lE;d~ §O;fHkpkj u djuk
lekf/
nq%[k fujks/ O;k;ke §e| lsou u djuk
nq%[k leqnk; §vkjkenk;d 'kÕ;k dk R;kx
§vkHkw"k.kkas dk R;kx
laçnk;
cksf/lRo
/eZpØizorZu
ghu;ku osQ milaiznk; egk;ku ds Hkkx ozt;ku bldk lkjukFk (Íf"kirue~) eas
,d milEkqPp; gS izFke mins'k
'kwU;okn ;k foKkuokn ;k egkfHkfu"Øe.k

oSHkkf"kd lfeR;k LFkkfojoknh ekè;fedk ;ksxkpkj fl¼kFkZ }kjk 29 o"kZ
lkS=kkfUrd lokZfLroknh ;k lkis{kokn dh vk;q eas x`g&R;kx egkifjfuokZ.k
80 o"kZ vk;q eas
ckS¼ /eZ dh oqQ'khuxj eas e`R;q
ewyr% vuh'ojoknh] vkRek
dh ifjdYiuk ugha izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡
iqutZUe dh ekU;rk gS
ckS¼ /eZ ds vuqlkj] euq";
ds thou dk ije y{; îzrhR;leqnRikn* cq¼ ds mins'kkas dk lkj ,oa mudh laiw.kZ f'k{kkvkas dk vk/kj
fuokZ.k izkfIr gSA gSA bleas gh ^{k.kHkaxokn* vkSj ûSjkReokn* vkfn lekfgr gSaA
Lrwi fuekZ.k e`rd dh fprk ds mQij izeq[k cksf/lRo

vFkok e`rd dh pquh vfLFk;kas dks j[kus gsrq
voyksfdrs'oj vfHkrkHk
pSR; ,oa fogkj
fHk{kqvkas ds mikluk ,oa vkokl LFky eatqJh eS=ks; (Hkkoh cq¼)
izeq[k 'kCnkoyh ctzik.kh f{kfrx`g
milaink fefyUniUgks v'o?kks"k (ys[kd)
ckS¼ la?k eas izos'k
nhioa'k
cq¼pfj=k] lkSUnjkuan]
fHk{kq ,oa mikld ckS¼ xzaFk lkfjiq=k] çdj.k]
ckS¼ /eZ ds vuq;k;h egkoa'k egkoLrq lw=kkyadkj] otzlwph
(17)
iq=k dk uke jkgqy
tUe xkSre cq¼% ifjp;
?kksM+s ds uke
tUe LFkku
563 bZ-iw- dUFkd
cpiu dk firk dk uke ikyu iks"k.k
yqfEcuh (dfiyoLrq ds uke lkjFkh dk uke
fudV usiky dh rjkbZ eas) iRuh dk uke
ekrk dk uke
NUUk
fl¼kFkZ ekSlh egkiztkifr
(xks=kh; vfHk/ku&xkSre) xkSreh }kjk e`R;q
'kq¼ks/u (dfiyoLrq ds ek;k nsoh vFkok egkek;k ;'kks/jk (vU; uke&xksik] 483 bZ- iw- (eYYkkas dh
'kkD; x.k ds iz/ku) (dksfy; x.kjkT; dh dU;k) fcEck] HknzdPNk) jkt/kuh oqQ'khuxj eas)
ckS¼ laxhfr;k¡
laxhr LFkku le; 'kkld vè;{k dk;Z
izFke lIri.khZ xqiQk 483 bZ-iw- vtkr'k=kq egkd';i
(jktx`g)
f}rh; oS'kkyh 383 bZ-iw- dkyk'kksd lkcdehj LFkfoj ,oa egklaf?kd eas foHkktu
(loZdkeuh)
r`rh; ikVfyiq=k 250 bZ-iw- v'kksd eksXxfyiqÙk frLl vfHk/EefiVd dk ladyu
prqFkZ oqQ.Myou (d'ehj) 72 bZ- dfu"d olqfe=k la?k dk ghu;ku ,oa egk;ku
laiznk;kas eas foHkktu
a
ghu;ku ,oa egk;ku eas vrj
ghu;ku egk;ku
cq¼ nsork osQ :i esa
cq¼ ,d egkiq#"k mn~ns';& ekuo dY;k.kA

O;fDroknh /eZ lHkh dks vius
iz;Rukas ls eks{k izkIr djuk pkfg,A ewfrZ iwtk dk fo/ku]
eks{k ds fy, cq¼ dh ÑikA
ewfrZ iwtk ,oa HkfDr eas fo'okl ughaA
lk/u i¼fr vR;ar dBksj] fHk{kq fl¼kar ljy ,oa lqyHk]
thou dk fgek;rh ^fHk{kqvkas* rFkk ^mikldkas* dks Hkh egÙoA
vkn'kZ ^vgZr* in dks izkIr djukA lkfgR;& ikyh Hkk"kk esa vkn'kZ ^cksf/lRo* gSA lkfgR;& laLÑr Hkk"kk
(18)
izkphu ckS¼ fo'ofo|ky;
fo'ofo|ky; laLFkkid vofLFkr
§ukyUnk §oqQekjxqIr izFke §fcgkj

§vksnUriqjh §xksiky §fcgkj
§foØef'kyk §/eZiky §fcgkj
§lksekiqjh §/eZiky §caxky
§cYYkHkh §HkV~Vkjd §xqtjkr
ckS¼ ,oa tSu erksa eas rqyuk
lekurk vlekurk
laLFkkid& {kf=k; oqQy ckS¼ ^fuokZ.k* blh thou eas laHko ekurs gSa] tcfd tSu 'kjhj ls
eqfDr ds i'pkr~ gh bls laHko ekurs gSaA
osnkas dh izekf.kdrk ds izfr vukLFkk ckS¼ er eqfDr gsrq êè;e ekxZ* dk mins'k nsrk gS] tcfd tSu
dBksj lk/uk ij cy nsrk gSA
deZdk.Mkas ds iQyh&Hkwr gksus dk fu"ks/A deZ o

cq¼ us tkfr izFkk dh dBksj fuUnk dh gSa] tcfd egkohj us ughaA
iqutZUe dks ekU;rk
'kwnzkas o efgykvkas ds }kjk eks{k izkfIr dh egkohj us cq¼ dh vis{kk vafglk o vifjxzg ij vf/d cy
laHkkouk dk fojks/ fn;k gSA
laiznk; laLFkkid eq[; fopkj

HkkSfrdoknh vftr&dsldEcfyu
vfØ;koknh iwj.k d';i û rks deZ gksrk gS vkSj u iqutZUe*
vkthod] fu;froknh eD[kfy xks'kky vkRek dks vusdkusd iqutZUekas ds iwoZ fu/kZfjr vVy
pØ ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA
fuR;oknh ioqQ/ dPPkk;u lc dqN iwoZ ls gh fuf'pr gSA
vfuf'p;oknh lat; osyV~iqÙk u rks ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd LoxZ ;k ujd gS ;k
fiQj ugha gSA
(19)
Ÿ laLFkkid fcfEclkj (544 f'k'kqukx
bZ-iw- xn~nh ij cSBk) Ÿ turk }kjk p;fur 'kkld dgyk;k
Ÿ vafre 'kkld ufUno¼Zu (egkuafnu)
Ÿ oSokfgd laca/kas }kjk Ÿ oRl ij vf/dkj
lkezkT; foLrkj ^fir`gark oa'k* dgyk;k Ÿ blds le; ex/ dh lhek ekyok rd
Ÿ fcafclkj dk jktoS/ & thod foLrkfjr gks xbZA (ekyok nwljh
jkt/kuh)
fcafclkj ds oSokfgd laca/
dkyk'kksd
Ÿ psVd (fyPNoh 'kkld) Ÿ fnO;konku eas ^dkdo.kZ* dgk
dh csVh ^psyuk* ls x;k
Ÿ dks'ky ujs'k izlsuftr dh Ÿ jkt/kuh iqu% ikVyhiq=k ys x;k
cgu êgkdks'ky* ls Ÿ ^f}rh; ckS¼ laxhfr* vk;ksftr
Ÿ enzns'k dh ^{ksek* ls g;Zd oa'k f'k'kqukx oa'k djkbZ
(544&412) bZ-iw- (412&344) bZ-iw-
vtkr'k=kq (492&460 bZ-iw-) izeq[k 'kkld
Ÿ ^dqf.kd* miuke Ÿ panzxqIr ekS;Z (laLFkkid)
Ÿ izFke ckS¼ laxhfr dk Ÿ fcanqlkj
vk;kstu Ÿ v'kksd
Ÿ 'kkludky ds 8oas o"kZ Ÿ o`gnzFk (vafre 'kkld)
cq¼ dks fuokZ.k izkIr gqvk exèk lkezkT; ,oa lzksr%&
Ÿ dk'kh] cfTTk la?k dks ledkyhu jktuhfr Ÿ dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=k
gjk;k] fyfPNfo;kas eas iwQV Ÿ tSu lkfgR;
Myok;h Ÿ nhioa'k ,oa egkoa'k
Ÿ eqnzkjk{kl (fo'kk[knÙk)
Ÿ ;wukuh ys[kdkas fu;kdZl] esxkLFkuht
mnf;u (460&444 bZ-) (bafMdk) vkfn dk fooj.k
Ÿ ikVfyiq=k (dqlqeiqjk)
dh LFkkiuk uanoa'k
Ÿ jkt/kuh dks jktx`g ls (344&322) bZ-iw-
ikVfyiq=kk LFkkfir fd;k
Ÿ tSu /ekZoyach ekS;Z dky
Ÿ ^Jsf.kd* miuke igyh ckj vf[ky Hkkjrh;
321&185 bZ- iw- lezkT; dk fuekZ.k
?kukuan
egkineuan (laLFkkid)
Ÿ blds tSu vekR; 'kdVky rFkk LFkywHknz FksA
Ÿ ^,djkV* 'kkld
Ÿ bldk lsukifr Hkí'kky FkkA
Ÿ 'kwnz 'kkld
Ÿ fladnj dk ledkyhu] fladnj us 326 bZ-iw- eas
Ÿ ^loZ{k=kkUrd* dgyk;k ({kf=k;kas dk uk'kd)
vkØe.k fd;k] fladnj us ^fudS;k vkSj cmdsiQyk*
Ÿ ^dkfy dk va'k* miuke
uxj LFkkfir fd,
Ÿ bloQs dfyax fot; dk o.kZu [kkjosy ds ^gkFkhxqiQk
Ÿ ;wukuh xzaFkkas eas ^vxzeht* dgk x;k gSA
vfHkys[k* eas fn;k x;k gSA
Ÿ pk.kD; us panzxqIr ekS;Z dh lgk;rk ls /ukuan dh
Ÿ egkcksf/ oa'k eas ^mxzlsu* uke
gR;k djkbZA
Ÿ îkf.kuh* blds fe=k Fks
Ÿ HkkxZo (i'kqjke dk vorkj) dgrs gSaA
(20)
ŸtfLVu us ^lSaMªkdksV~l* vkSj fladnj dh ŸlsY;wdl fudsVj (305 bZ-iw-) dks
HkasV dk mYYks[k fd;k gSA ijkftr fd;k (,sfI;kul }kjk mYYks[k)
ŸlSaMªkdksV~l (tfLVu] LVªscks] ,fj;u us ŸlsY;wdYl dh csVh (dkusZfy;k) gsysuk
dgk gSA) ls fookg vkSj da/kj] gsjkr] dkcqy
vkSj edjku izkar dh izkfIrA ŸIywVkdZ ds vuqlkj pUnzxqIr us
laiw.kZ Hkkjr dks jkSan Mkyk Fkk
Ÿ,.MªksdksV~l (,fI;;kWul ,oa
IywVkdZ us dgk) ŸtSu /eZ eas nh{kk Hknzckgq ls
Ÿfofy;e tkasl us ^lS.MªksdksV~l* dks ŸlsgxkSjk rkezi=k rFkk egkLFkku vfHkys[k
panzxqIr ekS;Z panxqIr ls lacaf/r gSa (vdky jkgr dk
panzxqIr ekS;Z ls igpkuk
Ÿefgyk vaxj{kd gksrh FkhA ftØ)
Ÿe`R;q&Jo.kcsyxkSyk (dukZVd)] lays[kuk
fof/ ls
Ÿegkcksf/oa'k ds vuqlkj jktdqy ls lacaf/r
Ÿblus r{kf'kyk eas gq, nks fonzksg dks nckus
Fkk] ogha dFkklkfjrlkxj rFkk
gsrq lqlhe vkSj v'kksd dks Hkstk o`gRdFkkeatkjh eas 'kwnz mRifÙk ekuh x;h gSA
fcanqlkj
ŸrkjkukFk (ckS¼ fo¼ku) us fcanqlkj
dks ^16 jkT;kas dk fotsrk* dgk gSA
Ÿ;wukuh ys[kkas eas ^vfe=kkspsV~l* ;k

^vfe=kksdsMht* ('k=kquk'kd) dgk ekS;Z dky exèk lkezkT; ,oa
x;k gSA 321&185 bZ- iw- ledkyhu jktuhfr
ŸvU; uke& vfe=k?kkr] Hknzlkj
(ok;qiqjk.k)] rFkk flaglsu (tSu
xzaFk)
Ÿ fuxzks/ }kjk v'kksd dks ckS¼ /eZ eas
nhf{kr djus dk o.kZu nhioa'k]
Ÿvkthod laiznk; dk vuq;k;h egkoa'k eas gSA
Ÿlhfj;kbZ jktnwr ^Mkbesdl* vk;k Fkk Ÿ mixqIr ls ckS¼ nh{kk izkIr dh
v'kksd (fnO;konku eas o.kZu)
Ÿ,afVvksdl ls nk'kZfud] lw[kh vathj

Ÿ fcanqlkj ds 'kkludky eas v'kksd
rFkk ehBh efnjk dh ekax voafr (mTTkf;uh) dk mijktk FkkA
Ÿ 269bZ-iw- jkT;kfHk"ksd] 273 bZ-iw- eas
jktk cukA
Ÿ iqjk.kkas eas ^v'kksdo¼Zu* dgk x;k
Ÿ cjkcj dh igkfM+;kas eas ^d.kZ] pksikj]
lqnkek rFk fo'o >ksiM+h* dk fuekZ.k
(vkthfodkas gsrq) ogha ûkxktqZu xqiQk* Ÿ vfHk"ksd ds 8oas o"kZ dfyax
Ÿ Hkkjr eas f'kykfy[kkas dh 'kq:vkr n'kjFk us nh FkhA (jkt/kuh&rkslyh) ij vkØe.k
dh Ÿ v'kksd ds 7oas vfHkys[k eas vkthfodkas
Ÿ v'kksd ds vfHkys[k 1837 eas (13oka f'kykys[k eas o.kZu)
dk mYYks[k Ÿ feL=k jktk fiQykMsYiQl (Vkyeh&AA)
loZizFke tsEl fizalsi us i<+sA Ÿ vius iq=k egsUnz ,oa iq=kh la?kfe=kk dks
Ÿ ekLdh] xqtZjk] usÙkwj rFkk mMs~xksye us fM;kuhfl;l dks v'kksd ds njckj
Jhyadk Hkstk (ckS¼ /eZ ds izpkj gsrq) eas HkstkA
ds ys[kkas eas v'kksd dk uke feyrk Ÿ 84]000 Lrwikas dk fuekZrk (ckS¼ ijaijk
gSA ds vuqlkj)
(21)
f'kykys[k v'kksd ds LraHk ys[k (7)
Ÿ 14 fofHkUUk ys[kkas dk lewg 8 LFkkukas ls izkIr dsoy czkãh fyfi eas (N% vyx LFkkukas ls izkIRk)
Ÿ f'kykys[kkas eas czkãh] [kjks"Bh] xzhd ,oa vjekbd fyfi dk iz;ksx] 1- iz;kx LraHk ys[k (dkS'kkEch ls vdcj us
Ÿ lgxkSjk rkezi=k (xksj[kiqj) rFkk egkLFkku vfHkys[k (cksxjk
ckaXykns'k) izkÑr Hkk"kk] czkãh fyfi esa fy[ks x, gSaA bÇkgkckn ds fdys eas LFkkfir djk;k)
Ÿ f'kykys[k dh [kkst 1750 eas Vh- iQsUFkSyj }kjk 2- fnYYkh Vksijk (fiQjkst 'kkg rqxyd }kjk Vksijk ls
fnYYkh yk;k x;k)
3- fnYYkh esjB (fiQjkst'kkg fnYYkh yk;k)
4- jkeiqjok (paikj.k fcgkj] [kkst&dkjyk;y }kjk)
Ÿ xzhd ,oa vjekbd fyfi 5- ykSfj;k vjsjkt & iwohZ paikj.k
(viQxkfuLrku) 'kksd ds
v 6- ykSfj;k uanux<+ & if'peh paikj.k
Ÿ [kjks"Bh fyfi (mÙkj&if'pe
vfHkys[k
ikfdLrku)
Ÿ czkãh fyfi ('ks"kHkkjr)
Ÿ [kjks"Bh fyfi nk;ha ls ck;h
fy[kh tkrh FkhA
v'kksd
ijh{kki;ksxh
Ÿ jkuh dk vfHkys[k& dkS'kkEch rF;
vfHkys[k lfefr dk;Z
Ÿ :fEEkunsbZ vfHkys[k& Ÿ izFke µ m|ksx] f'kYi fujh{k.k
v'kks d dkyhu lcls Nks V k Ÿ f}rh; µ fonsf'k;ksa dk C;ksjk j[kuk
LraHkys[k ftleas Hkw&jktLo nj ekS;Z dky Ÿ r`rh; µ tux.kuk
?kVkus dk o.kZuA 321&185 bZ- iw- Ÿ prqFkZ µ O;kikj ,oa okf.kT;
Ÿ i`Fkd f'kykys[k& /kSyh ,oa Ÿ iape µ fufeZr oLrqvksa dk foØ;
tkSx<+] bueas 11]12]13oas ys[k ugha fujh{k.k
feyrsA budksa î`Fkd dfyax Ÿ "k"B µ fcØh dj olqyuk
izKkid* dgk x;k gSA
Ÿ /kSyh vfHkys[k& ^lkjh iztk esjh esaxkLFkuht
larku gSA* (fdrkc&bafMdk)
Ÿ tkSx<+ vfHkys[k& 'kklu eas
Hkz"Vkpkj jksdus gsrq vf/dkfj;kas ds
gLrkarj.k dh ckr
Ÿ ,jZxqf<+ o`gn~ f'kykys[k dh fyfi Hkkjrh; lekt ds
nk;as ls ck;as gS tcfd vU; lHkh eas ckjs eas uxj iz'kklu
ck;as ls nk;as gSA
Ÿ 13oas f'kykys[k eas ;ou 'kkldkas
(VkyEskh&AA] ,yDstMsaj] ,sfV;ksd&AA]
ex varfduh) dk mYYks[kA
Ÿ daxugYyh (dukZVd) f'kykys[k Ÿ lekt lkr Jsf.k;kas (nk'kZfud]
esa czkãh fyfi esa ^jk.;ks v'kksd* Ñ"kd] i'kqikyd] dkjhxj] ;ks¼k]
(jktk v'kksd) dk mYys[k gSA fujh{kd] ea=kh) eas foHkkftrA Ÿ lfefr;kas dk foHkktu 6 Hkkxkas eas
Ÿ nkl izFkk ds izpyu dk vHkko ftleas 30 lnL; FksA (izR;sd eas 5)
Ÿ dksbZ Hkh O;fDr viuh tkfr ls ckgj u Ÿ fcØh dj ewY; dk 10oka Hkkx FkhA
rks fookg dj ldrk Fkk u gh dksbZ Ÿ dj dh pksjh ij e`R;qnaM dh ltk
is'kk viuk ldrk FkkA
Ÿ :ithok& Loar=k os';ko`fÙk
(22)
Ÿ pj & tklwl Ÿ v'kksd ds le; ekS;Z lkezkT; eas 5 izkar Fks ftUgas
Ÿ dqekj @vk;Ziq=k@ jkf"Vªd& izkarkas dk iz'kkld ^pØ* dgk tkrk FkkA
Ÿ xzke & iz'kklu dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ (eqf[k;k Ÿ eaf=kifj"kn~ & lezkV dh lgk;rk gsrq
^xzkehd*) Ÿ rhFkZ & vFkZ'kkL=k ds vuqlkj 'kh"kZLFk vf/dkjh
(egkek=k)
Ÿ xksi & lcls NksVk iz'kkld (10 xk¡okas Ÿ tfLVu ds vuqlkj] panzxqIr dh lsuk eas 9000
dk 'kkld) gkFkh FksA
Ÿ ,xzksuksekbZ & ekxZ fuekZ.k vf/dkjh
Ÿ ,fLVuksekbZ & uxj inkf/dkjh Ÿ esxkLFkuht us îksfyczksFkk*
Ÿ U;k;ky; & /eZLFkyh;] daVd'kks/u (ikVfyiq=k) dk o.kZu fd;k gS
Ÿ xqIrpj & laLFkk] lapjk] pj ekS;Zdkyhu Ÿ iQkg~;ku dqEgjkj (ikVfyiq=k)
Ÿ uk;d & ;q¼ eas lsuk dk usr`RodrkZ iz'kklu ds jktizlkn dks nsorkvkas }kjk
Ÿ lsukifr & lSU; foHkkx dk loksZPPk fufeZr crkrk gSA
vf/dkjh ekS;Zdkyhu
Ÿ egkekR; liZ & xqIrpj foHkkx dk izeq[k LFkkiR;
Ÿ lhrkHkwfe& ljdkjh Hkwfe ekS;Z dky
Ÿ v'kksd ds LraHkkas ij ;wukuh ,oa
Ÿ jktqd& U;k;k/h'k 321&185 bZ- iw-
bZjkuh izHkko
Ÿ vnsoekr`d& fcuk o"kkZ dh Hkwfe
Ÿ Lrwi ekS;Zdkyhu LFkkiR; dh nsu
(lkaph dk egkLrwi] lkjukFk dk
/eZjkftdk Lrwi] Hkjgqr ,oa r{kf'kyk
Lrwi] fiijgok (lcls izkphu)
Ÿ laLFkkid& o'kqfe=k (75 bZ-iw-) exèk lkezkT; ,oa Ÿ ^/kSyh gfLr* (mn;fxjh igkM+h dks
Ÿ czkã.k oa'k ledkyhu jktuhfr dkVdj ,d 'kSy Ñr gkFkh dh ewfrZ)
Ÿ 'kkld& olqnso] Hkwfefe=k] lq'keZu Ÿ nhnkjaxt ls ;{kh dh] ij[ke ls ;{k
vkfnA rFkk csluxj ls ;f{k.kh dh ewfrZ
Ÿ ekS;Zdkyhu e`nHkkaMkas eas lcls mRÑ"V
d.o oa'k mÙkjh dkyh ikWfy'k okys e`rHkkaM
72&28 bZ- iwZ- (NBPW) gSaA
ekS;ZÙkjdky Ÿ ,dk'e LraHk (loksZRÑ"V lkjukFk flag
LraHk) jk"Vªh; fpUg
Ÿ izeq[k 'kkld& vfXufe=k] olqfe=k] Ÿ jkeiqjok eas uVqvk cSy] lafd'kk eas
otzfe=k] nsoHkwfr vkfnA gkFkh
Ÿ dkfynkl dh jpuk êkyfodkfXufe=k*
'kqax oa'k Ÿ v'kksd ds LraHkkas eas flag] ?kksM+k] gkFkh]
dk ukVd 'kqax 'kkld vfXufe=k ij dsafnzr 185&75 bZ- cSy izkIr gksrs gSaA
gSA
Ÿ îratfy* iq";fe=k ds njckjh FksA
Ÿ laLFkkid&o`gnzFk dks gVkdj iq";fe=k 'kqax (185 bZ-iw-) jktèkkuh&ikVyiq=k

Ÿ ok.kHkV~V ds g"kZpfj=k eas iq";fe=k dks ^vuk;Z* dgk x;k gSA
Ÿ iq";fe=k 'kqax czkã.koknh FkkA blus feukaMj] MsesfVª;l] [kkjosy ds vkØe.kksa dks foiQy fd;kA
Ÿ v;ksè;k vfHkys[k (/unso) ds vuqlkj iq";fe=k us nks v'oes?k ;K djok, FksA
Ÿ Hkjgqr Lrwi dk fuekZ.k iq";fe=k us fd;k rFkk lkaph Lrwi ij ik"kk.k osfndk cuokbZ
Ÿ HkkxHknz ds 'kkludky eas ;ou 'kkld ,f.V;kyfdV~l ds jktnwr gsfy;ksMksjl us fofn'kk eas
x:M+ LraHk cuok;kA
(23)
Ÿ LFkkiuk&flewd (60&bZ-iw-& 37 bZ-iw-) Ÿ igyh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa dfyax esa
Ÿ vejkorh ,oa izfrf"Bku jkt/kuh ,d u, jktoa'k dk mn; gqvk] ftls
Ÿ bUgkasus czkã.kkas ,oa ckS¼ fHk{kqvkas dks Hkwfe nku nsus psfn jktoa'k ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
dh izFkk dh 'kq:vkr dh psfn oa'k dks egkes?koa'k Hkh dgrs gSaA
Ÿ lkrokgu dk vFkZ ^lkr }kjk lapkfyr*
Ÿ iqjk.kkas eas ^vka/z e`R;q* Hkh dgk x;k gSA ŸlaLFkkid& egkes?kkokgu
Ÿ {ks=k vka/z izns'k] egkjk"Vª ,oa rsyaxkuk Ÿegkes?kokgu dk vFkZ gS êgku
Ÿ mÙkjkf/dkjh & b{okoqQ cknyksa ds Hkxoku*
psfn oa'k Ÿ^[kkjosy* egku 'kkldA ;g ex/
Ÿ igyh lnh bZ- iw- ds eè; ls lkrokgu oa'k ls tSu rhFk±dj 'khryukFk dh
rhljh lnh ds 'kq#vkr rd ewfrZ yk;kA
Ÿ[kkjosy (egkes?k dk iq=k Fkk)
'krd.khZ izFke
Ÿ ukuk?kkV vfHkys[k (Hkwnku lk{;)
Ÿ iqjk.kkas eas bls ^Ñ".k iq=k* dgk x;k gSA gkFkhxqiQk vfHkYks[k (2 BCE)
Ÿ mn;kxjh igkM+h
Ÿ czkãh fyfi] izko`Qr Hkk"kk
gky
Ÿ tSu yksxkas dks xkao nku eas fn,
Ÿ egkure~ lkrokgu 'kkld FkkA ekS;ZÙkjdky
Ÿ dfo (xkFkklIr'krh jpuk)
tkus dk mYYks[k
Ÿ pksy] psj] ik.M;kas dks [kkjosy
Ÿ njckj eas xq.kk<+;] loZoeZu fuokl djrs FksA
}kjk ijkftr fd, tkus dk
mYYks[k
of'k"Vhiq=k iqyqekoh
Ÿ xkSrehiq=k 'kkrd.khZ dk mÙkjkf/dkjh 'kd
Ÿ bls 'kd 'kkld :nznkeu us nks ckj gjk;k FkkA ŸHkkjrh; Ïksrksa esa 'kdks dks
Ÿ ^nf{k.kkiFks'oj* miuke ^lhfFk;u* dgk x;k gSA
Ÿ ukfld] dkysZ vkSj vejkorh ls blds ŸizFke 'kkld& eksxk
vfHkys[k feys gSaA Ÿugiku (egkjk"Vª) xkSreh iq=k
'krd.khZ ls gkjk FkkA
xkSrehiq=k 'krd.khZ
Ÿ fot;kas dh tkudkjh ukfld vfHkys[k ls
Ÿ ^,dek=k* ,oa ^vf}rh; czkã.k* dgyk;k
Ÿ blds ?kksM+kas us ^rhu leqnzkas dk ikuh* fi;k FkkA
Ÿ tksxyFkECkh ls izkIr pk¡nh ds flDdkas ij ,d Ÿ :nznkeu (130&150 bZ-iw-)&
rjiQ ûgiku* nwljh rjg ^xkSrehiq=k* dk uke lokZf/d izfl¼A blus 'kkrd.khZ&AA
vafdrA dks nks ckj gjk;k
Ÿ mikf/;ka& jktkjkt] casdVLokeh foaè;ujs'k Ÿ lqn'kZu >hy dh ejEEkr
;KJh 'kkrd.khZ Ÿ laLÑr dk laj{kd
Ÿ pkrqoZ.;Z dks fiQj ls LFkkfir fd;k Ÿvafre egku 'kkld Ÿ twukx<+ vfHkys[k (laLÑr)
Ÿ ô.kZ O;OkLFkk dk j{kd*] ôsnkas dk ŸflDdkas ij uko fpf=kr
vkJ;nkrk* dgyk;kA
dyk ,oa laLÑfr (lkrokgu)

D;k vki tkurs gSa \ Ÿ lkrokgukas us loZizFke ^'kh'kss dh eqnzk,a* pykb±
Ÿ lkrokgu czkã.k Fks vkSj ^Ñ".k dh iwtk* djrs FksA
gkFkh xqiQk vfHkys[k Ÿ lkrokgu igys Lons'kh jktk Fks ftUgkasus ^Lo;a ds flDds* tkjh fd,
Ÿ1825 esa ,- LVfy±x }kjk ns[kk x;kA ftu ij 'kkldkas ds fp=k FksA
Ÿ1885 esa MkW- Hkxoku yky banzth }kjk bldk Ÿ vf/dkfjd Hkk"kk izkÑfr] fyfi czkãh Fkh
igyk fo'oluh; fjdkMZ vk;k Ÿ dkfyZpSR; dk fuekZ.k] vejkorh ,oa ukxktqZudkasMk Lrwikas dk fuekZ.k
(24)
(;wfFkMsfeM owQy ls) ;wukfu;kas dh nsu
ekS;ksZÙkj dky eas if'peh
MsesfVª;l&A 180 bZ- iwZ- fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;kas eas Ÿ ;wukuh jktkvkas us flDdkas ij jktkvkas
Ÿ Hkkjrh; lhek eas loZizFke izos'kdrkZ ds uke ,oa frfFk;k mRdh.kZ 'kq: dh
cSfDVª;k ds xzhd izeq[k FksA
Ÿ blus ^lkdy* dks viuh jkt/kuh cuk;k Ÿ Vªe&pkanh ds flDds
Ÿ ^jktk* dh mikf/ Ÿ loZizFke eqnzkys[k rFkk lksus ds
Ÿ blus ;wukuh rFkk [kjks"Bh fyfi eas flDds flDds tkjh fd,
pyk,A Ÿ dky x.kuk] laor~ dk iz;ksx] lIrkg
ds 7 fnu] 12 jkf'k;ka] dSyasMj o"kZA
Ÿ ukVdkas eas inkZ (;ofudk) ;wukfu;kas
feukaMj 165&145 bZ- iw- dh nsuA
Ÿ MsesfVª;l dqy ls FkkA Ÿ gsyksfufLVd dyk dk fodkl
Ÿ ^fefyUniUgkas* eas bldh ukxlsu ls Ÿ Hkkjr eas T;ksfr"k ds fodkl eas ;wukuh
okrkZ ladfyr gSA lgk;d jgs
Ÿ ckS¼ /eZ vuq;k;h Ÿ loZizFke ;wukuh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us
^fgUnwdq'k ioZr* ikj fd;k
fgUn& ;ou Ÿ nwljh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- ls

igyh 'krkCnh bZ- rd
'kkludky
b{okoqQ oa'k (lkSj oa'k)

Ÿ ckS¼ /eZ vuq;k;h
Ÿ ;s lkrokgukas ds lkear Fks b{okdq jktk 'kSo Fks vkSj oSfnd
Ÿ laLFkkid& b"okoqQ laLdkj djrs Fks] ysfdu muds
Ÿ izFke tSu rhFk±dj ½"kHknso 'kkludky esa ckS¼ /eZ Hkh iQyk&iQwykA
b{okoqQ jktk Fks
dbZ b{okdq jkfu;ksa vkSj jktdqekjksa us
orZeku ukxktZqudksaMk esa ckS¼ Lekjdksa ds
fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
vkaèkz b{okoqQ
bl jktoa'k us yxHkx rhljh vkSj pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZloha
ds nkSjku fot;iqjh (vka/z çns'k esa vk/qfud
ûkxktZqudksaMk*) esa viuh jkt/kuh ls Hkkjr dh iwohZ
Ñ".kk unh ?kkVh esa 'kklu fd;kA b{okdqvksa dks muds
çfl¼ ukeksa ls vyx djus ds fy, fot;iqjh ds
^vka/z b{okdq* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(25)
& ^;wfp ;k rkspsfj;u* (eè; ,f'k;k
dqtqy ;k if'pe phu) dchys ls tqM+s
dMfiQll
30&80 bZ- & izFke 'krkCnh eas LFkkfir
ekS;ZÙkjdky
& dq"kk.k oa'k dk laLFkkid
& dsoy rkacs ds flDds tkjh
& flDdkas ij ;wukuh jktk gfeZ;l dq"kk.k
dh vkÑfr] nwljh rjiQ viuhA 'kkld ijh{kksi;ksxh
& flDdkas ij ^/eZfFknl* rFkk tkudkfj;k¡
^/eZfFkr* mRdh.kZ
foe & 'kdksa us ^{k=ki iz.kkyh* pykbZ rFkk izkarkas eas }S/ 'kklu dh
dMfiQll iz.kkyh izkjaHk FkhA
45&127 bZ- & ;wukfu;kas us ^fefyVjh xouZjf'ki* dh ifjikVh pykbZA
& dq"kk.k 'kfDr dk ôkLrfod & 'kd ^=kkrkj* (eqfDrnkrk) mikf/ ysrs FksA
laLFkkid* & dq"kk.kkas us lokZf/d 'kq¼ Lo.kZ flDds rFkk rkez flDds
& cM+h la[;k eas lksus ,oa rkacs ds pyk,A
flDds pykus gsrq tkuk tkrk
& dq"kk.kkas us ^js'ke ekxZ* ij fu;a=k.k fd;k (dfu"d us)A
gSA
& îsjhIyl vkWiQ n ,fjfFkz;u lh*& vKkr ;wukuh ukfod }kjk
& flDdkas ij ;wukuh ,oa [kjks"Bh
fyfi jfpr gSA
& 'kSo er dk vuq;k;h & ekS;kZsÙkjdkyhu izeq[k canjxkg& lksikjk] eàxqdPN] nsoy]
iksywjk] pkSy] ukSjk] dksjdbZ] iqgkj] lkbyk vkfnA
& flDdkas ij f'ko] f=k'kwÇ ,oa
uanh dh vkÑfr & O;kikj ,oa fofue; eas eqnzkvkas dk iz;ksx ekS;kZsÙkj ;qx dh
izeq[k nsu gSA
& êkgs'oj* dh mikf/
gqfo"d & ekS;ksZÙkj dky eas vk;Z nsorkvkas ds lekukarj xSj& vk;Z nsork Hkh
LFkkfir gks x,A
& ^HkfDr* dk fodkl bl dky ds /eZ dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkA
& d'ehj eas ^gqDdiqj* uked uxj dfu"d & bl dky eas c<+h la[;k eas tutkrh; rRokas rFkk fons'kh rRokas
clk;kA dk vkRelkrhdj.k fd;k x;kA
& flDdkas ij f'ko] Ldan rFkk
fo".kq dh vkÑfrA
& egkLFkku (cksxjk) ls izkIr dfu"d dh ewfrZ
^lksus dh eqnzk* eas gSA
& dfu"d us gku jktoa'k & lokZf/d izfl¼ dq"kk.k 'kkld
& eFkqjk ls izfrek feyh gSA
osQ lezkV gku gks&rks ds & ^'kd ;qx* dk 'kq:vkrdÙkkZ
& blus xka/kj ,oa eFkqjk 'kSyh dk fodkl fd;kA
lsukifr dks gjk;k & ^f}rh; v'kksd* miuke
& njckjh fo}ku& ik'oZ] olqfe=k] v'o?kks"k]
& 78 bZ- eas ^'kd laor* dh 'kq:vkrA ukxktqZu] pjd] ekFkjA
& dq"kk.kksa us laLÑr Hkk"kk dks & eq[; jkt/kuh& is'kkoj (iq#"kiqj) & ;g egk;ku dk vuq;k;h FkkA
izeq[krk nhA & d'ehj eas ^dfu"diqj* uxj cuk;k & laLÑr esa vk;ksftr prqFkZ ckS¼ laxhfr dk
& v'o?kks"k dks laLÑr dk & ikVfyiq=k ij vkØe.k dj vk;kstu fd;k (d'ehj] dqaMyou izFke lnh)A
izFke ukVddkj ekuk v'o?kks"k] cq¼ dk fHk{kkik=k izkIr
tkrk gSA & lkjukFk ckS¼ vfHkys[k dfu"d ls lacaf/r gSA
fd;kA
(26)
'kSo /keZ Hkkjr dk
izkphure /eZ
oqQ"kk.k 'kkldkas ds
flDdkas ij f'ko] ek/okpk;Z uss
ÍXosn eas 'kSo/eZ ds okeu iqjk.k eas
f=k'kqy] o`"kHk vafdr ^:nz* uke
mi&laiznk; pkj fo|ky;kas 'kSo laiznk; dh
dk mYYks[k fd;k gSA la[;k pkj
Hkxoku f'ko ,oa
muds vorkjkas dks uoqQfy'ki'kqikr izR;kfHkK
'kkDr nlukeh
ekuus okykas dks ukFk ukx 'kSo jkls'ojk
'kSo dgrs gSaA
Hkxoku f'ko dk fyax dukVZd eas
^ckloUUkk* (1106&68) ds vuq;k;h /kj.k djus okys vf/dka'k vkcknh
ohj'kSo o fyaxk;r dgyk,A fyaxk;r vius e`rdkas
dks niQukrs gSaA] ewfrZiwtk
fyaxk;r@ohj'kSo }kjk Lo;a dks fya xk;r ,oa ohj'kSo ds fojksèkh gSA
,d vyx /eZ ?kksf"kr djus dh
ekax dh tk jgh gSA ohj'kSo vFkkZr~ Hkxoku f'ko osQ
ohjA ohj'kSo ewfrZ iwtd gSa rFkk
fyaxk;rksa us deZ ds vkèkkj ij
oSfnd vuq"Bku dk ikyu djrs gSA
oxhZdj.k dh iSjoh dh gS fyaxjkt eafnj eq:ns'ojk eafnj
oMDdqukFku eafnj (vksfM'kk) (dukZVd) vejukFk eafnj
(dsjy) (d'ehj)
Jh dkygLrh oS|ukFk eafnj
(vka/z izns'k) (>kj[k.M)
lkseukFk
(xqtjkr)
Hkkjr eas =k;aEcsd'oj eafnj
izfl¼ (egkjk"Vª)
o`gns'oj eafnj
(rfeyukMq)
f'ko eafnj
egkdkys'oj eafnj
(eè; izns'k)
dksfVfyaxs'oj eafnj
(dukZVd) dsnkjukFk
(mÙkjk[kaM)
rkjkds'oj eafnj
(if'pe caxky) fpnacje uVjkt eafnj dSyk'kukFk dk'kh fo'oukFk
(rfeyukMq) (,sykjk] egkjk"Vª) (mÙkj izns'k)
mn;fxjh igkM+h fofn'kk (eè;izns'k) ij 'kSo xqiQk dk fuekZ.k panzxqIr&II ds

lsukifr ohjlsu }kjk djk;k x;k FkkA ;gha ^mn;fxjh xqgkys[k* Hkh gSA
(27)
Hkkxor liaznk; xqIr lezkV îje Hkkxor*
izorZd mikf/ xzg.k djrs FksA
Ñ".k
fofn'kk@osluxj ds x:M LraHk ij egf"kZ ikf.kuh ds lw=kkas eas

vaiksysMksVl (baMks&xzhd 'kkld) ds Hkkxor /eZ laca/h lk{;A Hkkxor /eZ ,oa
flDdkas ij loZizFke Hkkxor oklqnso dh
/eZ ds fpUg feyrs gSaA gsfy;ksMksjl (Hkkxor) }kjk iwtk dk mYYks[kA
cuok;k x;k
lad"kZ.k
lad"kZ.k ;k cyjke
oklqnso vfu:¼
ia pohj
(ik"kk.k ys[k] eFkqjk) oklqnso prqR;qZg iz|qEu
iz|qEu vfu:¼
lkEc
eD[kfy xks'kky 1
la iznk; er vkpk;Z 2 iwj.k d';i

oS".ko laiznk; fof'k"Vk}Sr jkekuqt
czã laiznk; }Sr vkuanrhFkZ 3 vkpk;Z vftr
:nz laiznk; 'kq¼}Sr oYYkHkkpk;Z
lud laiznk; }Srk}Sr fuEckdZ
1 vkthod 4
ioqQ/ dPPkk;u
2
?kksj vfØ;oknh 5
lat; osyV~iqÙk
3 ;n`PNkokn 6
ukenso
la iznk; la LFkkid
4 7 jkekuqt
HkkSfrdoknh
9
5 jkeHkDr
vfu'p;oknh 8
jkenkl
h
6 okjdj 7
Jh oS".ko 8 ijekFkZ 9
jkekuan
(28)
xqIr laHkor% xqIr ,oa xqIrksÙkj dky xqIr oa'k dk vkjafHkd jkT; ;w-ih-
oqQ"kk.kkas ds lkear FksA vkSj fcgkj eas FkkA
xqIroa'k
laLFkkid&egkjkt JhxqIr (275& 550 bZ- rd) xqIrdkyhu oS".ko vo'ks"k
(240&280 bZ-) nsox<+ dk n'kkorkj eafnj
(csrok unh ds rV ij)
xqIr lkezkT; dk mn;

iz;kx ds fudV dkS'kkach eas xqIRk lezkV oS".ko /eZ ds
vuq;k;h FksA
xqIr laor 'kq: fd;k
izFke egku xqIr 'kkld flDdkas ij ôqQekjnsoh* dk uke
xqIr oa'k dk okLrfod 'kkld pa nzxqIr&I

319&335@36 bZ-
êgkjktkf/jkt* dh mikf/ fyPNoh jktoqQekjh oqQekjnsoh ls fookg
îjØekad* mikf/
blus 8 izdkj ds lksus ds flDds pyk,
leqnzxqIr ls JhyadkbZ 'kkld es?koeZu us (oh.kkoknu] xk:M+] v'oes/] vkfn)
x;k eas ckS¼ eB cukus dh vuqefr ekaxhA
;g ^fo".kq dk mikld* Fkk
^Hkkjrh; usiksfy;u*
(foalsV fLeFk us dgk gS ) ^dfojkt* dh mikf/] ^flDdkas ij
leqnzxqIr oh.kk ctkrs* fn[kk;k x;k
iz;kx iz'kfLr esa ^fyPNoh nkSfg=k* (335&375 bZ-)
dgk x;k gSA ledkyhu ujs'k& /uat;]
uhyjkt] mxzlsu] fo".kqxksik
iz;kx LraHkys[k ewyr%
v'kksd fufeZr gSA ckS¼ fo}ku
olqca/q dks laj{k.k
iz;kx iz'kfLr (gfj"ks.k) blus nf{k.kkiFk ds jktkvkas ds izfr

paiw 'kSyh eas fyf[kr gSA ^xzg.keks{kkuqxzg* dh uhfr viukbZA
(29)
njckjh fo}ku (uojRu) & dkfynkl] /Uorfj] {ki.kd] vejflag] 'kaoqQ]
osrky HkV~V] ?kVdiZj] ojkgfefgj] oj:fp
nsohpanzxqIr ukVd eas panzxqIr&AA
ds ckjs eas tkudkjh
pa nzxqIr&II egjkSyh eas ykSg LraHk
panzxqIr&AA ls lacaf/r
'kdkas ij fot; ds miy{; eas
376&413@415 bZ-
pkanh ds flDds pyk, mikf/;ka& foØekfnR;] 'kdkfj
iQkg~;ku njckj eas vk;k

vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ ukyank fo'ofo|ky;
Lo.kZ] jtr rFkk rkez dh LFkkiuk dhA
eqnzk, pyk,A
eanlkSj vfHkys[k (oRlHkV~Vh) eas
dqekjxqIr&I blds lqO;ofLFkr 'kkld dk o.kZu
mikf/ & egasnzkfnR; 415&455 bZ-
/unSg] nkeksnjiqj rFkk
lokZf/d xqIrdkyhu flDds cSxzke rkezi=k
blh us fudkys foylM vfHkys[k eas xqIr
oa'kkoyh dqekjxqIr&A rd gSA
blds le; gq.kkas us flDdkas ij x:Mèot vafdr
vkØe.k fd;k
a
Ldnxq Ir
mikf/& foØekfnR;
455&467 bZ- flDdkas ij in~eklu eas
fojkteku y{eh]
lqn'kZu >hy dk /uq"k&ck.k fy,
iqu:¼kj fd;k jktk dh vkÑfr
LdanxqIr us iq";fe=k uked
tkfr;kas dks gjk;k Fkk
blus phu (lk¡x lezkV ds njckj) eas jktwnr Hksts Fkss
fo".kqxqIr&AAA vafre xqIr 'kkldkas us lokZf/d
xqIr 'kkld vU; rF; la[;k esa lksus ds
(540&550 bZ-) flDds pyk,A
ujflagxqIr us gw.k fefgjoqQy& rksjek.k dk iq=k

ujs'k fefgjoqQy dks
ijkftr fd;kA
HkkuqxqIr ds ,sj.k vfHkys[k (510 bZ-) ls rksjek.k& Hkkjr ij nwljs gq.k
^lrh izFkk* dk igyk vfHkys[k lk{;A vkØe.k dk usrk
(30)
egkcykf/Ñr& egkv{kiVkfyd&
lsukifr xqIrdkyhu vf/kdkjh ys[kk vf/dkjh
Hkk.Mkxkjkf/Ñr&
egkn.;uk;d& jktdks"k dk vf/dkjh
U;k;k/h'k
lfU/foxzfgd& n.Mikf'kd& fou;fLFkfr laLFkkid&

;q¼ rFkk laf/ ls lacaf/r iqfyl foHkkx dk loksZPPk vf/dkjh f'k{kk ,oa /eZ vf/dkjh
oqQekjekR;& loksZPPk vf/dkjh

HkkV& iqfyl deZPkkjh
HkqfDr& izkar
(^mifjd* bldk vf/dkjh Fkk)
xqIrdkyhu iz'kklu iqjiky@nzkafxd& uxj iz'kkld
xksIrk& lhekar izns'k

egÙkj& xk¡o dk eqf[k;k
fo"k; (ftyk)& bldk vf/dkjh ^fo"k;ifr*
Hkwfe ij lezkV dk vf/dkj xqIrdkyhu canjxkg& rkezfyfIr] Hk``xqdPN@HkM+kSp]
eqtfjl] vkfjdkesMq] dkosjhiV~Vue~] ?kaVk'kkyk]
Hkkx& mRiknd ls izkIr 1@6 dj dqnjk] pkSy
Js"Bh] lkFkZokg& O;kikjh Fks
fgj.;& udn dj
vkfFkZd
fLFkfr dkSMh& [kjhn&fczdh gsrq iz;qDr
fof"V& csxkj] irkdk
fuorZu] dqY;koki] nzks.kkok;] nhukj& lksus dk flDdk (144 xzsu)

vk<+oki& Hkwfe eki ds iSekus Fks
f[ky
HkV~V& iqfyl dj (u tksrus ;ksX; tehu)
vkSnd vizgr
Hkwrksokr izR;;& u'khyh oLrqvkas ij
(nynyh Hkwfe)
Hkwfe ds izdkj (taxy Hkwfe)
iz.k;& xzkeokfl;kas ij vfuok;Z dj

okLrq {ks=k
(okl ;ksX; tehu) ([ksrh ;ksX; tehu)
fuxe] Js.kh] la?k& f'kYih ,oa O;olk;h Fks
(31)
nkl izFkk izpfyr Fkh lkekftd fL=k;kas dh n'kk eas fxjkoV
fLFkfr (inkZ izFkk] lrh izFkk]
iQkg~;ku ds vuqlkj lekt eas cky fookg] izpfyr FksA)
vNwrkas dk izos'k oft±r FkkA
dk;LFkksa dk mn;
o.kks± dk vk/kj deZ
u gksdj tUe FkkA czkã.kkas dks loksZPPk LFkku
jktdh; /eZ& oS".ko eFkqjk] lkjukFk] ikVfyiq=k

ewfrZdyk ds dasnz Fks
xqIrkas us ijeHkkxor mikf/ /kj.k dh
vkSj x:M+ dks jktdh; fpUg cuk;kA
xqIrdky eas ewfrZ mikluk dk izeq[k eafnj& Hkhrjxk¡o dk b±V eafnj]

dsUnz cu x;h /kkfeZd fLFkfr fljiqj dk y{; eafnj]
Hkwejk ,oa [kksg dk eafnj
iQkg~;ku ds vuqlkj] xqIrdky eas d'ehj] nsox<+ (n'kkorkj eafnj) eas fo".kq dks
viQxkfuLrku vkSj iatkc ckS¼ /eZ ds dsUnz FksA 'ks"kukx 'kÕ;k ij foJke djrs fn[kk;k x;k gSA
(iapk;ru 'kSyh eas fufeZr eafnj)
ck?k] vatrk dh xqiQkvkas ij

/Uorfj us ^v"Vkax gn~;* uked ukxktqZu us ^bl
xqIrdkyhu vo'ks"k
vk;qosZn xzaFk dh [kkst dh fpfdRlk* dh [kkst dh
(vatrk dh xqiQk la- 16]17]19
xqIrdkyhu gSA)
ojkgfefgj (T;ksfr"k) us
'krjat [ksy iapfl¼akfrdk
xqIrdky eas vk;k y?kq tkrd vkfn dh jpuk dhA
dyk&la Ld̀fr
'kS{kf.kd dsUnz& oYYkHkh] czãxqIr us xq:Rokd"kZ.k dk
mTtSuh] dk'kh] fla¼kr fn;kA
eFkqjk] ikVfyiq=k]
(ukyank ckn esa gqvk)
vk;ZHkV~V xqIrdky eas
izeq[k xf.krK
egkHkkjr] jkek;.k dk ;kKoYkD;] ukjn dkR;k;u] o`gLifr dh
vafre ladyu gqvkA Le`fr;ka xqIrdky eas fy[kh xbZA
(32)
vafre fganw lezkV
g"kZo¼Zu (iq";Hkwfr oa 'k) g"kZ us 843 bZ- ds djhc
606&647 bZ- dUUkkSt ,oa iz;kx eas
jkt/kuh Fkkus'oj /kfeZd lHkkvkas dk
vk;kstu fd;kA
ck.kHkV~V g"kZ ds njckjh dfo Fks (egkeks{kifj"kn~)
(g"kZpfjr ,oa dknEcjh jpuk,¡)
g"kZ dh ukVd&
g"kZ ds le; eFkqjk lwrh oL=kkas gsqr fiz;nf'kZdk]
izfl¼ Fkk] ogha oYYkHkh ukyank f'k{kk gsrq jRukoyh]
ukxkuan
g"kZ vkSj iqydsf'ku&AA ds chp
ueZnk ds rV ij ;q¼ (g"kZ ijkftr)
àsulkax ls feydj
àsulkax g"kZ ds 'kkludky eas g"kZ us phu eas g"kZ ckS¼ /eZ dk
Hkkjr vk;k jktnwr Hksts vuq;k;h cu x;k
blus Hkkjr dks àsulkax us g"kZ ds le; g"kZ ds 'kklu eas

^f;u&rw* dgk gSA NBs egkeks{k e`R;qnaM ugha gksdj
630 bZ- eas Hkkjr vk;k ifj"kn~ eas Hkkx fy;k vax&Hkax dh ltk FkhA
(15 o"kks± rd Hkkjr jgk)
àsulkax us 'kwnzkas dks
ukyank fo-fo- (637 bZ- eas nkSjk) eas àsulka x dk Ñ"kd dgk gSA
vè;;u djus rFkk ckS¼ xzaFk Hkkjrh; ;k=k fooj.k
ys tkus vk;k Fkk lekt o.kZ vkSj tkfr izFkk ds
('khyHknz& ukyank fo-fo- vkpk;Z) vk/kj ij laxfBr FkkA
^fl&;w&dh* ;k=kk miuke& eFkqjk lwrh oL=k rFkk

oàrkr iqLrd ^;kf=k;kas dk jktdqekj* okjk.klh js'keh oL=kkas gsrq izfl¼ FkkA
Hkkjr dk izkphure oS'ksf"kd n'kZu&
n'kZu & lka[; n'kZUk "kMn'kZu (egf"kZ d.kkn)
(egf"kZ dfiy) ijek.kqokn dh
LFkkiuk dh
;ksx n'kZu iwoZ ehekalk n'kZu&
(egf"kZ iartfy) (egf"kZ tSfeUkh)
U;k; n'kZu
xkSre (v{kikn) oasnkr n'kZu& (mÙkj ehekalk)
uksV (cknjk;.k ,oa vkfn 'kadjkpk;Z)
iwoZ eheka'kk n'kZu o mÙkjk ehekalk n'kZu osnksa ij fuHkZj jgk gSA
(33)
µ ^lkse egkfogkj* dk fuekZ.k (ckaXykns'k) laLFkkid&xksiky] blus vkasnriqjh
µ ^foØef'kyk fo-fo-* dh LFkkiuk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
µ blus dÂkSt ds 'kkld bUnzk;q¼ dks gjkdj
pØk;q/ dks dUUkkSt dh xn~nh ij fcBk;k /eZiky
µ ^mÙkjkiFk Lokeh* mikf/ yhA 770&815 bZ-
µ ^f=ki{kh; ;q¼* (dÂkSt) ls tqM+k FkkA
µ ckS¼ n'kkZfud ^gfjHknz* blds vkè;kfRed
mins'kd FksA µ lqyseku uked vjc O;kikjh (9oha lnh) us
iky 'kkld dks ^:gek* dgk gSA
µ iky 'kkld egk;ku ckS¼ vuq;k;h FksA
nsoiky ikyoa'k
(8&12oha
lnh rd) eghiky&A
& eqaxsj jkt/kuh

& ^vkasnriqjh ckS¼eB* dk fuekZ.k µ iky oa'k dk nwljk laLFkkid
µ blds dky eas pksy 'kkld jktsUnz&A
& 'kSysanzoa'kh; 'kkld ckyi=knso dks us caxky ij vkØe.k dj bls ijkLr fd;k
ukyank eas fcgkj cuokus dh vuqefr µ blus frCCkr eas ckS¼ fHk{kq ^vfrl* dks Hkstk
& ouznÙk (yksds'oj 'krd) dks laj{k.k jkeiky
fn;kA vafre iky'kkld
y{ke.k lsu & 1- nkulkxj] vn~Hkqr lkxj xzaFkkas dh LFkkiuk

2- njckjh fo}ku& t;nso] /kseh] gyk;q¼] fot; lsu us iz|qEus'oj eafnj
ljuk] mekifr] /kS;h xkso/Zu dk fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA
lsuoa'k
11&12oha lnh LFkkiuk& lkear lsu
(caxky esa)
t;nso ^jkèkk o`Q".k* iaFk ds
laLFkkid FksA (xhr xksfoan jpuk)
<dkds'ojh eafnj (<kdk) lsu
'kkldksa }kjk fufeZr gSA
izeq[k 'kkld & fot;lsu]

cYYkkyk lsu ,oa y{e.k lsu jkt/kuh & ufn;k (y[kukSrh)
(34)
g"kZ dks ^d'ehj
laLFkkid& voafroeZu laLFkkid dk uhjks* dgk tkrk gSA
laxzkejkt
g"kZ izfl¼
LFkkid& nqyZHko¼Zu yksgkj 'kkld Fkk
mRiky oa'k
dYg.k
yksgkj oa'k (jktrfjafx.kh)
dkdkssZV oa'k g"kZ dk vkfJr
dfo FkkA
izeq[k 'kfDr'kkyh jktk
yfyrkfnR; us êkÙkZ.M eafnj*
dk fuekZ.k djk;k FkkA
uksV d'ehj jktoa'k

tSuqy vcknhu (1420&70) dks ^d'ehj dk vdcj* dgk tkrk gSA
uksV
(750&1000 bZ- rd) µ izfrgkj dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ& }kjiky
f=ki{kh; ;q¼ (dUUkkSt gsrq) µ jktk Hkkst }kjk 7oha lnh esa LFkkfir
1- jk"VªdwV Xokfy;j f'kykys[k esa izfrgkjksa ds
2- iky 'kq#vkrh ifjokj dk o.kZu gSA
3- xqtZj izfrgkj (fotsrk)
LFkkiuk& ^gfj'pUnz* izeq[k jktiwr

{ks=k& nf{k.k&if'pe jktLFkku jktoa'k
okLrfod izFke 'kkld ukxHkV~V&A (730&760 bZa)
& êysPNkas dk uk'kd* mikf/ 'kq#vkr esa Fks pjokgs
& blus vjckas ls yksgk fy;k o yM+kds FksA
xqtZj izfrgkj
fefgj Hkkst&I (836&885 bZ-) oa'k
1- nsoiky vkSj jk"VªdwV jktk /zqo us bls gjk;k FkkA
2- ;g oS".ko /ekZuq;k;h Fkk
3- ^vkfnojkg* dh mikf/
4- jktkèkkuh dUukSt izfrgkjksa ds eafnj fuekZ.k
5- Xokfy;j iz'kfLr esa fefgj Hkkst dh dks lokZfèkd fodkl
miyfCè;ksa dk mYys[k gSA [ktqjkgks esa gqvk tks vc
eghiky&A ;wusLdks oYMZ gsfjVst gSA
1- ^vy elwnh* (cxnkn) blds dky (915&16 bZ-) eas xqtjkr vk;k
2- ^jkt'ks[kj* blds njckjh fo}ku FksA pkyqD; 'kkld iqydsf'ku&II
ds ,sgksy vfHkys[k
uksV esa loZizFke ^xqtZj tkfr*
vy elwnh dk ;k=kk fooj.k eqjqt&my&tgku ds uke ls izfl¼ gSA dk mYys[k gSA
(35)
pkSgku izfrgkj 'kkldkas ds izkjafHkd jkt/kjh
LFkkiuk& oklqnso lkear FksA vfgPN=k (vt;jkt II us
ckn esa vtesj dks cuk;k)
foxzgjkt&IV ;k chlynso (1153&1163 bZ-)
& blus ^gfjdsy* ukVd dh jpuk dhA
bl ukVd ds va'k ^<kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+k* pkSgku oa'k
efLtn dh nhokjkas ij gSaA
µ lksenso (dFkklfjrlkxj) blds njckjh fo}ku Fks
i`Fohjkt&III (jk;fiFkkSjk)
& rjkbZu ;q¼ (eqgEEkn xkSjh ds lkFk) izeq[k jktiwr
& jktdfo pUncjnkbZ (i`Fohjkt jklks)
& t;ud (i`Fohjkt fot; ukVd) jktoa'k
laLFkkid& misUnz (o`Q".kjkt) ekyok ds

& ijekjkas dh jkt/kuh%& 1- mTTkSu 2- /kjk uxj ijekj oa'k
(19oha lnh ds
'qk: eas LFkkfir)
jktk Hkkst (1018&1060)
& loksZPPk ijekj jktk
& Hkkstiqj >hy dk fuekZ.k
& Hkkst'kkyk (laLÑr dkWyst) LFkkiuk
& dfojkt mikf/
jpuk,a& 1- vk;qosZn loZLo
2- ;qfDr dYir:
3- lejkax.k lw=kk/kj (okLrqdyk ls lacafèkr)
vU; xqIrdkyhu ijh{kki;ksxh rF;%&
Hkwfe ds izdkj& okghr] vÑ"V] vlj] lkDr] xqIrksÙkj dky eas O;kikj dk ßkl gqvk
izÑ"V ;k Ñ"V ojkst& HkMkSap ds oL=k
vU; izeq[k dj& nqdwy& ikS/kas ds js'kkas ls cuk diM+k dkSM+h] dinZd& oLrq] fofue;
Hkkx] Hkksx] fgj.;] dk ekè;e
izO;;] mnzax] izLFk] rfjd& rj'kqYd olqyus okyk vf/dkjh
mifjdj] eYYkdj]
rq:"d n.M jktiwrkas dk vH;qn; bl dky dqlhn o`fÙk& lwn ij :i;s m/kj nsukA
dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk
(36)
eafnj LFkkiR; dh 'kSfy;k¡
& cslj 'kSYkh & fgeky; ls foaè; {ks=k nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jktoa'k
& ukxj 'kSYkh & foaè;kpy ls Ñ".kk rd
& nzfoM+ 'kSyh & Ñ".kk unh ls dU;kdqekjh rd
laxe ;qx ds lkezkT; (3 bZ-iw- & 3 bZ-) izeq[k jktk

µ pksy] psj] ik.M~; ijkard&I ênqjdkasMk* dh mikf/] o`Q".k&III ls
rDdksye ;q¼ esa gkjk
jktjkt&I (1- Jhyadk fot; 2- eqfEMpksyeaMy
pksy jkT; (875&1175 bZ-) LFkkfir 3- 'kSo 4- jkts'oj eafnj)
jktasnz&I (1- efgiky dks gjk;k 2- ^xaxSdkasMpksy*
mikf/ 3- ^xaxSdkasMpksyiqje* uxj LFkkfir
jktsanz&II îzdsljh* mikf/
& laLFkkid& fot;ky; (850&87) ûjdsljh mikf/*
& dkosjh csflu ds vkl ikl dk {ks=k
& ^LFkkuh; Lo'kklu* izeq[k fo'ks"krk
& izrhd& Vkbxj
& dkaL; izfrek,a lcls mRÑ"V pksy iz'kklu
& iai] iksUUk] ,UUk (dUUkM+] f=kjRu) Hkwfe izdkj & czãns;] 'kkykHkksx] osYYkuoxkbZ]
& jkt/kuh& ratkSj ;k ratkoqj nsonku] ;rqosZfn eaxye
& dfo& t;Uxksanj] dacu] iqxyasfn vkSV~VDdqV~Vu (rfey f=kjRu) es:eDdy & vxzgkj] czkã.k cfLr;kas dh lHkk
& caxky dh [kkM+h dks ^pksykas dh >hy* dgk tkrk FkkA uxje & O;kikjh
& pksyksa dh ukSlsuk dkiQh mUur Fkh dSytq & lksus] flDds
izkar & eaMye] dksV~Ve] ukMq] dqjZe
laxe canjxkg & iaiqgkj] dkosjhiÙkue
laxe vè;{k LFky

izFke vxLR; ½f"k enqjS pksydkyhu eafnj
1- pksfy'ojk eafnj& fot;ky;
f}rh; rksydkfIi;j dkikV~iqje 2- czãiqfj'ojk eafnj
r`rh; uDdhjj mÙkjh enqjS 3- o`gns'oj eafnj& 1011 bZ- jktjkt }kjk fufeZr
4- ,sjkrs'oj eafnj (jktsanz&II)
uksV% xaxbZdksaM pksyiqje uked uxj jktsanz&I }kjk
fufeZr fd;k x;kA
D;k vki tkurs gSa \

R;kxjkt] eqFkqLokeh nhf{krkj vkSj pksy] psj] dkdrh;] jktjkt-I us êqeqnh pksynso* dh mikf/
';kek 'kkL=kh dks dukZVd laxhr ik.M;] jk"VªdwV iYYko] /kj.k dh] ftldk vFkZ Fkk ôg Lokeh
odkVd] pkyqD; tks rhu eqdqV (pksy] psjk vkSj
'kSyh dh f=kewfrZ dgk tkrk gSA ikaM~;) dk Ükàxkj djrk gSA*
(37)
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jktoa'k
psj oa'k vU; izeq[k laxedkyhu ijh{kki;ksxh rF;

& izeq[k jktk%& mn;u tsjky] usnqutsjky vknu] 'ksuxqV~Vou & iz'kklu& jktra=kkRed ,oa oa'kkuqxr FkhA
(yky psj) & lHkk& jktk dk loksZPPk U;k;ky;
& ^dsjy iq=k* dgs tkrs gSaA & is'ksoj lSfud (,ukfM&lsuk izeq[k)
& {ks=k& vk/qfud dkasd.k] ekykokj rVh; {ks=k] mÙkjh =kko.kdksj] & ;q¼ eas ekjs lSfudkas dh ik"kk.k ewfrZ;k Lekjd ds :i
dksfPPk eas cuk;h xbZ gSaA
& izrhd fpUg& /uq"k & osrj] csfyj] osYYkkj & /uh fdlku ;k 'kfDr'kkyh yksx
& osfuxj& O;kikjh (voue&ck"kkj)
& canjxkg& fVafMl] eqtfjl] usyflaMk] ukSjk] iqgkj]
'kkfy;wj] dksdZb] vfjdesMq
& ik.M; ujs'k us jkseu jktk vkWxLVl dk lg;ksx izkIr
ik.M~; jkT; djus gsrq nwr Hksts FksA
& {ks=k&nf{k.kh rfeyukMq (orZeku] frjusyosyh] jeukM] enqjS) & jktLo lzksr& HkwjktLo (1@6 Hkkx)
& fL=k;kas dk 'kklu & ek] csfyiQ& Hkwfe iSekuk
& ûsaMqtsfy;u* izfl¼ 'kkld & vxLr; Íf"k&oSfnd laLÑfr dks nf{k.k Hkkjr ys x,A
& eksfr;kas gsrq izfl¼ & eq:xu& izkphu ,oa izkFkfed nsork
& jkt/kuh& enqjbZ & eq[; is'kk& Ñf"k
& izrhd fpUg& eNyh
& esxkLFkuht bUgas êkcj* dgrk gSA
& canjxkg& dksdsbZ (caxky dh [kkM+h)
& ikaM~; jktkvksa us lkfgR; lEesyu ^laxe* dk vk;kstu fd;k pkyqD; oa'k (6&12oha lnh)
FkkA
& {ks=k & nf{k.k vkSj eè; Hkkjr
& rhu vyx&vyx pkyqD; jktoa'k FksA
1- cknkeh ds pkyqD;& dukZVd esa cknkeh (okrkih) esa
laxe lkfgR; jkt/kuh FkhA izeq[k 'kkld iqydsf'ku f}rh;A
& ;s rfey dh izkphure jpuk,¡ gSaA 2- iwohZ pkyqD;& osaxh esa jkt/kuhA {ks=k & iwohZ nDduA
& nks Hkkxkas eas foHkDr (vxe] iqje) 3- if'peh pkyqD;& cknkeh pkyqD;ksa ds oa'kt FksA nloha
& izeq[k jpuk,a& ,srwrksxbZ] iÙkqikrq] ifnriÙkq] rksYdkfIi;e] lnh ds var esa budk mHkkj gqvk vkSj dY;k.kh ls 'kklu
f'kyIikfndkje] ef.kes[kyS] thodk fparkef.k] fr:Ddqjky fd;kA
(iape osn)] vguku:] ,sax:u: & izeq[k LFkkiR;& ,gksy eafnj] cknkeh eafnj]
iV~VkMDdy eafnjA
pksy] psj] dkdrh;]

ik.M;] jk"VªdwV iYYko]
odkVd] pkyqD;
(38)
dkdrh; oa'k
odkVd oa'k
dkdrh; oa'k
odkVd oa'k
& {ks=k & okjaxy] vka/z izns'k] iwohZ dukZVd] nf{k.kh
(rhljh lnh eè; ls 5oha lnh rd)
vksfM'kk odkVd oa'k ds jktk czkã.k Fks
& eksrqiYYkh (canjxkg) jktèkkuh& uxjèku
& jkt/kuh& vks:xYYkq izeq[k 'kkld&
& izksyk&A us dkdoh; oa'k dks Lora=k jktoa'k cuk;k 1- foaè;'kfDr (250&270 bZ-)
& izeq[k 'kkld& :nzkEEkk nsoh] x.kifr (lcls egku 2- :nzlsu&AA
3- izojlsu&AA (lsrqca/ ds jpukdkj)
dkdrh; 'kkld) 4- loZlsuk (gfjfot; osQ ys[kd)
& odkVd xqIrkas ds ledkyhu Fks
& odkVdkas us ledkyhu jktoa'kkas ls oSokfgd laca/ cuk,
(mnkgj.k& xqIroa'k dh izHkkorh xqIr ds lkFk :nzlsu&AA
izeq[k LFkkiR; dkdrh; us 'kknh FkhA)
& gtkj LraHk eafnj & {ks=k& eè; nDdu
& jkeIIkk eafnj (dkdrh; :nzs'oj eafnj) & odkVd 'kSo /eZ ds vuq;k;h FksA
& okjaxy iQksVZ & odkVd jktk ^gfjlsu* ds laj{k.k eas vatrk xqiQkvkas
& xksydkasMk iQksVZ ds pV~Vkukas dks dkVdj ckS¼ fogkj] pSR; cuk, x, &
vatrk xqiQk 16] 17] 19 odkVd LFkkiR; mRÑ"Vrk ds
mnkgj.k gSa ([kkldj egkfHkfu"Øe.k iasfVax)
uksV & oS/jHkkjrh& odkVdkas ds le; fodflr laLÑr dh
'kSyh FkhA
tqykbZ 2021 esa] jkeIik eafnj (1213 bZ- esa fufeZr) dks & iqjk.kkas eas ôdkVdkas* dh ppkZ gSA
;wusLdks ds ^fo'o /jksgj LFky* (Hkkjr dk 39oka) esa 'kkfey & vatrk f'kykys[kkas eas foaè;'kfDr dks ^f}t* ds :i eas
fd;k x;k gSA of.kZr rFkk bldh lSU; miyfC/;kas dh iza'klk gqbZ gSA
& ^jkeIik* uke bl eafnj ds f'kYidkj jkeIik ds uke ij j[kk & izojlsu us ^lezkV] /eZegkjkt] gfjfriq=k* dh
x;k gSA mikf/;ka /kj.k dh
& izojlsu odkVd 'kfDr dk okLrfod laLFkkid FkkA
& fuekZ.kdrkZ& dkdrh; jktk x.kifr nso ds lsukifr
& odkVdkas ds le; gkFkh nsork lkekU; :Ik eas iwts tkrs
jspkjyk :æ }kjk FksA
pksy] psj] dkdrh;]

ik.M~;] jk"VªdwV iYYko]
odkVd] pkyqD;
(39)
iYYko oa'k (4&9oha bZ-)

jk"VªdwV oa'k
& laLFkkid& flagfo".kq (jkt/kuh& dkaph)] Hkkjfo blds (8oha lnh ds eè;)
njckjh dfo FksA
& iYYko 'kkldkas ds le; pV~Vkukas dks dkVdj efUnj cus & laLFkkid& nafrnqxZ
& jkt/kuh& ekU;[ksr
& jk"VªdwV pkyqD;kas ds v/hu Fks
& izeq[k 'kkld& Ñ".k&5] /zqo] xksfoan&A] Ñ".k
egsanzoeZu&A & ,sykjk ds dSyk'k eafnj dk fuekZ.k (Ñ".k&A)
& 'kSo vuq;k;h] êtfoykl izglu* dh jpuk & bUnz AAA ds le; ^vyelwnh* (vjc) vk;k FkkA
(mikf/& eÙkfoykl] fofp=kfpÙk] xq.kHkj)
& ,yksjk] ,sfyisaQVk xqiQkvksa esa dbZ fuekZ.k
ujflagoeZu&A
& ôkrkihdkasM* mikf/ veks?ko"kZ &A
& egkcyhiqje (ekeYYkkiqj) eas ,dk'e jFkkas & jkt/kuh& ekU;[ksr
dk fuekZ.k] 'kksj eafnj & izFke dUuM dkO; jpuk
& blds le; ^gs~oulkax* dkaph vk;k & ^dfojkt ekxZ* rFkk îz'uksÙkjekfydk* dh
jpuk dÂM+ eas dh
& tSu /eZ dk vuq;k;h (ftulsu ds izHkko esa)
ujflagoeZu&AA & ^ftulsu o egkohjkpk;Z* rFkk ^Lo;a&Hkw*
& mikf/& jktflag] vkxefiz;] 'kadjHkDr blds laj{k.k eas FksA
& dSyk'keafnj (dkaphiqje~) dk fuekZ.k & blds le; czksp (Broach) izeq[k canjxkg FkkA
& ^nf.Mu* blds njckj eas FksA & lqyseku (vjc O;kijh) us veks?ko"kZ&I dks
fo'o ds pkj egkure jktkvksa esa ls ,d dgk
(rhu vU; esa cxnkn ds [kyhiQk] dkWULVsafVuksiy
D;k vki tkurs gSa \ ds jktk vkSj phu ds lezkV Fks)
dSyk'kukFk eafnj (,yksjk] vkSjaxkckn] egkjk"Vª)
& ,sfyisaQVk uke iqrZxkfy;ksa us fn;k FkkA
& ;g eafnj Hkkjr esa pêðkuksa dks dkVdj cuk,
x, fganw eafnjksa esa lcls cM+k gSA
& fuekZ.k jk"VªdwV jktk] ^nafrnqxZ* (735&757 & eafnj esa dbZ tfVy uDdk'khnkj iSuy
bZLoh) ds 'kklu ds nkSjku 'kq: gqvkA gSa] tks jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkSj
& eafnj ij çeq• dk;Z jktk nafrnqxZ ds
mÙkjkf/dkjh ^Ñ".k çFke* (757&773 bZLoh) Ñ".k ds dkjukeksa ds n`';ksa dks
}kjk fd;k x;k FkkA n'kkZrs gSaA eafnj ifjlj esa ikap pksy] psj] dkdrh;]
ik.M;] jk"VªdwV iYYko]
& ;g eafnj (xqiQk 16) ,yksjk dh 34 xqiQk vyx&vyx eafnj gSa_ buesa ls rhu odkVd] pkyqD;
eafnjksa vkSj eBksa esa ls ,d gSA xaxk] ;equk vkSj ljLorh ufn;ksa
dks lefiZr gSaA
(40)
izeq[k jpuk,¡
jpuk jpukdkj
isfjIyLk vkWIkQ n ,fjfFkz;u lh vKkr
fgLVksfjdk gsjksMksVl
uspqjy fgLVksfjdk fIyuh
T;ksxzkiQh VkWyeh
, fjdkMZ vkWiQ n cqf¼LV daVªht (Ý;ks&D;ks dh) iQkg~;ku
,Lls vkWu osLVuZ oYMZ (lh&;w&dh) g~osulkax
, fjdkMZ vkWiQ n cqf¼LV fjyhtu ,t izSfDVLM bu bafM;k ,aM eyk;k bfRlax
daX;wj] raX;wj rkjkukFk
eq#t&vy&tgkc vyelwnh
rgdhd&,&fgUn vyc:uh
v"Vkè;k;h ikf.kuh
jkek;.k okYehfd
egkHkkjr osnO;kl
vFkZ'kkL=k pk.kD;
bf.Mdk esxkLFkuht
iapra=k fo".kq 'kekZ
egkHkk"; iratfy
(41)
izeq[k jpuk,¡
lRlglkfjdk lw=k ukxktqZu
cq¼ pfjr v'o?kks"k
egkfoHkk"kk'kkL=k olqfe=k
LoIuoklonÙkk Hkkl
dqekjlEHkoe~ dkfynkl
vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~ dkfynkl
es?knwre~ dkfynkl
j?kqoa'ke~ dkfynkl
ekyfodkfXufe=ke~ dkfynkl
ukV~;'kkL=k Hkjreqfu
nsohpUnzxqIre~ fo'kk[knÙk
eqnzkjk{kl fo'kk[knÙk
e`PNdfVde~ 'kwnzd
lw;Z fl¼kar vk;ZHkV~V
o`gr~lafgrk okjkgfefgj
dFkklfjRlkxj lksenso
fdjkrktqZuh;e~ Hkkjfo
g"kZpfjr ck.kHkV~V
(42)
izeq[k jpuk,¡
n'kdqekjpfjre n.Mh
dknEcjh ck.kHkV~V
oklonÙkk lqcU/q
ukxkUkUn g"kZo¼Zu
jRukoyh g"kZo¼Zu
fiz;nf'kZdk g"kZo¼Zu
i`Fohjkt fot; t;ud
diwZjeatjh jkt'ks[kj
'kCnkuq'kklu jktk Hkkst
c`gr~dFkkeatjh {ksesUnz
foØekadnsopfjr foYg.k
xhr xksfoUn t;nso
i`Fohjktjklks pUncjnkbZ
jktrjafx.kh dYg.k
dkO;ehekalk jkt'ks[kj
(43)
eqgEEkn fcu dkfle ds usr`Ro eas izFke rqdZ vkØe.k ds le;
eè;dkyhu Hkkjr
Hkkjr ij vjc vkØe.k iatkc dk 'kkld t;iky
vjckas }kjk 712 eas

fla/ fot; blosQ njckjh fonku& vyc:uh]
egewn xtuh
(fla/ 'kkld&nkfgj) fiQjnkSlh] mRch] iQ:[khA
([kqjklku 'kkld)
fiQjnkSlh us ^'kkgukek* dh jpuk dh
Hkkjr ij 17 ckj vkØe.k
(eq[;r% /u ywVus gsrq) blds njckj eas lsoanjk;]
fryd tSls fgUnw 'kkld FksA
izFke vkØe.k 1000 bZ-
1025 bZ- eas lkseukFk eafnj vafre vkØe.k 1027 eas ^lqYrku* dh mikf/ okyk
ij vkØe.k tkVkas ds f[kykiQ izFke 'kkld
egewn xtuh@xtuoh ds izeq[k vkØe.k
uxjdksV dfyatj
Fkkus'oj d'ehj eFkqjk (1019&23 bZ-)
(1009 bZ-) (1019 bZ-)
(1014 bZ-) (1015 bZ-)
xkSjh ds lsukifr ^cf[r;kj f[kyth* us caxky]

eqgEEkn xkSjh
fcgkj eas ywV dh vkSj ukyank@ foØef'kyk fo-fo- dks tyk;kA
flDdkas ij ^dyek*
,oa ^y{eh* vafdr
xkSjh ds le; jpuk
Hkkjr ij izFke vkØe.k êks- fp'rh* ^fdrkc&my fgUn*
(1175 bZ-) xtuh ds lkFk
Hkkjr vk, (rgdhd&,& fgUn)
Hkkjr vk;k
(fp'rh laiznk;
nwljk 1178 bZ- ikVu ds laLFkkid)
('kkld Hkhe&AA]
vfUgyokM dk ;q¼)
pUnkoj dk ;q¼] 1194 vyc:uh
(xkSjh& t;pUnz)
rjkbu izFke ;q¼ (1191)
¹xkSjh& i`Fohjkt pkSgku
(jk; fiFkkSjk)º ^rkjh[k&,&;kfeuh*
vyc:uh bfaM;k&
(xtuh ds
,u ,dkmaV vkWiQ fjyhtu
f}rh; ;q¼ (1192) thou ij fy[kh)
(ys[kd& ,MoMZ lh lpkmQ)
¹xkSjh& pkSgkuº
(44)
xqyke oa'k] f[kyth oa'k] fnYÇh lYrur yksnh oa'k
rqxyd oa'k] rqdZ FksA viQxku FksA
lSÕ;n oa'k vjc FksA
xqyke oa'k bYrqrfe'k eqbtqíhu cgjke'kkg tkfl:íhu egewn

(ekeyqd oa'k) laLFkkid&
(1206&90 bZ-) F izeq[k 'kkld
oqQrqcqíhu ,scd
jft;k lqYrku elwn'kkg cycu
,scd dk vFkZ& q cqn~nhu ,scd xkSjh dk xqyke Fkk

drq pkSxku [ksyrs oDr e`R;q
^panzek dk nsork* 1206&1210 bZ (1210)
jkt/kuh& ^gle futkeh* dks laj{k.k

ykgkSj
x”kuh ds egewn ls
1206 eas 'kkld nkleqfDr i=k izkIr fd;k
^yk[kc['k* mikf/ izeq[k LFkkiR;& dqrqcehukj dh uhao] (oqQrqc cf[r;kj

dkdh dks lefiZr) oqQor&my&bLyke efLtn] fuekZ.k]
<kbZ fnu dk >ksiM+k (efLtn)
êfyd*] ^fliglkykj* dh
inoh /kj.k dhA ^jDr ,oa ykSg*
îkcksl*] ^fltnk*] dh uhfr] viukbZ
izFke eqfLye
bYrqrfe'k dh dk izpyu
efgyk 'kkld
mÙkjkf/dkjh vYrqfu;k ls blus lqYrku dks
'kknh dh okLrfod uke ^bZ'oj dh Nk;k*
^cgkmn~nhu* ekuk
+ lqYrku
jft;k
cycu
(1236&40)
^nhokus vtZ*
bYrrqrfe'k (lSU; foHkkx)
efyd ;kdwr dks dk nkl dh LFkkiuk
^vehj&,&v[kwj* fu;qDr fd;kA
ukfl:íhu
ûk;c* ;k ûk;c&,&eekfydkr* in dk l`tu egewn us
^mywx [kka* dh ^pkyhlk ny*
cgjke'kkg jft;k ds f[kykiQ fonzksg eas 'kkfey mikf/ nhA dk neu
(45)
uke dk vFkZ& ^feugkt ml&lhjkt* ,oa
bYrqrfe'k (1210&36)
^lkezkT; dk j{kd* êkfÇd rktqíhu*
tSls njckjh fo}ku
lqYrku ds in dks
oa'kkuqxr fd;k blus paxst [kka ls
cpus gsrq tykyqíhu dks
fnYYkh lYrur dk 'kj.k ugha nhA
okLrfod laLFkkid
,scd dk nkl ,oa 1229 eas cxnkn ds
fnYYkh jkt/kuh Fkh
nkekn Fkk vCCkklh [kyhiQk ls
vf/dkj i=k feyk
,scd dh e`R;q ds le;
cnk;wa dk lwcsnkj egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z
lqYrkux<+h dk
oqQrqcqehukj dk ^bDrk* iz.kkyh fnYYkh ds vehjkas dk edcjk
fuekZ.k iwjk dh 'kq:vkr neu fd;k
cnk;aw eas ^gkst'kE'kh*] ^Hkkjr eas izFke edcjk*
'kq¼ vjch flDds ^rqdZ&,&pgyxkuh* tks/iqj eas ^varfjdu dk cukus dk Js;
(pkanh dk ^Vadk*] rkacs dk ^ftrÇ*) dk xBu njoktk* dk fuekZ.k
a (1290&1320 bZ-)
f[kyth o'k
tykyqíhu fiQjkst f[kyth
f[kyth oa'k
dk laLFkkid
& jkt/kuh&fdyks[kjh
dSoqQokn }kjk
& owQykx<+ esa jkT;kfHk"ksd ^'kkbLrk[kk¡* dh mikf/
^vkfjt&,&eqekfyd*
(lsuk ea=kh) dk in
jhn&,&eqekfyd& ojhn&
vU; egRoiw.kZ in
xqIrpj foHkkx lans'kokgd
equfg;ku& dksroky& eqjZÙkc&

lwpuknkrk fdykas dh ns[kHkky fujh{kd
(46)
cycu ds ykyegy eas
jkT;kfHk"ksd
vykmn~nhu f[kyth
^fladnj* dh mikf/
^[ktkbuqy iqQrwg* ([kqljks)]
cpiu dk uke îqQrwglykrhu* (blkeh)]
^xqj'kkIIk* ^jsgyk* (bCucrwrk) ls
vykmíhu ds cktkj
blds dky eas eaxksykas ds vykmn~nhu ds lq/kj dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
dbZ vkØe.k gq, pkj vè;kns'k
^rkjh[ks fiQjkst'kkgh*
1296 eas ^nsofxjh* ij 4- e|& (ft;kmíhu cjuh) eas
vkØe.k dj 1-vehjkas ds esy& fu"ks/ vykmíhu dh
^jkepUnznso* dks gjk;k feyki rFkk vkfFkZd uhfr;kas dh
mRlokas ij jksd iz'kklfud dk;Z tkudkjh gSA
vehj [kqljks }kjk
3-[kkylk lsuk dks udn osru] blus ^feYd*] ^buke*
bls nh xbZ mikf/;ka&
Hkwfe }kjk LFkk;h lsuk dh 'kq:vkr vkSj ôDiQ* tSlh
1- fo'o lqYrku] 2-xqIrpj
2- ;qx dk fotsrk] jktLo nh x;h Hkwfe dks
iz.kkyh dk ?kksM+k nkxus]
3- turk dk pjokgk o`f¼ ^[kkylk Hkwfe* eas cny fn;kA
xBu lSfudkas dk gqfy;k
fy[kus dh izFkk
^pjkbZ dj*] ^x<+h dj* yxk;k HkwjktLo c<+kdj 1@2 dj fn;k
kk y h* d ks ykxw fd;k
ki z .
êwY; fu;a=k.
lsuk dk ^dsUnzhdj.k* fd;k
j d ks n f{ k. k Hkkjr Hkstk
efyd dkiwQ
^nhoku&,&fj;klr*
(vkfFkZd ekeys) dh LFkkiuk teS;r [kkuk efLtn] vykbZ njoktk (bLykeh okLrq dyk dk jRu)]
lhjh dk fdyk] gtkj [kEHkk egy dk fuekZ.k
^jk'kfuax iz.kkyh* dh 'kq:vkr u, in tSls& ^nhoku&,& fj;klr*] ^'kguk&,&eaMh*] ^cjhn*]

êqufg;ku* l`ftr fd,A
fpÙkkSM+ dk uke ^f[ktzkckn* fd;k ;gka dk (jktk&jruflag) FkkA

dqrqcqíhu eqckjd'kkg f[kyth
[kqljkas 'kkg izFke ^Lo;a dks [kyhiQk
Hkkjrh; eqlyeku Fkk ?kksf"kr djus okyk
tks fnYYkh dk 'kkld cukA uksV%& izFke lqYrkuA*
(47)
vykmn~nhu f[kyth dk fot; vfHk;ku
jkT; 'kkld o"kZ f[kyth ljnkj

mÙkj Hkkjr eas
xqtjkr jk;dju o?ksyk (d.kZ) 1299 bZ- mywx [kk¡ vkSj uqljr [kk¡
j.kFkEHkkSj jk.kk gEEkhj nso (pkSgku 'kkld) 1301 bZ- mywx [kk¡ vkSj uqljr [kk¡
fpÙkkSM+ jru flag 1303 bZ- vykmn~nhu f[kyth
ekyok egydnso 1305 bZ- vkbuqyewYd eqYrkuh
flokuk 'khrynso (ijekj oa'kh;) 1308 bZ- dekyqn~nhu dqxZ
tkykSj dkUgnso ;k (Ñ".knso) 1311 bZ- dekyqn~nhu dqxZ
nf{k.k Hkkjr eas
nsofxfj jkepUnz nso (;kno 'kkld) 1296 bZ- vykmn~nhu f[kyth
nsofxfj jkepUnz nso 1307 bZ- efyd dkiQwj
okjaxy izrki :nz nso (dkdrh; 'kkld) 1309 bZ- efyd dkiwQj
}kjleqnz ohj cYYkky&AAA (gks;ly oa'k) 1310 bZ- efyd dkiwQj
nsofxfj 'kadjnso (fla?k.k AA) 1313 bZ- efyd dkiwQj
(48)
laLFkkid& rqxyd oa'k (1320&1414 bZ-)
;s rqdZ jktoa'kkas eas vafre Fks
X;klqíhu rqxyd
fnYYkh lYrur eas rqxyd 'kkldkas us
lokZf/d le; rd 'kklu fd;k
X;klqn~nhu rqxyd
(1320&25)
izeq[k dk;Z
vU; uke& ^xkth rqxyd* ;k ^xkth efyd* yxku O;oLFkk dks iquZO;ofLFkr fd;kA
;g [kqljks'kkg dks gjkdj 8 flarcj]
1320 dks ^X;klqíhu rqxyd'kkg* ds uke ls yxku gsrq cVkbZ dk iz;ksx iqu% izkajHk
xn~nh ij cSBkA Í.kkas dh olwyh can (Hkw&jktLo 1@3)
^rqxydkckn* 'kgj dh uhoa j[kh
ûgj flapkbZ i¼fr* 'kq: djus okyk
;gk¡ fLFkr nqxZ dks ^NIIkudksV* dgrs gSaA
izFke 'kkld] dqvkas dk fuekZ.k djk;kA
X;klqíhu rqxyd dks futkeqíhu vkSfy;k us
blus vykmn~nhu f[kyth dh Hkwfe yxku]
dgk Fkk& ^guwt fnYYkh nwj vLr*
cktkj O;OkLFkk dk R;kx fd;kA
1325 eas ydM+h ds Hkou eas ncdj ekSr blds le; dbZ nf{k.kh jkT;kas
(izFke& okjaxy) dks fnYYkh lYrur eas feyk;k x;kA
vU; uke ^tkSuk [kk¡* (mywx [kka) ^jsgyk* (bCucrwrk) eas êqú rqxyd*
^fizal vkWiQ euhvlZ* dgyk;k eksgEEkn fcu rqxyd ds dk;ks± dk fooj.k
blus okjaxy ds dkdrh; ,oa enqjbZ ds (1325&51 bZ-) blds le; ^fot;uxj* (1336 bZ-)]
ik.M; jkT;kas dks ijkftr dj fnYYkh cgeuh (1347) jkT; dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
lYrur eas 'kkfey fd;kA fookfnr
dne ^nhoku&,&dksgh* (Ñf"k foHkkx) LFkkfirA
^lokfZ/d fo}ku lYqrku*
^vdky lafgrk* dk fuekZ.k
bls ^LoIu'khy*] îkxy* ,oa ^jDrfiiklq* ^rdkoh Ñf"k* Í.k fn,
Hkh dgrs gSA 1- 1325 eas nksvkc eas
dj o`f¼ (oqQy mit tSu fo}ku ^ftu izHkqlwfj* rFkk
jkt/kuh ^fnYYkh* ls ^nosfxjh* 1327 b-Z dk 50») ^jkt'ks[kj* ls fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA
eas LFkkukrafjr (uke&nkSyrkckn) 2- 1327 jkt/kuh LFkkukarj.k
dkalk ,oa rkacs ds flDds pyk, 3- ^lkda fsrd enqkz* dk ipz yu
bCucrrwk (ekjsDdk]s 1333 eas Hkkjr vk;k) dks 4- [kqjklku vfHk;ku
^fnYYkh dk dkth* cuk;k rFkk phu jktnwr ds rkSj ij HkstkA 5- djkfpy dk lSfud vfHk;ku
(49)
uksV%& cnk;wuh eks- fcu- rqxyd bldh e`R;q ij dgrk gS& ^lqYrku dks mldh iztk ls vkSj iztk dks lqYrku
ls eqfDr fey x;h*A
s ^FkVV~k e*sa 20 ekp]Z 1351 dkAs
nks ckj jkT;kfHk"kd
iuq% ^fnYYkh e*sa vxLr] 1351 dks
^dY;k.kdkjh fujoaQq'k 'kkld* dgk tkrk gSA bldh ^rq"Vhdj.k dh uhfr*

lezkT; fo?kVu gsrq ftEEksnkj FkhA
vius dks ^[kyhiQk* dgk] flDdkas ij
^[kyhiQk dk uke* vafdr fd;k ^rk'k ?kfM;ky la;a=k*
(le; tkuus gsrq) dk fuekZ.k
gsujh bfy;V] ,fyfiQaaLVu bls
^lYrur ;qx dk vdcj* dgrs gSA
blus ^Tokykeq[kh eafnj*
blds pyk, x, flDds& iqLrdky; ds yqVs xzaFkkas eas ls
1- 'klxuh (pkanh) oqQN dk iQkjlh eas ^nyk;rs&fiQjkst'kkgh*
2- vík (fefJr /krq) fQjkst'kkg rqxyd uke ls vuqokn djk;k]
3- fo[k (fefJr /krq) ogha vkRedFkk îQrwgkr&,&fiQjkst'kkgh*
dh jpuk dhA
5 cM+s 'kgjkas dk fuekZ.k
nk:y 'kiQk ([kSjkrh vLirky)
(fglkj] fiQjkstkckn] iQrsgckn] tkSuiqj] fiQjkstiqj)
^jkstxkj nÝrj* dk fuekZ.k] ^nhoku&,&[kSjkr* foHkkx]
djhc 300 uxj fuekZ.k fd,A ^nhoku&,&canxk¡* (nkl foHkkx) dk fuekZ.k
blus ^ft;kmíhu cjuh*] ^'kEl&,&f'kjkt*]
v'kksd ds nks LraHkkas dks f[ktzkckn
&
^viQhd* dks 'kkgh laj{k.k fn;k
h - e twenkj dk vkSj esjB ls fnYYkh yk;k
vkj-l bl ;qx
LFkkiR; fuekZ.k& 'kkg kkA
¶ fiQjkst k±/ 'kkld F k
1- ^dksVyk fiQjkst'kkg nqxZ* dk fuekZ.k e Fk
l cls / ke lqYrku k ^ljdkjh inkas dks oa'kkuqxr fd;k*]
2- ^[kku&,& tgk¡ rsyaxkuh* dk fuekZ.k % izF ksa d
laHkor ykeh fu;e s ^lSfudkas dks osru ds cnys
bL jd
blds le; phu] bZjku] bjkd] [okfjTe vkfn ftlus ls ikyu d h; tkxhj* nsus dh izFkk iqu% 'kq: dhA
dM+kbZ Z dks iz'kkld
ns'kkas eas jktnwrkas dks Hkstk x;kA ox kA¸
mysek sa egRo fn;
e
blus ^rdkoh Í.k* ekiQ dj fn,] naM lafgrk dks lq/kjk dk;ks±
îQykas ds ckx* yxk,
rFkk ^lqYrku dks HkasV nsus dh izFkk* lekIr dh
^dj iz.kkyh dks etgch Lo:i* nsrs gq, 24 djkas dks ^gkc&,&'kcZ* (flapkbZ dj) yxk;k
lekIr dj fliQZ [kqEl (;q¼ ywV dk eky)] tks mit dk 10» FkkA
[kjkt (yxku)] tft;k (èkkfeZd)] tdkr ykxw fd;k
vafre rqxyd 'kkld&ukfl:n~nhu egewn rqxyd (blds le; 1398 bZ- eas rSewj yax dk vkØe.k gqvkA)
vU; rF;
ukfl:íhu ds le; gh êfyd ljoj* us ^tkSuiqj* eas ^Lora=k jkT;* LFkkfir fd;kA
(50)
a
lS¸;n o'k lYrur dkyhu jktoa'kkas eas lcls
laLFkkid& f[ktz [kk¡ de le; rd (37 lky)
(1414&15)
tkudkjh dk lzksr& ;kfg;k fcu vgen ljfgUnh dh ^rkjh[k&,&eqckjd'kkgh*
eaxksykas dk [kqrck i<+ok;k
;g ^rSewjyax dk lsukifr* FkkA ^lqYrku* ds ctk; ^jS;r&,&vkyk*

f[ktz [kk¡
dh mikf/ dh
laizHkq 'kkld ds ctk; ^rSewj ds iq=k 'kkg:[k ds
êqckjdckn*
izfrfuf/ ds rkSj ij 'kklu*
dh LFkkiuk
vykmn~nhu vkye'kkg
^lS;n oa'k dk
eqckjd 'kkg
;ksX;re 'kkld*
vafre
vius uke dk
lSÕ;n 'kkld
;kfg;k fcu ljfgUnh [kqrck i<+ok;k
blds laj{k.k eas FksA rFkk flDds pyk,
fnYYkh ij LFkkfir izFke viQxku jkT; yksnh oa'k

^cgyksy 'kkg xkth* îkuhir dk izFke ;q¼* dk
laLFkkid& (1526) vafre
ds uke ls xíh ij cSBk
cnyksy yksnh
yksnh oa 'k
(1451&1526 bZ-) ckcj ds lkFk 'kkld
vkxjk vU; uke&

cgyksy yksnh fladnj yksnh futke'kkg bczkfge yksnh
'kgj dh
^jk; izrki*] LFkkiuk dh îQjagxs fladnjh* ^?kVksyh* ;k
^cgyksyh flDdk* ^jk; nkVw* ^cknyx<+ dk uked ^[kkrksyh dk ;q¼* (1518)
pyk;k tSls fgUnw ljnkj fdyk* cuk;k vk;qosZfnd xzaFk bczkfge yksnh vkSj
blds njckj eas jk.kk laxk ds chp
egRoiw.kZ inkas ij FksA ^ys[kk ijh{k.k*
iz.kkyh 'kq: viQxkukas ds ^lekurk ds O;ogkj* ds
blus tkSuiqj ds gqlSu fcgkj dks fnYyh lYrur
cnys lqYrku dks loksZPPk ekuus ij cy
'kkg'kdhZ dks gjk;k esa feyk;k [kk|kUu djksa
Hkwfe ij xM+s /u eas dksbZ fgLlk ugha fy;kA dh lekfIr 1506 eas ^vkxjk dks jkt/kuh* cuk;k
^yTTkr&,&fldanj'kkgh* dh jpuk
^xt&,&fladnjh* eqgjZe rkft, ij cSu]
(Hkkjrh; laxhr ij igyk iQkjlh xzaFk) gqbZ fgUnwvkas ij iqu%tft;k dj yxk;k
'kq: (30 bap)
(51)
lYrur dky ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh rFkk muds dk;Z
vf/dkjh dk uke dk;Z
vkfjt&,&eqekfyd lSU; fOkHkkx (nhoku&,&vtZ) dk iz/kuA dk;Z& lSfudkas dh HkrhZ
ba'kk&,&eqekfyd i=kkpkj foHkkx dk iz/ku
jlkyr&,&eqekfyd fons'k foHkkx dk iz/ku
vehj&,&gkftc (ckjcDr) njckjh f'k"Vkpkj ds fu;ekas dks ykxw djrk FkkA
vehj&,&cgj vkarfjd f'k"Vkpkj ds fu;ekas dks ykxw djukA
eqLrkSiQh&,&eqekfyd egkys[kkdkj (,dkm.Vs.V tujy)
nhoku&,&fj;klr cktkj ij fu;a=k.k j[kukA
eteqvknkj jktLo laca/h vk;&O;; dks Bhd djuk
eqgrflc yksxkas ds vkpj.k ij utj j[kukA
er'kfjiQ 'kkgh dkj[kkus dh ns[kHkky
cjhn&,&eqekfyd lwpuknkrk ,oa xqIrpj foHkkx dk izeq[kA
lnz&ml&lqnwj /eZ laca/h dk;ks± dk izeq[kA
[kkftu jktdh; vk; dk laxzgdrkZ
dkth&my&oqQtkr U;k; foHkkx dk izeq[k

eqÝrh /eZ dh O;k[;k djuk
vehj&,&nkn cM+s uxjkas dk eftLVªsV
dksroky 'kgjkas eas 'kkafr O;oLFkk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h
(52)
lYrur dky ds izeq[k foHkkx
uke foHkkx
nhoku&,&fotkjr (foÙk laca/h) othj dk foHkkx
nhoku&,&vkfjt lSU; foHkkx
nhoku&,&fjlkyr fons'k foHkkx
nhoku&,&ba'kk ;k nhoku&,&v'kjiQ i=kkpkj foHkkx
nhoku&,&vehjdksgh Ñf"k foHkkx (eksgEEkn fcu rqxyd)
nhoku&,&eqLr[kjkt jktLo foHkkx (vykmn~nhu f[kyth)
nhoku&,&[kSjkr nku foHkkx (fiQjkst'kkg rqxyd)
nhoku&,& bfLrgkd isa'ku foHkkx (fiQjkst rqxyd)
nhoku&,&cUnxku nkl foHkkx (fiQjkst rqxyd)
nhoku&,&oowQiQ O;; foHkkx (tykyqíhu f[kyth)
nhoku&,&dtk eqekfyd U;k; foHkkx
ukbc&,&ekefydkr (The regent) okLrfod 'kkld (de-facto ruler)
lYrur dky ds izeq[k foHkkx
lj[ksy nl ?kqM+lokjkas dh VqdM+h dk iz/ku

fliglkykj nl lj[ksy (100 ?kqM+lokj)
vehj nl fliglkykj (1000 ?kqM+lokj)
efyd nl vehj (10000 ?kqM+lokj)
[kku nl efyd (100000 ?kqM+lokj)
lqYrku nl[kku (loksZPPk lsukifr)
(53)
lYrurdky ds izeq[k lkfgR;dkj ,oa mudh jpuk,¡
lkfgR;dkj jpuk@jpuk,¡
feugktqíhu fljkt rcdkr&,&ukfljh
ft;kmn~nhu cjuh rkjh[k&,&fiQjkst'kkgh] iQrok&,&tgk¡nkjh] oqQOOkr&my& rokjh[k]

luk&,&eksgEEknh] gljrukek
'kEl&,&fljkt rkjh[k&,&fiQjkst'kkgh
;kák fcu vgen ljfgUnh rkjh[k&,&eqckjd'kkgh
tekyqíhu fl;j&my&vkjiQhu] esg:ekg
^vcqy iQty* eksgEEkn fcu gqlSu&vy&cSdkdh rkjh[k&,&elwnh
fiQjkst rqxyd iQrwgkr&,&fiQjkst'kkgh
vKkr ys[kd lhjkr&,& fiQjkst'kkgh
vehj [kqljks rqxydukek] vkbu&,& fldUnjh] ySyk&etuw] 'khjh]&iQjgkn]

uwg&flisgj] rkjh[k&,&fnYYkh] feÝrkg&my&iQrg
bCucrwrk fdrkc&my&jsgyk
fiQjnkSlh 'kkgukek
(54)
1338 eas bczkfge 'kkg'kdhZ 1394 eas efyd
vnhuk efLtn ds le; tkSuiqj eqfLye ljoj us ^Lora=k 'kdhZ
iQ[k:n~nhu ^Hkkjr dk f'kjkt*
(ik.Mqvk) dk fo|k dk dsUnz cuk jkT;* LFkkfir fd;kA
eqckjd'kkg us caxky miuke
fuekZ.kdrkZ X;klqn~nhu dks Lora=k jkT;
vkte'kkg cuk;kA izeq[k LFkkiR;&
yky njoktk] >a>jh
LFkkiuk& fiQjkst efLtn] tkeh efLtn
caxky eas rqdhZ rqxyd
'kklu cf[;rkj
f[kyth }kjk 1202 bZ-
eas 'kq: (y{e.k caxkÇ tkSuiqj tkSuiqj LFkkiR;
lsuk dks gjkdj) dh fo'ks"krk& ;gk¡
dh bZekjrkas eas ehukjkas
vykmn~nhu gqlSu'kkg dk u gksukA
loZJs"B caxky lqYrku
Fkk] tks fd pSrU; egkizHkq 1479 eas
dk ledkyhu FkkA tkSuiqj fnYYkh lYrur
(cgyksy yksnh us)
eky/j olq lYrur eas 'kkfey gks x;kA
(JhÑ".k fot; ds dky ds izkarh;
jpukdkj) dks ^xq.kjkt voafr oeZu us
[kku* dh mikf/ jktoa'k ^txUUkkFkiqjh dk
gqlSu'kkg us nhA eafnj*(12oha lnh) ujflag oeZu
cuok;kA us ^dks.kkdZ lw;Z eafnj*
vgenkckn 2017 (13oha lnh) dk fuekZ.k
esa Hkkjr dk fo'o djk;kA bls ^CySd
1297 eas fojklr 'kgj dk
vykmn~nhu xax oa'k iSxksMk* Hkh dgrs gSaA
f[kyth us jk;dj.k
dks gjkdj xqtjkr dks
fnYYkh lYrur eas
feyk fy;kA xqtjkr mM+hlk
bls ^;efudk rhFkZ*
ÔgkbV iSxksMk*
vgen'kkg&A esokM+ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
xqtjkr dk okLrfod txUUkkFkiqjh
laLFkkid eafnj ;g pkj/ke (cnzhukFk]
1303 eas vykmn~nhu }kjdk] iqjh] jkes'oje~)
f[kyth us esokM+ ij dk fgLLkk gSA
êgewn csxM+k* vf/dkj dj fy;k
izfl¼ 'kkld jk.kk lkaxk (laxzke flag)
gEEkhj nso }kjk ^fllkSfn;k
oa'k* dh uhao Mkyh 1527 eas ckcj ls ^[kkuok
ds ;q¼* eas gkj x;kA
1411 eas vgenkckn
uxj dh LFkkiuk 1433 eas jk.kk jk.kk dqaHkk }kjk
(vgen'kkg) }kjk dqaHkk 'kkld cuk laxhr ij fy[ks xzaFk& dqaHkk us ^jfld fiz;k*
ftlus fpÙkkSM+ easa ^laxhrjkt] laxhr ehekalk] (t;nso ds xhr xksfoan ij
^dhfrZ LraHk* cuk;kA laxhr jRukdj* vkfnA Vhdk) fy[kh
(55)
nsojk;&A ds le; laLFkkid& gfjgj] laLFkkid&
fudksyksdkasVh (bVyh) cqDdk (1336 bZ- eas)] laLFkkid& ujflag lkyqu fr:eky nso jk;
vk;kA bUgkasus ^gaih* (rqxaHknzk
& blds njckj eas dh rV ij) dks viuh
jkt/kuh cuk;kA vafre fganw jktoa'k
gjfoykl] JhukFk ftluas fot;uxj ij oasdV&AA ds
tSls fo}ku FksA 'kklu fd;kA 'kkludky eas oksMs;kj
us 1612 bZ- eas êSlwj
jkT; dh LFkkiuk*
uksV%& nsojk;&AA ds dh FkhA
le; vCnqjZTTkkd
(bZjku) vk;kA laxe oa'k lkyqo oa'k vkjohMq oa'k laLFkkid& ohjujflag
uksV%& gfjgj] cqDdk rqyqo oa'k

gks;ly jktk ohjk (1509&29 bZ-) ckcj us bUgas Hkkjr
oYykyk&AA ds v/hu dk lcls
dk;Zjr FksA fot;uxj
lkezkT; laca/kh 'kfDr'kkyh
vU; rF; fot;uxj Ï".knsojk; 'kkld dgk gSA
iz'kklfud bdkbZ& izkar lkezkT;
(eaMy)] dksV~Ve ;k oyukMq (1336&1646 bZ-) ^vkeqDrekY;n*
(ftyk)] ukMw] mQj (xkao) uked jktuhfrd
xzaFk fy[kk
veje& osru ds cnys lnkf'kojk;
lsuk ds j[kj[kko ^vka/z Hkkst* miuke
gsrq nh xbZ Hkwfe
Mksfeaxks ik;l]
vk;axj O;oLFkk& blds blds le; ckjckslk (iqrZxky)
rgr izR;sd xk¡o dks ,d ^rkfydksVk dk ;q¼* buds le; Hkkjr
Lora=k bdkbZ ekuk x;kA (tuojh 1565) gqvk vk,A
ftuds vf/dkjh vk;axj
dgykrs FksA (osru ds viuh ek¡ ds uke ij
ctk; yxkueqDr ^fot;uxj ,
iQkWjxksVu vaik;j* ûkxykiqjuxj*
Hkwfe nh tkrh Fkh) dh LFkkiuk dhA
ds ys[kd &^lsosy* gSaA
Hkw&jktLo& 1@6 (vk;
dk lkzsr yxku) D;k vki tkurs gSa\ ^v"V fnXXkt* uked fo}ku
buds njckj eas jgrs FksA
dqV~Vkfx& iV~Vs ij fot;uxj ds 'kkldksa us lnSo Hkxoku (lcls izfl¼ rsukyh
nh xbZ Hkwfe fo:ik{k dh vksj ls 'kklu djus dk nkok jkeÑ".k FksA)
fd;k] ftuds ckjs esa ekuk tkrk Fkk fd ¶os
psV~Vh] ohj iatky& Ñ".kk unh ls nf{k.k dh vksj leLr Hkwfe ds
O;kikjh FksA Lokeh gSaA¸ gtkjk eafnj]
foV~By Lokeh eafnj
nkl izFkk] cky fookg] fufeZr fd;kA
cgqfookg] lrh izFkk izpfyr efgyk,a mPPk inkas vP;qr jk;& Ukwfut
FksA ij vklhu Fkh] f'kf{kr dqN le; rd buds
isxksMk& jktdh; eqnzk ,oa ;q¼ eas ikjaxr FkhaA njckj eas jgk
(56)
jkt/kuh&xqycxkZ 1347 eas
^gluxaxw* }kjk
(jktHkk"kk&ejkBh)
LFkkiuk jkT; oa'k laLFkkid LFkkiuk
chtkiqj vkfny'kkgh ;qlwiQ vkfny'kkg 1489 bZ-
rktqíhu fiQjkst us
nkSyrkckn ds ikl vgenuxj futke'kkgh efyd vgen 1490 bZ-
cgeuh
os/'kkyk cuokbZ FkhA jkT; cjkj bekn'kkgh iQrsgmYYkkg bekn'kkg 1490 bZ-
xksydaqMk dqrqc'kkgh dqyh dqrqc'kkg 1512 bZ-
egewn xok¡ us chnj cjhn'kkgh vehj vyh ojhn 1526 bZ-
chnj eas enjlk cuk;k Fkk] fufdru (:l)
ftleas ,d gtkj Nk=k 1470 eas chnj vk;k
,oa f'k{kd jg ('kkld eqgEEkn&AAA) 'kq:vkr nf{k.k HkfDr vkanksyu
ldrs FksA Hkkjr (rfey {ks=k) dks nf{k.k ls mÙkj
iQkjlh ns'kkas Hkkjr jkekuan yk,A
HkfDr
eas loZizFke lwiQh vyokj (oS".ko) vkUnksyu
ck&'kjk vkanksyu 'kq: rFkk u;ukj ('kSo) /kfeZd ljyrk]
(bLyke fl¼kar gqvk FkkA larkas }kjk fodkl ,ds'ojokn
leFkZd) ij cy
lxq.k HkfDr
/kkfeZd lar& rqylhnkl]
cs&'kjk vkUnksyu
lwQh /keZ ukeknkl (nksukas jkeHkDr)
(bLykeh fl¼kar fuxqZ.k HkfDr fuEckdZ] pSrU;] lwjnkl]
eas ugha ca/s)
ehjkckbZ] oYYkHkkpk;Z
lar dchj (Ñ".kHkDr)
[kkudkg
;k eB 12 lwiQh jpuk,a& chtd µ v.Mky] efgyk vyokj
(fuokl) flyflys ftleas (lk[kh] lcn] lar FkhaA
fp'rh vkSj lqgjkonhZ jeSuh) µ u;ukj lar& ef.kok;'kj]
(ck&'kjk) FksA fr:ukdqDdj'kq] fr:Kku
lacanj] vkfnA
l eqbuqíhu fp'rh (1192 bZ- eas Hkkjr vk,) }kjk ^Hkkjr eas fp'rh flyflyk dh 'kq:vkr*
& izfl¼ fp'rh lar& futkeqíhu vkSfy;k] ckck iQjhn] cf[r;kj dkiQh] 'ks[k cqjgkuqíhu xjhcA
l lqgjkonhZ flyflyk dh 'kq:vkr 'ks[k f'kgkcqíhu mej lqgjkonhZ us dh] ogha 'ks[k tdkfj;k us bldk lqn`<+ lapkyu fd;kA
& izeq[k lqgjkonhZ lar& cqjgku] tykyqíhu rcjhth] lS;n lq[kZ tks'kA
l lÙkkjh flyflyk dh LFkkiuk 'ks[k vCnqy lÙkkjh us dhA
l dknjh flyflyk& lS;n vCnqy dkfnj (uknkn)] Hkkjr eas eqgEEkn xkSl }kjk izlkjA
& eqxy'kkld jktdqekj nkjk dkfnjh flyflyk ds eqYYkk'kkg dk f'k"; FkkA
l uD'kcanh flyflyk& [oktk mcsnqYYkk (Hkkjr eas bldk izlkj 'ks[k vgen ^ljfgUnh* tks vdcj ds ledkyhu Fks] us fd;kA)
l fiQjnkSlh flyflyk ('ks[k 'kjhiQmíhu ;kg~;k) iVuk eas izfl¼ gqvkA
(57)
;s Jh Ñ".k HkDr
vuq;k;h FksA (gjs jke]
gjs Ñ".kk* ea=k rFkk jk/k&Ñ".k
dh iwtk dks yksdfiz; cuk;k)
caxky] mM+hlk budk lans'k
eas oS".kookn dks fo".kq ;k Ñ".k dh
bUgkasus HkfDr c<+kok fn;k {ks=k& vle HkfDr ij dsfUnzr (ysfdu
eas ^dhrZu* dh Ñ".kewfrZ iwtk dk
'kq:vkr dh fojks/ fd;k)
pSrU; Lokeh ^Hkvksuk* dh
(pSrU; egkizHkq) 'kadjnso 'kq:vkr
vU; uke (15oha lnh)
^xkSjkax*] Hkvksuk dk
^fo'oaHkj* dF; ikSjkf.kd
^xqfMd oS".kookn* HkfDr dFkkvkas ij
ds izpkjd vkUnksyu ^l=kh;* 'kkL=kh;
u`R; dh 'kq:vkrA vk/kfjr
izeq[k lar
Kkunso] ukenso jkenkl
vkSj rqdkjke ojdjh laiznk;
(foV~By)
ejkBk 'kkld ijekFk laiznk;
{ks=k f'kokth ds xq:
egkjk"Vª
bls îa<+jiqj
vkanksyu* ^nklcks/* iqLrd
eq[; nsork
Hkh dgrs gSa fy[kh
fcBksok
(Ñ".k ds vorkj)
nf{k.k Hkkjr eas oS".koer vU; izeq[k lar ,oa laiznk;
jkekuqtkpk;Z fof'k"Vk}Srokn Jh laiznk; paMhnkl & ckmy laiznk;
ek/okpk;Z }Srokn czã laiznk; t;uky & fc'uqbZ laiznk;
fo".kqLokeh 'kq¼}Srokn :nz laiznk; iqjanjnkl & nkldwV laiznk;
nknw n;ky & fui[k laiznk;

fuEckdkZpk;Z }Srk}Srokn ludkfn laiznk;
jkekuan & jkekor laiznk;
txthou lkgc & lrukeh laiznk;
(58)
flD[k /keZ ^mnklh* uked
flD[k /eZ
ds laLFkkid /eZ izpkjd
;k=kk dk izkjaHk
fladnj yksnh ,ds'ojokn
ds le; flD[k vkSj fuxqZu czã
/eZ dh LFkkiuk xq:ukud nso mikluk ij cy
^xq: dk yaxj* ^lcn*] ^tith

dh 'kq:vkr lkfgc* uked
jpuk,¡ fy[kh
1469 eas rycaMh ;s ckcj] e`R;q Msjkckck]

(uudkuk lkfgc) gqek;wa ds djrkjiqj]
eas tUe ledkyhu FksA (1539 bZ-)
xq: vejnkl (1552&1574)& xq: vaxn nso (yguk) (1539&1552 bZ-)

^vkuandkjt*] ^you* uked & xq:eq[kh fyfi ds tud]
fookg i¼fr 'kq:] /kfeZd & LFkkuh; Hkk"kk eas xq:ukud
lkezkT;kas dks 22 xfí;kas ds mins'kkas dk ladYku
eas ckaVk
xq: jkenkl (1574&1581)& xq: xksfoan flag (1675&1708)
ve`rlj dh LFkkiuk (vdcj & 13 vizSy] 1699 dks vkuaniqj lkfgc
us tehu nh Fkh)] xq:in dks (iVuk) eas tUeA
iSr`d cuk;kA & ikgqy] flag ,ao dkSj dh izFkk ikap
djkj vfuok;Z
xq: vtqZu nso (1581&1606)& vU; izeq[k budh jpuk,a& tiQjukek] fofp=kukVd]
vkfn xzaFk ladfyr] njckj lkfgc flD[k xq: paMh nh ckj
dh LFkkiuk] rju& rkju ,oa ,oa ;ksxnku & cgknqj'kkg ls laf/ dh rFkk ^fueZy*
djrkjiqj uxj dh LFkkiuk] inoh dh LFkkiukA
eqxy 'kkld [kqljks dh lgk;rk
xq: gjxksfoan (1606&1644) & xq: rsx cgkqnj (1664&1675)

vdky r[r] dhjriqj uxj LFkkiuk] & vkuaniqj lkfgc dh LFkkiuk] bLyke
flD[kkas dk yM+kdw tkfr eas :ikraj.k] u Lohdkj djus ij vkSjaxtsc }kjk e`R;qnaM
ykSgx<+ fdys dk fuekZ.k ('kh'kxat vHkh ;gk¡ xq:}kjk gSA)
uksV xq: gjjk; (1644&1661) xq: gjfd'ku (1661&1664)

& nkjk f'kdksg dk leFkZu & ^cky xq:* miuke] psrd ls e`R;q
26 fnlacj & ôhj cky fnol*
(59)
eqxy
lkezkT;
LFkkiuk ckcj (1526 bZ-)
ckcj eqxy rqdZ ,oa lqUUkh eqlyeku Fks
ckcj dk (1526& 1530)
;ksxnku & fir` i{k ls rSewj oa'kt
& ekr` i{k ls paxst [kka dk oa'kt
Ÿ vkxjk eas T;kferh; fof/ ls ckx (uwjs & ^rqtqd ,&ckckjh* (vkRedFkk] rqdhZ Hkk"kk)
viQxku) yxk;kA & ^pxrkbZ oa'k* dh uhao j[kh
Ÿ ^xt&,&ckcjh* uked iSekukA & 1504 bZ- eas dkcqy ij vf/dkj
Ÿ dkO; laxzg ^nhoku* (rqdhZ Hkk"kk) & 11 o"kZ dh vk;q eas (1494 bZ-) eas
Ÿ êqcb;ku* uked i| 'kSyh dk fodkl iQjxuk dh xn~nh ij cSBk
Ÿ rksi[kkus dk iz;ksx Hkkjr eas 'kq: gqvkA & 1507 eas îkn'kkg* dh mikf/ /kj.k]
blds igys ^fetkZ* dh mikf/
& iq=k& gqek;wa] dkejku] vldjh rFkk fgaMky
ckcj laca/kh vU;
tkudkfj;ka
ckcj }kjk yM+s x, fojks/kh rF;
1- ckcj dks Hkkjr ij vkØe.k dk
;q¼
fuea=k.k vkyek [kk¡] fnykoj [kk¡] vkSj
jk.kk lkaxk us fn;kA ikuhir 21 vizSy] bczkfge yksnh rqyxqek ;q¼ i¼fr
2- Hkkjr ij ckcj dk igyk vkØe.k
dk izFke 1526 (mTcsd) ,oa rksi dk iz;ksx
(1519 bZ- cktkSj ij)
3- 1530 eas vkxjk eas e`R;q (igys vkxjk ;q¼
ds vkjkeckx] fiQj dkcqy eas [kkuok 17 ekpZ] jk.kk lkaxk ^ftgkn* dk ukjk] ^rexk*
niQuk;k x;kA) 1527 dj lekIr] ^xkth* mikf/
4- ^dyanj* dh mikf/ (mnkjrk ds fy,) pansjh 29 tuojh] esnuh jk; (ekyok
5- caxky 'kkld uqljr'kkg us ckcj ls laf/
dh FkhA 1528 dk jktiwr 'kkld)
?kk?kjk 6 ebZ] viQxku ckcj dk vafre ;q¼
1529
uksV
1- rqtqd&,&ckcjh ds vuqlkj jk.kk lkaxk] Ñ".knso jk;
(lcls 'kfDr'kkyh 'kkld) nks fgUnw jkT; FksA
2- rqtqd&,&ckcjh (ckcjukek) dk rqdhZ ls iQkjlh
eas vuqokn vCnqy jghe [kku[kkuk us fd;kA
3- mLrkn vyh] eqLriQk] ckcj ds izfl¼ fu'kkusckt FksA
(60)
eqxy
lkezkT;
gqek;wa
(1530&1556 bZ-)
& ;g 1530 eas vkxjk eas 23 o"kZ vk;q eas xn~nh ij 'ksj'kkg lwjh
cSBk (blds igys cn['kka dk lwcsnkj FkkA) (1540&1545)
& viQxku oa'k
& 1533 nhuiukg uxj dh LFkkiuk & cpiu dk uke&iQjhn
& ^gqek;waukek* dh jpuk xqycnu csxe us dhA & firk& tkSuiqj eas lklkjke ds tehankj
& gqek;wa dk edcjk& (1570 esa gkth csxe ds & eqgEEkn cgkj [kk¡ yksgkuh }kjk ^'ksj [kk¡* dh mikf/
funsZ'ku eas ehjd fetkZ X;kl }kjk fufeZrA Hkkjrh; & fcyxzke ;q¼ ds ckn mÙkj Hkkjr eas ^lwjoa'k
miegk}hi dk igyk m|ku edcjk] eqxykas dk vFkok f}rh; viQxku lkezkT;* dh LFkkiuk
MkSjfeV~jh] pkj ckx 'kSyh eas fufeZr ;wusLdks ds & ^jksgrklx<+ dk fdyk*] ^fdyk&,&dqguk* efLTkn
(fnYYkh) cuk;k
oYMZ gsfjVst eas 1993 eas 'kkfey) & dkfyatj vfHk;ku ds nkSjku ^mDdk* uked 'ksj'kkg
& tuojh 1556 eas nhuiukg fLFkr iqLrdky; dh vkXus; pykrs oDr 22 ebZ] 1945 dks iz'kklu
lhf<+;kas ls fxjdj ekSr e`R;q
& bfrgkl ysuiwy& ^gqek;wa fxjrs&iM+rs thou ls
eqDr gks x;k tSls reke ftanxh og fxjrs&iM+rs Ÿ ^fldanj xt*] ^lu dh MaMh*
pyrk Fkk* dk iz;ksx
Ÿ 178 xzsu pkanh dk ^:i;k*] 380
& gqek;wa T;ksfr"k eas fo'okl j[krk Fkk (lkrkas fnu 7 xzsu rkacs dk ^nke*
jax ds diM+s iguus dk fu;e) Ÿ vkcokc& LFkkuh; vk; dks dgrs
& ledkyhu xqtjkr 'kkld cgknqj'kkg FkkA gqek;wa FksA
Ÿ tjhc& eki dh bdkbZ gsrq iz;ksx
,oa cgknqj'kkg ds chp 1535 eas ;q¼ gqvk FkkA
Ÿ pkS/jh] eqdíe& eqf[k;k FksA
gqek;wa ds izeq[k ;q¼ fojks/h vU; rF; pkj lM+dkas dk fuekZ.k

nsojk (1531) fd;k
1- lksukjxk¡o ls vVd rd
pkSlk 'ksj [kk¡ ('ksj'kkg & 'ksj [kka fot;h jgk rFkk ^'ksj'kkg* dh (xzSaM Vªad jksM+)
(25 twu] 1539) lwjh) inoh yh 2- vkxjk ls cqjgkuiqj rd
3- vkxjk ls fpÙkkSM+ rd
fcyxzke (dUUkkSt) 'ksj'kkg & 'ksj'kkg us fnYYkh] vkxjk ij Hkh dCtk 4- ykgkSj ls eqYrku rd
(17 ebZ] 1540) dj fy;kA gqek;wa bZjku pyk x;kA
ljfgUn (1555) fladnj
& iatkc 'kkld dks gjk fnYYkh ij iqu%
dCtk fd;k
ePNhokjk (ebZ] 1555) viQxku ljnkj & laiw.kZ iatkc ij eqxykas dk vf/dkj
(61)
eqxy
lkezkT;
vdcj (1556&1605)
vdcj (1556&1605)
jkT;kfHk"ksd 14 iQjojh] 1556
1542 eas vejdksV ds jk.kk dks dykukSj eas (tykyqíhu
ohjlky ds egy eas tUe dqN izeq[k dk;Z&
eqgEEkn vdcj ckn'kkgh & lrh izFkk ij jksd ds iz;kl
xkth) uke ls & fo/ok fookg dks dkuwuh ekU;rk
lqyg&,&dqy dh uhfr pykbZ
laj{kd cSje [kk¡ & 'kknh gsrq yM+ds (16)] yM+dh (14)
1564 esa vdcj ds lcls egku eqx y 'kkld
(^[kku&,&[kkuk* vk;q dk fu/kZj.kA vdcj us yM+fd;ksa
le; igyk fonzksg mikf/) dks viuh ilan ls 'kknh djus dh
mtcsdkas us fd;k îsVhdksV 'kklu* (1560&62)
&ekge vuxk }kjk eqxy vuqefr nh FkhA
vdcj ds ukS& jRu& vcqy & vuqokn foHkkx dk xBu
nloar] vCnqy len] 'kklu eas eq[; Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZ xbZA iQty] iQS t h] ohjcy] & fp=kdkjh gsrq vyx foHkkx
clkou vdcj ds
rkulsu] vCnqjZghe [kku[kkuk]
njckjh fp=kdkj Fks & ^bcknr[kkuk* (iQrsgiqj lhdjh) ,d
>jks[kk n'kZu] rqyknku] VksMjey] jktk ekuflag]
ik;cksl tSlh ikjlh eqYYkk nks I;ktk] gdhe /eZlaln Fkh]
1584 esa ^bykgh laor~* ijaijkvkas dks 'kq: gqekeA & vdcj dh jktiwr uhfr neu ,oa
'kq: fd;kA fd;kA le>kSrs (fookg] tkxhj) ij vk/kfjr
tSu xq: gfjfot; lwfj FkhA
vdcj }kjk fy, & vdcj ds êtgjukek* (1579) dk
dks ^txrxq:*] rFkk x, egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ;
ftupanz lwjh dks elkSnk 'ks[k eqckjd us rS;kj fd;kA &
^;qx iz/ku* dh gjeny ls eqfDr] nklizFkk dk var & 1562 foUlsV fLeFk us etgjukek dks
mikf/ nhA rhFkZ ;k=kk dj lekfIr & 1563 ^veks?kRo dk vkns'k* dgk gSA
tft;k dj lekIr & 1564
jkt/kuh vkxjk ls iQrsgiqj lhdjh gLrkarfjr & 1571
bcknr[kkuk & 1575
bcknr[kkuk eas vU; yksxkas dks vuqefr & 1578
egtj ?kks"k.kk & 1579
nhu&,&bykgh dh LFkkiuk & 1582
jkt/kuh dk ykgkSj LFkkukarj.k & 1585
& vdcj ds njckj eas ,dkchok vkSj ekaslsjkB tSls bZlkbZ fo}ku vk, FksA
& vdcj fl[k xq: vejnkl ,oa jkenkl ls feyk FkkA
& LFkkiR; fuekZ.k& vkxjk dk fdyk] iQrsgiqj fldjh eas nhokus [kkl]
iapegy] cqyan njoktk] bykgkckn dk fdyk] ykgkSj dk fdykA
& ^vdcjukek* dks vcqyiQty us fy[kk gSA
& vdcj us rkulsu dks ^fe;ka* rFkk ^daBk Hkj.k okf.kfoykl* dh mikf/ nh FkhA
(62)
tUe& iQrsgiqj lhdjh
eqxy
lkezkT;
lwiQh lar lyhe fp'rh
ds uke ij ^lyhe* uke
rqtqd&,&tgk¡xhjh (vkRedFkk) tgkaxhj

dks ekSrfcan [kakus us iwjk fd;kA (1605&1627 bZ-)
uwjtgk¡ 'kkgtgk¡
Û;k; dh tathj* ;k Û;k;
dk ?kaVk* (vkxjk eas) yxk;kA (1627&1657)
& fetkZ X;klcsx dh iq=kh
& okLrfod uke esg:fuLlk
& blds iq=k [kqljks us 1606 eas fonzksg fd;k & 1611 eas tgkaxhj ls fookg & ekrk& txr xkslkbZ
(HkSjkoy dk ;q¼) & tgkaxhj }kjk ûwjegy*] ûwjtgk¡* & vU; uke [kqjZe
& [kqljks dh lgk;rk djus ds dkj.k 5oas fl[k dh mikf/ nhA & iQjojh] 1628 dks
xq# vtqZunso dks tgk¡xhj us ejok fn;kA & uwjtgka dh eka vLer csxe us vkxjk eas jkT;fHk"ksd
& vU; iq=k ^[kqjZe* dks ^'kkgtgk¡* dh mikf/ ^xqykc ls b=k* fudkyus dh fof/ [kksthA (vcq y eq t ÝiQj
tgkaxhj us nh FkhA & ^brekn&mn&nkSyk dk edcjk* 'kgkcq í hu eq g EEkn
& tgk¡xhj ds fp=kdkj& mLrkn ealwj] euksgj] uwjtgk¡ us 1626 esa cuok;kA lkfgc fdju&lkuh
iQk:[k csx] vcqy glu] vkxk jtk] bleas liQsn laxejej dk mi;ksx] mikf/)
fo'kunkl vkfnA firjk nqjk dk tM+km dke gqvk gS & vkliQ [kk¡ dks
& tgkaxhj }kjk vkxjk eas ^fp=k.k'kkyk* & ^tqUrk xqV* uwjtgka ls lacaf/r FkkA êgkor* dh mikf/
(vkxk jtk ds funsZ'ku eas) dh LFkkiukA nh
& tgakxhj fp=kdyk eas ikjaxr Fkk rFkk bldk
dky ^fp=kdyk dk Lo.kZ;qx* dgykrk gSA
& dkS'kkach LraHk* ij tgk¡xhj dk ys[k] leqnzxqIr
dk îz;kx iz'kfLr* mRdh.kZ gSaA & ;equk ds nkfgus rV ij ^'kkgtgk¡ukckn* dh uhao
& tgkaxhj ds le; fons'kh ;k=kh& dSIVu (vkxjk ls fnYYkh jkt/kuh gsrq)
gkWfdal (izFke)] ,MoMZ VSjh] & yky [kk¡ dks ^xq.k leqanj* rFkk txUUkkFk dks
lj VkWel jks] fofy;e fiQap êgkdfojk;* dh mikf/ nhA
& tgkaxhj dks 'kgknjk (ykgkSj) eas & blds csVkas (vkSjaxtsc] nkjk f'kdksg] 'kwtk) ds
niQuk;k x;k gSA chp mÙkjkf/dkj dk ;q¼ gqvkA
& tudY;k.k gsrq 12 vkns'k ('kjkc
fcØh can] xq:okj ,oa jfookj dks & 'kkgtgk¡ dk igyk lSU; vH;kl cqansykas ds f[kykiQ Fkk
i'kq gR;k ij jksd] ,sEEkk uked Hkwfe & pgkj rLyhe vkSj tehucksl izFkk 'kkgtgk¡ ls lacaf/r gSA
izek.khdj vkfn) & eqerkt egy dh ;kn eas rktegy cuk;kA (:ijs[kk& mLrkn bZ'kk]
& 1613 eas vaxzstkas dks lwjr eas iQSDVªh fuekZrk& mLrkn vgen ykgkSjh)
yxkus dh vuqefr nh & e;wjflagklu dk fuekZrk
& LFkkiR; dk Lo.kZ;qx%& 1- fnYYkh eas&yky fdyk] nhokus vke] nhokus
[kkl] tkek efLtnA
2- vkxjk eas& eksrh efLtn] rktegy ykgkSj
eas&'kh'k egy
& fp=kdkj& eqgEEkn iQdhj] ehj gkfle
& laLÑr fo}ku& oa'kh/j feJ] gfjukjk;.k fe/z
(63)
eqxy
lkezkT;
lcls fo}ku eqxy 'kkld FkkA

^ljZ&,&vdcj* (egku jgL;) uke ls dkfnjh flyflys ds nkjk f'kdksg
mifu"knkas dk vuqokn djk;k eqYYkk 'kkg cn[lh (1615&59)
dk f'k"; vkSjaxtsc
Hkxorxhrk] ;ksxof'k"B] mifu"kn~ ,oa (1658&1707 bZ-)
jkek;.k dk iQkjlh eas vuqokn djk;k ^mnkjoknh eqfLye* tUe (1618 bZ-)
dgk x;k xqtjkr (nksgkn eas)
& blds le; cgknqjx<+
êTe my&cghu* (nks egklkxjkas dk ^'kkg cqyan bdcky* 21 tqykbZ] 1658 dks izFke
feyu) lwiQh ,oa osnkar fo"k; dk fonzksg tuojh]
miuke jkT;kfHk"ksd] 5 twu] 1659 dks 1658 eas rFkk [ktok
ij fy[kh
nwljh ckj jkT;kfHk"ksd rFkk dk ;q¼ tuojh] 1959
& 1655 eas 'kkgtgk¡ us bls ^Økmu fiazl* ^'kkgh ijos'k* dgyk;kA eas gqvkA
?kksf"kr fd;kA & 22 twu] 1665 dks
& ^?kjeV dk ;q¼* (15 vizSy] 1658)] & bls ftUnk ihj Hkh dgrs gSa
iq j a n j dh la f /
rFkk ^nsojkbZ dk ;q¼* (ekpZ] 1659) & blds le; lokZf/d fgUnw eulcnkj Fks
vkSjaxtsc ds lkFk mÙkjkf/dkj dks ysdj gqvkA (f'kokth ls)
& blds iq=k vdcj&A us fonzksg fd;k FkkA
& nkjk f'kdksg us viuk fuokZflr thou vyoj & dqjku dks 'kklu dk vk/kj cuk;kA
ds ^dadckMh fdys* eas fcrk;k FkkA & laxhr ij ikcanh
& oh.kk ctkus eas n{k FkkA & êqgrflc* uked /eZ
,oa lnkpkj vf/dkjh
& ^chch dk edcjk* vkSjaxkckn] 1679 dk fuekZ.k dh fu;qfDr dhA
& blds dky eas tkVkas dk fonzksg (1670] fryiV & tft;k dj 1979 eas
dk ;q¼ 1685] eas iqu% fonzksg) iqu% ykxw
& vkSjaxtsc ds dky eas pwjkeu us ^Hkjriqj jktoa'k* dh uhao Mkyh
eqxy
& ;g ^nk:y gcZ* (dkfiQjkas dk ns'k) dks ^nk:y bLyke* iz'kklu
(bLyke ns'k) eas cnyuk pkgrk FkkA
& lkewx<+ ;q¼ (1658) ds ckn vkSjaxtsc us ^vkyexhj* mikf/ vf/dkjh
/kj.k dh fotkjr & ea=kh@eaf=kifj"kn~
& vkSjaxtsc ds nf{k.k ds jkT;kas (xksydqaMk] 1687 rFkk chtkiqj] odhy & eqxy iz/kuea=kh
1686) dk foy; eqxy lkezkT; eas ehjc['kh & lSU; foHkkx dk izeq[k
ehj&,&lkek¡ & dkj[kkus dk izca/u
lnz&ml&lqnwj & /kfeZd ijke'kZnkrk
uksV fliglkykj & izkarh; xouZj
eqxy jktLo dh vo/kj.kk rqdhZ eaxksy ij iQkStnkj & ljdkj (ftyk) eas
vk/kfjr FkhA dkuwu&O;oLFkk cuk, j[kukA
(64)
vkfey@veyxqtkj& ftys dk eqxy
foÙk vf/dkjh (fdlkukas ls f'kdnkj&ijxuk
yxku olwyh) lkezkT;
(egky) eas
'kkafr O;oLFkk
cukuk
µ dkjdwu& jktLo ys[kk DydZ µ njksxk&,&Mkd pkSdh lwpuk
µ [kqr@eqdíe@pkS/jh& eqf[k;k ,oa xqIrpj eqxy
µ enn&,&ek'k& yxkughu Hkwfe µ ekonk@Mhg& xzke iz'kklu
µ ukxyk& xzkeh.k cfLr;ka
µ frjktrh& udnh iQly vU;
ijh{kki;ksxh rF;
µ jktLo fu/kZj.k dh i¼fr;ka &
tLrh ;k ng'kkyk iz.kkyh] c¡VkbZ] & eqxy dky eas xksok] HkM+kSp] eNyhiV~Vue
xYYkk] c['kh] dkudwr] uLdA tgkt fuekZ.k dsUnz FksA
µ [kqndk'r ([kqn dh tehu ij [ksrh)] & lwrh oL=k m|ksx mUUkr voLFkk eas FkkA
ikghdk'r (c¡VkbZnkj)] eqtkfj;ku rFkk bl ij 'kkld dk iw.kZ fu;a=k.k FkkA
(Ñf"k Jfed) Ñ"kd oxZ FkkA & O;kikjh oxZ & lsB] cksgjk] eksnh okfud] catkjk
& vdcjdkyhu LFkkiR; dyk Hkkjrh; ,oa bZjkuh
'kSfy;kas dk lqanj leUo;u n'kkZrh gSA
& nkLrku&,&vehj&gEtk (gEtkuek) vdcj
ds le; fp=kkafdr gqvk FkkA
& pkanuh pkSd (fnYYkh) dh :ijs[kk
tgk¡vkjk ('kkgtgk¡ dh csVh) us rS;kj dhA eulcnkjh
& cSrqy&my&mywe (iqLrdky;) O;oLFkk
dks tscqfuLlk (vkSjaxtsc dh csVh) us LFkkfir fd;kA
& enjlk&,&csxe (fnYYkh) dh
LFkkiuk ekge vuxk us dh FkhA
& njckjh bfrgkl fy[kokus dh & vdcj us vius 'kklu ds 11oas o"kZ ykxw fd;kA
izFkk vdcj us 'kq: dhA & ;g êaxksykas dh n'keyo i¼fr ij* vk/kfjr FkhA
& [kkdk& Hkou cukus dk uD'kk & bleas tkr ,oa lokj dh }S/ O;oLFkk ykxw FkhA
& ;g eqxy lSU; O;OkLFkk dk vk/kj FkkA
& eulcnkj (10&500 eulc)
& mejk (500&2500 eulc)
& vehj&,&vkue (2500 ls mQij)
ng'kkyk iz.kkyh
uksV & VksMjey }kjk 1579 eas ykxw
ckcj (dkcqy) & bleas Hkw&jktLo mRIkkndrk ,oa dherkas
tgk¡xhj (ykgkSj) ij vk/kfjr FkhA
cgknqj 'kkg tiQj (jaxwu) dk edcjk
Hkkjr ls ckgj gSA
(65)
eqxy
lkezkT;
eqxy
iz'kklu
vdcj ds egÙoiw.kZ lSU; vfHk;ku

{ks=k le; ijkftr 'kkld usr`RodrkZ
ekyok 1561 bZ- cktcgknqj v/e [kku] ihj eqgEen [kka
pqukj 1561 bZ- vkliQ [kk¡
xks.Mokuk 1564 bZ- ohj ukjk;.k (jkuh nqxkZorh lajf{kdk Fkh) vkliQ [kk¡
vkesj 1562 bZ- Hkkjey us LosPNk ls v/hurk Lohdkjh
esokM+ 1567 bZ- mn; flag vdcj
j.kFkEHkkSj 1569 bZ- lqjtu jk; Hkxoku nkl ,oa vdcj
dkfyUtj 1569 bZ- jkepUnz etwu [kk¡
xqtjkr 1572 bZ- eqtÝiQj [kk¡&AAA [kkus vkte (fetkZ vtht dksdk)
xqtjkr 1573 bZ- fetkZ gqlSu fetkZ dk fonzksg vdcj (fLeFk us bls bfrgkl
(f}rh; dk lokZf/d nqzrxkeh vkØe.k
vkØe.k) dgk gSA)
caxky ,oa 1574&76 bZ- nkmn [kk¡ equhe [kk¡
gYnh?kkVh ;q¼ 1576 bZ- egkjk.kk izrki vkliQ [kk¡] ekuflag
dkcqy 1581 bZ- gdhe fetkZ ekuflag ,oa vdcj
d'ehj 1586 bZ- ;wlwiQ [kk¡] ;kdwr [kk¡ dkfle [kk¡ vkSj Hkxoku nkl
flU/ 1591 bZ- tkuh csx vCnqjZghe [kku [kkuk
mM+hlk 1590&91 bZ- fulkj [kk¡ ekuflag
cywfpLrku 1595 bZ- iUUkh viQxku ehj eklwe
vgen uxj 1595 bZ- cgknqj futke 'kkg (pk¡n chch lajf{kdk) 'kkgtknk eqjkn] vCnqjghe [kku[kkukA
[kkuns'k 1600 bZ- vyh [kk¡
vlhjx<+ 1601 bZ- ehj cgknqj vdcj dh vafre fot;
(66)
eqxy
iz'kklu
vkSjaxtsc dkyhu izeq[k fonzksg

fonzksg dkj.k
cqUnsyk fonzksg (1661 bZ-) vksjNk ds 'kkld pEirjk; ds usr`Ro eas foæksg
viQxku fonzksg (mÙkj&if'pe mís'; & î`Fkd~ viQxku jkT; dh LFkkiuk*
lhekar {ks=k 1667 bZ-) (Hkkxw ds usr`Ro eas)
tkV fonzksg (1669 bZ-) vkSjaxtsc ds le; dk igyk laxfBr fonzksg
(fdlku ,oa Hkwfe ds eqn~ns ij)
lrukeh fonzksg (ukjukSy eFkqjk) usr`RodrkZ& chjeku
fl[k fonzksg (1675 bZ-) mís';& /kfeZd dkj.k (,dek=k /kfeZd fonzksg)
vaxzstkas dk fonzksg (1686 bZ-) vaxzstkas dks gqxyh ls ckgj [knsM+ fn;k x;kA
jktiwr fonzksg (1679&1709 bZ-) mÙkjkf/dkj ds fo"k; ij
vdcj&AA dk fonzksg (1681 bZ-) esokM+ ,oa ekjokM+ dh lgk;rk ls 11 tuojh]
1681 eas Lo;a dks ckn'kkg ?kksf"kr fd;kA
eqxydky ds mPPkkf/kdkjh
izeq[k vf/dkjh foHkkx
ehj&vfr'k 'kkgh rksi[kkus dk iz/kuA
nhoku&,&ru osru vkSj tkxhjkas ls lacaf/r ekeykas dk fuiVkjkA
njksxk&,&Mkd pkSdh xqIrpj foHkkx dk izeq[k] i=k O;ogkj dk izHkkjh
ehj&,&vtZ ckn'kkg ds ikl Hksts tkus okys vkosnu&i=kkas dk izHkkjh
ehj&,&cgj ukS&lsuk dk iz/ku
ehj&,&rqtqd /ekZuq"Bku dk vf/dkjh
ehj&,&cjZ ou&foHkkx dk v/h{kd
ukftj&,& c;wrkr (;k nhoku&,&c;wrku) 'kkgh dkj[kkukas dk v/h{kd
okfd;k&uohl lekpkj ys[kd
[kqfiQ;k&uohl xqIr Ik=k&ys[kd
gjdkjk tklwl vkSj lUns'k okgd
eq'kfjZiQ (ys[kkf/dkjh) jkT; ds vk;&O;; dk ys[kk&tks[kk
eqLrkSiQh (ys[kk ijh{kd) eq'kfjZiQ ds dk;ks± dh tkap
eqln~nh canjxkgkas ds iz'kklu dh ns[kHkky
(67)
eqxy
iz'kklu
eqxydkyhu
flDds
flDdk lacaf/kr fooj.k
eqgj vdcj }kjk tkjh lksus dk flDdkA ;g eqxydky dk lcls vf/d

izpfyr flDdk FkkA
'kalc vdcj }kjk pyk;k x;k lcls cM+k lksus dk flDdk
bykgh vdcj }kjk pyk;k x;k lksus dk xksykdkj flDdk
:i;k 'kq¼ pk¡nh dk flDdk ('ksj'kkg }kjk izofrZr)

tykyh pk¡nh dk oxkZdkj ;k pkSdksj flDdk FkkA
nke vdcj }kjk pyk;k x;k rk¡cs dk flDdk Fkk] tks (:i;k* ds 40oas
Hkkx ds cjkcj) nSfud ysu&nsu eas bldk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA
thry rk¡cs dk lcls NksVk flDdk bls îqQYkwl* ;k îSlk* dgk tkrk FkkA
fulkj tgk¡xhj }kjk pyk;k x;k rk¡cs dk flDdk
vkuk NksVs ewY; dk pk¡nh dk flDdk (izkjaHk& 'kkgtgk¡)
eki dh bdkbZ
fldUnjh xt & 32 bat

bykgh xt & 33 bat
(68)
eqxy
iz'kklu
eqxydkyhu
jpuk,¡
jpuk Hkk"kk jpukdkj

rqtqd&,&ckcjh (ckcjukek) rqdhZ ckcj (vkRedFkk)
gqek;w¡ukek iQkjlh xqycnu csxe
rkjh[k&,&vYiQh iQkjlh eqYYkk nkmQn
vdcjukek iQkjlh vcqy iQty
rcdkrs&vdcjh iQkjlh futkeqn~nhu vgen
eqUr[kc&my& rokjh[k iQkjlh vCnqy dkfnj cnk;w¡uh
rqtqds&tgk¡xhjh iQkjlh tgk¡xhj] ekSrfen [kk¡
bdckyukek&,&tgk¡xhjh iQkjlh ekSrfen [kk¡
ikn'kkgukek iQkjlh vCnqy gehn ykgkSjh (eksgEEkn okfjl us iwjk
fd;k)
'kkgtgk¡ukek iQkjlh buk;r [kk¡
vkyexhjukek iQkjlh dkfte 'khjkth
iqQrwgkr&,&vkyexhjh iQkjlh bZ'ojnkl ukxj
eqUr[kc&my&yqcko iQkjlh [kiQh [kk¡
uqL[kk&,&fnydq'kk¡ iQkjlh Hkhelsu lDlsuk
[kqyklr&mr&rokjh[k iQkjlh lqtkujk; Hk.Mkjh
eTe&my&rokjh[k iQkjlh nkjk f'kdksg
eqxydky eas vk, fons'kh ;k=h
fons'kh ;k=kh eqxy 'kkld

jkYiQ fiQp (baXySaM) vdcj
lj VkWel jks o dSIVu gkWfdUl (baXySaM) tgk¡xhj
izQkafll cfuZ;j (izaQkfllh) 'kkgtgk¡
ihVj eqaMh (bVyh) 'kkgtgk¡
fudksykvkseuwph (bVyh) 'kkgtgk¡
VªSofuZ;j (izQkafllh) 'kkgtgk¡
(69)
f'kousj ds fdys eas 1627
ejkBkas dk mn~Hko vkSjaxtsc eas tUe (1680 eas e`R;q)
ds dky dh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA jkt/kuh & ^jk;x<+*
(1665)
1678 eas ^ftath dk fdyk* 1674 eas jk;x<+ eas

thrkA (vafre fot;) jkT;kfHk"ksd (dk'kh fo}ku
ejkBk xaxkHkV~V) ;gha ij
jkT; ^N=kifr* dh mikf/ yhA
pkSFk] (1@4) ,oa ljns'keq[kh
(1@10) uked dj yxk;s
1657 eas vgenuxj] tqÂkj
f'kokth ij ^/kjdjh laiznk;*
f'kokth ij vkØe.k ds le;
ds xq: jkenkl dk vkSjaxtsc dk lkeuk fd;k
vR;f/d izHkko FkkA
1664] 1670 eas
lwjr dks ywVkA
1659 eas chtkiqj iqjanj dh laf/ (1665)

ls ;q¼ t; flag vkSj f'kokth ds
^fgUno /eksZ¼kjd*] eè; (bl laf/ ds le;
^xkSczkã.k izfrikyd* êuqph* Hkh FkkA)
dh mikf/
fejklnkj & tehankj

ikfVy ;k iVsy& xzke dk eqf[k;k ns'kik.Ms& ftykf/dkjh
dqyd.khZ & Hkwfe dk ys[kk&tks[kk Lojkt] eqxykbZ& izkarkas dh Jsf.k;k¡

djus okys (Lojkt f'kokth ds izR;{k fu;a=k.k]
izeq[k iz'kklfud eqxykbZ f'kokth }kjk thrs x, {ks=k
ekeyrnkj & ftys eas is'kok ds izfrfuf/ 'kCnkoyh tks eqxykas ds vèkhu FksA)
ns'keq[k & ekeynkj ds mQij fu;a=k.k lcuhl& ukxfjd vkSj jktLo

(ijxuk dk izeq[k) ekStk& xk¡o iz'kklu ns[krk FkkA
(70)
is'kok (iz/kuea=kh) okd;kuohl& lwpuk ,oa
xqIrpj foHkkx dk vè;{k
lj&,&ukSor& lsukifr]
?kqM+lokj lsuk dk iz/ku
v"Viz/kku fpVful ;k 'kq:uohl&
jktdh; i=k O;ogkj
U;k;k/h'k&
vekR;& jktLo ea=kh eq[; U;k;kf/dkjh
lqear& fons'k ea=kh
'kaHkkth f'kokth f}rh;

vkSjaxtsc ds iq=k 'kgtknk vdcj dks & eka rkjkckbZ ds dky eas pkj o"kZ dh
laj{k.k fn;k] vkSjaxtsc ls ;q¼ mez eas xn~nh ij cSBkA
& rkjkckbZ ds le; ejkBkas dk iqu:RFkku gqvk
& [ksM+k dh yM+kbZ (rkjkckbZ&'kkg) 1707
1739 eas clhu dk ;q¼ eas ckthjko&A iky[ksM+k dk ;q¼& ekpZ] 1728
us iqrZxkfy;kas ls lkylsV rFkk (ckthjko izFke ,oa
clhu Nhu fy;kA futkeqy eqYd ds chp)
vU; ijh{kki;ksxh
f'kokth us ^dkasd.k fot;* ds tkudkjh fnYYkh ij vkØe.k djus okyk izFke
ckn ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ukSlsuk rS;kj dhA is'kok ckthjko&A (ekpZ 1737)
(ml le; eqgEEkn'kkg eqxy 'kkld FkkA)
ikuhir dk rhljk ;q¼ ckykth
ckthjko (ukuk lkgsc) ds le; gqvkA ukuk iQM+uohl (ckykth tuknZu Hkkuq)
dks êjkBkas dk eSfd;kfoys* dgk tkrk gSA
lgk;d laf/ Lohdkjus okyk
izFke ejkBk ljnkj ckthjko&AA FkkA
ejkBksa ds rksi[kkus dk usr`Ro bczkfge [kku xnhZ dj jgk FkkA
^lnkf'ko jko Hkkm* ejkBkas jktiwr ,oa flD[kkas us

dk usr`Ro dj jgk FkkA ejkBkas dk lkFk ugha fn;k FkkA
ikuhir dk
viQxku 'kkld ^vgen'kkg vCnkyh* rhljk ;q¼ bl ;q¼ eas nksvkc ds jksfgYYkk
(vgen'kkg ^nqjkZuh*) fotsrk jgk o viQxku rFkk vo/ ds uokc 'kqtkmíkSyk
ejkBksa dh gkj gqbZA us vCnkyh dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA
(71)
vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ r`rh; (1817&19)& ejkBk 'kfDr
izFke (1775&82)&lkyckbZ laf/
lekIr] lrkjk jkT; dk xBu
f}rh; (1803&05)& 1- nsoxkao dh laf/&

Hkksalys] 2- 'kqjath vtZu laf/ &flaf/;k]
3- jktiqj ?kkV laf/& gksYdj ds lkFk dh xbZA
^ve`rlj dh laf/* j.kthr flag (1792&1839)

j.kthr flag vkSj pkYlZ lqdjpfd;k fely ds FksA caxl& iBku jkT;
esVdkWiQ ds chp vizSÇ] buds le; ykgkS j (jktuhfrd) (iQ:Z[kkckn) eqgEEkn
1809 eas gqbZA rFkk ve` r lj (/kfeZ d ) jktèkkuh FkhA [kka }kjk LFkkfir
Lora=k :gsy[kaM ds laLFkkid
lvknr [kku ^cqjgku my eqYd* ^tkVkas dk viQykrqu* ohjnkmn] vyh eqgEEkn FksA
vo/ ds Lok;Ùk jkT; dk lwjtey dks dgrs gSA
laLFkkid FkkA (vo/ ds
vafre uokc okftn Lora=k dukVZd jkT; dh eqgEEkn'kkg ds le;
vyh'kkg (1847&1856) LFkkiuk lknrqY Ykk [kk¡ fpufdfyt [kk¡ us 1724 eas
us 1720 esa dh ^Lora=k gSnjkckn jkT;*
fpufdfyt [kk¡ (futke dh LFkkiuk dhA
my eqYd ^vkliQtkg*) vyhxkSgj ^'kkgvkye&AA* dh eqgEEkn'kkg ds le; gh
us 1724 eas gSnjkckn eas mikf/ ds lkFk xn~nh ij cSBkA ukfnj'kkg (bZjku dk usiksfy;u)
^vkliQ'kkgh oa'k* dh blds le; ikuhir dk rhljk tks lq v k dsV sy kj (Mp us 1738&39 eas
LFkkiuk dhA ;q¼ (1761) rFkk cDlj dk iz f rfuf/ eaM y) Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;kA
;q¼ (1764) gqvkA cgknq j'kkg ds njckj
eas o"kZ 1711 esa vk;kA vgen'kkg ds le;
cgknqj'kkg&AA (cgknqj 'kkg vgen'kkg vCnkyh us 5 ckj
tiQj) vafre eqxy lezkVA cgknqj'kkg izFke ('kkgs cs[kcj) Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;kA
1857 ds fonzksg eas 65 o"kZ dh vk;q eas
'kkfey] jaxwu eas 1862 eas e`R;qA xn~nh ij cSBkA
cgknqj'kkg us flD[k xq:
vdcj&AA us jke xksfoan flag ds lEeku eas vkSjaxtsc dh e`R;q ds nkSjku
eksgu jk; dks ^f[kyvr* vkSj mPPk eqxy lkezkT; eas dqy
^jktk* dh mikf/ dhA êulc* iznku fd,A 21 jkT; FksA
mÙkjorhZ eqxy
,oa vU; jkT; uksV
'kkgvkye&II (vyh xksgj) ds 'kkludky ds
le; izpfyr dFku gS fd ^bldk 'kklu
fnYyh ls ikye rd fleV x;k FkkA*
(72)
;wjksih; oaQifu;kas dk
;wjksih; daifu;ka Hkkjr vkxeu Øe
(iqrZxkyh Mp
daiuh LFkkiuk vaxzst Msfu'k
iqrZxkyh bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1498 bZ- izQkalhlh)
vaxzsth bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1600 bZ-
Mp bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1602 bZ-
MSfu'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1616 bZ-
izQkalhlh bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1664 bZ-
LohfM'k bZLV bafM;k daiuh 1731 bZ-
vk/kqfud Hkkjr
vYehMk
(1505&09)
ž izFke iqrZxkyh ok;ljk; iqrZxkyh
ž vYehMk us vtkuhok] fdYok
cslhu (dksfpu) eas fdys fufeZr fd, vYcqddZ
ž blus felz] rqdhZ vkSj csxM+k dh (1509&15)
lsuk ds lkFk la?k"kZ fd;k
ž ^Cyw okVj* ikWfylh ;k 'kkar
tÇ&uhfr (fgUn egklkxj eas
izHkqRo ds fy,) pykbZ ž;wjksih; daifu;kas eas iqrZxkyh lcls igys
Hkkjr vk, vkSj lcls ckn esa Hkkjr ls x,A
žokLdksfMxkek (1498] 1502) igyk iqrZxkyh]
ž nwljk iqrZxkyh ok;ljk; tks Hkkjr (dkyhdV) vk;k (vCnqy ethn
ž fgUnw efgykvkas ls fookg dh uhfr xqtjkrh iFk izn'kZd us enn dh)
ž 1510 eas chtkiqj ('kkld&;wlwiQ žnwljk ;k=kh& isVªks vYcs;lZ dSczy
vkfny'kkg) ls xksok Nhu fy;kA ž^,Lrknks n bafM;k* iqrZxkyh lkezkT; dks
ž Hkkjr eas iqrZxkyh 'kfDr dh dgrs FksA
okLrfod uhao j[kh žigyh O;kikfjd dksBh dksphu eas
žeqxy 'kkld vdcj us 1602 eas iqrZxkfy;kas ls
iqrZxkyh eq[;ky; dks lSU; lgk;rk gsrq ,d nwr xksok Hkstk FkkA
uhuks nk dqUgk žiqrZxkfy;kas us Hkkjr eas bZlkbZ /eZ dks c<+kus dh
dksfpu ls xksok ys x;k (1529)
caxky eas iqrZxkyh izHkko eas dksf'k'k dhA
o`f¼ dk iz;kl žiqrZxkyh xouZj vYiQkalks fMlwtk (1542&45 bZ-)
ds lkFk tslwbV îzQkaflLdks tsfo;j* Hkkjr vk;kA
žLFkkiR; eas ^xksfFkd 'kSyh* dk vkxeu gqvkA
vU; rF;%& l 1530 & iqrZxkfy;kas us xksok dks vius Hkkjrh; jkT; dh žiqrZxkyh eè; vesfjdk ls vkyw] eDdk Hkh
jkt/kuh cuk;kA Hkkjr yk,A
l 1535 & iqrZxkfy;kas us nho ij vf/dkj dj fn;k
žiqrZxkfy;kas us Hkkjr eas rEckdw dh [ksrh] tgkt
l 1612& Lokyh dk ;q¼ iqrZxkyh ,oa vaxzst ds chp fuekZ.k] fizfVax izsl dh 'kq:vkr dhA
(vaxzst vf/dkjh FkkWel csLV) ž^dkVZt* (vekMk dkfiQyk) O;oLFkk ds rgr
l 1661& iqrZxkyh ljdkj us fczVsu dks cEcbZ ngst ds iqrZxkyh tgktkas dks vuqefr i=k nsrs FksA
:i eas fn;kA
(73)
µ ;s gkWySaM ;k uhnjySaM ds
fuoklh Fks µ Mpkas us iqrZxkfy;kas dks gjk;k
µ igyk Mp ;k=kh gkmVeSu vkSj dksfPPk eas îQksVZ fofy;e*
1596 eas lqek=kk igqapk (1663) dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
µ M pkas dh igyh O;kikfjd dksBh µ ^dkVsZy O;OkLFkk* Mpkas ds O;kikj
1605 eas elwyhiV~Vue eas ls tqM+h FkhA
(nwljh iqyhdV)] 1616&lwjr easA µ csnkjk dk ;q¼ (1759) & Mpkas ,oa
µ iqyhdV eas Mp vius vaxzstkas ds chp] vaxzst thrs
^Lo.kZ&,&isxksM+k* (flDds)
<kyrs FksA MPk
µ fpulqjk ds Mp fdys
dks ^xqLrkoql iQksVZ*
dgk tkrk FkkA
µ Mp Hkkjr ls eq[;r%
lwrh oL=k dk O;kikj
vk/kqfud Hkkjr
djrs FksA
µ 1616 eas Hkkjr vk,

µ lhjeiqj eas mudk eq[;ky; FkkA Msfu'k
vk/qfud Hkkjr
µ Vªkadsckjs (ratkSj) eas 1620 eas igyh
iQSDVªh (nwljh&lhjeiqj caxky)
µ1 846 eas fczfV'k daiuh dks viuh Ýkalhlh
lHkh iQSfDVª;ka cspdj okil pys x,A
µ 1667 eas izQkafll dSjks ds usr`Ro eas ,d

vfHk;ku nÇ vk;k rFkk blds iz;kl ls dukZVd ;q¼
lwjr (1668) eas O;kikfjd dksBh LFkkfir (Ýkalhlh&vaxzst)
µ elwyhiV~Vue (1669) eas nwljh daiuh
µ izQkalhlh daiuh jkT; ds fu;a=k.k eas FkhA
izFke dukZVd ;q¼ (1746&48)
vk/qfud Hkkjr
µ izSaQdkas ekfVZu us ikWfMpsjh eas îQksVZ yqbZ*
dk fuekZ.k djk;kA (lasVFkkses dk ;q¼)
;g vkWfLVª;k ds mÙkjkf/dkj ;q¼
ls izHkkfor FkkA
1748 eas ^vkWDlk&yk&'kSiy*
laf/ ls vkWfLVª;kbZ dukZVd uokc vuo:íhu us rkRdkfyd dkj.k&
mÙkjkf/dkj ;q¼ lekfIr etiQwt [kka ds usr`Ro eas vaxzst dSIVu
ds lkFk gh izFke dukZVd izQkalhfl;kas ij vkØe.k gsrq cusZV }kjk izQkalhlh
;q¼ Hkh lekIr gqvkA Hkstk (izQkalhlh lsukifr dSIVu tgktkas ij vf/dkj]
iSjkMkbt) cnys eas MwIys }kjk
dkjokbZA
(74)
1687 eas vaxzstkas us bleas MwIys dh gkj gqbZ rFkk
1639 eas izQkafll Ms if'peh rV eq[;ky; blds LFkku ij xksMsgw dks vxLr
us panzfxfj ds jktk ls lwjr ls gVkdj eqacbZ 1754 eas xouZj cuk;k x;k
enzkl iV~Vs ij fy;kA eas cuk;k ftlus vaxzstkas ls îkWfMpsjh
(ckn eas ;gk¡ îQksMZ lsUV dh laf/* dj yhA
tkWtZ* dksBh fufeZr
gqbZA) vaxzst vo:n~nhu (dukZVd)]
ukfljtax (gSnjkckn) ,d
1717 eas iQ:Z[kf'k;j rjiQ FksA ogha izQkalhfl;kas us
us vaxzstkas dks pUnk lkgc (dukZVd)]
O;kikfjd NwV nh f}rh; dukZVd
1632 eas xksydaqMk ;q¼ (1749&54) eqtÝiQjtax (gSnjkckn)
ds lqYrku us vaxzstkas dukZVd ds uokc in dk lkFk fn;kA
dks ,d ^lqugjk dk fookn bleas tqM+k gSA
iQjeku* tkjh fd;kA
vaxzst Ýkalhlh
^lj FkkWel jks* us
tgk¡xhj ls dqN rhljk dukZVd ;q¼
O;kikfjd NwVas 1599 eas tkWufeYMsu vk/kqfud (1756&63)
izkIr dhA gkWy Hkkjr vkus okyk 1756 eas ;wjksi eas izQkalhfl;kas
Hkkjr
izFke fczfV'k ukxfjd FkkA ,oa vaxzstkas ds chp
MwIys lIro"khZ; ;q¼ 'kq:
dSIVu gkWfdUl 1742 eas ikafMpsjh
izFke vaxzst nwr dk xoZuj tujy
(tgk¡xhj ds le;)
1741 eas Hkkjr eas Hkkjr eas Dykbo vkSj okVlu

izQkalhlh dkWyksfu;kas panzuxj ij dCts dh dksf'k'k
dk funs'kd fu;qDr izQkalhfl;kas dh gkj ls eas Fks] ftl dkj.k vaxzst ,oa
vaxzstkas dk Hkkjr eas izQkalhfl;kas ds chp ôkaMhok'k
,dN=k jkT; dk ;q¼* (22 tuojh]
LFkkfir gks x;kA 1760 gqvkA)
izFke ;wjksih; Fkk
ftlus Hkkjrh; 'kkldkas
dh vakrfjd jktuhfr
eas gLr{ksi fd;kA
vaxzst lsukifr vk;jdwV rFkk
isfjl dh laf/ ds lkFk ;g izQkalhlh usr`Ro ykyh us fd;k
;q¼ lekIr gks x;kA vaxzstkas (izQkafllh gkjs] blds ckn mUgas
Hkkjr eas lgk;d laf/ us 1761 eas ikafMpsjh ij Hkkjr NksM+uk iM+kA)
dh izFkk dh LFkkiuk dCtk dj fy;k Fkk]
dh (gSnjkckn eas) gkykafd] isfjl laf/ ds
ckn iqu% ykSVk fn;kA
(75)
eqxy izkarkas eas
caxky lokZf/d
'kkg'kqtk us 1651 eas
laIkUUk FkkA
vaxzstkas dks ^fu'kku*
(O;kikfjd NwV)
iznku fd;kA
caxky vkSj
vaxzst Iyklh dh yM+kbZ
dydÙkk dh uhao
tkWc pkuksZd us j[khA (23 twu] 1757)
1698 eas bZLV bafM;k
daiuh us rhu xk¡o& lqrkuqrh]
dkyhdV ,oa xksfonaiqjh
dh tehankjh izkIr dh fljktqíkSyk vkSj vaxzstkas ds
vkSj îQksVZ fofy;e* chp gqbZA (fljkt dh gkj
dk fuekZ.k fd;kA gqbZ] jkcVZ Dykbo thrk)
Iyklh ;q¼
fljktqíkSyk ifj.kke
28 twu] 1757 dks

ehj tkiQj caxky dk
;q¼ ds ckn ^Y;wd LØkÝVªu* uokc cukA mlus
1756 eas vyhonhZ [kka dks uokc ds njckj eas Dykbo dks ^mejk*
dh e`R;q ds ckn ^vaxzst jsftMsaV* dh mikf/ eqxykas
(mldh NksVh csVh fu;qDr fd;k x;kA ls fnyokbZA
dk yM+dk) uokc cukA
;nqukFk ljdkj ds vuqlkj

^23 twu] 1757 dks Hkkjr
blds fojksf/;kas eas 'kkSdrtax eas eè;dkyhu ;qx dk
(iwf.kZ;k ds uokc)] ekSlh var gks x;k vkSj
?klhVh csxe rFkk vk/qfud ;qx dk
lsukifr ehjtkiQj FksA vkajHk gqvkA*
^CySd gksy VªStMh* & vyhuxj dh laf/ vaxzstkas dks rkRdkfyd lSfud
20 twu] 1756 fljktqíhu us (iQjojh] 1957) fljktqíkSyk ,oa okf.kfT;d ykHk gqvk
146 vaxzstksa dks dky dksBjh vkSj bZLV bafM;k rFkk daiuh dk caxky]
esa can dj fn;k FkkA daiuh ds chp fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk ij
jktuhfrd izHkqRo
LFkkfir gqvkA
(76)
tqykbZ] 1763 eas
1760 eas caxky daiuh us bls c[kkZLr
dk uokc cuk ehj dkfle dj ehjtkiQj dks iqu%
uokc cuk fn;kA
jkt/kuh dks bluss vaxzstkas ds

eqaxsj eas rksi] O;kikfjd nq:i;ksx
eqf'kZnkckn canwd fuekZ.k gsrq
ls eqaxsj yk;k dks jksdus dh
dkj[kkuk fuekZ.k dksf'k'k dhA
bl ;q¼ eas izQkalhfl;kas

gsDVj equjks vaxzst us vaxzstkas ds f[kykiQ
lsukifr enn dh FkhA
cDlj dk ;q¼
(22 vDVwcj] 1764)
¶Iyklh ds ;q¼ us tgk¡
ehjdkfle] vo/ dk vaxzstkas dh caxky eas izHkqrk
uokc] 'kqtkmíkSyk&AA LFkkfir dh ogha cDlj
us la?k cukdj vaxzstkas ds ;q¼ us daiuh dks
ls yM+kbZ dhA ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh;
'kfDr cuk fn;kA¸
1- vo/ ds lkFk (tqykbZ] 1765) 2- 'kkgvkye&AA ds lkFk (16 vxLr 1765)

bÇkgkckn dh
laf/k (1765)
izko/ku izko/ku
µ daiuh dks 50 yk[k {kfriwfrZ µ 'kkgvkye&AA daiuh ds laj{k.k eas vk x;k
µ bykgkckn vkSj dM+k (dksjk) eqxy
'kkld dks nsukA µ daiuh dks caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk dh nhokuh
µ t:jr ds le; daiuh dks lSU; lgk;rkA iznku dh xbZA
µ cukjl ds tehankj dks mldh ,sLVsV dk iw.kZ µ vaxzstkas dk nhokuh ,oa caxky ds jktLo ,oa
vf/dkj nsukA
foÙkh; iz'kklu ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k
µ vaxzstkas us uokc ds vf/dkj {ks=k dks Lohdkj
fy;k rFkk mldh lhekvkas dh j{kk gsrq lSfud
enn gsrq jkth
(77)
bZLV bafM;k daiuh ukS&lSU; loksZPPkrk]
futh daiuh Fkh] ftldk lSU; dkS'ky ,oa
eq[; tksj izfrLi/kZ ij FkkA vuq'kklu
Hkkjr eas vaxzstkas dh
lQyrk ds dkj.k
fczVsu eas vkS|ksfxd iqrZxkyh ,oa Mp

Økafr dh 'kq:vkr bZlkbZ;r ds izpkj ij
vf/d dsfUnzr FksA
vaxzstkas }kjk lsuk
ij vf/d O;;
f}rh; vkaXy&eSlwj ;q¼
(1780& 84) izFke vkaXy& eSlwj ;q¼ r`rh; vkaXy&eSlwj
& gSnjvyh&vaxzst (okWjsu gsfLVaXl) & 1767& 1769 eas gSnjvyh vkSj ;q¼ (1790&92)
ds eè; vaxzstkas ds chpA & ykWMZ dkWuokZfyl ds le; Vhiw lqYrku
& rkRdkfyd dkj.k& vaxzstkas }kjk ekgh & vizSy] 1769 eas ênzkl dh laf/* vkSj vaxzstkas ds chp (=kko.kdksj ds
ij dCtk eqn~ns ij)
ds lkFk lekIr
& ;q¼ ds nkSjku gh gSnj dh e`R;q ds & ^Jh jaxiV~Vue dh laf/* (18 ekpZ]
ckn Vhiw lqYrku us ekpZ] 1784 dks 1792) ds }kjk lekIr
vaxzstkas ls eaxykSj dh laf/ dhA
Vhiw lqYrku (1750&1799 bZ-)
gSnj vyh & Ükàxsjh eafnj ,oa nsoh 'kkjnk dh
& 1755 eas fMafMxqy dk IkQkStnkj fu;qDr ewfrZ LFkkiuk ,oa ejEEkr djokbZ
& 1761 eas eSlwj dk 'kkld cuk & ^'ksj&,&eSlwj* dgyk;k
& Jh jaxiV~Vue (jkt/kuh) eas LOkra=krk
prqFkZ vkaXy& eSlwj ;q¼ (1799 bZ-) vkaXy& eSlwj ;q¼ dk o`{k yxk;k
& bl ;q¼ eas ejkBk] futke rFkk & tSdksfou Dyc dk xBu fd;k (izQkalhlh
vaxzst lsuk,a ,d lkFk FkhaA lSfudkas dh enn ls 1797 eas)
& 4 ebZ] 1799 dks vaxzstkas }kjk & Hkkjr eas jkWdsV rduhd dk [kkstdrkZ
JhjaxiV~Vue ij dCtk (jkWdsV lapkyu ij îQrqy eqtkfgnhu*
& ykWMZ osystyh vaxzst xouZjA ogha uked lSU; eSuqvy fy[kk)
vaxzst lsukifr vkFkZj osysLyh] & lkearokn ds ctk; iwathoknh fodkl dks
fjl vkSj LVqvVZ FksA c<+kok
& Vhiw lqYrku viuh jkt/kuh JhjaxiV~Vue & blus ,d u;k êkSyqnh panz lkSj dSyasMj*
dh j{kk djrs gq, ekjk x;kA 'kq: fd;k
& ;q¼ ds ckn osystyh dks êkfDoZl* dh & dkj[kkukas dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, ,d
mikf/ nh xbZA ^jkT; okf.kfT;d fuxe* dh LFkkiuk dhA
& ;q¼ ds nkSjku Vhiw us varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx & lsuk dks ;wjksih; ekWMy ij laxfBr fd;k]
gsrq usiksfy;u] vjc] vkfn dks i=k fy[kk FkkA lSfudkas ds izf'k{k.k gsrq izQkalhlh
vf/dkfj;kas dh enn yhA
(78)
rkRdkfyd dkj.k
dkjrwlkas eas xk; vkSj
lqvj dh pchZ
10 ebZ] 1857 dks esjB

ls 'kq:vkr (11 ebZ 8 vizSy] 1857 dks
dks cgknqj'kkg tiQj dks 1857 dh eaxy ikaMs; dks
fonzksfg;kas us Hkkjr dk Økafr iQaklh dh ltk
usrk ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA)
fonzksg eas vaxzstkas

dk leFkZu djus
okys jkT;
bl le; Hkkjr dk
xouZj tujy ykMZ dSfuax µ tks/iqj ds jktk
vkSj vaxzst iz/kuea=kh µ Xokfy;j ds flaf/;k µ d'ehj ds egkjktk
ikeZLVsu (fycjy µ bankSj ds gksYdj µ gSnjkckn ds futke
ikVhZ) FksA µ Hkksiky ds uokc µ flD[k 'kkldkas eas
(ifV;kyk] ukHk)
1858 dk Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e ikfjr dj O;kid cnyko fd, x,A

fczfV'k daiuh dk LFkku ^fczfV'k Økmu* us ys fy;kA
xouZj tujy dk uke cnydj ôk;ljk;* fd;k x;kA (ykMZ dSfuax izFke ok;ljk;)
^Hkkjr ds jkT; lfpo* dk u;k in îhy vk;ksx* ds fliQkfj'k ij lsuk eas cnyko dj
vaxzst lSfudkas ,oa inkf/dkfj;kas eas o`f¼ gqbZA (lSfud vuqikr 2%1)
Økafr dk fcgkj] vo/ ds lSfudkas dks ^xSj yM+kdw* ?kksf"kr dj muds cnys flD[k] xksj[kk ,oa iBkukas
izHkko dh ^yM+kdw tkfr;ka* ?kksf"kr dh xbZA
foy; dh iwoZ uhfr ds cnys Hkkjrh; 'kkldkas dks mÙkjkf/dkjh pquus dk vf/dkj
,d uohu ^Ñf"k uhfr* tkjh dh xbZA ^fyaDM&cVkfy;u ;kstuk* ds tfj, ;wjksfi;u lsuk
dks csgrj Vªsfuax dh O;oLFkk
lcds fy, ,d leku lqj{kk
/kfeZd ekeykas eas vgLr{ksi] fczfV'k lkezkT; foLrkj ij jksd
lsuk vkSj rksi[kkuk foHkkx iw.kZr% ;wjksfi;kas gsrq vkjf{kr dj fy;k x;kA
îk'pkR; laLÑfr* dks c<+kok nsus okyh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dks ykxw fd;k x;kA
(79)
1857 bZ- dh egku Økafr ds izeq[k dsUnz
dsUnz Hkkjrh; uk;d fczfV'k usr`Ro
fnYYkh cgknqj'kkg tiQj] c[r [kk¡ (lSU; usr`Ro) fudylu ,oa gMlu
dkuiqj ukuk lkgc] rkR;k Vksis (lSU; usr`Ro) dSaicsy
y[kumQ csxe gtjr egy gsujh ykWjsUl] dSaicsy
>k¡lh jkuh y{ehckbZ áwjkst
bykgkckn fy;kdr vyh duZy uhy
txnh'kiqj (fcgkj) oqQ¡oj flag fofy;e Vsyj] foalsV vk;j
cjsyh [kku cgknqj [kk¡ gMlu
iQStkckn ekSyoh vgen mYYkk duZy uhy
iQrsgiqj vtheqYYkk tsujy jsuMZ
uksV%& Xokfy;j& rkR;k rksis] laHkyiqj& lqjsUnz lkbZ] gfj;k.kk& jko rqykjke] enalkSj& fiQjkst'kkg
('kgtknk gqek;aw) vU; izeq[k vkUnksyudkjh FksA
n bafM;u okj
vkWiQ bafMiasMsal] n flikW; E;wfVuh ,aM n
1857& 1857 ds fjcsfy;u vkWiQ
oh-Mh- lkojdj fonzksg ij 1857& vkj-lh- etewnkj
fy[kh xbZ
izfl¼ fdrkcas
vlckc&,&cxkor
Eighteen Fifty Seven
&,&fgUn
- 1857- lqjsUæ ukFk lsu
& lj lS;n vgen [kk¡
^fgUnw&eqfLye "kM~;a=k
dk ifj.kke* ^;g tuØkafr Fkh*
lj tsEl vkmVªe] MCY;w Vsyj MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ
^;g iw.kZr;k flikgh fonzksg Fkk*
^;g jk"Vªh; fonzksg Fkk*
lj tkWu ykjasl] lhys
castkfeu fMtjk;yh
1857 fonzksg ij
^1857 dk fonzksg Lora=krk bfrgkldkjkas ^;g lH;rk vkSj ccZjrk
laxzke ugha Fkk* vkj-lh- etwenkj dk er dk la?k"kZ Fkk* Vh-vkj- gksEl
^;g fonzksg jk"Vªh; Lora=krk
gsrq lqfu;ksftr ;q¼ Fkk* ^;g bZlkbZ;kas ds fo:¼
oh-Mh- lkojdj vkSj v'kksd esgrk ,d /eZ;q¼ Fkk* ,y-vkj-jht
(80)
fczfV'k Hkkjr ds 19» HkwHkkx
ij ykxw (caxky] fcgkj]
mM+hlk] mÙkjh dukZVd] ;wih 1789 eas ^tkWu 'kksj* }kjk
ds cukjl] xkthiqj easA) 'kq:A bls 1793 eas
^dkuZokfyl* us ykxw fd;kA lcls igys ôkWjsu gsfLVaXl*
us 1772 eas iapo"khZ;
vU; uke& bLrejkjh] cankscLr ykxw fd;kA
tehankjh izFkk
1776 eas iapo"khZ; cankscLr dks
lekIr dj ,d o"khZ; iz.kkyh
fo'ks"krk& tehankjkas dks viukbZ xbZA
Hkw&Lokeh Lohdkjk x;k LFkk;h caankscLr
(yxku dh nj &10@11 Hkw&jktLo iz.kkyh
ljdkj] 1@11 tehankj)
Hkwfe ij tehankjkas dk
vf/dkj iSr`d ,oa jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk
gLrkarj.kh;
1794 eas ^lw;kZLr vaxzstkas dh izeq[k
fu;e* ykxw loZizFke 1792 eas
vkfFkZd uhfr;ka enzkl izslhMaslh eas
tUenkrk&gkWYV esdasth fczfV'k HkwHkkx ds

51» {ks=k ij (enzkl]
daiuh ds 30» HkwHkkx cacbZ dk dqN fgLLkk]
ij (;wih] eè; izkar iwohZ caxky] vle] dqxZ)
egkyokM+h i¼fr
,oa iatkc (dqN cnykokas
ds lkFk) eas ykxw)
^VkWel equjks* vkSj
;g O;oLFkk izR;sd ^dSIVu jhM* blls
egky (xk¡o) ds lkFk lacaf/r gSaA
LFkkfir dh xbZ] loZizFke rfeyukMq
Ñ"kd ds lkFk ugha ds ckjkegy eas ykxw fo'ks"krk& fdlkukas ls
lh/s 33» Hkw&jktLo
xzke iz/ku vFkok dh olwyh] tks
yacjnkj dks Hkw&jktLo xzke lekt fdlku ftruh Hkwfe
olwyh gsrq mÙkjnk;h HkwfeLokeh Fkk tksrrk Fkk mls
cuk;k x;kA mldk Lokeh eku
fy;k tkrk FkkA
(81)
blds rgr dqN fo'ks"k
;g 19oha lnh
ds mÙkjk¼Z eas gqvk iQlykas (tSls& pk;] dkWiQh] jcj]
egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu FkkA uhy] xÂk vkfn) dk mRiknu jk"Vªh;
,oa varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj gsrq gqvk
u fd xzeh.k mi;ksx ds fy,A
ckxkukas dk LokfeRo
eq[;r% ;wjksfi;kas ds ikl
Ïf"k dk
okf.kT;hdj.k
eqnzk vFkZO;oLFkk
okf.kfT;hdj.k dk izlkj izfr;ksfxrk
ds dkj.k eas c<+ksrjh
Hkkjrh; Ñ"kdkas
ij izHkko ,dhÑr jk"Vªh;
vkfFkZd uhfr;kas ck"kkj dk
ds rhu pj.k vH;qn; ns'kh&fons'kh
O;kikj eas o`f¼
Hkkjrh; fdlkukas dks
foÙk laca/kh ewyr% uqdlku gqvk jsyos] lM+d
lfefr;ka lk/u dh jk"Vªh;
1- izkjafHkd pj.k (1600&1757 eaMh dk fodkl vaxzsth iwath ds
rd)& daiuh dk iwjk vkus ls fons'kh
è;ku O;kikj ([kkldj O;kikj eas o`f¼A
Hkkjr ls lwrh oL=k Ñf"k mRiknu
vehuh lfefr Hkh ugha c<+k
(1778)& Hkw&jktLo ,oa elkykas ds 1917 dk paikj.k
,oa vdky fu;kZr) ij FkkA uhy fonzksg
izeq[k ?kVuk
osyoh vk;ksx& nknkHkkbZ 2- nwljk pj.k (1757&

ukSjksth ds ^/u cfgxZeu 1800 bZ- rd)& eqxÇ
fl¼kar* ds vkjksikas dh lÙkk dh detksjh dk
3- r`rh; pj.k (1800&
leh{kk gsrq iQk;nk mBkdj daiuh
1947 bZ- rd)& Hkkjrh;
us vius fy, txg cukbZ
{ks=kkas ij daiuh
dk iw.kZ fu;a=k.kA
fudksYlu vk;ksx
(1892)& ljdkjh µ gkWySaM lfefr (1916)& m|ksxkas dk
laLFkkvkas dh dk;Ziz.kkyh fodkl uksV
dh tk¡p µ eSDlosy CyweiQhYM lfefr (1928)& jk"Vªh; vk; dk izFke oSKkfud
ckjnksyh Ñ"kd vkanksyu dk iquewZY;kadu vkdyu& Mh-oh- ds vkj oh jko
µ fàVys vk;ksx (1929)& Jfed
µ liwz vk;ksx& (1934)& csjkstxkjh
µ ÝykmM (1940)& iQly mRiknu
(82)
µ vFkZ& ¶;g Hkkjrh; laifÙk ,oa OkLrqvkas dk baXySaM dh µ ukSjksth us ^n okaV~l ,aM ehal vkWiQ bafM;k]* ^vkWu
vksj ,drjiQk izokg FkkA¸ n dkWelZ vkWiQ bafM;k* ys[k eas bldh O;k[;k dhA
µ bl fl¼kar dks nsus okys izFke O;fDr& nknkHkkbZ µ o"kZ 1905 eas bls 'Evil of all Evils' vFkkZr vfu"Vkas dk
ukSjksth vfu"V dgkA
µ îkoVhZ ,aM vu&fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k* uked
µ ukSjksth dks ^xzkaM vksYM eSu vkWiQ bafM;k* dgk fdrkc 1901 esa fy[khA
tkrk gSA
µ ^baXySaM MsCV Vw bafM;k* eas bUgkasus igyh ckj /u
ds cfgxZeu fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA
vU; izfrikndkas esa
/ku dk
cfgxZeu fl¼kar 1- egknso xksfoan jkukMs& Essays on Indian
Political Economy (1898)
& jkukMs us ukSjksth ds ^Mªsu vkWiQ osYFk F;ksjh* dks
udkjrs gq, Hkkjr eas xjhch dk izeq[k Ñf"k ds
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fiNM+siu dks ekuk
ij bldk izHkko 2- jes'k panz nÙk (vFkZ'kkL=kh) ds ys[k
^bdksukWfed fgLVªh vkWiQ bafM;k* eas mYYks[kA
3- xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys] th lqczã;e vÕ;j]
i`Fohpanz jk; Hkh izeq[k vkfFkZd vkykspdksa eas ls
1- vukS|ksxhdj.k & Hkkjrh; gLrf'kYi m|ksx FksA
dk ßkl uksV% Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us dydÙkk] vf/os'ku
2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;OkLFkk dk xzkeh.khdj.k (1896) eas vkf/dkfjd rkSj ij ^/u ds
3- Hkkjr eas vusd 'kgjkas dk iru cfgxZeuZ fla¼kr* dks LohÑfr nh FkhA
4- Hkkjr eas fczfV'k iwath dk vkxeu ,oa Hkkjrh;
iwathifr;kas dks grksRlkgu
5- Hkkjrh; Ñf"k dk okf.kT;hdj.k
Ñf"k ds okf.kT;hdj.k (19oha lnh ds mÙkjk¼Z
eas) ds izHkko&
LVªSph vk;ksx
1- fdlkukas dks gkfu
(1878&80)
2- xzkeh.k Í.kxzLrrk eas o`f¼
3- xjhch eas o`f¼
4- udnh iQlykas dks egRo blls [kk|kUUkkas dh
deh gqbZA
eSdMksukYM vk;ksx vdky vk;ksx dSEiosy vk;ksx
(1900) (1866&67)
uksV%&
19oha lnh ds mÙkjk¼Z eas vk/qfud m|ksxkas dk
fodkl gqvk tSls%&
l 1853 eas cacbZ eas ^lwrh oL=k* (dkol th HkkbZ) yk;y vk;ksx
l 1855 eas fj'kjk eas igyh twV fey
(1897)
20 oha lnh eas ns'k eas phuh] lheasV vkfn m|ksx
LFkkfir gq,A
(83)
1911 dk dkj[kkuk 1881 dk dkj[kkuk
vf/fu;e vf/fu;e
fczfV'k ljdkj
}kjk ikfjr izeq[k
dkj[kkuk ,DV
(izFke iQSDVªh vk;ksx] 1875
ykWMZ gkfM±x ds le;
dh fliQkfj'kkas ij)] ykMZ
fjiu ds le;] 7 o"kZ
ls de mez ds cPPkkas ds
1922 dk dkj[kkuk dke djus ij izfrca/A
vf/fu;e
1891 dk dkj[kkuk
vf/fu;e
1944 dk
12 ls 15 o"kZ dh vk;q ds dkj[kkuk vf/fu;e
cPPkkas dks dkj[kkus eas dk;Z
djus dh vuqefr (f}rh; iQSDVªh vk;ksx 1884
(ykWMZ jhfMax) dh vuq'kalk ij)] ykWMZ ySalMkmu
ds le;] 9 o"kZ ls de mez
(ykWMZ ososy ds le;) ds cPPkkas ij dke djus ij
1934 dk dkj[kkuk izfrca/] dke dh vof/
vf/fu;e 11 ?kaVs izfrfnuA
dkexkj fgro/Zd lkekftd lsok dydÙkk eqnzd

(ykWMZ fofyaxVu ds le;) lHkk (1909) la?k (1905)
Jfedkas gsrq fpfdRlk ,oa la?k (1911)
vkjke dh O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; jsy deZpkjh
,dhÑr lkslk;Vh (1897)
jsM VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl cacbZ fey gS.Ml
(1931) usrk& j.knso ,lksfl,'ku (1890)
ns'kikaMs] cfdae eq[kthZ] Hkkjr ds Jfed (,u-,e- yks[kkaMs)
HkwisUnz nÙk vkanksyu (izeq[k laLFkk,a)
enzkl Jfed la?k
oDlZ ,aM ihtasV~l (1918)& oh-ih- okfM;k&
ikVhZ (Jh ikn ve`r Hkkjr dk igyk
Mkaxks] eqtÝiQj vgen] vk/qfud Jfed laxBu
iwju panz tks'kh) jk"Vªh; etnwj
la?k (1933) 1919 ds ILO lEEksyu
INTUC (1947) (okf'kaxVu) eas oh-ih- okfM;k AITUC (1920)- izFke
ljnkj iVsy dks Hkkjr ds etnwjkas vf/os'ku] eqacbZ (ykyk
dk izfrfuf/Ro cukdj yktir jk;] ,u-,e-
Hkstk x;k FkkA tks'kh] tkslsiQ cSifVLVk
jkW;y deh'ku vkWu yscj (vè;{k& tkWu gsujh fàVys)
bl deh'ku ds cfg"dkj ds eqn~ns ij AITUC nks Hkkxkas
eas ck¡V x;k (nwljk&ITUF mnkjokfn;kas }kjk)
(84)
Hkkjrh; i=kdkfjrk
ds jktdqekj& fØLVksiQj
Hkkjrh; i=kdkfjrk nkl iky loZizFke iqrZxkfy;kas
ds tud& jktk us Hkkjr eas eqnz.kky;
jke eksgu jk; LFkkfir fd;k
1557 eas izFke iqLrd
lekpkj i=k tk¡p xksok ds iknfj;kas
}kjk Nkih x;hA
lfefr] 1947 (Jh Hkkjr izsl dk
xaxkukFk >k dh fodkl ,oa
vè;{krk eas) lacaf/kr dkuwu 1684 eas bZLV bafM;k
daiuh us Hkh cacbZ eas
eqnz.kky; LFkkfir fd;k
izsl baDok;jh lfefr
(1921& rst 1780 eas igyk
cgknqj lizw) lekpkj&i=k tsEl vkWxLV
Hkkjr eas vk/qfud fgDdh }kjk& caxky xtV
izsl dh LFkkiuk (1766) ;k ^n dydÙkk tujy
& fofy;e cksYVl ,MoojVkbtj*
lekpkj i=kkas dk vfHkospu

vf/fu;e] 1799 vuqKfIr fu;e 1823
lekpkj i=k (ykWMZ osystyh ds le;) ds rgr tkWu ,MEt
(vkifÙktud fo"k;) us Hkkjrh; izsl ij
vf/fu;e] 1951 iw.kZ cSu yxk fn;kA
Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k
(ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ka) Hkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kkas
vf/fu;e] 1931 i=dkfjrk dh eqfDr 1833 bZ-
laca/kh [pkYlZ eSVdkWiQ] Hkkjrh;
Hkkjrh; lekpkj izeq[k izsl dk eqfDrnkrk]
i=k ,DV 1910 dkuwu
vuqKfIr vf/fu;e]
1857 (1857 ds
lekpkj i=k fonzksg ds le;)
vf/fu;e 1908
oukZD;wyj izsl ,DV 1878 iathdj.k vf/fu;e]
& ykWMZ fyVu }kjk 'kq: 1867
& êqgcan djus okyk ,DV* dgyk;k
& blds rgr ^lkseizdk'k*] ^Hkkjr fefgj*
ij dkjZokbZ gqbZ
& ykWMZ fjiu }kjk jí
(85)
,lksfl,V izsl vkWiQ bafM;k& 1905 vaxzstkas ds le;
fczfV'k dkfyu izQh izsl U;wt lfoZl& 1927 Hkkjr eas f'k{kk
lekpkj
,tasfl;ka ;wukbVsM izsl vkWiQ bafM;k& 1934
^, dksM vkWiQ tasVwykWt*
izsl VªLV vkWiQ bafM;k& 1947 tksukFku Madu (1791) (euqLe`fr dk vaxzsth vuqokn)
us cukjl eas laLÑr
fo|ky; [kksyk okjsu gsfLVaXl }kjk
vkaXy& izkP; fookn 1781 eas dydÙkk
csFkwu Ldwy (1849) enjlk dh LFkkiuk
1- yksd f'k{kk ds eqn~ns ij FkkA ts bZ Mh csFkwu us [kksyk
2- izkP; Hkk"kk ds leFkZd (Orientalists)& (bldk lapkyu vkxs
Hkkjr eas f'k{kk ds izpkj dk ekè;e laLÑr ykWMZ MygkSth) us fd;kA 1800 eas ykWMZ osystyh
;k vjch gks (izeq[k leFkZd ,p-Vh- fizalsi] us daiuh ds vf/dkfj;kas
,p-,p- foYlu) MsfoM gs;j vkSj ds izf'k{k.k gsrq îQksVZ
3- vkaXy Hkk"kk ds leFkZd & Hkkjr eas jktk jke eksg u jk; fofy;e dkWyst*
f'k{kk dk ekè;e vaxzsth (leFkZd& ds iz;Rukas ls 1817 eas (dydÙkk) eas dhA
equjks] ,yfiQUlVu] eSdkys) dydÙkk eas fgUnw dkWyst
^foyfdal* }kjk Hkxon~xhrk
1813 ds pkVZj ,DV vkSj fgrksins'k dk
eas ,d yk[k vaxzsth vuqokn (1785)
:i;s izko/ku
f'k{kk dk v/kkseq[kh
fuL;Unu fl¼kar fofy;e tkasl us lj fofy;e tkasl
dkfynkl dh }kjk dydÙkk eas
Hkkjrh; mPPk oxks± dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk, ftuls ^vfHkKku 'kkdaqrye* ^,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh
Nudj f'k{kk dk izlkj fuEu oxZ rd igq¡psxk dk vaxzsth vuqokn fd;k dh LFkkiuk*
loZizFke vkWdySaM }kjk ykxw
pkYlZ oqM tqykbZ] 1854 eas

fMLiSp] 1854 ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk eSXUkkdkVkZ* dgrs gSaA
fliQkfj'kas& 1- vaxzsth Hkk"kk ds lkFk ns'kh Hkk"kk ij tksj
2- ik'pkR; f'k{kk dk izpkj 3- xk¡okas eas ns'kh Hkk"kk] ftleas ,aXykas&
gaVj f'k{kk vk;ksx oukZdqyj fo|ky; 4- futh Ldwykas gsrq vuqnku
(1882&83) 5- ikap izkrkas eas yksd f'k{kk foHkkx LFkkfir (1855 eas
yksd f'k{kk foHkkx xfBr) 6- 1857 eas dydÙkk] eqacbZ] enzkl eas
lq>ko fo'ofo|ky; LFkkfir 7- ljdkjh Ldwykas eas /eZfujis{k f'k{kk dks c<+k;k
izkFkfed f'k{kk
LFkkuh; Hkk"kk eas izkFkfed ikB'kkykas dk fu;a=k.k
uolaLFkkfir uxj ,oa ftyk
ekè;fed f'k{kk lkfgfR;d ,oa cksMks± dks fn;k tk,A
O;kikfjd [kaM ij caVk gksA
izslhMaslh uxjkas ds vfrfjDr vU; 'kgjkas]
xkaokas eas] L=kh f'k{kk izksRlkgu dk lq>koA
(86)
1902 eas lj VkWel Hkkjrh; lnL; (lS;n
jsys vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ij yk;k x;k gqlSu fcyxzkeh] xq:nkl cuthZ)
Hkkjrh; fo-fo-
,DV] 1904
mPPk f'k{kk gsrq

5 yk[k :- izfro"kZ xoZuj tujy dks fo-fo-
5 o"kks± gsrq LohÑr dh {ks=kh; lhek,a fu/kZfjr
djus dk vf/dkj
futh dkWystkas ij
Hkh dBksj fu;a=k.k eq[; izko/kku
fo-fo- ij ljdkjh
fu;a=k.k c<+k fn;k x;kA
Hkkjr eas ^f'k{kk
egkfuns'kd* (,p-MCY;w-
vkWjst) dh fu;qfDr
loZizFke (1906) cM+kSnk dh

xks[kys us bl O;oLFkk fj;klr us izkFkfed f'k{kk
dks ns'kHkj eas ykxw djus f'k{kk ij ljdkjh dks vfuok;Z fd;kA
gsrq fo/ku ifj"kn~ eas izLrko] 1913
vkokt mBkbZ
izLrko ds vfuok;Z f'k{kk dk

izR;sd izkar eas eq[; fcnq
fo-fo- dh LFkkiuk mÙkjnkf;Ro ysus ls badkj
eq[; ckrsa& lSMyj fo-fo- vk;ksx

& Hkkjrh; lnL;& 1- vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ 2- ft;kmíhu vgen 1917&19 flQkfj'kas
& Ldwyh f'k{kk 12 o"kZ dh gks
& fo-fo- fu;e mnkj gkas vè;{k& ,e-bZ- lSMyj
& Lukrd 3 o"khZ;
& efgyk f'k{kk dks izksRlkgu
uksV
1919 ekaVsX;w&psEliQksMZ lq/kjkas ds rgr izkarkas eas f'k{kk foHkkx ,d fuokZfpr ea=kh ds
v/hu dj fn;k x;k rFkk dsUnzh; vuqnku can dj fn;k x;k] ftlls f'k{kk dk
Lrj fxjk (blus f'k{kk dks izkarkas ds v/hu dj fn;k)
(87)
gkVks±x lfefr
(1929) vDVwcj] 1937 eas f'k{kk ij
lj fiQfyi gkVks±x dkaxzsl dk lEEksyu
dh vè;{krk eas
tkfdj gqlSu dh
fliQkfj'kas vè;{krk eas lfefr
o/kkZ ;kstuk lkts±V ;kstuk
i zkFkfed f'k{kk (1937)
ds egÙo ij cy (1944)
xka/h us ^gfjtu*
xzkeh.k Nk=kkas dks ekè;fed fo|ky; rd if=kdk eas ô/kZ ;kstuk*
izdkf'kr dhA 6&11 o"khZ; cPPkkas
gh f'k{kkA rRi'pkr mUgas vkS|ksfxd
dks fu%'kqYd ,oa
,oa O;olkf;d f'k{kk nh tk,A
vfuok;Z f'k{kk
eq[; ckras flyscl eas gLr
dsoy lefiZr Nk=kkas dks gh mPPk
f'k{kk eas izos'k feys mRiknd dk;Ziz.kkyh 11&17 o"kZ ds Nk=kkas
dks viuk;k tk,A gsrq Ng o"kZ dh
f'k{kk O;oLFkk
fo-fo- fu;e dM+s fd, tk,aA d{kk 2&7 fgUnh
izFke lkr o"kZ Ldwy
fu%'kqYd gks] vfuok;Z Hkk"kk eas gks mÙkj ekè;fed
gks] ekr`Hkk"kk eas gksA (8 ls vaxzsth) Js.kh lekIr
dh tk,
Lukrd dh fMxzh dks

fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku jk/kÑ".ku vk;ksx iz'kklfud lsokvkas gsrq
(jk/kÑ".ku vk;ksx vk;ksx (1953) (1948&49)
dh fliQkfj'k ij) vktknh vko';d fd;k tk,A
ds ckn f'k{kk f'k{kk ^leorhZ lwph* eas jgs
(f'k{kk ds lHkh i{kkas dksBkjh f'k{kk gsrq fd;s x;s
,oa izØekas dh vk;ksx (1964) iz;kl
fo-fo- ls igys 12 o"khZ;
leh{kk gsrq) Ldwyh f'k{kk vfuok;Z gksA
izkjafHkd mnkjoknh ;k jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr

dkaxzsl dk izFke pj.k (1968] 1986] 2020)
(1885&1905)
mxz jk"Vªokn ;k vfroknh izkjafHkd mnkjoknh ;k
jk"Vªh; jktuhfr (1905&1919) dkaxzsl dk izFke pj.k
vkUnksyu (1885&1905)
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dk ;qx
(1919&1939) izeq[k usrk & ukSjksth] fiQjkst'kkg esgrk]
fnu'kk okpk] MCY;w- lh- cuthZ] ,l-,u-
Lora=krk dh vksj cuthZ] jklfcgkjh ?kks"k] vkj-lh- nÙk]
(1939&1947) cn:n~nhu rS;cth] xks[kys] ih-vkj-uk;Mq]
ekyoh;] vkuan pkywZ
(88)
Hkkjrh;ksa eas jk"Vªizse ,oa
psruk tkx`r djuk
fczfV'k tuer ,oa fczfV'k Hkkjrh; m|ksxkas dks

mnkjokfn;kas c<+kok nsus gsrq Lons'kh
Hkkjr dk Hkkjrh;kas ds i{k dh uhfr;ka
eas lq/kjkas gsrq izsfjr djukA iz;ksx] fons'kh dk cfg"dkj
fczfV'k vkfFkZd
dkaxzsl iwoZ dh 1861 ,oa 1892 ds Hkkjr uhfr;kas dh vkykspuk
izeq[k jktuhfrd ifj"kn~ vf/fu;e eas fd,
laLFkk,a x, lq/kj mnkjokfn;kas jk"Vªh; vkanksyu eas
ds ncko eas fd, x,A mnkjokfn;kas
dydrk Hkkjrh; ,lksfl,'ku dk ;ksxnku
;k bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku dks laoS/kfud ,oa iz'kklfud
dkaxzsl dk iwoZorhZ lq/kj dh ekax tSls&
ekuk tkrk gSaA ljdkjh lsokvkas eas
Hkkjrh;dj.k rRdkyhu Hkkjrh;
lekt dks usr`Ro
1851 eas ^tehankjh 1886 eas yksd iznku fd;kA
,lksfl,'ku vkSj ^caxky 1838 eas cuh tehankjh lsok vk;ksx
fczfV'k bafM;k lkslk;Vh* dk ,lksfl,'ku (ySaM gksYMlZ
foy; gksdj ^fczfV'k bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku) Hkkjr dh igyh 1885 ds dkaxzsl ds
,lksfl,'ku* cuk laxfBr jktuhfrd lHkk FkhA Hkkjrh; O;; dh xBu ds ckn ljdkj
leh{kk gsrq vkSj dkaxzsl ds fj'rkas
ôsYch vk;ksx* eas dM+okgV
izsl ,oa lekpkj i=kkas

dh Hkwfedk fons'kh vkf/iR;
dk ifj.kke
Hkkjr ds vrhr dk
dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lanHkZ esa iqu% vè;;u
izfl¼ bfrgkldkj jtuhike 19oha lnh eas
jk"Vªokn ds ik'pkR; fparu] f'k{kk
nÙk us dgk gS fd ¶dkaxzsl us ,oa lkfgR; dk izHkko
lkezkT;okn ds lkFk yM+kbZ mn; ds dkj.k
eè;oxhZ; cqf¼thoh
vkSj lg;ksx nksuksa fd;k gSA¸ dk mRFkku
lq/kj vkanksyukas rRdkyhu fons'kh

dk izHkko ?kVukvkas dk izHkko
(89)
1884 eas áwe ds vkjaHk eas bldk uke
^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; la?k* ogha lsÝVh okYo
iz;klkas ls gh ^bafM;u ds izfr mÙkj eas
us'kuy ;wfu;u* j[kk x;k FkkA nknkHkkbZ
ukSjksth ds lq>ko ij ^rfM+r pkyd* dk
dh LFkkiuk fl¼akr fn;k x;k
cnydj ^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
dkaxzsl* fd;k x;k
28 fnlacj 1885 eas cacbZ dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk
eas ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl* lacaf/r ^lsÝVh okWYo
dk xBu (xksdqynkl fl¼kar* ykyk yktir
rstiky laLÑr Ldwy) jk; us fn;k Fkk
dkaxzsl dk
xBu
,-vks- g~;we }kjk
,-vks- áwe] lqjsUnzukFk 1883 eas ^vf[ky
cuthZ rFkk vkuan eksgu Hkkjrh; dkaizsQl*
cksl dkaxzsl ds izeq[k dk vk;kstu
okLrqdkj Fks
xBu ds le;
izFke vf/os'ku eas ok;ljk;
vè;{k W.C. Benergee ykWMZ MiQfju
(72 izfrfuf/) Fks]
egklfpo áwe Fks
vU; rF;
MiQfju& dkaxzsl turk ds
vYila[;d oxZ dk izfrfuf/Ro
Hkkjrh; lq/kj lfefr (1887)& dtZu& esjh bPNk gS djrh gS] dkaxzsl jk"Vªnzksfg;kas
fczVsu eas nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth dh fd dkaxzsl ds 'kkafriwoZd dh laLFkk gSA
vè;{krk eas mnkjoknh@ujeiaFkh ejus eas enn djuk
usrkvkas us viuh ekaxsa euokus
ds mís'; ls LFkkfir dh Fkh dkaxzsl laca/kh fofiu panziky& dkaxzsl
cafdepanz pVthZ& dkaxzsl ;kpuk laLFkk gS
ds yksx inkas ds Hkw[ks gSaA izfl¼ dFku
ykyk yktir jk;&
fryd& ;fn ge o"kZ eas dkaxzsl lEEksyu f'kf{kr
mxz&jk"Vªoknh Hkkjrh;kas dk okf"kZd
pj.k (1905&1919) ,d ckj eas<+d dh rjg
VjkZ, rks geas dqN esyk gS
1890 ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr eas mxz ugha feysxk
jk"Vªokn dk mn; rFkk 1905 mn; ds dkj.k ykWMZ dtZu dh c<+rs if'pehdj.k
rd iwoZ Lo:i izfrfØ;koknh uhfr;ka vkRefo'okl ,oa
dh izfrfØ;k
vaxzsth lÙkk ds vkRelEEkku
izeq[k usrk Lo:i dh varjkZZ"Vªh; ?kVukvkas dk c<+uk
vf'ouh nÙk] yky&cky&iky] lgh igpku gksukA dk izHkko jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kjk
vjfoan ?kks"k] fpiyadj ca/q] mnkjokfn;kas okys oxZ dk mn;
jkt ukjk;.k cksl] vkfnA ls vlarks"k f'k{kk dk fodkl
(90)
1906 ds vf/os'ku
eas ukSjksth us
1905 ds dkaxzsl vf/os'ku ^Lo'kklu* 19 tqykbZ] 1905 dks
eas ^caxHkax fojks/h vfHk;ku* dh eka x dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk 16 vDVwcj]
vkSj ^Lons'kh* dk 1905 dks izHkkoh gqvk
leFkZu fd;k x;k caxky
foHkktu
caxky foHkktu dk eq[; ykMZ gkfMZax ds le; 1911
mís';& dkaxzsl ,oa Lora=krk
vkanksyu dks nqcZy djuk ds fnYyh njckj esa caxky ds
vkSj eqfLye laiznk;okn foHkktu dks jí djus dh
dks mHkkjuk FkkA ?kks"k.kk gqbZA
1- if'peh caxky 16 vDVwcj dks
(jkt/kuh& dydÙkk) ^'kksd fnol* ds :i
2- iwohZ caxky (jkt/kuh eas vkanksyudkfj;kas us
<kdk) <kdk] p¡Vxko] euk;k] ôansekrje* xhr
ekynk] jkt'kkgh] f=kiqjk xk,] VSxksj us ^vekj
ds igkM+h {ks=k lksukj* xhr fy[kkA
uksV
^yksdekU;* izfl¼ dFku& & jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ifj"kn~ 15 vxLr

dh mikf/ ^Lojkt esjk tUefl¼ 1906 dks ln~xq: nkl cuthZ }kjk
vf/dkj gS vkSj eSa LFkkfir
bls ysdj jgawxk
cky xaxk/kj & caxky dSfedYl ,oa iQkekZ&
fryd vkpk;Z iziQqYYk panz jk; }kjk
LFkkfirA
1 vxLr] 1920
e`R;q (2020 îw.kZ Lora=krk* ;k
eas 100 o"kZ) ^LojkT;* ds lcls µ osyasVkbu fpjksy us ^bafM;u vujsLV* iqLrd eas fryd dks ^Hkkjrh; v'kkafr
izkjafHkd ,oa eq[kj dk tud* dgkA
izLrkodkas eas ls ,d µ 1916 ds y[kumQ iSDV ij fryd vkSj ftUUkk us gLrk{kj fd, FksA
µ dsljh (ejkBh Hkk"kk)] ejkBk@egjV~Vk (vaxzsth Hkk"kk) uked lekpkj i=k
fudkys
lwjr vf/os'ku µ ^nDdu ,tqds'ku lkslk;Vh* (1884) ds laLFkkidkas eas ls
1907 µ egkjk"Vª eas ^x.ks'k prqFkhZ* vkSj ^f'kokth mRlo* yksdfiz; cuk;kA
µ ^xhrk jgL;* ,oa ^vkdZfVd gkse* uked iqLrdas fy[kha
& vè;{k in vkSj Lons'kh vkanksyu ds eqn~ns ij mxzokfn;kas
,oa mnkjokfn;kas eas erHksn µ 1916 eas csyxke eas vf[ky Hkkjrh; gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk] egkjk"Vª (ckWEcs
& mxzoknh fryd dks vè;{k cukuk pkgrs Fks] dks NksM+dj)] eè; izkar] cjkj] dukZVdA
& mnkjokfn;kas ds opZLo ds dkj.k jkl fcgkjh cksl uksV%
vè;{k cusA fryd us dHkh dkaxzsl ds okf"kZd jk"Vªh; lEesyu dh vè;{krk ugha dhA
(91)
varj
mxzoknh mnkjoknh
fczfV'k ij dksbZ fo'okl ugha vaxzsth jkt ij Hkjkslk FkkA

fczfV'k ls laca/ Hkkjr dk 'kks"k.k fczVsu ls laca/ Hkkjr ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq t:jh
c<k,axsA (vr% lekIr fd;k tk,) budk ekuuk Fkk fd vkanksyu eè;oxZ rd
bUgas vke turk dh 'kfDr ij iwjk Hkjkslk lhfer jgs
lkekftd vk/kj f'kf{kr ,oa fuEu eè;oxhZ; tehankjkas ,oa mPPk eè; oxhZ; yksxkas rd lkekftd
yksxkas rd vk/kj
Lojkt dh ek¡x laoS/kfud lq/kjkas dh ek¡x
vlaoS/kfud rjhdkas dk iz;ksx dsoy laoS/kfud nk;js eas jgdj y{; ikuk pkgrs FksA
1 91 3 e sa yhx esa mn~ns';& fczfV'k

ftUu k
'kkfey gq, ljdkj ds izfr eqlyekukas fnYÇh njckj
dh fu"Bk eas c<+ksÙkjh (1877]1903] 1911)
eqfLye yhx 30 fnlacj] 1906

dk xBu dks <kdk eas LFkkfir
(vè;{k&uokc µ 1877 dk fnYYkh njckj eas
lyheqYYkkg) egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks Hkkjr dh
1908 ds yhx ds lkezKh ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
ve`rlj vf/os'ku eas µ bls îzksDykes'ku ;k ?kks"k.kk
eqLkyekukas gsrq î`Fkd fuokZpd njckj* dgk tkrk gSA
eaMy* dh ekax 1903 dk njckj µ blds eq[; fcanq& ¶fczfV'k bZLV
µ ,MoMZ lIre vkSj bafM;k daiuh ls lÙkk ifjorZu
egkjkuh ,ysDtsaMj fczrkfu;k ljdkj dks gksuk FkkA¸
dks Hkkjr dh lezkV] µ foDVksfj;k eseksfj;y (dydÙkk)
yhx ds izFke ekun vè;{k& lkezkKh ?kksf"kr djus
vkxk [kk¡&III eas 1877 ds njckj ds le;
gsrq foDVksfj;k ds Hkk"k.k ds va'k
(lj lqYrku eqgEen 'kkg)
vafdr gSaA
fnalcj 1911 dk njckj
µ tkWtZ iape vkSj egkjkuh eSjh ds Hkkjr vkxeu ij
eq[; ckras
µ 12 fnlacj] 1911 dks ^caxky foHkktu dks jí* fd;k x;kA
µ dydÙkk dh txg ^fnYYkh dks jkt/kuh* cuk;k x;k (1 vizSy] 1912)
µ fcgkj dks caxky ls vyx dj fn;k x;kA (22 ekpZ] 1912 dks)
µ ok;ljk; gkWfM±x ij jkl fcgkjh cksl] lphUnz lkU;ky] vehjpanz]
ckyeqdaqn] vkfn us ce isQadk (ftls ^fnYYkh "kM~;a=k* dgk x;kA)
(92)
Økafrdkjh
Hkkjr vkanksyu
eas
vU; ijh{kk
mi;ksxh rF;
caxky eas Økafrdkfj;kas caxky eas Økafrdkjh
dk izFke xqIr laxBu vkanksyu dk lw=kikr
^vuq'khyu lfefr* ^Hknzyksd lekt* jkeks"kh Ñ"kd ny (1879)&
Fkh (1902) ls gqvk ôklqnso cyoar iQM+ds*
fons'kkas eas Økafrdkjh }kjk xfBr Økafrdkjh
xfrfof/k;k¡ ny FkkA
^vfHkuo Hkkjr*] ^fe=k
esyk*] ^vuq'khyu lfefr*] ukfld "kM;a=k dsl
vkfn izeq[k Økafrdkjh (1909) ls dagkjs] Ñ".k th
dosZ] fouk;d ns'kikaMs] ^vatqeu&,&eksfglcku&,&oru*
laLFkk,a Fkh vthr flag }kjk ykgkSj eas
oh-Mh- lkojdj
vkfn tqM+s Fks xfBr Økafrdkjh
lfefr FkhA
Økafrdkjh if=kdk,a&
;qxkarj] laè;k] Hkkjr ekrk] [kqnhjke cksl] iziqQYYk ';keth Ñ".koekZ }kjk
pkdh us eqtÝiQjiqj ftyk yanu eas ^bafM;k gkse:y
uksV% pkisdj ca/qvkas us Iysx tt dks tku ls ekjus dh lkslk;Vh*] (bafM;k gkml)
vf/dkfj;kas jSaM ,oa vkeZLV dksf'k'k dh Fkh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] rFkk
dh gR;k dh ^bafM;u lksf'k;ksyksftLV*
uked i=k fudkyk
eSMe Hkhdkth dkek
(Hkkjrh; Økafr
dh tuuh miuke)
us 1907 eas LVqVxkMZ yanu eas gh ênuyky cSadwoj (dukMk) eas ^Lons'kh
(teZuh) eas frjaxk <haxjk* us duZy fofy;e lsod x`g* ^;wukbVsM bafM;k
iQgjk;k FkkA dtZu okbyh dh gR;k gkmQl* tSlh Økafrdkjh
(1909) dj nh ny dk;Z dj jgs FksA
eSMe dkek]
,l- vkj- jk.kk isfjl eas }kjdkukFk nkl us
';keth Ñ".k oekZ 1907 eas dSfyiQksfuZ;k
dh lg;ksxh Fks eas ^Hkkjrh; Lora=krk jktk egsUnz izrki us teZuh
ny* dk xBu fd;k FkkA ds lg;ksx ls dkcqy eas
fnlacj] 1915 dks
^varfje Hkkjr ljdkj* dh
eSMe dkek us gh teZuh LFkkiuk dhA (eaf=keaMy
izQkal] uhnjySaM eas izFke Hkkjrh; >aMs dk lnL;& cjdrqYYkk (ih,e)]
lkojdj dh fdrkc fMtkbu&Hkhdkth dkek] ekSykuk vCnqYYkk] 'ke'ksj
^1857 dk Lora=krk laxzke* oh-Mh- lkojdj] ';keth flag] eFkqjk flag
dks izdkf'kr fd;k FkkA Ñ".k oekZ }kjk rS;kj [kqnkcD'k] vkfn)
fd;k x;kA
(93)
1937&1743 rd fgUnw
egklHkk ds vè;{k jgs êSftuh dh vkRedFkk*
^vfHkuo Hkkjr
dk ejkBh eas
lkslk;Vh* dk xBu
vuqokn fd;k
lkojdj ca/qvkas
(fouk;d] x.ks'k) us ^Lons'kh vkanksyu* ,oa
fouk;d nkeksnj fryd dh ^Lojkt
^fe=kesyk* uked xqIr lkojdj
laxBu ukfld eas ikVhZ* ls tqM+s
(1899) cuk;k
îzQh bafM;k lkslk;Vh*
yanu eas bafM;k gkml dk xBu
dk dk;ZHkkj xzg.k fd;k
jpuk,a& ^n fgLVªh vkWiQ n
okj vkWiQ bafM;u baMsiasMasl*] mís';& fons'kkas eas jgs blds rgr ^cfyZu
^fgUnqRo* (bleas ^Vw Hkkjrh;kas dks fczfV'k desVh iQkWj bafM;u
us'kuy F;ksjh* nh) 'kklu ds fo:¼ bafMiasMsal* dh
1 uoacj] 1913 dks laxfBr djuk LFkkiuk gqbZ
ykyk gjn;ky }kjk
lSu ÚkaflLdks eas xnj ftEEksjeSu
lSu izQkaflLdks eas
ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk ;kstuk
^;qxkarj vkJe*
dh LFkkiuk
ohjsanz pV~Vksikè;k;] 1915 eas teZu fons'k
xnj HkwisUnz nÙk] ykyk ea=kky; ds lg;ksx
izeq[k yksx& jkepanz] vkanksyu gjyky lacaf/r Fks ls yk;h x;hA
djrkj flag ljkdk] uoacj] 1913 eas
cjdrqYYkk] HkkbZ ijekuan lksgu flag Hkk[kuk
us ^fgUn ,lksfl,'ku
vkWiQ vesfjdk* dh ^dkaxzsl&yhx le>kSrk* 1916 dk y[kumQ
1857 dh Le`fr eas LFkkiuk dh Hkh dgk tkrk gS vf/os'ku (vè;{k&
^xnj* ;k ^fgUnqLrku vafcdkpj.k etewnkj)
xnj* if=kdk (lkIrkfgd) y[kuÅ
iSDV (1916)
dukMk eas Hkkjrh;kas ds xjeny dk dkaxzsl eq[; ckras
^dkekxkVkek:* izos'k ls tqM+k fookn
,d ^tgkt* Fkk ea s iqu % iz o s 'k gq v k
(oSadwoj rV)
dkekxkVkek: dkaxzsl }kjk mÙkjnk;h
izdj.k& 1914 dkaxzsl ,oa yhx 'kklu dh ekax
blds fy, lksguyky dks yhx us
ikBd dh vxqokbZ eas }kjk ljdkj ls ekax
Lohdkj fy;k
^'kksj dfeVh* cuh Fkh tgkt dydÙkk (d) Hkkjr dks mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ 'kklu nsus dkaxzsl us yhx dh eqfLyekas
ds ctct dh 'kh?kz ?kks"k.kk
yk;k x;k gsrq îF`kd fuokp Z u O;oLFkk*
([k) izkarh; O;oLFkkfidk eas Hkkjrh;kas dh dh ekax dks eku fy;k
la[;k ,oa vf/dkj c<+s (dsUnzh; O;oLFkkfidk eas
(x) ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn~ 1@9 rFkk izkarh;
eas vk/s ls T;knk in Hkkjrh;kas gsrq eas ;g vyx&vyx Fkk)
j[ks tk,aA
(94)
^dkWeuohy* (lkIrkfgd)
20 vxLr] 1917 rFkk Û;w bafM;k* (nSfud)
dks ek.VsaX;w ?kks"k.kk ds uked i=k fudkys
ckn cslasV us gkse:y Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
yhx dh lekfIr dh dkaxzsl dh izFke
?kks"k.kk dj nh efgyk vè;{k (1917)
bUgkasus ^tkWtZ v:.Msy*
dks gkse:y yhx
Hkkjr eas gkse:y dk lfpo cuk;k
vkanksyu dh 'kq:vkr ,suh cslasV
dh (dkWeuohy easa
1914 eas O;k[;k dh) gkse:y yhx ds lnL;kas
dh fxjÝrkjh ds fojks/ eas buds yhx dk
,l- lqcze.;e us ^lj* eq[;ky; vM~M;kj
;k ûkbV* dh mikf/ (enzkl) eas Fkk
okil dj nh
fczfV'k efgyk Fkha]
îsQfc;u vkanksyu*
dh izLrkod bUgkasus gkse:y yhx
dks vf[ky Hkkjrh;
Lokeh n;kuan Lo:i iznku fd;k
ljLorh ls izHkkfor
gksdj vk;Z lekt
ls tqMs+ fgUnw egklHkk
ls tqM+s Fks ^'ksjs iatkc ;k
iatkc dsljh* 1928 eas lkbeu
dkaxszl ls tqM+s miuke deh'ku ds fojks/
1907 eas cekZ ls fu"dkflr] vkSj iatkc eas eas 'kkafr ekpZ eas
1885 eas ykgkSj eas DAV dk;Z fd;k ykBhpktZ ls ekSr
Ldwy LFkkfir fd;k izeq[k jpuk,¡
jktuhfrd ykyk yktir
xq:& eSftuh jk; & ;ax bafM;k] (U;wt isij)
& baXySaM MsCV Vw bafM;k]
vesfjdk (U;w;kdZ) & bafM;kt foy Vw izQhMe]
1897 eas ^fgUnw jkgr eas 1917 eas ^gkse:y & eSlst Vw Hkkxor xhrk]
vkanksyu*] 1921 eas yhx vkWiQ & ikWfyfVdy Ý;wpj vkWiQ bafM;k]
^los±V~l vkWiQ ihiy vesfjdk* xBu AITUC ds vè;{k] & n fMizsLM Dyklst]
lkslk;Vh* dh iatkc us'kuy cSad dh & vk;Z lekt]
LFkkiuk dh LFkkiuk esa lg;ksx & n izkWCye vkWiQ us'kuy
,tqds'ku bu bafM;kA
lkbeu deh'ku eas 1920 eas
jkWysV ,DV dksbZ Hkkjrh; u gksus vlg;ksx vkanksyu
,oa tkfy;kokyk ij 1928 eas fo/kulHkk eas lg;ksx
gR;kdkaM dk 1926 eas dsUnzh;
eas ,d izLrko fo/kulHkk ds
fojks/ fd;k is'k fd;k miusrk pqus x,
(95)
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd izFke fo'o ;q¼
eas egkRek xka/h dk 1919&1939 dh lekfIr dk Hkkjr
vkxeu loZizeq[k ?kVuk dk jk"Vªoknh nkSj ij vlj gqvk ftlus
Hkkjrh; turk eas
1919 dk ekaVsaX;w jk"Vªokn dks iqu%
egkRek xka/kh psEliQksMZ lq/kj thfor fd;k
1917 dh :lh Økafr
xka/kh dk (ysfuu }kjk lksfo;r
ifjp; la?k dh LFkkiuk) us
tUe 2 vDVwcj] 1969 Hkh Hkkjrh;kas dks
ekrk& dLrwjck xka/h iksjcanj (2 vDVwcj dks izHkkfor fd;k
firk& djepan xka/h la;qDr jk"Vª us 2007 eaas
^fo'o vfgalk fnol* 1915 eas xka/h us
xka/kh dh izeq[k e`R;q 30 tuojh]
eukus dh ?kks"k.kk vgenkckn eas ^lR;kxzg
jpuk,a& 1948 (fcM+yk gkmQl
dh Fkh) vkJe* dh LFkkiuk
eas ukFkqjke xksMls dh ftls ckn eas 1917
lR; ds lkFk }kjk gR;k) xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys eas lkcjerh unh ds
egkRek xka/h ds fdukjs LFkkukarfjr xka/h us 1924
esjs iz;ksxkas eas gq, ^csyxke
dh dgkuh xka/h dks ^jk"Vªfirk* jktuhfrd xq: FksA dj fn;k x;k
dkaxzsl vf/os'ku*
lqHkk"k pUnz cksl dh vè;{krk
fgUn pEikj.k lR;kxz g
us dgk Fkk xka/h us cacbZ eas dh Fkh
Lojkt ds nkSjku johanzukFk ^fof/ dk;kZy;*
VSxksj us xka/h dks dh LFkkiuk xqtjkr ds
xk¡o êgkRek* dh O;kikjh nknk vCnqYYkk
esjs liukas Lojkt dh Fkh
mikf/ nh FkhA dk eqdnek yM+us
dk Hkkjr n- vizQhdk
jpukRed 7 twu] 1893
dk;ZØe& dks ihVjeSfjV~tcxZ x, (ebZ] 1893)
bldk vFkZ LVs'ku (n- vizQhdk)
vkSj LFkku Mjcu ea s 1904 ij mUgas Vªsu ls ckgj
eas îQhfuDl vkJe* xksjs vaxzstkas }kjk
LFkkfir fd;k isQad fn;k rhudfB;k i¼fr
x;k FkkA ij vk/kfjr uhÇ
dh [ksrh dk
1894 eas
ûVky bafM;u n- vÝhdk ^bafM;u vksfifu;u* eqn~nk
xka/kh ds dk;Z uked v[kckj paikj.k
dkaxzsl* dh lR;kxz g] 1917
LFkkiuk fudkyk
xka/h us vaxzstkas dks
^VkWyLVkW; iQkeZ* ^rhudfB;k i¼fr* jktdqekj 'kqDy
dh LFkkiuk dh lekfIr ds cqykos ij
gsrq euk;k Hkkjr eas xka /h paikj.k x,
^lR;kxzg* dk
igyk iz;ksx
uksV% xka/h us ^xzhu iEiysV* fdrkc esa nf{k.k vizQhdk esa Hkkjrh; fxjfefV;k etnwjksa dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu fd;k FkkA
(96)
Hkw&jktLo
[ksM+k lR;kxzg ekiQ ugha vgenkckn vkanksyu
(twu] 1918) djus ds eqn~ns (Qjojh] 1918)
ij
xka/h us ^dj xka/h us ljnkj
ugha* vkanksyu iVsy ds lkFk
pyk;k fdlkukas dk uksV%
leFkZu fd;k fey ekfydkas }kjk xka/h us igyh
Îysx cksul* lekIr xka/h us ;gha ckj Hkw[k gM+rky
djus ds eqn~ns ij ^VªLVhf'ki dk ;gha ij
jkSysV ,DV fl¼kar* fn;k fd;k Fkk
(Qjojh] 1919)
xka/h us vuqlqbZ;k csu]
bl vkanksyu ds 'kadj yky casdj ds lkFk
nkSjku xka/h us izksú feydj ^vgenkckn VsDlVkby
& 1917 eas flMuh jkWysV dh vè;{krk eas lfefr vkun'kadj /zqo dks
dh fliQkfj'k ij ikfjr yscj ,lksfl,'ku (1920)
eè;LFkrk gsrq ^vkfcZVªsVj* dh LFkkiuk dh tks fd Hkkjr
& ok;ljk;& ykWMZ psEliQksMZ is'k fd;k Fkk
& dkyk dkuwu dgyk;k dk lcls iqjkuk VsDlVkby
& 19 ekpZ] 1919 dks ykxw (39 o"kZ ds fy,) etnwj la?k gS
& bl dkuwu dks ^fcuk odhy] fcuk vihy rFkk
^fcuk nyhy dk dkuwu* dgk tkrk gSA tfy;k¡okyk
& jkWysV dfeVh dks ^lSfMlu dfeVh* Hkh dgrs gSa ckx gR;kdkaM
& Hkkjr dk izFke tu vkanksyu ^jkWysV ,DV* (13 vizSy] 1919)
vkUnksyu Fkk
tujy vks Mk;j iatkc ds usrk lSiwQíhu

fojks/k Lo:i fdpyw vkSj lR;iky dh
bLrhQk@mikf/k }kjk xksyh
pyok;k x;k fxjÝrkjh ds fojks/ esa
'kadj uk;j tfy;kaokyk ckx eas lHkk
us ok;ljk; dh
egkRek xka/h us dk;Zdkfj.kh
^dSlj&,&fgUn* dh ifj"kn~ ds lnL; iatkc dk ys- xouZj
mikf/ okil dj nh bLrhiQk ekbdy MkW;j Fkk [bldh ^baMsefuVh ,DV ;k okbV
gR;k Å/e flag (vU; uke& jktk okWf'kax fcy* dks vaxzst
johanz ukFk VSxksj us eks- flag vktkn) }kjk 13 ekpZ] vf/dkfj;kas dks cPkkus
teukyky ctkt ^lj* dh mikf/ 1940 dks yanu esa dh xbZ] gsrq ljdkj }kjk ikfjr
us ^jk; cgknqj* okil ykSVk nh fd;k x;k Fkk
dh mikf/ ykSVk nhA
tkap gsrq
dkaxzsl us bl ^gaVj dfeVh* dk
bl gR;kdkaM ?kVuk dh tkap gsrq xBu (fMLvkWMZj baDok;jh
ds le; iatkc eas enu eksgu ekyoh; dfeVh) lnL;& fpeuyky lhryokM+]
peunhi ds usr`Ro dh vè;{krk eas lfefr tfLVl jfLdu] jkbl] lj
eas ^MaMk iQkSt* cukbZ (lnL;& eksrhyky tkWtZcjks] lj VkWel fLeFk)
cuk;k usg:] egkRek xka/h]
lh-vkj-nkl] rS;cth]
t;dj bR;kfn)
(97)
vlg;ksx
vkanksyu vkanksyu dk izLrko xka/h th
jkSysV ,DV] tkfy;kaokyk us rS;kj fd;k rFkk
ckx gR;kdkaM vkSj izLrko dks ^lh-vkj-nkl*
f[kykiQr ds eqís ij }kjk is'k fd;k x;k Fkk
xka/h }kjk 1 vxLr] ok;ljk; ^fryd LojkT;
1920 esa izkajHk ykWMZ jhfMax Fkk iQaM* ds rgr 1 djksM+
ls vf/d dh
vkanksyu ds fnlacj] 1920 jkf'k bdV~Bh
nkSjku fxjÝrkj eas ukxiqj dkaxzsl gqbZA
izFke O;fDr& vf/os'ku eas
eqgEEkn vyh iqf"VA
vkanksyu ds nkSjku
odkyr NksM+us okys ftUUkk] ,uh
izeq[k yksx &eksrhyky cs la sV ] th-,l- dkisZM]
usg:] tokgjyky usg:] ch-lh-iky us vkanksyu
lh-vkj- nkl] dk leFkZu ugha fd;k
jktxksikykpkjh] vkSj dkaxzsl NksM+ fn;kA
lSiqQn~nhu
vyh ca/qvkas us blh nkSjku caxky vkSj xqaVq:
bl vkanksyu ds nkSjku eas ;wfu;u cksMZ VSDlst
djkph eas dgk Fkk lq j sU nz ukFk cuthZ us ds f[kykiQ dj ugha
fd ¶eqlyeku dk 17 uoacj] ] ^ba f M;u us'kuy ns us dk vkanksyu pyk
lsuk eas jguk /eZ 1921 dks ^fizal fycjy isQMjs'ku*
ds f[kykiQ gS¸ vkWiQ osYLk* vkxeu xfBr fd;k
dk fojks/ gqvkA if'pe caxky
eas vkanksyu ds LFkkuh; vkanksyu&
vkanksyu eas usrk& ts-,e- vo/ fdlku vkanksyu]
efgyk] Nk=k] 5 iQjojh] 1922 dks ,dk vkanksyu
pkSjh&pkSjk dkaM ls u xqI rk Fks
fdlku] eqlyeku] (;w-ih-) eksoyk
O;kikjh lHkh us (vc pkS j h&pkS j k tukØks ' k) (dsjy) vkfn
lg;ksx fd;k ds ckn xka / h th us
11 iQjojh] 1922
dks vkanksyu dks
f[kykQr dk LFkfxr dj fn;k
eqn~nk uksV%& Økafrdkjh fopkj/kjk ds
uoacj] 1919 eas lHkh izeq[k usrkvkas us
1919 ds 'kq: eas xka/h th vf[ky vlg;ksx vkanksyu eas
eks- vyh] 'kkSdr vyh] ^f[kykiQr dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; f[kykiQr
Hkkjrh; lEEksyu* fnYYkh eas lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ Fkh
ekSykuk vktkn] desVh ds vè;{k FksA
vtey [kka] gljr eksgkuh (vè;{krk egkRek mUgksaus bls fgUnw& eqfLye
ds usr`Ro eas xka/h) ,drk eap ds :i
^f[kykiQr dfeVh* eas ns[kk
dk xBu
f[kykiQr vlg;ksx vkanksyu dh rhu ekaxsa&
f[kykiQr desVh fryd us 'kq: 1- rqdhZ ds lkFk lEEkkutud O;ogkj
dk mís'; rqdhZ ds izfr eas xka/h }kjk f[kykiQr 2- iatkc eas gqbZ T;knfr;kas dk fujkdj.k
fczVsu ds joS;s dks cnyus ds lg;ksx dk 3- Lojkt dh LFkkiuk
gsrq fczVsu ij ncko fojks/ fd;k Fkk
Mkyuk Fkk
(98)
1920 eas ifCyd
lsÝVh fcy (ljdkj
bykgkckn eas xBu vokafNr fonsf'k;kas dks ns'k
^dkaxzsl&f[kykiQr (eksrhyky usg:] ls fuokZflr dj ldrh Fkh)
Lojkt ikVhZ* Hkh lh- vkj- nkl) ij ljdkj dh ijkt;
dgk tkrk gSA Lojkft;kas dh cM+h
miyfC/ Fkh Lojkft;kas dh rjiQ
ls 1925 esa foV~ByHkkbZ
lh-vkj-nkl iVsy ysftLysfVo ,lascyh
vè;{k ,oa eksrhyky ds vè;{k pqus x;s
usg: lfpo
enu eksgu
ifjorZu leFkZd ekyoh; 1923 ds
(fo/ku ifj"knkas eas izos'k Lojkt ikVhZ pquko eas ^Lora=k fo/k;d*
dh odkyr)& lh-vkj- nkl] dk xBu] 1923 pqus x;s Fks
eksrhyky usg: ,oa
vtey [kku
xka/h us Lojkt ikVhZ
dk ckn eas leFkZu
ifjorZu fojks/h
dj fn;k Fkk
(fo/ku ifj"knkas eas izos'k
dk fojks/)& iVsy]
jktsUnz izlkn]
lh- jktxksikykpkjh] uoacj] 1923
mís';& fo/ku
,e-,-valkjh ds pquko eas lasVªy
ykyk yktir jk;] ifj"knkas ds dk;Z
ekyoh; Hkh Lojkt lapkyu dks vo:¼ ysftLysfVo ,lascyh
ny ls tqM+s Fks dj viuh ekax eas 42 lhVas thrha
iwjh djokuk
xka/h }kjk {ks=k& iatkc] ;wih
vlg;ksx vkanksyu laLFkkid& jkeizlkn
fcfLey] ;ksxs'k ,oa fcgkj eas
vpkud okil ysus nks /kjk,a Fkha
ls Økafrdkjh laxBu (igyh] iatkc] ;wih] panzpVthZ] lphUnz
iqu% lfØ; gq, fcgkj eas nwljh lkaU;ky
fgUnqLrku LFkkiuk& vDVwcj]
caxky eas) 1924 dkuiqj
eq[; vk/kj fjifCydu
19oha lnh ds O;Ld erkf/dkj ,lksfl,'ku
nwljs ,oa rhljs n'kd gks
eas Økafrdkjh
;g ?kVuk (1924) mís';&l'kL=k
fgUnqLrku fjifCydu
xfrfof/k;ka ,lksfl,'ku (HRA) dk lphanz laU;ky Økafr ds ekè;e ls
dh iqLrd vkS ipkfjd lÙkk dks
lcls izeq[k dk;Z Fkk m[kkM+ iQsaduk rFkk
^canh thou*
vxLr 1925 jkeizlkn fcfLey] ;wukbVsM LVsVl vkWiQ
dkdksjh v'kiQkdmYYkk [kka] bafM;k dh LFkkiuk
dkaM dks lgkjuiqj& y[kumQ
8 Mkmu jsyxkM+h jkts U nz ykfgM+ h vkS j jks' ku flag vkfn djuk
ij dkdksjh "kM~;a=k dk eqdnek pyk
ogha panz'ks[kj vktkn iQjkj gks x,
(99)
iQjojh 1931 eas
ykyk yktir jk; panz'ks[kj vktkn us
(lk.MlZ }kjk ykBh pktZ ls bykgkckn eas vYizQsM ikdZ
e`R;q) dh gR;k ds fojks/ dkdksjh "kM~;a=k
eas vaxzstkas ls eqBHksM+ eas ds ckn HRA dks
eas HSRA ds rhu lnL;kas [kqn dks xksyhekj yh
Hkxr flag] panz'ks[kj vktkn iqu% laxfBr
rFkk jktxq: us lk.MlZ fd;k x;k
dh gR;k dj nh
fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV
LFkkiuk (1928)
fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku fnYYkh ds fiQjkst'kkg dksVyk
panz'ks[kj vktkn (HSRA) eas Hkxr flag] lphUnz lkaU;ky
ds vuqjks/ ij Hkxorh panz'ks[kj vktkn }kjk
pj.k oksgjk us turk dks
viuh fopkj/kjk ls voxr ;wih ds f'ko oekZ]
djkus gsrq (n fiQykLiQh Hkxr flag us t;nso diwj] fot;
vkWiQ ce) uked ^ykgkSj Nk=k la?k*] dqekj ogha iatkc ls
nLrkost fy[kkA ^Hkkjr ukStoku lHkk* lq[knso] Hkxorh pj.k
(1926) dk oksgjk Hkh tqM+s Fks
xBu fd;k
^VªsM fMLI;wV fcy*] ?kVuk ds ckn Hkxr flag caxkÇ eas

îfCyd lsÝVh fcÇ* ds ,oa cVqds'oj nÙk us Økafrdkjh
dsUnzh; fo/kkulHkk fojks/ eas Hkxr flag rFkk ?kVuk,a
ce ?kVuk 8] tkucw>dj
cVqds'oj nÙk us fxjÝrkjh nh
vizSy] 1929 ce isQadk Fkk
22 ekpZ] 1931 1925 eas
mís';& ¶fdlh dh gR;k dks Hkxr flag] jktxq: lh-vkj-nkl dh
ugha vfirq ljdkj dks vkSj lq[knso dks ^ykgkSj e`R;q ds ckn ^vuq'khyu
fojks/ ls voxr djkuk "kM~;a=k dsl* eas lfefr* vkSj ^;qxkarj lewg*
rFkk cgjs dks iQkalh nh xbZ us Økafrdkjh xfrfof/;kas
lqukuk Fkk¸ dks vatke fn;k
caxky eas cM+s
iSekus ij efgyk
pVxk¡o 'kL=kxkj vU; izeq[k rF; Økafrdkjh dydÙkk ds
ywV (vizSy] 1930) 'kkfey gqbZ dfe'uj pkYlZ VsxkVZ
dh gR;k djus ds iz;kl
& lw;Zlsu usr`RodrkZ (vU; lg;ksxh& µ Hkxr flag dk dFku& ôzaQkfr ds eas vkjksih xksiukFk
vaur flag] x.ks'k ?kks"k] yksdhukFk ckmy) fy, jDrjaftr la?k"kZ vko';d ugha* lkgk dks iQkalh
& lw;Zlsu fganqLrku fjifCydu vkehZ] µ tsy eas jgrs gq, jkeizlkn fcfLey us izhfryrk nh xbZ
(pVxkao 'kk[kk) ds izeq[k FksA ;qokvkas ls vihy dh Fkh fd os okMsnkj] dYiuk
& lw;Zlsu f'k{kd Fks] (êkLVj nk* miuke) fiLrkSy vkSj fjokYoj dk lkFk NksM+ nÙk] lquhfr pkS/jh]
& lw;Zlsu dk dFku& ^lg`n;rk Økafrdkjh nsa] Økafrdkjh "kM~;a=kkas eas fgLlk u yas 'kkafr ?kks"k chuknkl
dk fojks/ xq.k gS* µ vius vafre fnukas eas Hkxr flag dk vkfn izeq[k
>qdko ekDlZokn dh vksj gks x;k
Fkk
(100)
blds lHkh lnL; ykWMZ fcjdsugsM vk;ksx dks
LFkkiuk gsrq ftEesnkj Fkk lkbeu deh'ku dh
'osr gksus ds dkj.k flQkfj'kas (1930 eas izdkf'kr)
Hkkjr eas fojks/ gqvk
^'osr deh'ku*
vU; uke& dgyk;k mÙkjnk;h ljdkj
^Hkkjrh; fof/d dk xBu
(vè;{k) & tkWu lkbeu
vk;ksx* lkbeu lnL;& DykbesV ,Vyh] gsujh
deh'ku dsUnzh; fo/kueaMy dk
ysoh yklu] ,MoMZ dkMksxku] iquxZBu tks la?kh; Hkkouk ds
ouksZu gkVZ'kkZsuq tkWtZ ysu iQkabl] vuqdwy gks] blds lnL;kas dks
1919 ds ,DV MksukYM gkoMZ
eas blds xBu izkarh; fo/kueaMykas }kjk
dk izko/ku vizR;{k pquk tk,
uoacj] 1927 eas mís';& Hkkjr eas
xBu (3 iQjojh] ^mÙkjnk;h 'kklu* dh
LFkkiuk gsrq Hkkjr dsUnz ,oa izkarkas ds mÙkjnk;h
1928 dks deh'ku ljdkj ds xBu dk fojks/]
eqacbZ vk;k) rS;kj gS fd ugha
ekSfyd vf/dkjkas dk dksbZ
mYYks[k ugha gqvk
usg: fjiksVZ] eksrhyky usg: dh
1928 vè;{krk eas ebZ] 1928
eas lafo/ku elkSnk rS;kj & lkaiznkf;d vk/kj ij pquko tkjh jgs] o;Ld
djus gsrq lfefr erkf/dkj vk/kfjr izR;{k ernku ugha gks
dk xBu & uoacj] 1927 ds enzkl vf/os'ku
lfefr ds vU; lnL;& (vè;{k ,e-,- valkjh) eas dkaxzsl
vyh beke] lqHkk"k pUnz us deh'ku ds cfg"dkj
cksl] eaxy flag] rst uksV dk fu.kZ; fy;k
cgknqj liwz vkfn
izeq[k Fks lkbeu deh'ku ds fojks/ esa ykBh pktZ
ds pyrs ykyk yktir jk; us ejus
ls igys dgk& êsjs mQij tks ykBh
28 vxLr] 1928 dk izgkj fd;k x;k gS] og lkbeu deh'ku dk leFkZu djus
dks fjiksVZ izLrqr dh ,d fnu fczfV'k lkezkT; ds okys laxBu& eqfLye yhx
ftls y[kumQ lEEksyu rkcwr dh vkf[kjh dhy (eq-'kiQh xqV)] tfLVl ikVhZ]
eas Lohdkjk x;k lkfcr gksxh* ;wfu;fuLV ikVhZ] vacsMdj dk
izeq[k ckras fMizsLM Dykl ,lksfl,'ku
ekSfyd vf/dkj
(efgykvkas dks leku dsUnz eas
Hkkjr dks iw.kZ eqfLyekas dks vf/dkj] la?k cukus dh f}lnuh;
vkSifuosf'kd LojkT; vYila[;d {ks=kkas Lora=krk] o;Ld O;oLFkkfidk fla/ dks
dk ntkZ feysaA eas vkjf{kr erkf/dkj vkfn cacbZ ls i`Fkd
lhV dqy 19) dj ,d i`Fkd
izkar cuk;k
^lkoZtfud fuokZpu Hkkjr gsrq tk,
iz.kkyh* dks lekIr Hkk"kkbZ vk/kj dsUnz ,oa mPPkre U;k;ky;]
dj la;qDr fuokZpu ij izkarkas izkarkas eas mÙkjnk;h izfrj{kk lfefr la?k Hkkjr ,d
i¼fr viukbZ tk, dk xBu 'kklu dh yksd lsok vk;ksx /eZfujis{k
LFkkiuk dh LFkkiuk dh tk, jkT; gksxk
(101)
dkaxzsl dk uoacj 1929 eas
usg: fjiksVZ ykgkSj vf/kos'ku ^fnYYkh ?kks"k.kk i=k*
ds vkSifuosf'kd 1929 dks ok;ljk; bjfou
Lojkt ds y{; }kjk vLohdkj fd, tkus
ds ctk; îw.kZ ds ckn ;g
Lojkt* dh ekax izeq[k ckras vf/os'ku gqvkA
usg: us
;q¼ dks lektoknh
dkaxzsl dk;Zlfefr ?kksf"kr fd;k fnalcj 1929
dks ^lfou; voKk xksyest [vè;{k& tokgj
vkanksyu* izkjaHk djus lEEksyu ds yky usg:] (xka/h
dk mÙkjnkf;Ro cfg"dkj dk dh enn ls]
fn;k x;k fu.kZ; fy;k x;k
26 tuojh]
1930 dks ns'kHkj
esa izFke Lora=krk izFke xksyest
fnol eukus lEEksyu
uksV%& 31 fnlacj]
1929 dks vk/h jkr dk fu.kZ;
dks jkoh unh ds rV lkbeu deh'ku
ij frjaxk >aMk dh fliQkfj'k ij
iQgjk;k x;k vè;{krk fopkj djus gsrq 12
jSEts uoacj] 1930 ls 10
eSdMksukYM tuojh 1931
yanu ds rd vk;ksftr
lasV tsEl
f}rh; xksyest eqfLye yhx] iSysl
lEEksyu fgUnw egklHkk]
nfyr oxZ rFkk ljdkj ,oa
Hkkjrh; jtokM+s Hkkjrh;kas ds eè; dkaxzsl us
'kkfey gq, leku Lrj ij cfg"dkj fd;k
vk;ksftr
7 flarcj izFke okrkZ
1931 ls 1 vYila[;d
fnlacj 1931 rd ,oa lkaiznkf;drk
ds elys ds dkj.k rhljk xksyest lEEksyu
lEEksyu & 17 uoacj] 1932 ls 24 fnlacj
vliQYk jgk 1932 rd
dkaxzsl dh xka/h ds lkFk & dkaxzsl ,oa xka/h 'kkfey ugha gq,
rjiQ ls ,dek=k tkus okykas eas egknso & bleas Hkkjr 'kklu vf/fu;e] 1935 ds
izfrfuf/ egkRek nslkbZ] enueksgu ekyoh;] fy, Bksl ;kstuk ds varfje Lo:i dks
xka/h 'kkfey gq, vU; 'kkfey is'k fd;k x;k
yksxkas eas] ljkstuh nsonkl xka/h] ?ku';kenkl
(jktiwrkuk tgkt fcM+yk] ehjkcsu uksV%
ls yanu x,) uk;Mw] ,uh cslasV] & vacsMdj rhukas lEEksyukas eas 'kkfey
MkW- vacsMdj FksA
gq,
vkfn Fks
(102)
xka/h us ^;ax
24 fnukas bafM;k* eas ^11 lw=kh*
dh ;k=kk ekax ljdkj ds
lfou; voKk le{k is'k dh
12 ekpZ& MkaMh ekpZ vkanksyu] 1930
6 vizSy] 1930
lkaiznkf;d fu.kZ; xka/h us ued
(16 vxLr] 1932) vkanksyu dks j.kuhfrd eqn~ns
6 vizSy] dks foLrkj
ued rksM+dj ds :i eas pquk
ued lR;kxzg
'kq:A i`Fkd fuokZpu
i¼fr dks eqlyekukas] xkSfMusY;w & ds- dsyIIku
bl ekpZ dh bZlkbZ;kas] ,aXyks&bafM;u] ef.kiqj eas usr`Ro us êkykckj* eas
rqyuk lqHkk"k panz fl[kkas ds vfrfjDr (usg: us bUgsa ^jkuh* rV ij
cksl us usiksfy;u ds gfjtukas ij Hkh dh mikf/ nh Fkh) ;k=kk dh
isfjl ekpZ rFkk ykxw fd;k x;k
eqlksfyuh ds fcgkj eas (leqnz u
jkse ekpZ ls dh if'peksÙkj Hkkjr gksus ds dkj.k) ued
xka/h us fojks/
Lo:i ;jonk tsy eas [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj lR;kxzg dks ^lkadsfrd
eas vkej.k [kka us usr`Ro fd;kA :i* eas pyk;k x;k
vu'ku fd;kA
vkanksyu ds /jl.kk eas
xka/h dh nkSjku okuj lsuk] ljkstuh uk;Mw] beke
ekax Fkh fd nfyr eatjh lsuk xfBr lkgc] ef.kyky us ued
oxZ ds izfrfuf/;kas dk dh xbZ dkuwu ij izn'kZu fd;k
pquko o;Ld erkf/dkj ds Fkk (bldk mYYks[k osc
vk/kj ij vke fuokZpd feyj us fd;k gS)
eaaMy ds ekè;e ls gks ^xka/h& bjfou
le>kSrs* (5 ekpZ] ^f}rh; lfou;
1931) ds ckn voKk vkanksyu*
vacsMdj& xka/h iwuk lekIr gks x;k 1932&1934
ds chp (24 flracj] le>kSrk rd pyk
1932)
eq[; ckras
enu eksgu ekyoh;
& nfyrkas gsrq î`Fkd fuokZpd eaMy* lekIr dj fn;k x;k
us xka/h vkSj fgUnqvkas dh
& izkarh; fo/kueaMykas eas nfyrkas gsrq 147 lhVas vkoafVr (lkaiznkf;d
rjiQ ls] ogha vacsMdj fiNM+s
iapkV eas 71 Fkha)
oxZ dh rjiQ ls bl le>kSrs
& dsUnzh; fo/kueaMy eas 18» lhVas nfyr oxZ gsrq vkjf{kr
ij gLrk{kj fd,
& fczfV'k ljdkj us bls lkaiznkf;d le>kSrs dk la'kksf/r :i ekudj
Lohdkj dj fy;k
& nfyr oxZ gsrq lkoZtfud lsokvkas] LFkkuh; laLFkkvkas dks mfpr
izfrfuf/Ro nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ
(103)
xka/kh }kjk flracj] 1932 eas tuojh 1933 uksV%&
gfjtukas ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; vLi`';rk eas ^gfjtu* 1- 1934 eas xka/h us dkaxzsl
gsrq mBk, x, fojks/h yhx* dk xBu lkIrkfgd i=k vkjaHk ls bLrhiQk ns fn;k
izeq[k dne 2- usg:] xka/h ds la?k"kZ&
le>kSrk&la?k"kZ j.kuhfr ls
vlger Fks
xka/h us nfyrkas
dks gfjtu dgk
vacsMdj vNwrkas & 7 uoacj] 1933
dks fgUnw leqnk; ds ^fMizsLM Dyklst dks o/kZ ls gfjtu
ckgj /kfeZd vYila[;d yhx* dk uke cnydj ;k=kk 'kq: (tqykbZ]
ekurs Fks ogha xka/h mUgas fgUnw ^gfjtu lsod la?k* gqvk 1934 rd)
leqnk; dk vfHkÂ vax ekurs FksA & ;k=kk ds nkSjku
1935 ds gfjtu lsod la?k gsrq
Hkkjr 'kklu dks"k ,d=k fd;k
1934 ds izkarh; pquko] vf/fu;e ds vk/kj
dsUnzh; fo/kkulHkk 1937 ij iQjojh 1937 dkaxzsl us 'kq:
pquko eas pquko gq, eas Ng izkarkas (cacbZ] enzkl]
eè; Hkkjr] mM+hlk] fcgkj ,oa
dkaxzsl us 8 jkT;kas la;qDr izkar) rFkk ckn eas
bleas dkaxzsl us eas ljdkj pykus gsrq
Hkkjrh;kas gsrq vkjf{kr 75 vle vkSj if'peksÙkj
lalnh; milfefr cukbZ lhekar izkar eas eaf=keaMy dk
lhVkas eas ls 45 lhVas thrh vkSj Fkh ftleas oYYkHkHkkbZ iVsy]
lcls cM+h ikVhZ xBu fd;k ('kklu 28
vcqy dyke vktkn] ekg rd gh jgk)
cudj mHkjh MkW- jktsUnz izlkn FksA
caxky eas Ñ"kd iztk ikVhZ]
eqfLye yhx dh la;qDr iatkc eas eqfLye
fofHkUu izkarkas yhx rFkk ^;qfu;fuLV
dh ljdkj ljdkj cu xbZA
usg:] lqHkk"k ikVhZ* dh la;qDr ljdkj
pUnz cksl rFkk cukbZ xbZ
fla/ eas ^fla/
1938 eas lkE;oknh nykas us ;wukbVsM ikVhZ* dh
dkaxzsl vè;{k pqukokas eas Hkkxhnkjh ljdkj cuh
cksl us ^jk"Vªh; dk fojks/ fd;k Fkk dkaxzsl dk
;kstuk lfefr (vè;{k gfjiqjk ,oa f=iqjh
usg:) dk xBu f=iqjh ladV vf/kos'ku
fd;k gfjiqjk vè;{k& lqHkk"k
cksl cuke iQjojh 1938 pUnz cksl
pquko eas (foV~By uxj)
cksl thrs] lhrkjeS;k (vè;{k cksl ds cnys
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ in gsrq fookn) jktsUnz izlkn u, vè;{k
ls mRiUUk jktuhfrd euksuhr gq, cksl ds jk"Vªh; fu;kstu
ladVkas ds pyrs vDVwcj] xka/h& ^;g lfefr dk mís'; ^vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
1939 eas dkaxzsl eaf=keaMykas cksl us vè;{k lhrkjeS;k ls ij vk/kfjr Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl
us R;kxi=k ns fn;k in ls R;kxi=k nsdj vf/d esjh ekSykuk vktkn gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k djuk* Fkk (xka/h
}kjk uke okil ysus
îQkjoMZ CykWd* dk gkj gS* ij xka/h us lhrkjeS;k us bldk fojks/ fd;k Fkk)
xBu fd;k dks viuk izR;k'kh pquk Fkk
(104)
t;izdk'k ukjk;.k]
dkaxzsl lektoknh ujsUnz nso] vP;qr iVo/Zu] ckWEcs esfuQsLVks
ikVhZ] 1934 ehuw elkuh }kjk xBu (1936)
igyk lEEksyu blesa izR;{kr%
21 vDVwcj] 1934 dks cacbZ ds 21
O;kikfj;kas }kjk lektoknh vkn'kks± dk
cacbZ eas (vè;{k& ujsUnznso fojks/ fd;k x;k
lfpo& t;izdk'k izLrkfor
ukjk;.k)
n os vkmV iaiysV
dSIVu eksgu flag lh- jktkxksikykpkjh }kjk
}kjk xfBr laoS/kfud xfrjks/ nwj djus gsqr iQkSt ds fliQkfj'kkas
11 flracj] 1942 tkjh fd;k x;kA bls lh- vkj-
dks bldh igyh ij ^yky fdys eas eqdnek*
iQkewZyk (tqykbZ] 1944) pyk] ftUgas cpkus gsrq dkaxzsl us
21 vDVwcj] fMfotu cuh Hkh dgrs gSaA ^vktkn fgUn lfefr* (odhy&
1943 dks ^lqHkk"k HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ] rst cgknqj ,oa
pUnz cksl* blds usg: us) dk
^lsukifr* cus xBu fd;kA
vktkn fgUn
QkSt (bafM;u
cksl us 21 vDVwcj us'kuy vkehZ) ebZ 1945 fczfV'k
1943 dks flaxkiqj eas lsuk }kjk jaxwu ij
^Lora=k Hkkjr dh vLFkk;h vf/dkj ds ckn fgUnw
ljdkj* dk xBu fd;k iQkSt us tkiku ds lkFk
(eq[;ky;& jaxwu teZuh] tkiku
vkfn us bl ljdkj leiZ.k dj fn;k
,oa flaxkiqj)
dks leFkZu fd;kA
6 uoacj] 1943
dks tkikuh lsuk us vktkn
iQkSt eas jkuh fgUn iQkSt dks vaMeku ,oa ekpZ 1944 eas
>kalh jsfteasV] lqHkk"k fudksckj lkSaisA cksl us iQkSt dh lsuk,a
fczxsM] usg: fczxsM] cksl& ^rqe vaMeku dks ^'kghn }hi* iwohZ Hkkjr ds dksfgek
xka/h fczxsM LFkkfir eq>s [kwu nks] rFkk ^fudksckj Lojkt vkSj ukxkySaM rd
fd, Fks eS rqEgas vktknh }hi* dgk Fkk vk xbZ Fkh
nwaxk*
f}rh; fo'o;q¼ 31 flracj] ok;ljk; us

,oa dkaxzsl 1939 dks 'kq: dkaxzsl us Hkkjr dks fcuk Hkkjrh; turk
;q¼ eas 'kkfey djus ls fopkj foe'kZ fd,
ok;ljk; ij eaf=keaMy ls Hkkjr dks teZUkh ds
dkaxzsl dh fyufyFkxks R;kxi=k ns fn;k fo:¼ ;q¼jr jk"Vª
fyufyFkxks ls ekax ?kksf"kr dj fn;k
1- 2- 3-
;q¼ i'pkr Lora=k Hkkjr dh dsUnz eas
lafo/ku lHkk dh jktuSfrd] lajpuk mÙkjnk;h ljdkj
LFkkiuk ij fopkj dh LFkkiuk
uksV% ok;ljk; fyufyFkxks us dkaxzsl dh mi;qZDr ekaxksa dks ugha ekukA

(105)
ikfdLrku izLrko eqfLye yhx vxLr izLrko]
ekpZ] 1940 dk ykgkSj 1940
vf/os'ku
dkaxzsl us
bls vLohdkj
eqfLye {ks=kkas ds dj fn;k
vè;{k ftUUkk us xBu ds eqís ij 8 vxLr dks
îkfdLrku jk"Vª* ikfdLrku dk ^fyufyFkxks*
dh ekax dh eqík 'kkfey u gksus }kjk ?kksf"kr
ds dkj.k eqfLye yhx
eq[; ckras us Hkh vLohdkj
dj fn;k
Hkkjr gsrq tqykbZ] 1941 eas ok;ljk; dh
^Mksfefu;u LVsVl* Hkkjrh;kas dks uksV dk;Zdkfj.kh ifj"kn~ dk foLrkj
eq[; y{; lfEEkfyr dj ^;q¼ dj Hkkjrh;kas dks igyh ckj cgqer
lykgdkj ifj"kn~* fn;k x;k Fkk
^lafo/ku lHkk* dh LFkkiuk cksl us îzQh bafM;u yhtu*
vYila[;dkas
dks fcuk fo'okl eas dk xBu uked lsuk dk xBu fd;k FkkA
fy, fdlh Hkh laoS/kfud ok;ljk; dh
ifjorZu dks ykxw ugha dk;Zdkfj.kh
fd;k tk,xk ifj"kn~ dk foLrkj fczfV'k lnL; ,oa
etnwj usrk ^lj LVSiQMZ
fØIl* ds usr`Ro eas
vxLr izLrko
dks dkaxzsl }kjk
O;fDrxr vLohdkj djus ds ckn
lR;kxzg] xka/h }kjk 'kq: fØIl fe'ku mís'; & Hkkjr eas
1940&41 (ekpZ] 1942) jktuhfrd fojks/ nwj
izFke & lR;kxzgh djuk] f}rh; fo'o ;q¼
fouksck Hkkos eas Hkkjrh;kas dk lg;ksx
izkIr djuk
nwljs&tokgjyky usg:
17 vDVwcj]
1940 dks ioukj dkaxzsl
fgUnw egklHkk] u s fØI ,oa y
vkJe (egkjk"Vª) vLo l izLrk hx
ls 'kq: rhljs& czã nÙk nfyr] flD[k mnkjoknh hdkj o
us Hkh bldh dj f kas dks
fØIl n;k
vkykspuk dh u
jk"V s Hkk
eq[; ckras ªh; j
Hkkjrh; la?k dkaxzsl ds d k le vkanks rh;
jk"VªeaMy] la;qDr jk"Vª ;q¼ lekfIr rjiQ ls usg: FkZu yu
Mksfefu;u jkT; la?k ,oa vU; varjkZ"Vªh; fd;
ds ckn u;s ,oa ekS y kuk vktkn k
ntsZ ds lkFk laLFkkvkas eas viuh Hkwfedk
^Hkkjrh; la?k* lafo/ku fuekZ.k gsrq okrkZdkj Fks
gsrq Lora=k gksxk ^lafo/ku fuekZ=kh ifj"kn~* uksV%& ¶fØIl fe'ku
dh LFkkiuk
dk xBu vkxs dh rkjh[k dk
ifj"kn~ }kjk fufeZr lafo/ku ftu izkarkas dks mDr O;oLFkk xouZj&tujy dh psd Fkk] ftldk cSad
Lohdkj ugha gksxk] os Hkkjrh; la?k ls gksus rd fczVsu] Hkkjr leLr 'kfDr;ka u"V gksus okyk Fkk¸
i`Fkd jg ldasxs (i`Fkd izkarkas ,oa ns'kh ds lqj{kk nkf;Rokas dk iwoZor jgasxhA & egkRek xka/h
fj;klrkas dks vyx lafo/ku cukus dk vf/dkj) fuoZgu djsxk
(106)
fØIl fe'ku
Hkkjr NksM+ks dh vliQyrk
vkUnksyu ds ckn 'kq:
(9 vxLr] 1942) o/kZ cSBd
14 tqykbZ] 1942 eas
la?k"kZ xka/hoknh izLrko vkanksyu dh
1 vxLr] dks LohÑfr izxfr ,oa izlkj
xka/h us 1942 dks bykgkckn
^djks ;k ejks* eas ^fryd fnol*
dk ukjk fn;k euk;k x;kA ^vkWijs'ku thjksvkWoj*
xka/h dks izeq[k dsUnz& iwohZ ;wih]
^la?k"kZ dk usrk* fcgkj fenukiqj] ds rgr usrkvkas
pquk x;k 7 vxLr 1942 egkjk"Vª ,oa dukZVdA dh fxjÝrkjh
dks Xokfy;k VSad
(eqacbZ] ekSykuk vktkn
usg: us ^Hkkjr
vè;{k) ea s o/kZ Hkwfexr dk; dkaxzsl jsfM;ks ;g usr`Ro foghu
NksM+ks izLrko* is'k Z (m"kk esgrk] vkanksyu Fkk
iz L rko dh iqf "V ds usrk
fd;k] ftls 8 vxLr] iVuk;d yksfg;k)
1942 dks v:.kk vkli ] dkaxzsl izlkj.k
Lohdkjk x;k Q v y h] LVs'ku& cacbZ ukfld
lqpsrk Ñiyku vke turk]
h
vkfn m|ksxifr;kas] Nk=kkas]
nslkbZ fy;kdr vkfn us iw.kZ lg;ksx tsih ukjk;.k us
QkeZwyk tuojh] fd;k ^vktkn nLrk*
1945 dk xBu fd;k
lekukarj ljdkj&
HkwykHkkbZ nslkbZ cfy;k (fprw ikaMs)] xka/h ds vU;
(dkaxzsl) us fy;kdr rkeywd] lrkjk eas vkanksyukas dh vis{kk fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk
vyh (eqfLye yhx) ls blea s vf/d fga l k gqb Z vkanksyu ds neu ij
feydj dsUnz eas varfje fiQj Hkh xka/ h th us vkan ks y u xka/h us ^vkxk [kka iSysl*
ljdkj ds xBu gsrq izLrko okil ugha fy;k eas 10 iQjojh] 1943
rS;kj fd;k yhx ,oa dka x z s l
ds chp bl ij le>kSrk dks miokl j[kk
ugha cuk cfYd erHksn
vkSj c<+ x, ososy ;kstuk
(4 twu] 1945) ososy us 25 twu
eq[; ckras f'keyk lEEksyu
dkaxzsl] yhx] dks f'keyk eas dkaxzsl izfrfuf/
varfje ljdkj eas lEEksyu cqyk;k ekSykuk vktkn FksA
leku lnL;kas dks
euksuhr djasxs ososy us [kqn
f'keyk lEEksyu dks
vliQy ekudj lekIr dkaxzsl us Hkh
20» LFkku pfpZy }kjk fyufyFkxks ;kstuk dk
vYila[;dkas gsrq xouZj tujy dj fn;k ds ctk; Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; fojks/ fd;k
lqjf{kr jgasxs vkSj dekaMj bu phiQ ykWMZ ososy dks cuk;k x;k
dks NksM+dj] xouZj tujy dh eqfLye yhx
dk;Zdkfj.kh ds lHkh ifj"kn~ esa
fgUnw] eqfLyekas dh us ekSykuk vktkn
lnL; Hkkjrh; gkasxsA dks ifj"kn~ dk dkaxzsl
eq[; ckras la[;k cjkcj jgsxh xouZj tujy
f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ dh dk ôhVks ikoj* lnL; cukus dk
lekfIr ij u;s lafo/ku fuekZ.k dh cuk jgsxk fojks/ fd;k
izfØ;k 'kq: gksxh
(107)
iatkc eas ;wfu;uoknh eqfLye yhx
dkaxzsl ,oa vdkyh xBca/u us 30 lhVas thrh 1945&46 eas
us ^f[ktz g;kr [kka* ds (iz k a rh; pq u koka s ea s fonz ksg dh izeq[k
vke pquko] ca x ky] fla/ ?kVuk,a
usr`Ro eas ljdkj
1945 cuk;hA eas cgqe r)
dkaxzsl dks
yscj ikVhZ dsUnzh; ,lascyh
(DyheasV ,Vyh) dh 102eas ls 57 dydÙkk eas dkaxzsl us
ds ljdkj cukus ds lhVas feyh (vktkn fgaan iQkSt ij vkf/dkfjd rkSj
ckn fnlacj] 1945 eas eqdneas dks ysdj) ij rks bu vkanksyukas
dk leFkZu ugha fd;k
dkaxzsl us caxky] ;s pquko Hkkjr eas gq, izkarh; pqukokas eas
ysfdu vizR;{k :i ls
fla/] iatkc NksM+dj tgk¡ dqy vkcknh ds
10» ogha dsUnzh; ,lascyh lg;ksx fd;k
yxHkx lHkh vU; izkarkas
eas cgqer izkIr fd;k î`Fkd fuokZpu eas ek=k 1» us iQjojh] 1946 eas
i¼fr* dks ernku fd;k
viuk;k x;k cacbZ eas (HMIS ryokj
ds) jkW;y bafM;u usoh
^ds ukfodkas }kjk ftUUkk ,oa
iVsy ds vkxzg ds ckn bu fonzksgkas eas
dSfcusV fe'ku ,Vyh us iQjojh] 6 twu] 1946 dks ukfodkas us iwjs 'kgj ds yksx
1946 eas bldh eqfLye yhx rFkk 24 twu] leiZ.k fd;k vkanksyudkfj;kas ds
?kks"k.kk dh 1946 dks dkaxzsl us fe'ku leFkZ u eas vk x,]
ds nh?kkZof/ izLrkokas dks ftlls fczfV'k
Lohdkj fy;k fojks/h Hkkouk,a
24 ekpZ] mBha
tqykbZ] 1946 eas
1946 dks Hkkjr dks 'kkafriw.kZ lafo/ku lHkk ds xBu
fnYYkh vkxeu lÙkk gLrkarj.k gsrq mik;kas] gsrq izkarh; O;oLFkkfidkvkas
laHkkoukvkas dh ryk'k eas pquko laiUUk gq,
djus ds mís'; ls xfBr
eqfLye yhx us
lnL;% yhx us 16 vxLr] 29 tqykbZ] 1946 dks viuh
1946 dks îzR;{k dkjZokb LohÑfr okil ys yh vkSj
1- ykWMZ iSfFkd ykjasl (Hkkjr lfpo) ikfdLrku gsrq ^lh/h
2- LVSiQMZ fØIl (O;kikj cksMZ vè;{k) fnol* euk;k (izHkkfor {ks=k&
dydÙkk] flygV] uksvk[kkyh] dk;ZOkkgh* dk vkg~oku
3- ,-oh- vysDtasMj (ukSlsuk ea=kh) fd;kA
fcgkj] f=kiqjk]
x<+eqDrs'oj vkfn)
eq[; ckras fczfV'k Hkkjr vkSj

ns'kh fj;klrkas dks feykdj
^Hkkjrh; la?k* dk fuekZ.k] tks
j{kk] lapkj] fons'kh ekeykas dks
îwohZ ikfdLrku* ns[ksxk ('ks"k fo"k; ,oa
xBu dh ekax (vof'k"V 'kfDr;ka
vLohdkj jkT;kas* dks)
izkarkas dks rhu lafo/ku fuekZ=kh
lHkk dk xBu [izkarh;
lewgkas (d][k]x]) fo/kulHkkvkas] ns'kh fj;klrkas
eas ckaVk x;k ds izfrfuf/;kas }kjk ]
(108)
varfje ljdkj varfje ljdkj
flracj] 1946 ds ea=h dkaxzsl
ds usrk
9 fnlacj] 1946 tokgjyky usg:& ifj"kn~ ds mikè;{k]

ososy us usg: dks lafo/ku lHkk dh fons'k ekeys ,oa dkWeuosYFk
dks varfje ljdkj izFke cSBd gqbZ (vLFkk;h oYYkHkHkkbZ iVsy& x`g] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k
cukus dk vè;{k& MkW- lfPPknkuan cynso flag& j{kk
fu;a=k.k fn;k flUgk (Ñiykuh dh yhx us lafo/ku Mk- tkWu eFkkbZ& m|ksx ,oa vkiwfrZ
lykg ij) lHkk dk fojks/ lh- jktxksikykpkjh& f'k{kk
fd;k lh- ,p- HkkHkk& fuekZ.k] [kuu ,oa mQtkZ
21 flracj dks txthou jke& Je
usg: us vius lg;ksfx;kas eqfLye yhx jktsUnz izlkn& Ñf"k ,oa [kk|
ds lkFk ok;ljk; dh lHkk dh izFke cSBd vkliQ vyh& jsyos
dkmafly lnL;rk eas 'kkfey ugha
dh 'kiFk yhA gqbZ FkhA yhx ds usrk
ekmaVcsVu ;kstuk fy;kdr vyh& foÙk

Qjojh] 1947 bLekby pqanzxj& okf.kT;
vCnqy fu'rj& lapkj
xtuiQj vyh [kka& LokLF;
& 20 iQjojh] 1947 ,Vyh us ^gkml vkWiQ dkWel* eas ?kks"k.kk tksxsUnz ukFk eaMy& dkuwu
dh fd ^30 twu] 1948* rd Hkkjrh;kas dks lÙkk lkSai nh tk,axhA
& ykMZ ekmaVcsVu 24 ekpZ] 1947 dks xouZj tujy cus ijh{kksi;ksxh tkudkjh
eq[; ckrsa
& 3 twu] dks ekmaVcsVu us lÙkk gLrkarj.k dh ;kstuk izLrqr dh
(3 twu ;kstuk) & 1914 & fgUnw egklHkk xBu
& ;kstuk dks dkaxzsl rFkk yhx us Lohdkj fy;k (enu eksgu ekyoh;)
& 14 twu 1947 dks ^xksfoanoYYkHk iar* us dkaxzsl egklfefr & 1925 & jk"Vªh; Lo;a lsod la?k dk xBuA
cSBd eas bl ;kstuk dh LohÑfr dk izLrko is'k fd;k (ds-ch- gsMxsokj)
& 15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr] ikfdLrku Mksfefu;u LVsVl & 1925 & Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV dk xBuA
(vf/jkT;) ds :i eas LFkkfir gkasxsA
& Hkkjrh; jtokM+kas dks Hkkjr ;k ikd eas 'kkfey gksus dh
btktr gksxh] mUgas Lora=k jgus dk fodYi ugha FkkA
& mÙkj&if'peh lhek izkar rFkk vle ds flygV ftys eas
tuer laxzg
& fla/ viuk fu.kZ; Lo;a ysxk
& nks lafo/ku lHkkvkas dk fuekZ.k
& caxky dks Lora=krk nsus ls euk] gSnjkckn dh ikfdLrku eas
lfEEkfyr gksus dh ekax vLohÑrA
& foHkktu xfrjks/ ij ,d ^lhek vk;ksx* dk xBuA
(109)
Hkkjrh; Lora=rk eq[; ckras
vf/kfu;e] 1947
Hkkjr] ikd ds 15 vxLr]

15 tqykbZ dks fo/kueaMykas dks dqN 1947 dks Hkkjr]
êkamVcsVu ;kstuk* fo"k;kas ij dkuwu fuekZ.k ikd nks Mksfefu;u
^gkml vkWiQ dkWeal*
ds vk/kj ij 4 tqykbZ] dk iw.kZ vf/dkj ds :Ik eas gkasxs
}kjk LohÑr
1947 dks fczfV'k laln eas fn;k x;kA
;g vf/fu;e ikfdLrku ds
is'k gqvkA izFke xouZj ^ftUUkk*
16 tqykbZ dks
^ykMZl lHkk* eas rFkk Hkkjr ds
LohÑr êkmaVcSVu* cusA
18 tqykbZ dks
lezkV }kjk
uksV
ikfjr
15 vxLr] 1947 rd 136 ns'kh fj;klras Hkkjr

eas 'kkfey gks pqdha FkhA ogha d'ehj us 26 vDVwcj]
1947 dks] gSnjkckn ,oa twukx<+ us 1948 us
foy;& i=kkas ij gLrk{kj fd;sA
(110)
Lora=krk&vkanksyu ls lacaf/r izdkf'kr i=k] if=kdk,¡ ,oa iqLrdsa
i=k&if=kdk,¡ ,oa iqLrdsa ys[kd@laiknd
vH;qn;] yhMj] fgUnqLrku enueksgu ekyoh;
bafM;ufejj] okecksf/uh ds'kopUnz lsu
bafMisaMsaV eksrhyky usg:
dky ijkatis
dkejsM] gennZ eqgEen vyh
dsljh (ejkBh)] ejkBk ;k egjV~Vk (vaxszth)] xhrk jgL; cky xaxk/j fryd
deZ;ksxh] ;qxkUrj] oUnsekrje] ykbiQfMokbu] lkfo=kh vjfoan ?kks"k
us'ku] n fgrokn (vaxszth lkIrkfgd) xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys
caxkyh] , us'ku bu esfdax lqjsUnz ukFk cuthZ
Hkokuh eafnj cfjUnz dqekj ?kks"k
;ax bafM;k] gfjtu] uothou] fgUnLojkt] ekbZ ,DlisjhesaV foFkVª˜Fk egkRek xka/h
laokn dkSeqnh jktk jkeeksgu jk;
lkseizdk'k bZ'ojpUnz fo|klkxj
ve`r cktkj if=kd f'kf'kj dqekj ?kks"k
dkWeu foy] U;wbafM;k ,uhcslsaV
Úh fgUnqLrku rkjdukFk nkl
n fjoksY;w'kujh 'kphUnzukFk lkU;ky
ikoVhZ ,aM vu fczfV'k :y bu bafM;k] jLV xqÝrwj nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth
bafM;k fMokbMsM MkWú jktsUnz izlkn
vugSih bafM;k ykyk yktir jk;
bafM;k foUl ÚhMe] xqckjs [kkfrj] vy fgyky vcqy dyke vktkn
fMLdojh vkWiQ bafM;k] fXyEIlst vkWiQ oYMZ fgLVªh] ,u vkWVksck;ksxzkiQh tokgjyky usg:
fgUV~l iQkWj lsYiQ dYpj ykyk gjn;ky
bafM;u vujsLV lj oSysaVkbu f'kjkWy
bafM;k iQkWj bafM;Ul] n os Vw Lojkt fpÙkjatu nkl
okWj vkWiQ bafM;u bafMisaMsal ohj lkojdj
gkse ,aM n oYMZ] xhrkatfy johUnz ukFk Bkdqj
uhy niZ.k nhuca/q fe=k
lhts oru] deZHkwfe] 'krjat ds f[kykM+h iszepUnz
ok¡xs njk] rjkus fgUn eqgEen bdcky
Hkkjr Hkkjrh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
Hkkjr nqnZ'kk HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz
dk¡xszl dk bfrgkl iV~VkfHk lhrkjeÕ;k
lR;kFkZ izdk'k n;kuan ljLorh
bafM;u LVªxy lqHkk"k pUnz cksl
vkuaneB] nsoh pkS/qjkuh cafdepUnz pVksikè;k;
canh thou 'kphUnz ukFk lkU;ky
esjk thou la?k"kZ] [ksr etnwj] gqadkj Lokeh lgtkuan ljLorh
(111)
dk¡xszl vf/os'ku
vf/os'ku o"kZ LFkku vè;{k fo'ks"k
igyk 1885 cacbZ O;kses'kpUnz cuthZ 72 izfrfuf/;ksa us Hkkx fy;k
nwljk 1886 dydÙkk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth &
rhljk 1887 enzkl cn:íhu rSÕ;cth izFke eqfLye vè;{k
pkSFkk 1888 bykgkckn tkWtZ ;wy izFke vaxszt
ikapok¡ 1889 cacbZ lj fofy;e csMjcuZ &
NBk 1890 dydÙkk lj fiQjkst'kkg esgrk &
lkrok¡ 1891 ukxiqj izksú vkuan pkywZ &
vkBok¡ 1892 bykgkckn O;kses'kpUnz cuthZ &
ukSok¡ 1893 ykgkSj nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth &
nlok¡ 1894 enzkl vYÚsM osc vk;fj'k O;fDr Fks
X;kjgok¡ 1895 iwuk lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ &
ckjgok¡ 1896 dydÙkk jgherqYyk l;kuh igyh ckj ôans ekrje* x;k x;k
rsjgok¡ 1897 vejkorh lhú 'kadju uk;j &
pkSngok¡ 1898 enzkl vkuaneksgu nkl &
iUnzgok¡ 1899 y[kuÅ jes'kpUnz nÙk &
lksygok¡ 1900 ykgkSj ,uúthú pUnzkojdj &
l=kgok¡ 1901 dydÙkk fnu'kk bnqyth okpk &
vBkjgok¡ 1902 vgenkckn lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ &
mUuhlok¡ 1903 enzkl ykyeksgu ?kks"k &
chlok¡ 1904 cacbZ lj gsujh dkVu &
bDdhlok¡ 1905 cukjl xksikyÑ".k xks[kys &
ckblok¡ 1906 dydÙkk nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth igyh ckj ^Lojkt* 'kCn dk i;zkxs
rsblok¡ 1907 lwjr MkWú jklfcgkjh ?kks"k dk¡xszl dk izFke foHkktu
pkSchlok¡ 1908 enzkl MkWú jklfcgkjh ?kks"k dk¡xszl lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k
iPphloka 1909 ykgkSj iaú enueksgu ekyoh; &
NCchlok¡ 1910 bykgkckn lj fcfy;e osMjcuZ &
lrkblok¡ 1911 dydÙkk iaú fc'kuukjk;.k /j igyh ckj tu x.k eu x;k x;k
vVBkblok¡ 1912 ckadhiqj (iVuk vkjú,uú eks/ksydj &
murhlok¡ 1913 djkph uokc lS;n eksú cgknqj &
rhlok¡ 1914 enzkl HkwisUnzukFk clq &
bdrhlok¡ 1915 cacbZ lj lR;sUnz izlUu flUgk ykWMZ csfyaxVu us Hkkx fy;k
(112)
dk¡xszl vf/os'ku
cÙkhlok¡ 1916 y[kuÅ vafcdkpj.k etwenkj eqfLye yhx ls le>kSrk
rSrhlok¡ 1917 dydÙkk Jherh ,uh cslsaV izFke efgyk vè;{k
fo'ks"k vf/os'ku 1918 cacbZ glu beke dk¡xszl dk nwljk foHkktu
pkSrhlok¡ 1918 fnYyh iaú enueksgu ekyoh; &
iSarhlok¡ 1919 ve`rlj iaú eksrhyky usg: &
NÙkhlok¡ 1920 ukxiqj lhúfoú jk/okpkfj;j dk¡xszl lafo/ku esa ifjorZu
fo'ks"k vf/os'ku 1920 dydÙkk ykyk yktir jk; &
lSarhlok¡ 1921 vgenkckn gdhe vtey [kk¡ &
vM+rhlok¡ 1922 x;k ns'kca/q fprjatu nkl &
mupkyhlok¡ 1923 dkdhukM+k ekSykuk eksgEen vyh &
fo'ks"k vf/os'ku 1923 fnYyh vcqy dyke vktkn lcls ;qok vè;{k
pkyhlok¡ 1924 csyxke egkRek xk¡/h &
bdrkyhlok¡ 1925 dkuiqj Jherh ljksftuh uk;Mw izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk vè;{k
c;kyhlok¡ 1926 xqokgkVh ,lú Jhfuokl vk;xkj nL;ksa gsrq [kknh oL=k vfuok;Z
rsrkyhlok¡ 1927 enzkl MkWú ,eú,ú valkjh iw.kZ Lok/hurk dh ek¡x
pkSokyhlok¡ 1928 dydÙkk iaú eksrhyky usg: &
iSarkyhlok¡ 1929 ykgkSj iaú tokgjyky usg: iw.kZ Lojkt dh ek¡x
fN;kyhlok¡ 1931 djkph ljnkj cYYHkbZ HkkbZ iVsy ekSfyd vf/dkj dh ek¡x
lSarkyhlok¡ 1932 fnYyh ve`r j.kNksM+ nkl lsB &
vM+rkyhlok¡ 1933 dydÙkk Jherh usYyh lsuxqIrk &
mupklok¡ 1934 cacbZ MkWú jktsUnz izlkn &
ipklok¡ 1936 y[kuÅ iaú tokgjyky usg: &
bD;kouok¡ 1937 isQtiqj iaú tokgjyky usg: xko¡ eas vk;kfstr iFzke vf/o'sku
ckouok¡ 1938 gfjiqjk lqHkk"k pUnz cksl &
frjiuok¡ 1939 f=kiqjh lqHkk"k pUnz cksl &
pkSouok¡ 1940 jkex<+ vcqy dyke vktkn &
ipiuok¡ 1946&47 esjB vkpk;Z tsúchú Ñiykuh vktknh ds le; vè;{k
NIiuok¡ 1948 t;iqj Jh iV~VkfHk lhrkjeS;k &
lurkouok¡ 1950 ukfld iq#"kksÙke nkl VaMu &
uksV% MkWú jktsUnz izlkn 1947 bZú esa fnYyh esa gqbZ fo'ks"k vf/os'ku ds vè;{k FksA
(113)
fczfV'k iz'kklu ds fo#¼ izeq[k tutkrh; ,oa vU; fonzksg
fonzksg vof/ (bZú lu~) izHkkfor {ks=k usr`RodrkZ
laU;klh fonzksg 1770&1800 fcgkj] caxky dsuk ljdkj] fnftZukjk;.k
iQdhj fonzksg 1776&77 caxky etuq'kkg ,oa fpjkx vyh
pqvkj fonzksg 1768 ckdqM+k (caxky) nqtZu flag
ikWyhxkjksa dk fonzksg 1801&1856 rfeyukMq ohj ih dkV~VkokEeku
osykVEih fonzksg 1808&09 Vªkoudksj esyqFkkEih
Hkhy fonzksg 1818&1846 if'peh ?kkV lsokjke
lehlh fonzksg 1822&41 if'peh ?kkV fpÙkj flag
ikxyiUFkh fonzksg 1825&50 vle Vhiw (dje'kkg dk iw=k)
vgkse fonzksg 1828 vle xkse/j dq¡oj
ogkch vkanksyu 1831 fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k lÕ;n vgen rqrhehj
dksy vkanksyu 1831&32 NksVkukxiqj (>kj[k.M) xkse/j dq¡oj
[kklh fonzksg 1833 vle rhjr flag
iQjk;th vkanksyu 1838&48 caxky gkth 'kjh;rqYyk] nknw fe;k¡
uhy fonzksg 1859&60 caxky] fcgkj fnxEcj fo'okl vkSj fo".kq fo'okl
lUFkky fonzksg 1855&56 caxky] fcgkj fl¼w&dkUgw
eq.Mk fonzksg 1874&1900 fcgkj] (>kj[k.M) fcjlk eq.Mk
ikbd fonzksg 1817&1825 mM+hlk c['kh txcU/q
ikcuk fonzksg 1873&85 ikcuk (caxky) bZ'kkupUnz jk; ,oa 'kEHkwiky
eksiyk fonzksg 1836&1922 ekykckj (dsjy) lS;n vykoh] dqu vgen] vyh eqlfy;kj
dwdk vkanksyu 1840 iatkc Hkxr eqlfy;kj
jEikvksa dk fonzksg 1922&1924 vkU/z izns'k vy:jh lhrkjke jktw
rkukHkxr vkanksyu 1914&1919 fcgkj trjk Hkxr
rsHkkxk vkanksyu 1946 caxky dEikjke flag ,oa Hkou flag
(114)
dk¡xszl&iwoZ jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡
laxBu LFkkiuk laLFkkid LFkku
yS.M gksYMlZ lkslk;Vh 1838 bZú }kjdkukFk VSxksj dydÙkk
fczfV'k bafM;k lkslk;Vh 1839 bZú fofy;e ,MEl yanu
caxky fczfV'k bafM;k lkslk;Vh 1843 bZú tkWtZ FkkWelu dydÙkk
fczfV'k bafM;k ,lksfl,'ku 1851 bZú jk/kdkUr nso dydÙkk
enzkl usfVo ,lksfl,'ku 1852 bZú xtqyw y{eh ujlqpsV~Vh enzkl
ckWEcs ,slksfl,'ku 1852 bZú txUukFk 'kadj lsB cEcbZ
bZLV bafM;k ,slksfl,'ku 1866 bZú nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth yanu
us'kuy bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku 1867 bZú esjh dkjis.Vj yanu
iwuk lkoZtfud lHkk 1870 bZú ,lú,pú fpiyadj] iwukth tks'kh] ,eúthú jkukMs iwuk
bafM;u ,slksfl,'ku 1876 bZú vkuUn eksgu cksl] ,lú,uú cuthZ dydÙkk
enzkl egktu lHkk 1884 bZú ,eú ohjjk/okpkjh] vkuUnpkjyw enzkl
ckWEcs iszlhMsalh ,lksfl,'ku 1885 bZú fiQjkst'kkg esgrk] dsúVhú rSyax] cn#íhu rS;c cEcbZ
Økafrdkjh laLFkk,¡
laLFkk laLFkkid LFkku o"kZ
fe=k esyk ohúMhú lkojdj ukfld 1899
vfHkuo Hkkjr ohúMhú lkojdj ukfld 1904
vuq'khyu lfefr izerukFk fe=k] lrh'k pUnz] ujsUnz HkV~Vkpk;Z dydÙkk 1905
Hkkjr Lo'kklu lfefr ';ke th Ñ".k oekZ yanu 1905
bafM;k gkml ';ke th Ñ".k oekZ yanu 1905
;qxkUrj ckjhUnz ?kks"k dydÙkk 1906
(115)
bZLV bafM;k daiuh
ds vèkhu izeq[k
xouZj tujy@ok;ljk;
jkcVZ Dykbo (1757&1760

,oa 1765&1767 bZ-)
;g caxky dk
izFke xouZj FkkA
o"kZ 1742 bZ- esa bZLV blh ds le; esa 1759 esa Hkkjr esa vius dk;ks±
ykWMZ fiV us bls ds dkj.k bls ^fczfV'k
bafM;k daiuh esa ^DydZ* ^LoxZ ls mrjk gqvk ôsnjk dk ;q¼* gqvk] blesa
ds :i esa ukSdjh dh lkezkT; dk laLFkkid*
tujy* dgk FkkA vaxzstksa us Mpksa dks gjk fn;kA dgk x;k gSA
'kq#vkrA
cDlj ds ;q¼ esa fot; ds
o"kZ 1765 esa blus ,d O;kikj lfefr
23 twu] 1757 dks ckn eqxy lezkV 'kkgvkye
(Society of Trade) dk fuekZ.k djds
Iyklh ds ;q¼ esa fot; f}rh; us bls o"kZ 1765 esa caxky]
bldks ûed] lqikjh ,oa rEckdw* ds O;kikj
ds ckn bls caxky dk fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk dh ^nhokuh*
dk ,dkf/dkj fn;k x;kA
xoZuj cuk;k x;k FkkA iznku dh FkhA
o"kZ 1765 bZ- esa Dykbo us o"kZ 1766 bZ- esa blh ds le; Dykbo us 12 vxLr] 1765 vkSj
caxky esa ^}S/ 'kklu* ykxw esa ^'osr foæksg* gqvk FkkA eq[;r% 16 vxLr] 1765 dks bykgkckn dh
fd;k FkkA o"kZ 1772 esa }S/ 'kklu bl foæksg dk dsaæ eqaxsj nks laf/;ka dh FkhA igyh laf/ eqxy
dks okjsu gSfLVaXl us lekIr vkSj bykgkckn FkkA lezkV ls tcfd nwljh laf/ caxky
dj fn;k FkkA ds uokc ds lkFk gqbZ FkhA
fczfV'k usrk odZ us Dykbo dk
vaxzst bfrgkldkj îlhZfcy
migkl djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd Dykbo us baXySaM esa
Lih;j* us Dykbo dks ^Hkfo";
^;g rks cM+h&cM+h uhosa j[kus okyk vkRegR;k dj yh FkhA
dk vxznwr* dgk FkkA
vkneh FkkA*
Dykbo us mi&nhoku ds in ij
caxky ds fy, eqgEen jtk [kk¡ vkSj
fcgkj ds fy, jktk f'krkc
jk; dks fu;qDr fd;kA
(116)
okjsu gsfLVaXl
(1774&1785 bZ-)
1773 ds jsX;wysfVax Hkkjr esa Û;kf;d lsok* dk

,DV ds v/hu ;g caxky tUenkrk gsfLVaXl dks ekuk tkrk
Hkwfe lq/kj ds fy,
dk vafre xoZuj ,oa caxky gSA blh ds le; esa o"kZ 1774 esa
o"kZ 1772 esa îapo"khZ;
dk izFke xouZj&tujy nksuksa FkkA dydÙkk esa ,d ^loksZPp U;k;ky;*
cankscLr* tcfd o"kZ 1777 esa
blh ds le; jktdh; dks"k dks dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA bldk eq[;
^,do"khZ; cankscLr* dh O;oLFkk dh
eqf'kZnkckn ls dydÙkk U;k;k/h'k bfytk bEis tcfd vU;
FkhA o"kZ 1793 esa blh cankscLr dks
yk;k x;kA lgk;d U;k;k/h'k pSEcj]
dkuZokfyl us LFkk;h :i
fyesLVj ,oa gkbM FksA
iznku fd;k FkkA
o"kZ 1775 esa îQStkckn o"kZ 1784 esa blh le; izR;sd ftys esa iQkSthnkjh
dh laf/* }kjk gsfLVaXl us vo/ foy;u tksal us dydÙkk esa (vè;{krk&njksxk) vkSj
dh csxeksa dks mudh lEifÙk dh ,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh vkWiQ caxky nhokuh vnkyr
lqj{kk dh xkjaVh nh FkhA bl dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bl lkslkbVh (vè;{krk& dysDVj)
le; vo/ dk uokc ds rgr vuqokfnr igyh iqLrd dh LFkkiuk dhA
^vkliqQíkSyk FkkA Hkxorxhrk FkhA bldk vuqokn
fofy;e fcyfdal blh ds le; esa dydÙkk
us fd;k FkkA esa ^Vdlky dh LFkkiuk*] izFke
vkaXy ejkBk ;q¼ (1775&82)]
blus 1781 esa dydÙkk esa f}rh; vkaXy eSlwj ;q¼ (1780&84)]
odZ us gsfLVaXl dks
izFke enjlk LFkkfir fd;kA gSnj vyh dh e`R;q (1782) vkSj
^pwgk] usoyk rFkk vU;k;
dk eqf[k;k* dgk FkkA o"kZ 1784 fiV~l bafM;k ,DV
o"kZ 1785 esa okjsu gsfLVaXl ikfjr fd;k x;k] ^cksMZ vkWiQ
ds ykSVus (baXySaM) ds ckn fczfV'k jsosU;w* dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
usrk ,MeaM odZ us fczfV'k laln ds
gsfLVaXl us yxku ds fglkc
gkml vkWiQ ykWMZ~l esa egkfHk;ksx
dh ns[kHkky gsrq Hkkjrh; vf/dkjh
dh dk;Zokgh gsfLVaXl ij
^jk; jk;u* dks fu;qDr fd;k
'kq: dh FkhA
(117)
ykWMZ dkuZokfyl
(1786&1793 bZ-)
blus o"kZ 1793 dh blh ds le; Hkkjr dkuZokfyl us ^Hkze.k'khy

^dkuZokfyl lafgrk* ds esa loZizFke ^ftyk eftLVsªV* vkSj vnkyrksa* ;k ^pyrh&fiQjrh
rgr jktLo rFkk U;k; dh êqafliQ eftLVsªV* ds in vnkyrksa* dk fuekZ.k
'kfDr;ksa dk i`FkDdj.k dj dk l`tu fd;k x;kA djk;k FkkA
fn;k x;k FkkA
Hkkjr esa îqfyl lsok] blus 1789 bZ- esa ^nkl 1853 ls flfoy lsok esa
flfoy lsok dk tUenkrk* O;kikj ij jksd* yxk nh FkhA p;u dk vk/kj izfr;ksxh
Hkh bls ekuk tkrk gSA ijh{kk cuh FkhA izkjaHk esa
;g ijh{kk baXySaM esa gksrh Fkh]
r`rh; vkaXyµeSlwj ;q¼ esa ysfdu 1923 ls ;g ijh{kk
vius ^jktLo laca/h lq/kj* vaxzstksa ds fot; ds ckn Hkkjr esa Hkh gksus yxhA
ds rgr Hkwfe dk ekfyd blus dgk Fkk fd ^geus
blus tehankjksa dks ekudj Hkwfe vius fe=kksa dks vf/d
dkuZokfyl dks o"kZ 1786 ds pkVZj
cankscLr dks 1793 esa LFkkf;Ro 'kfDr'kkyh u cukrs gq,
,DV }kjk ^Hkkjr dk eq[; lsukifr*
iznku fd;k FkkA vius 'k=kq dks iQynk;h :i
dk ntkZ Hkh feyk Fkk vFkkZr ;g
bl cankscLr ds rgr tehankjksa ls yaxM+k dj fn;k gSA*
igyk vaxzst gS ftldks ,d lkFk
dks vc 90» ;k 10@11 Hkkx xouZj tujy vkSj dek.Mj&bu&phiQ
dEiuh dks rFkk 10» ;k 1@11 ;g ,dek=k xouZj uked nksuksa in ,d lkFk izkIr FksA
Hkkx vius ikl j[kuk FkkA blh tujy gS ftldh ^lekf/
O;oLFkk dks ^bLrejkjh cankscLr mÙkj izkar ds xkthiqj blus izR;sd ftys esa îqfyl Fkkuk
;k LFkk;h cankscLr* dgk tkrk gSA esa fLFkr gSA* dh LFkkiuk* dj ,d njksxk dks
bldk bapktZ cuk;kA
D;k vki tkurs gSa \
1- o"kZ 1863 esa izFke Hkkjrh; ICS lR;sUæ ukFk VSxksj cus FksA
2- vjfoan ?kks"k ICS dh ?kqM+lokjh dh ijh{kk ikl ugha dj ik;s FksA
3- lqHkk"kpaæ cksl us flfoy lsok esa p;u ds ckn R;kxi=k ns fn;k FkkA
4- xouZj tujy fyVu us flfoy lsok dh vk;q dks 23 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 19 o"kZ dj fn;k FkkA
5- ^lqjsUæukFk cuthZ* dks vaxzstksa us uLyh; HksnHkko ds dkj.k vle ds ^dysDVj ds
in ls fuyfEcr* dj fn;k FkkA
6- ^vkj-lh-nÙk* us LFkk;h cankscLr dk leFkZu fd;k FkkA
7- LFkk;h cankscLr dh ;kstuk ^tkWu 'kksj* us cukbZ FkhA
(118)
uksV %
D;k vki tkurs gSa \
1- bankSj ds gksYdjksa us lgk;d lafèk Lohdkj ugha dh FkhA
2- 1806 esa baXySaM ds gsyscjh esa ,d bZLV bafM;k dkWyst
(Hkkjr Hksts tkus okys iz'kkldh; vfèkdkfj;ksa ds izf'k{k.k gsrq) [kksyk x;k Fkk lgk;d laf/ dk iz;ksx
Hkkjr esa osystyh ls igys
osystyh dks dqN Úkalhlh xouZj ^MwIys*
bfrgkldkjksa us ^daiuh us fd;k FkkA
dk vdcj* dgk gSA
osystyh Lo;a dks ^caxky
dk 'ksj* dgrk FkkA
blus ukxfjd lsok
esa HkrhZ fd;s ;qodksa dks
lgk;d laf/ dks Lohdkj
izf'kf{kr djus ds fy, dydÙkk
djus okys fuEu jkT; gSa& gSnjkckn&
esa îQksVZ fofy;e dkWyst*
ykWMZ osystyh 1798] eSlwj & 1799] ratkSj & 1799]
(o"kZ 1800 bZ-) dh
(1798&1805 bZ-) vo/ & 1801] is'kok & 1802]
LFkkiuk dhA
Hkksalys & 1803] flaf/;k & 1804A
osystyh us Hkkjr esa blh ds le; esa o"kZ 1799 esa

vaxzstksa dh Js"Brk dks lgk;d laf/ dks Lohdkj prqFkZ&vkaXy eSlwj ;q¼ gqvkA
LFkkfir djus vkSj Úkalhfl;ksa djus okys jkT;ksa ds oSnsf'kd Vhiw ds o/ ij osystyh us dgk
ds Hk; dks [kRe djus ds fy, lEcU/ daiuh ds gkFkksa esa vk ¶ns[kks iwoZ dk lkezkT; esjs
^lgk;d laf/ iz.kkyh* dh tkrs Fks] exj jkT;ksa ds vkarfjd dneksa ds uhps iM+k gSA¸
'kq#vkr dh FkhA ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi ugha
fd;k tkrk FkkA blh ds le; 1803&05
osystyh eSfd;kosyh
ds chp f}rh; vkaXy&ejkBk
ds fl¼karksa dk
;q¼ gqvk FkkA
vuq;k;h FkkA
ykWMZ fe.Vks&1
(1807&1813)
bl ds le; esa bl laf/ ij vaxzstksa dh

o"kZ 1809 esa ^ve`rlj rjiQ ls pkYlZ esVdkiQ us
gLrk{kj fd;s Fks bl laf/ }kjk blh ds le;dky
dh laf/* fl[k 'kkld
lryt unh dks j.kthr flag esa 1813 dk pkVZj
j.kthr flag ds
dh iwohZ lhek ekuk ,DV ikfjr gqvk FkkA
lkFk gqbZ FkhA
x;k FkkA
(119)
gsfLVaXl us jktiwrksa
blh ds le;dky esa dks îzkÑfrd fe=k* vkSj
¶vkaXy&usiky ;q¼ (1814&16)¸ ejkBksa dks viuk îzkÑfrd blh ds le; dky esa
;q¼ gqvk FkkA bl ;q¼ esa 'k=kq* crk;k FkkA r`rh; vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ (1817&18)
gsfLVaXl us xksj[kk usrk esa gqvk Fkk blesa ejkBksa dks iw.kZ :i ls
vej flag Fkkik dks ijkftr blus vgLr{ksi ijkftr djds gsfLVaXl us ejkBk la?k
dj fn;k FkkAA bl ;q¼ dk var uhfr dk ifjR;kx djds dk var dj fn;kA vaxzstksa us is'kok
o"kZ 1816 dh ^laxkSyh dh vius le; esa ^lkezkT;oknh ckthjko f}rh; dks dkuiqj ds lehi
laf/* ls gqvk FkkA vfHk;ku* izkjaHk fcBwj Hkst fn;k FkkA
fd;k FkkA
gsfLVaXl us ^vehj* gsfLVaXl us FkkWel

dh mikf/ /kj.k fgLyksi dks lkFk ysdj
dh FkhA vius le; dky esa ^fiaMkfj;ksa*
Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dk var dj fn;k FkkA fiaMkjh yqVsjksa
blus xkthiqj izHkqlÙkk blh ds le; dk ,d ny FkkA blesa fganw vkSj
(mÙkj izns'k) dh esa LFkkfir gqbZ FkhA eqfLye nksuksa 'kkfey FksA fiaMkfj;ksa
tsy esa vkRegR;k ykWMZ gsfLVaXl ds izeq[k usrk phrw] okfly
dj yh FkhA (1813&1823) eksgEen] vehj [kk¡ vkSj
djhe [kk¡ FksA
D;k vki tkurs gSa \
Hkkjr esa fgy LVs'ku dh LFkkiuk dk mís'; fczfV'k lsuk dh t:jrksa

ls FkkA tSls& f'keyk dh LFkkiuk xksj[kk ;q¼ (1815&18) ds nkSjku rFkk
vaxzst ejkBk ;q¼ (1818) ds le; ekmaV vkcw vkSj nkthZfyax dks 1835
esa flfDde ds jktkvksa ls Nhuk x;k FkkA
(120)
blds le;dky esa o"kZ 1826 bZ- esa
1824&26 ds chp esa îzFke ^xouZesaV laLÑr dkWyst*
vkaXy&cekZ ;q¼* gqvk FkkA bl dh LFkkiuk dksydkrk
;q¼ dk lekiu ^1826 dh esa gqbZ FkhA
ek.Mcw dh laf/*
ls gqvk FkkA
ykWMZ ,egLVZ
(1823&28 bZ-)
o"kZ 1824 esa cSjdiqj
blh ds le;dky dk ^lSfud foæksg* gqvk FkkA
esa êf.kiqj* uked bu lSfudksa us leqæ ikj djds
Lora=k jkT; dh vFkkZr~ cekZ tkdj ;q¼ djus
?kks"k.kk gqbZ FkhA ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA
Hkkjr ds
;g caxky dk xoZuj&tujy
vafre vkSj Hkkjr dk igyk
xouZj tujy FkkA
cSafVd mnkjoknh Fkk
o"kZ 1833 ds pkVZj ykWMZ fofy;e blds le;dky dks ge
,DV }kjk bldks caxky ds xouZj cSafVd (1828&1835) ^'kkafr vkSj lq/kj ds ;qx*
tujy ls iwjs ^Hkkjr dk xouZj ds uke ls tkurs gSaA
tujy* cuk;k x;kA
vius jktuhfrd lq/kjksa

xouZj tujy cuus ds ds varxZr cSafVd us 1833 ds pkVZj
iwoZ ;g 1803 bZ- esa eækl dk ,DV dh /kjk (87) ds }kjk ^;ksX;rk* dks gh
xouZj cuk FkkA ysfdu o"kZ 1806 bZ- esa lsok dk vk/kj eku fy;kA vc fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh;
;gk¡ vFkkZr~ osYywj ds lSfudksa us tu foæksg ukxfjd dks /eZ] tUeLFkku] tkfr vkSj jax ds
fd;k rks bls okil baXySaM cqyk vk/kj ij fdlh in ds fy, oafpr ugha
fy;k x;k FkkA fd;k tk ldrkA
fj;klrksa ds izfr
lkezkT;oknh uhfr viukrs gq, cSafVd
us eSlwj 1831] dqxZ 1834] dNkj ,oa
t;afr;k 1832] dks vaxzsth lkezkT; esa
feyk fy;k FkkA
(121)
lkekftd f'k{kk laca/h lq/kjksa ds rgr
lq/kjksa ds rgr cSafVd us cSafVd us& 1- o"kZ 1835 bZ- esa Hkkjr
jktk jke eksgu jk; ds lg;ksx ls esa vaxzsth dks mPp f'k{kk dk
1- o"kZ 1829 ds fu;e (xvii) ekè;e cuk;k x;k FkkA
}kjk lrhizFkk ij izfrca/ (loZizFke
caxky izslhMsalh esa) yxk fn;k FkkA 2- o"kZ 1835 bZ- dydÙkk esa
o"kZ 1833 bZ- esa lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa êsfMdy dkWyst* dh
lrh izFkk dks izfrcaf/r uhao j[kh FkhA
ykWMZ fofy;e
dj fn;k x;k FkkA cSafVd (1828&1835)
2- blus o"kZ 1830 bZ- 3- :Mdh esa ^Hkkjr ds izFke
esa duZy LyheSu dh lgk;rk bathfu;fjax dkWyst* dh
ls Bxh izFkk dk var uhao j[kok;h FkhA
U;kf;d lq/kj ds rgr cSafVd us&
dj fn;k FkkA
1- Hkze.k'khy &U;k;ky; dks
can dj fn;k FkkA blus loZizFke
3- blus êkuo cfy izFkk
^laHkkxh; vk;qDrksa*
vkSj f'k'kq gR;k* ij Hkh izfrca/
dh fu;qfDr dh FkhA
yxk;k FkkA 2- eSdkys us vk/qfud Hkkjr ds ^dkuwu
ds dksM* dk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA blh
4- blus 1832 bZ- esa ifjizs{; esa ds-,e- if.kDdj
egksn; us êSdkys dks Hkkjr izsl ds izfr cSafVd dk
nkl izFkk dks can dj
dk vk/qfud euq* n`f"Vdks.k dkiQh mnkj FkkA
fn;k FkkA
dgk gSA
pkYlZ eSVdkWQ ykWMZ vkdySaM ykWMZ ,yucjks

(1835&36 bZ-) (1836&42 bZ-) (1842&44 bZ-)
blus lekpkj i=kksa ls µ blds le; o"kZ 1838&42 ds µ blds dky esa o"kZ 1843 esa
lHkh izfrca/ gVk fy;s Fks blh chp esa izFke vkaXy&viQxku pkYlZ usfi;j ds usr`Ro esa fla/
dkj.k ls bls vk/qfud Hkkjr ;q¼ gqvkA dk foy; vaxzsth jkT; esa dj
ds lekpkj i=kksa ds êqfDrnkrk* µ blus 1839 bZ- esa 'ksj'kkg lwjh fy;k x;k FkkA
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA jksM dk uke cnydj ^xzkaM µ blus o"kZ 1843 ds vf/fu;e&5
Vaªd jksM* dj fn;k FkkA }kjk ^nkl izFkk* dk var dj fn;k
x;k FkkA
(122)
ykWMZ gkfM±x
(1844&48 bZ)
blds le; esa

izFke vkaXy fl[k ;q¼ blus [kksaM tutkfr blds le;dky esa
o"kZ 1845&46 esa gqvk FkkA esa izpkfyr ûjcfy izFkk* lwjr esa ûed foæksg*
(lekfIr& ykgkSj dh dk var dSaiosy ds gqvk FkkA
laf/] 1846 ls)A lg;ksx ls fd;k FkkA
ykWMZ MygkSth
(1848&1856)
vius lkezkT; foLrkj ds fy,
µ ^f}rh; vkaXy&fl[k 1848&49*
mlus ^jkT; dk gM+ius dh uhfr ;k
}kjk fl[kksa dks gjkdj MygkSth
foy; uhfr* dk fodkl fd;k FkkA
us 1852 bZ- esa iatkc ij vf/dkj
blls fuEu Hkkjrh; jkT; ;k fj;klrsa
dj fy;k FkkA
izHkkfor gqbZ Fkhaµ
µ blh le; MygkSth us fl[k jkT; ls
& lrkjk (egkjk"Vª) vIik lfgr & 1848
lalkj izfl¼ ^dksfguwj ghjk* ysdj
& tSriqj (cqansy[kaM) & 1849
egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks Hkst fn;k x;k FkkA
& lEHkyiqj (mM+hlk) & 1849
µ o"kZ 1852 esa f}rh; vkaXy&cekZ ;q¼
& c?kkV (fgekpy izns'k) & 1850
gqvk FkkA blesa yksvj cekZ vkSj ihxw dk
& mnsiqj (eè; izns'k) & 1852
foy; dj fy;k x;k FkkA
& >k¡lh (mÙkj izns'k) & 1853
µ o"kZ 1850 esa flfDde dk foy; Hkh
& ukxiqj (egkjk"Vª) & 1854
dj fy;k x;k FkkA
& vo/ (mÙkj izns'k) & 1856
uksV % MygkSth ds le; esa fczfV'k vius jsyos laca/h fodkl dk;ks± ds rgr blus&
lkezkT; dk lokZf/d foLrkj gqvk FkkA 1- MygkSth dks ^jsyos dk tud* dgk tkrk gSA
vius lSfud lq/kj ds rgr MygkSth us & 2- o"kZ 1853 esa izFke jsyos ykbu cEcbZ ls Fkk.ks
1- rksi[kkuk dk;kZy; dks dydÙkk ls gVkdj ds eè; fcNkbZ xbZA
esjB esa cuk;kA 3- 1854 esa nwljh jsyos ykbu dydÙkk ls jkuhxat
2- lsuk ds eq[;ky; dks f'keyk esa LFkkfir fd;kA (caxky) ds chp fcNkbZ xbZA
3- ,d vyx ^xksj[kk jsthesaV* cuk;kA
(123)
vius Mkd vkSj VsyhxzkiQ laca/h dk;ks± vius lkoZtfud fuekZ.k laca/h dk;ks± ds rgr blus&
ds rgr blus& 1- ^lkoZtfud fuekZ.k foHkkx* dh LFkkiukA
1- o"kZ 1853 esa izFke rkj ykbu dk 2- th-Vh- jksM+ dh ejEer djkbZA
fodkl dydÙkk&vkxjk ds chp fd;kA 3- xax&ugj dk fuekZ.k dk;Z iwjk gqvkA
2- o"kZ 1854 esa u;k îksLV vkfiQl 4- djkph] eqEcbZ ,oa dydÙkk ds canjxkgksa
,DV* ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA dk fodkl fd;kA
3- o"kZ 1854 esa igyh ckj Mkd fVdV
dk izpyu gqvk FkkA
4- dydÙkk] eqEcbZ vkSj eækl izslhMsalh
esa Mkd foHkkx ds dk;ks± ds lapkyu ds
fy, egkfuns'kdksa dh fu;qfDr dh x;h FkhA
ykWMZ MygkSth
(1848&1856)
MygkSth ds vU; dk;Z 1- blh le; 1853 esa

vius f'k{kk laca/h dk;ks± ds rgr blus& ^pkVZj ,DV* ikfjr gqvk FkkA
1- o"kZ 1854 esa ^yksd f'k{kk foHkkx* dh LFkkiuk dhA 2- o"kZ 1856 esa ^laFkky foæksg* gqvk FkkA
2- o"kZ 1854 esa fo'ofo|ky;h f'k{kk esa lq/kj ds fy, 3- flfoy lsok esa izfr;ksxh ijh{kk dk fodkl gqvkA
ôqM vk;ksx* (lfefr) dk xBu fd;kA 4- o"kZ 1856 esa dq'kklu ds vk/kj ij vo/ dk
3- oqM fMLiSp us gh yanu fo'ofo|ky; dh rtZ ij foy; fd;k x;kA (vo/ dk 'kkld& okftn
dydÙkk] eækl vkSj cEcbZ esa fo'ofo|ky; dh vyh 'kkg)
LFkkiuk dh ckr dh FkhA 5- MygkSth us cjkj jkT; ds Í.k uk nsus ij cjkj dks
4- f'k{kk foHkkx dk iz/ku ^funs'kd* dks cuk;k x;kA vaxzsth jkT; esa feyk fy;k FkkA
(124)
ykWMZ dSfuax
(1856&1862)
Hkkjr ds ok;ljk;
(o"kZ 1858 ds vf/kfu;e
o"kZ 1858 ds vf/fu;e ds v/khu & 1858&1947)
ds }kjk Hkkjr ds xouZj tujy
ds in dks lekIr djds blds LFkku blds le; esa
ij ôk;ljk;* uked uohu in dk xBu :i;s (uksV) dk izpyu
fd;k x;k FkkA (ykWMZ dSfuax vfUre fd;k x;k FkkA
xouZj tujy vkSj izFke
ok;ljk; FkkA)
fo/ok iqufoZokg
vf/fu;e 1856 dks dSfuax
ds le; iw.kZr% ykxw fd;k x;kA
blus vle ls
(bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj
1858 ds vf/fu;e pk; dh [ksrh vkSj uhyfxfj
ds lg;ksx ls )
}kjk fczfV'k jkT; us Hkkjr esa dh igkfM+;ksa ij dgok dh
dEiuh ds 'kkklu dks [kRe djds [ksrh dks izksRlkfgr
vius gkFkksa esa Hkkjr dk fd;k FkkA
'kklu ys fy;k FkkA
vius dkuwu lq/kjksa ds rgr blus&

1- blus eSdkys }kjk izLrqr Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dks
1 tuojh] 1861 dks ykxw fd;k FkkA
1857 bZ- esa dSfuax 2- o"kZ 1861 esa gh ^dksM vkWiQ fØfeuy izkslhtj*
ds le; gh êgkys[kk (Cr.PC) dks Hkh ikfjr fd;k x;kA
ijh{kd* in dk 3- dSfuax ds le; esa 1861 esa Hkkjrh; mPp U;k;ky;
l`tu fd;k x;kA vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA bl vf/fu;e ds rgr]
dydÙkk] eækl ,oa cEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk
1861 esa gh dh x;h FkhA
blus O;ixr
fl¼kar dh uhfr
dks lekIr blus îksVZiQksfy;ks
dj fn;kA iz.kkyh* ykxw dhA
(125)
ykjsUl dks ^Hkkjr ykjsUl dh gR;k
dk j{kd* dh mikf/ iksVZCys;j esa dj
nh x;h FkhA nh x;h FkhA
lj tkWu
ykjsUl
(1864&69)
o"kZ 1865 esa blds le;dky esa
Hkkjr vkSj ;wjksi ds o"kZ 1866&69 esa jktiwrkuk
chp leqæh VsyhxzkiQ vkSj mM+hlk ds {ks=k esa Hkh"k.k
lsok izkjaHkA ykjsUl us viQxkfuLrku vdky iM+k FkkA blus gsujh
ds lanHkZ esa ^vgLr{ksi dh dSEicSy ds v/hu ^vdky
uhfr* dk ikyu vk;ksx* dk xBu
fd;k FkkA fd;k FkkA
blds le;
'kS{kf.kd lq/kjksa ds rgr &
1872 esa iatkc esa ykMZ es;ks 1- 1872 esa jktdqekjksa dh f'k{kk ds
^dwdk foæksg* (1869&72) fy, ês;ks dkWyst* dh LFkkiuk
gqvk FkkA
vtesj esa dh FkhA
2- bykgkckn esa ês;ks lsaVªy dkWyst*
dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA
vkfFkZd lq/kjksa ds rgr &
1- 1872 esa ^Ñf"k foHkkx vkSj okf.kT; foHkkx*
dk xBu fd;kA
2- Hkkjrh; lkaf[;dh; losZ{k.k dk xBu fd;kA
3- 1872 esa blh ds le; esa izFke tux.kuk
laiUu gqbZ FkhA
4- dsaæh; vkSj izkarh; foÙk O;oLFkk dk i`FkDdj.k
fd;k x;kA
ykMZ ukFkZ czqd

(1872&76)
blds le; o"kZ blus cM+kSnk ds jktk blh ds le;

1875 esa fizal vkWiQ ij dnkpkj vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dk o"kZ 1874 esa caxky
osYl (,MoMZ lIre) vkjksi yxkdj eYgkj jko xk;dokM+ vkSj fcgkj esa Hk;adj
dk Hkkjr vkxeu gqvkA dks ineqDr dj fn;k FkkA vdky iM+k FkkA
(126)
ykMZ fyVu
(1876&80) D;k vki
tkurs gSa \
viuh jpukvksa dks
fyVu ^vksou eSfjfMFk*
uke ls fy[krk Fkk
vius izeq[k dk;ks± ds rgr fyVu us&
1- fjpMZ ,Vªsph dh vè;{krk esa ^LVSªph vdky vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k FkkA
2- o"kZ 1876 esa ^jk;y VkbVy vf/fu;e* ikfjr djds tuojh 1877 bZ- esa fnYyh esa izFke fnYyh
njckj yxkdj egkjkuh foDVksfj;k dks ^dSlj&,&fgUn* dh mikf/ iznku dh xbZ FkhA
3- o"kZ 1878 bZ- esa blus ^Hkkjrh; 'kL=k vf/fu;e* yk;k Fkk ftlds rgr vc dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh; fcuk
ykblsal ds u rks 'kL=k j[k ldrk Fkk u gh mls csp ldrk FkkA
4- blus o"kZ 1878 esa ôukZdqyj izsl ,DV* ikfjr djds Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa izdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa ij
izfrca/ yxk fn;kA lqjsUæukFk cuthZ us bl ,DV dks ^vkdk'k ls gksus okyk otzikr* dgk FkkA
5- blds le; esa o"kZ 1878&80 ds chp ^f}rh; vkaXy&viQxku ;q¼* gqvkA (e.Med dh laf/ ls lekIr)A
6- blus flfoy lsok dh vk;q 23 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 19 o"kZ dj nh FkhA
7- fyVu us êqfLye&,aXyks izkP; fo|ky;* dh LFkkiuk vyhx<+ esa dh FkhA
Hkkjr esa fd;s x;s vius ;ksX; dk;ks± ds

fjiu ds 'kklu
ykWMZ fjiu ifjis{; esa Ýyksjsal ukbfVaxsy us fjiu dks
dky dks Hkkjr esa Lo.kZ
(1880&1884) ^Hkkjr ds m¼kjd* dh mikf/
;qx ds uke ls tkuk
iznku dh FkhA
tkrk gSA
blus ^bl ;qx dk
bYcVZ fcy fookn dÙkZO; (The Duty of Age)*
fjiu o"kZ ^1883 esa uked iqLrd fy[kh FkhA
bYcVZ fcy fo/s;d* yk;k FkkA fjiu ds dk;Z & 1- izFke okLrfod tux.kuk&1881 esa djok;h FkhA
blesa ;wjksih;ksa ds fo#¼ vc 2- oukZdqyj izsl ,DV dks 1882 esa lekIr dj fn;k FkkA
Hkkjrh; & U;k;k/h'k Hkh lquokbZ 3- 1881 esa izFke dkj[kkuk vf/fu;e ikfjrA
dj ldrs FksA blfy, ;wjksih;ksa us 4- fjiu us 1882 esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA blus Lo'kklu
bldk izcy fojks/ fd;kA vaxzsth dh rhu bdkbZ;ksa dk xBu rkyqdk] E;qfufliy cksMZ] ftyk cksMZ uke ls dh FkhA
fojks/ dks 'osrØkafr dh laKk iznku 5- o"kZ 1882 esa blus fofy;e gaVj dh vè;{krk esa ^gaVj vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k
dh x;h FkhA bYcVZ fcy fookn FkkA bldk dk;Z oqM fMLiSp (1854) ds dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu djuk FkkA
(1884) ds dkj.k fjiu us 6- blus flfoy lsok dh vk;q 19 ls c<+kdj 21 o"kZ dj nh FkhA
R;kxi=k ns fn;k FkkA 7- blus o"kZ 1883 esa ^vdky lafgrk* dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA
(127)
blds dky esa blus Hkkjrh; fL=k;ksa
28 fnlEcj] 1885 dks ykWMZ MQfju dh fLFkfr dks lq/kjus
^Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl* (1884&88) ds fy, o"kZ 1885 esa
dh LFkkiuk ,-vks- Þ;we ^ysMh MiQfju iQaM* dh
us dh FkhA LFkkiuk dh FkhA
blds le; esa

o"kZ 1885 esa
r`rh; vkaXy&cekZ ;q¼
^caxky VsusUlh ,DV*
(1885&86) esa gqvk FkkA
o 1887 esa îatkc VsusUlh
blls cekZ dk vafre :i
,DV* ikfjr fd;k
ls vf/xzg.k vaxzsth jkT;
x;k FkkA o"kZ 1887 esa
esa dj fy;k x;k FkkA
^bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;*
dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA
1891 esa nwljk

dkj[kkuk vf/fu;e ikfjr
(fL=k;ksa dks izfrfnu 21 ?kaVs buds le; esa ,fYxu f}rh;
ls vf/d dk;Z djus o"kZ 1893 esa ^MwjaM (1894&99)
ij izfrca/) ykWMZ ySalMkmu vk;ksx* dk xBu (^MwjaM
(1888&1894) js[kk* }kjk Hkkjr&viQxkfuLrku
o"kZ 1892 esa lhek js[kk fu/kZj.k) dFku& ^Hkkjr dks
Hkkjr ifj"kn vf/fu;e 1891 esa lEefr ryokj ds cy ij
ikfjr djds] Hkkjr esa ^fuokZpu vk;q vf/fu;e (Age of foftr fd;k x;k gS
i¼fr* dk izkjaHk fd;k constant act) ikfjr (yM+fd;ksa vkSj ryokj ds cy ij
x;k FkkA ds fookg dh mez 10 o"kZ ls gh bldh j{kk
blds le; esa
c<+kdj 12 dh xbZ) dh tk;sxhA*
o"kZ 1896&98 ds eè;
izkUr (mÙkj izns'k)] fcgkj]
blh ds dky esa iatkc esa Hkh"k.k vdky o"kZ 1896 esa
o"kZ 1897 esa pkisdj iM+k FkkA (^ykW;y vk;ksx* gq, dkaxzsl ds okf"kZd
ca/qvksa us Iysx dfe'kuj blus Hkkjrh; dk xBu) vf/os'ku dydÙkk esa
,aM ,oa vk;LVZ dh lsuk dk ,dhdj.k cafde paæ pVthZ us ôansekrje*
gR;k dj nh FkhA djrs gq, ^lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dk xk;u loZizFke
ds fy, ,d lsukifr* dh fd;k FkkA
fu;qfDr dh FkhA
(128)
1- o"kZ 1899&1900 ds chp vdky iMus 1- f'keyk esa f'k{kkfonksa dk ,d lEesyu
ij ^,aVksuh eSdMksukYM* dh vè;{krk esa cqyk;k FkkA
,d vdky vk;ksx xBu (^vdky ^f'k{kk laca/kh* 2- 1902 esa VkWel jSys ds v/hu
vk;qDr* ds in ds xBu dh fliQkfj'k) dk;Z ^fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx* xfBr fd;k FkkA
2- o"kZ 1902 esa blus ,d flapkbZ vk;ksx dk (Hkkjrh; lnL;& lSÕ;n gqlSu fcyxzkeh]
xBu (^lj dkfyu LdkWV ekudh;* dh xq#nkl cuthZ)A blh vk;ksx dh
vkfFkZd
vè;{krk esa) fliQkfj'k ij o"kZ 1904 esa fo'ofo|ky;
dk;Z
3- ,d egkfufj{kd ds v/hu ^Ñf"k foHkkx* esa vf/fu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
dh LFkkiukA
4- 1905 esa îwlk Ñf"k vuqla/ku laLFkku*
dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA iqfyl
5- o"kZ 1899 esa Hkkjrh; Vad.k ,oa eqæ.k ;k lq/kj
^djsalh vf/fu;e* ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
ykWMZ dtZu 1- 1902 bZ- esa ,aMª;w Ústj ds

(1899&1905) usr`Ro esa îqfyl vk;ksx* dk
vkØe.kdkjh xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
uhfr 2- CID (Criminal Investigation
Department) dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
1- ekpZ 1904 esa frCcr esa ^;ax gLcSaM*

uked vfHk;ku HkstkA vU; egRoiw.kZ ifj{kki;ksxh
2- ^mÙkjh&if'peh lhek izkar* uked ,d dk;Z rF;
uohu izkar cuk;kA
3- lkezkT;oknh uhfr dk eq[; mís'; fczfV'k 1- xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys us dtZu dks ^nwljk vkSjaxtsc* dgk FkkA
fgrksa dh j{kk djuk FkkA
4- o"kZ 1902 esa eq[; lsukifr cudj ^fdpuj* 2- lokZf/d jsyos ykbu dk foLrkj dtZu ds le; esa gqvkA
Hkkjr vk;k FkkA blh ds lkFk gq, erHksn ds 3- ^foDVksfj;k eseksfj;y gky* dk fuekZ.k blh ds dky esa gqvk
dkj.k dtZu us R;kxi=k ns fn;k FkkA FkkA
4- 1904 esa ^dksvkijsfVo ØsfMV lkslkbVh ,DV* cukA
1- 19 tqykbZ 1905 esa ^caxky foHkktu* dh ?kks"k.kk 5- ;g ^Hkkjr esa lokZf/d vyksdfiz; ok;ljk;* FkkA
f'keyk esa] (16 vDVwcj dks ykxw)A 6- dtZu us 1903 esa dgk Fkk fd ;g ok;ljk; ds in ls fuo`Ùk
2- o"kZ 1903 esa blds le; esa ^f}rh; fnYyh njckj* gksus ds ckn dydÙkk uxj fuxe dk egkikSj cuuk ilan djsxkA
dk vk;kstu djds fczfV'k lezkV ,MoMZ lIre vkSj 7- blus jktdqekjksa ds fy, lSfudksa ds ^bEihfj;y dSMsV dksj*
egkjkuh ,ySDtsaMªk dh rktiks'kh dh x;hA dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
3- 1904 bZ- esa îzkphu Lekjd izfrj{k.k vf/fu;e* 8- dtZu us dgk Fkk] ¶dk¡xzsl vius iru dh vksj yM+[kM+rh gqbZ
ikfjr djds izkphu Hkkjrh; Lekjdksa dh j{kk vkSj ejEer tk jgh gS vkSj Hkkjr esa jgrs gq, esjh ,d egku egRokdka{kk
dk dk;Z fd;k x;kA 'kkafriw.kZ fu/u ds fy, bldh lgk;rk djuk gSA¸
(129)
blds le;dky esa êqfLye yhx* 1909 esa ekysZ&fe.Vks lq/kj vf/fu;e
blds le; esa 1 tqykbZ] 1909 bZ-
dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1906 esa <kdk esa ikfjr fd;k x;kA blesa eqlyekuksa ds
dks eny yky Mhaxjk us yanu esa
vkxk [kk¡ ,oa lyheqYyk [kk¡ us fy, vyx ls fuokZpu O;oLFkk izkjEHk
duZy ok;yh dh gR;k dj nh FkhA
dh FkhA dh x;h FkhA bl vf/fu;e ds }kjk
yanu fLFkr Hkkjr ifj"kn esa loZizFke
nks Hkkjrh;ksa ^ds-lh- xqIrk vkSj lÕS;n
dkaxzsl ds dydÙkk vf/os'ku gqlSu fcyxzkeh* ,oa Hkkjr esa fLFkr
(1906) esa dkaxzsl us ^Lojkt dk ok;ljk; dh dk;Zdkfj.kh esa loZizFke
ykWMZ fe.Vks
y{;* ?kksf"kr fd;kA f}rh; ,d Hkkjrh; ^,l-ih- flUgk* dh
(1905&1910bZ-) fu;qfDr dh x;h FkhA
dkaxzsl ds lwjr vf/os'ku
(1907) esa dkaxszl dk foHkktu
ujeny vkSj xjeny ds :i esa
gks x;k FkkA
blds le; esa lekpkj i=k
vf/fu;e 1908 ikfjr fd;k
x;k FkkA
vU;
egRoiw.kZ
1911 bZ- esa Hkkjr esa ^r`rh; fnYyh njckj* rF;
ykWMZ gkfM±x
dk vk;kstu (blesa dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk;sa&
(1910&16)
1- caxky foHkktu dks 1911 esa jí dj fn;k x;kA 1- o"kZ 1913 esa johUæukFk VSxksj dks ^lkfgR;
2- Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh dks 1911 esa dydÙkk ls dk ukscy iqjLdkj* feyk FkkA
fnYyh LFkkukarfjr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA 2- 1915 esa xk¡/h th dk Hkkjr vkxeuA
tcfd 1912 esa dydÙkk ls fnYyh jkt/kuh 3- 1916 esa okjk.klh esa enu eksgu ekyoh; us
cuh FkhA cukjl fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhA
3- 1912 esa fnYyh dks izkUr cukus dh ?kks"k.kkA 4- 1915 esa enueksgu ekyoh; }kjk ^fganw
4- 1911 esa caxky ls vyx fcgkj ,oa mM+hlk egklHkk* dk xBuA
uked izkarksa dk fuekZ.kA 5- 1911 esa loZizFke gokbZ Mkd lsok dk izkjaHk
bykgkckn&uSuh ds chp esaA
6- 1911 esa dkj[kkuk vf/fu;e ikfjr djds
iq#"kksa dks 12 ?kaVs dke dh ckr dh xbZA
7- 1912 esa fnYyh esa izos'k ds le; gkfM±x ds
Åij ce isaQdk x;k ftlesa gkfM±x cp x;s FksA
bl dkaM esa ckyeqdqUn dks iQk¡lh dh ltk nh
x;h FkhA
(130)
1916 esa dkaxzsl
vizSy vkSj flrEcj] ykWMZ psElQksMZ
1916 esa Øe'k% nks (1916&21) dk y[kuÅ vf/os'ku
^gkse:y yhx* dh LFkkiuk gqvk FkkA (dkaxzsl ,oa yhx
fryd ,oa ,suhcslsaV ds eè; le>kSrk ,oa
us dh FkhA ujeny ,oa xjeny
fiQj ,d gks x;s)
1919 dk vf/os'ku o"kZ 1916 esa
tc ikfjr gqvk rc blesa iwuk esa Mh-ds- dosZ
îzkarksa esa }S/ 'kklu* dks }kjk êfgyk fo'ofo|ky;* dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;
LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA 1919 dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA dh leh{kk ds fy, ^lSaMyj
dk vf/os'ku 1 tuojh] vk;ksx* dh fu;qfDr
1921 dks ykxw gqvk FkkA dh xbZ FkhA
ekpZ 1919 dks
jkWysV ,DV vk;k FkkA
1920&22 ds eè;
fcgkj dk xouZj
vlg;ksx vkanksyu ,oa
1918 esa ^bafM;u loZizFke ,d Hkkjrh;
1919&21 ds eè; f[kykiQr
fycjy isQMjs'ku* dh ^lR;sUæ izlkn flUgk* dks
vkanksyu gqvk FkkA
LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA cuk;k x;k FkkA
,dek=k ok;ljk; uoEcj 1921 esa 1921 esa dsjy

Fks tks ;gwnh (Jew) FksA fizal vkWiQ osYl dk esa eksiyk uked eqfLye
Hkkjr vkxeu gqvkA fdlkuksa dk foæksg ekykckj
rV ij gqvk FkkA
1925 esa ukxiqj
ykWMZ jhfMax 1923 esa bykgkckn
esa ds'ko cfyjke gsMxsokj
(1921&1926) esa lh-vkj- nkl ,oa
(ds-oh- gsMxsokj) us jk"Vªh;
eksrhyky usg: us Lojkt
Lo;a lsod la?k (RSS) dh
ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA
LFkkiuk dh FkhA
9 vxLr] 1925
26 fnlEcj] 1925
dkdksjh dkaM gqvk Fkk blds
dks ,e-,u- jk; }kjk 1922 esa loZizFke vfHk;qDrksa esa jkeizlkn fcfLey] jktsUæ
dkuiqj esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV bykgkckn esa Hkh ICS dh ykfgMh] jks'ku flag] v'kiQkdmYyk [kk¡ dks
ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk izfr;ksxh ijh{kk dk iQk¡lh dh ltk nh x;h FkhA Hkkuqpaæ xqIrk
dh xbZ FkhA vk;kstu gqvk FkkA us bl dsl esa fu%'kqYd
iSjoh dh FkhA
uksV% ¶ljiQjks'kh dh reUuk vc gekjs fny esa gS---¸ bl rjkus dks ^fcfLey vthekcknh*
us fy[kk FkkA tcfd ^jkeizlkn fcfLey* us bls ukjs ds :i esa izfl¼ fd;k Fkk
(131)
o"kZ 1927 esa ykWMZ bjfou o"kZ 1929 esa ykgkSj vf/os'ku]
lkbeu deh'ku dk (1926&1931) jkoh unh ds fdukjs tokgj yky usg:
xBu fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dh vè;{krk esa gqvk FkkA blh vf/os'ku esa
deh'ku 1929 vkSj 1930 esa dkaxzsl us viuk y{; îw.kZ Lojkt* cuk;k FkkA
nks ckj Hkkjr vk;k FkkA blus o"kZ 1928 esa y[kuÅ rFkk 26 tuojh] 1930 dks lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa
viuh fjiksVZ 1930 esa esa gq, loZnyh; lEesyu esa ^Lora=krk fnol* ds :i esa ekuus
tkjh dh FkhA eksrhyky usg: dh vè;{krk esa dk ladYi ikfjr fd;k FkkA
,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA
bl lfefr fjiksVZ dks ûsg: fjiksVZ* ds 8 vizSy] 1929 dks
Ñf"k fodkl gsrq uke ls tkurs gSaA bl fjiksVZ ds fnYyh dh fo/kulHkk esa
^jkW;y deh'ku* dk lanHkZ esa ftUuk us o"kZ 1929 esa ^yksd lqj{kk fo/s;d* ds fo'ks"k
xBu 1926 esa fd;k viuh ^14 lw=kh; ek¡x* esa ^Hkxrflag vkSj cVqds'oj
x;k FkkA bldh fjiksVZ izLrqr dh FkhA nÙk* us ce isaQdk FkkA
1928 esa vk;h FkhA 27 iQjojh] 1931 dks
17 fnlEcj] 1928 dks 12 ekpZ] 1930 dks
lkcjerh vkJe ls xka/hth bykgkckn ds
Hkxr flag vkSj jktxq: us
1929 esa ykgkSj "kM+;a=k ykgkSj ds iqfyl v/h{kd us vius 78 vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk ^vYÚsM ikdZ* esa
dsl esa fxjÝrkj tfrunkl dh nkaMh ;k=kk izkjaHk dh FkhA ;g xka/hth paæ'ks[kj vktkn
^lkaMlZ* dh gR;k
e`R;q Hkw[k gM+rky ds 64osa dh iw.kZr% îSny ;k=kk dh FkhA 6 vizSy] 1930 'kghn gq,A
dj nh FkhA
dks 385 fdeh- dh ;k=kk iwjh djds ukSlkjh
fnu gks x;h FkhA
ftys esa fLFkr nkaMh igq¡pdj] ued dkuwu
23 ekpZ] 1931 dks rksM+dj] lfou; voKk vkanksyu
5 ebZ] 1930 ykgkSj tsy esa Hkxr flag] dh 'kq:vkr dh FkhA 5 ekpZ] 1931 dks
dks xka/h dks fxjÝrkj lq[knso] vkSj jktxq: dks
^xka/h&bjfou le>kSrk*
djds ;jonk iQk¡lh nh x;h FkhA gqvkA bl le>kSrs ls xka/h th
tsy esa j[kkA 29 ekpZ] 1931 dks
us lfou; voKk vkanksyu
uoEcj] 1930 esa djkph vf/os ' ku es a
LFkfxr djds] f}rh; xksyest
o"kZ 1929 esa esjB yanu esa izFke xksyest xka/ h&bjfou dks Lohdkj
lEesyu esa Hkkx ysuk
"kM+;a=k dsl (dE;qfu"V lEesyu vk;ksftr djds ] êwy vfèkdkj* lac af /r
Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA
usrk fxjÝrkj] ml le; gq v k FkkA izL rko ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA bl
dk Hkkjr dk lcls yEck vf/os'ku dh vè;{krk oYyHk
eqdnek Fkk) gqvk FkkA HkkbZ iVsy us fd;k FkkA
(132)
16 vxLr] 1932 bZ-
7 flrEcj ls 1 fnlEcj] dks baXySaM ds iz/kuea=kh jSEls
1931 ds eè; f}rh; xksyest eSdMksukYM us êSdMksukYM ,okWMZ*
lEesyu* yanu esa vk;kstu (dkaxzsl dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA blesa ^nfyr ;k
izfrfufèk egkRek xka/h] ,l-,l- gfjtu] eqfLye] ;wjksfi;u] fl[k* dks
jktiwrkuk uked tgkt ls i`Fkd fuokZpu dk vf/dkj iznku
yanu x;s FksA) fd;k x;k FkkA
xka/h th us bl lkEiznkf;d
17 uoEcj ls
fu.kZ; (Communal Award) ds
24 fnlEcj] 1932 ds
fojks/ esa ;jonk tsy esa ^vkej.k vu'ku*
eè; ^r`rh; xksyest lEesyu*
izkjaHk dj fn;k FkkA ifj.kker% 26 flEcj] 1932
yanu esa vk;ksftr ykWMZ fofyaXkVu dks enueksgu ekyoh; ,oa lh- jktxksikykpkjh
fd;k x;k FkkA (1931&36) ds iz;klksa ls ^xka/hth ,oa vEcsMdj ds
chp iwuk le>kSrk* djds dE;quy vokMZ
esa la'kks/u fd;k x;k FkkA
1932 esa bafM;u
fefyVjh vdkneh ^nsgjknwu*
dh LFkkiuk dh o"kZ 1934 esa
x;h FkhA dkaxzsl lektoknh ikVhZ
dh LFkkiuk t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
,oa vkpk;Z ujsUæ
nso us dh FkhA
D;k vki tkurs gSa \

2 vxLr] 1935 1936 esa ^vf[ky
1- 1933 esa dSfEczt fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk=k
dks ^Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e* Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkk*
pkS/jh jger vyh us loZizFke ^dSfEczt
ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA blesa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ FkhA
iEiysV* esa îkfdLrku* 'kCn dk iz;ksx E;kaekj (cekZ) dks Hkkjr (vè;{k& lgtkuUn
fd;k FkkA ls vyx fd;k ljLorh)
2- Now or Never cqdysV 28 tuojh]
x;k FkkA
1933 dks jger vyh o muds nksLrksa us
fudkyk FkkA
(133)
blds 'kklu dky
fcuk dkaxzsl dh vuqefr
esa o"kZ 1935 ds vf/fu;e
ds tc f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ esa Hkkjr
ds vuqlkj 2 iQjojh] 1937 dks
dks fczfV'k ljdkj us 'kkfey dj fy;k
igyh ckj X;kjg fczfV'k Hkkjrh; izkarksa
rc vius ^28 ekg* ds dqy dk;Zdky ds
esa pquko djk;s x;s FksA eè; izkar] eækl]
ckn dkaxzslh ljdkj us bLrhiQk ns fn;k FkkA rc
fcgkj] la;qDr izkar] mM+hlk esa dkaxzsl dk iw.kZ
22 fnlEcj] 1939 dks eqfLye yhx us bldks
cgqer] tcfd cEcbZ esa iw.kZ ls FkksM+k de cgqer
êqfDr fnol* ds :i esa
feyk FkkA dkaxzsl us mi;qZDr 6 izkarksa ds vykok mÙkj
euk;k FkkA
if'peh lhek izkar ,oa vle esa viuh ljdkj
cuk;h FkhA dqy 8 izkar esa dkaxzsl
ljdkj cuh FkhA 17 vDVwcj] 1940 dks
xk¡èkhth us îoukj vkJe*
ls Ô;fDrxr lR;kxzg*
1937 esa caxky dk izkjaHk fd;k FkkA
iSQtiqj lEesyu gqvk (xk¡o
esa lEiUu izFke dkaxszl
vf/os'ku] vè;{krk& tokgj ykWMZ fyufyFkxks o"kZ 1939 esa dkaxzsl ds
yky usg:) (1936&1943) vè;{k vkSj lnL;rk ls
bLrhiQk nsdj lqHkk"k paæ cksl
us 3 ebZ] 1939 bZ- dks
ebZ 1940 esa fczfV'k îQkjoMZ CykWd* dk xBu
iz/kuea=kh pfpZy fd;k FkkA
cus FksA
1942 esa ^fØIl fe'ku* Hkkjr
14 tqykbZ] 1942 dks
1942 esa caxky esa vk;k FkkA xka/hth us bls îksLV
^dkaxszl us Hkkjr NksM+ks izLrko*
Hk;kud vdky MsVsM psd* dh laKk
ikfjr djds 9 vxLr] 1942
iM+k FkkA iznku dh FkhA
dks ^Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu*
izkjaHk fd;k FkkA
21 vDVwcj] 1943 o"kZ 1944 esa eqfLye

dks lqHkk"kpaæ cksl us yhx us vius djkph vf/os'ku
flaxkiqj esa ^vLFkk;h ljdkj ^ckaVks vkSj NksM+ks* dk
dh LFkkiuk* dh FkhA izLrko ikfjr fd;k FkkA
(134)
ykWMZ ososy
(1944&1947 bZ-)
25 twu] 1945 dks f'keyk lEesyu cqyk;kA

1954 esa DyhesUV ,Vyh dh vè;{krk okyh
eq[; ckrsa& dkaxzsl izfrfuf/ vcqy dyke vktkn Fks]
yscj ikVhZ dh ljdkj cuhA fnlEcj 1945 esa
xkaèkh blesa 'kkfey ugha gq,] eqfLye yhx }kjk
?kksf"kr pquko ifj.kkeksa esa dsanzh; fo/ku lHkk
ok;ljk; ds dk;Zdkj.kh ifj"kn~ esa fu;qDr lHkh
vkSj izkUrh; fo/ku e.Myksa esa dk¡xzsl dks
eqfLye lnL;ksa ds p;u ds eqís ij ososy us
cgqer feykA ogha eqfLye yhx lHkh eqfLye
14 tqykbZ 1945 dks lEesyu ds foiQyrk dh
lhVsa thrhaA
?kks"k.kk dhA
20] iQjojh] 1947 dks iz/kuea=kh

blds le; esa dSfcusV fe'ku 1946 esa
,Vyh us twu] 1948 bZ-
Hkkjr vk;kA
rd izHkqlÙkk Hkkjrh;ksa ds gkFk esa nsus dh
?kks"k.kk gkml vkWiQ dkWel esa dhA
ykWMZ ekm.VcsVu
(ekpZ] 1947& twu]
24 ekpZ] 1947 1948 bZ-) 4 tqykbZ] 1947 dks
dks Hkkjr dk xouZj ,Vyh }kjk fczfV'k laln esa
tujy cuk Hkkjrh; Lora=krk foèks;d
;g Lora=k izLrqr (18] tqykbZ dks
Hkkjr dk izFke xouZj Loho`Qr)
3 twu] 1947 tujy cuk
dks Hkkjr foHkktu ij
^ ekm.VcsVu ;kstuk ;k 3 twu fMdh cMZ Iyku
D;k vki tkurs gSa \
;kstuk* ?kksf"krA (ykMZ ekmaVcsVu dk miuke) ykMZ
Lora=k Hkkjr ds izFke ,oa
ekmaVcsVu }kjk 1947 esa çLrqr fd;k
vfUre Hkkjrh; xouZj tujy
x;k ftlesa Hkkjr dks dbZ NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa
^pØorhZ jktxksikykpkjh* FksA
esa ckaVus dh O;oLFkk FkhA bls ckYdu Iyku
(Balkan Plan) ds uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
(135)

018 History Mind Map - 230726 - 204031 - 240215 - 084623

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

018 History Mind Map - 230726 - 204031 - 240215 - 084623

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

çkxSfrgkfld dky

§ Hkkstu& f'kdkj § Hkkstu& f'kdkj rkezik"kk.kdky

ijh{kki;ksxh vU; tkudkfj;ka

esgjx<+ ls Hkkjr esa ekuo dk gksekslSfi;al dh euq"; us ^loZçFke Hkkjr dk

cqtZgkse dh [kkst Mh-Vsjk ,oa ihVjlu us dh

ekyok laLÑfr tksjos laLÑfr dk;Fkk laLÑfr vgkM laLÑfr

dk;Fkk la Ld̀fr vgkM

iru ds lanHkZ eas fo}kukas ds er

izeq[k lk{; LFky

LFky HkkSxksfyd vofLFkfr [kkstdrkZ@[kqnkbZ izkIr lk{;

ÍXoSfnd dky (1500&1000 bZ-iw-) mÙkjoSfnd dky (1000&600 bZ-iw-)

csdukV lqn[kksj fgj.; lksuk lkeosn mn~xkrk vFkoZosn czãk

ÍXosn eas i'kqvkas dk mYYks[k vU; izFkk

xk;a=kh ea=k (lw;Z dks lefiZr) iape~ vf=k

ÍXosn ds rhljs eaMy eas mYYksf[kr vk"Ve~ d.o ,oa vafxjl

mifu"kn~@osnka r ÍXoSfnd nsork

osn czkã.k mifu"kn~ miosn izeq[k rF;

oSfnd dky ds 6oha 'krkCnh rd oSfnd dky eas lkekftd vkfFkZd

egktuin jkt/kuh {ks=k (vk/qfud LFkku)

laLdkj dk vFkZ gS&

16- vUR;sf"V laLdkj

tSu /eZ ckS¼ /eZ 'kSo /eZ Hkkxor /eZ

vftrukFk xt vuUrukFk ';su

eYYkjktk lf`Lriky oQs

( K k r ` d jktilz kn esa egkohj

Lokeh dks ^fuok.Zk*

ekrk& f=k'kyk (fyPNoh jktk psrd dh cgu)

'kwU;okn ;k foKkuokn ;k egkfHkfu"Øe.k

Lrwi fuekZ.k e`rd dh fprk ds mQij izeq[k cksf/lRo

cq¼ ,d egkiq#"k mn~ns';& ekuo dY;k.kA

fo'ofo|ky; laLFkkid vofLFkr

§ukyUnk §oqQekjxqIr izFke §fcgkj

ckS¼ ,oa tSu erksa eas rqyuk

deZdk.Mkas ds iQyh&Hkwr gksus dk fu"ks/A deZ o

laiznk; laLFkkid eq[; fopkj

vfØ;koknh iwj.k d';i ^u rks deZ gksrk gS vkSj u iqutZUe*

Ÿ;wukuh ys[kkas eas ^vfe=kkspsV~l* ;k

Ÿ,afVvksdl ls nk'kZfud] lw[kh vathj

Ÿ laLFkkid&o`gnzFk dks gVkdj iq";fe=k 'kqax (185 bZ-iw-) jktèkkuh&ikVyiq=k

dyk ,oa laLÑfr (lkrokgu)

fgUn& ;ou Ÿ nwljh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- ls

b{okoqQ oa'k (lkSj oa'k)

mn;fxjh igkM+h fofn'kk (eè;izns'k) ij 'kSo xqiQk dk fuekZ.k panzxqIr&II ds

fofn'kk@osluxj ds x:M LraHk ij egf"kZ ikf.kuh ds lw=kkas eas

la iznk; er vkpk;Z 2 iwj.k d';i

xqIr lkezkT; dk mn;

izFke egku xqIr 'kkld flDdkas ij ^oqQekjnsoh* dk uke

xqIr oa'k dk okLrfod 'kkld pa nzxqIr&I

iz;kx iz'kfLr (gfj"ks.k) blus nf{k.kkiFk ds jktkvkas ds izfr

iQkg~;ku njckj eas vk;k

ujflagxqIr us gw.k fefgjoqQy& rksjek.k dk iq=k

lfU/foxzfgd& n.Mikf'kd& fou;fLFkfr laLFkkid&

oqQekjekR;& loksZPPk vf/dkjh

xksIrk& lhekar izns'k

fuorZu] dqY;koki] nzks.kkok;] nhukj& lksus dk flDdk (144 xzsu)

iz.k;& xzkeokfl;kas ij vfuok;Z dj

jktdh; /eZ& oS".ko eFkqjk] lkjukFk] ikVfyiq=k

xqIrdky eas ewfrZ mikluk dk izeq[k eafnj& Hkhrjxk¡o dk b±V eafnj]

ck?k] vatrk dh xqiQkvkas ij

blus Hkkjr dks àsulkax us g"kZ ds le; g"kZ ds 'kklu eas

^fl&;w&dh* ;k=kk miuke& eFkqjk lwrh oL=k rFkk

& eqaxsj jkt/kuh

^jk'kfuax iz.kkyh* dh 'kq:vkr u, in tSls& ^nhoku&,& fj;klr] ^'kguk&,&eaMh] ^cjhn*]