VERBAL Paragraph Organization Main Lecture FULL

VERBAL
ABILITY
Lecturer: KJ GLEYO
Paragraph
Organization
Verbal Reasoning
GOOD
PARAGRAPHS
Verbal Reasoning
PARAGRAPHS
• Imagine each paragraph as having
three general layers of text. The core
TIPS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
content is in the middle. It includes all
• CASE 1: The paragraph has the evidence you need to make the
no controlling idea point. However, this evidence needs
to be introduced by a topic sentence
in some way or your readers don't
know what to do with all the
evidence you have given them.
PARAGRAPHS
• Therefore, the beginning of the
paragraph explains the controlling
idea of the paragraph. The last part
• CASE 1: The paragraph has of the paragraph tells the reader how
no controlling idea the paragraph relates to the broader
argument and often provides a
transition to the next idea.
PARAGRAPHS
• Once you have mastered the use of
topic sentences, you may decide that
the topic sentence for a particular
• CASE 1: The paragraph has paragraph really should not be the
no controlling idea first sentence of the paragraph. This is
fine—the topic sentence can actually
go at the beginning, middle, or end of
a paragraph; what's important is that
it is there to inform readers what the
main idea of the paragraph is and
how it relates back to the topic of
your paragraph (main idea).
PARAGRAPHS
• This is the most common reason why
a paragraph is too long. If a
paragraph is more than a page long,
• CASE 2: The paragraph has it likely contains more than one
more than one controlling controlling idea. In this case, consider
idea eliminating sentences that relate to
the second idea, with the thought that
maybe they don't really inform and
help support the central research
problem, or split the paragraph into
two or more paragraphs, each with
only one controlling idea.
PARAGRAPHS
• You are probably familiar with the
idea that transitions may be needed
TIPS FOR TROUBLESHOOTING between paragraphs. Sometimes
they are also helpful within the body
• CASE 3: Transitions are of a single paragraph. Within a
needed within the paragraph, transitions are often
paragraph. single words or short phrases that
help to establish relationships
between ideas and to create a logical
progression of those ideas in a
paragraph. This is especially true
within paragraphs that discuss
multiple examples or discuss complex
ideas, issues, or concepts.
ORGANIZING
PARAGRAPHS
Verbal Reasoning
MUST-HAVE’S
• A good topic sentence
• A clear and logical
organization
PARAGRAPH
ORGANIZATION
MOST COMMON PATTERNS
• Classification
• Chronological sequence
• Evidence and illustration
• Contrast and comparison
• Cause and effect
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • There are problems in applying this
approach.
CLASSIFICATION
• The topic sentence only

MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • There are problems in applying this
approach. First, ability to pay is
CLASSIFICATION sometimes difficult to measure. Poverty
can be transitory. For example, those in
• The complete paragraph need of social care services may be in
transitory poverty. Forcing them to pay
could reduce their ability to get out of
poverty. Second, some problems are
catastrophic in nature. In such cases, the
expenditure is great, so that having to
pay out of pocket for services would
push the non-poor into poverty.
Examples of catastrophic problems
include a disabling accident, the onset of
disease, or illness affecting more than
one family member at the same time.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Uganda’s economic fortunes have
varied considerably over the past 40
CHRONOLOGICAL
years according to its political
• The topic sentence only situation.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Uganda’s economic fortunes have varied
considerably over the past 40 years according to
its political situation. After independence in 1962
CHRONOLOGICAL and throughout the 1960s, Uganda showed great
potential as one of the strongest economies in
Sub-Saharan Africa. However, its performance
• The complete paragraph was set back considerably during the
subsequent periods of military rule (1971-79) and
civil war (1980-85). Then, in 1987 the new National
Resistance Movement (NRM) government under
the leadership of President Yoweri Kaguta
Museveni launched a recovery program to
restore financial stability, create conditions for
rapid and sustained growth and develop
human capital. It also embarked on policy and
institutional reform to deregulate the economy,
eliminate direct state involvement in all but
essential public services, and improve
institutional efficiency. These efforts put Uganda
on a path of recovery, but progress was slow
through the early 1990s.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Evidence gathered in the field
presents an uneven picture of
EVIDENCE AND ILLUSTRATION
collaboration and cooperation.
• The topic sentence only
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Evidence gathered in the field
presents an uneven picture of
EVIDENCE AND ILLUSTRATION collaboration and cooperation. For
example, Burkina Faso had very little
• The complete paragraph collaboration between the WBI and
country team on the provision of
training. Mexico had some
collaboration. Bangladesh had
extensive and fruitful cooperation
and collaboration. Differences in the
extent of collaboration and
cooperation could be traced to
different management practices of
WBI Regional Coordinators (box 5.3).
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Previously, program beneficiaries
were chosen by funders; now the
CONTRAST AND COMPARISON
process is improved because
• The topic sentence only beneficiaries are chosen in
consultation with the community.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Previously, program beneficiaries were chosen
by funders; now the process is improved
because beneficiaries are chosen in consultation
CONTRAST AND COMPARISON with the community. In previous years, when
the programs were smaller, the funders usually
chose program beneficiaries. Local governments
• The complete paragraph would undergo an application process for
funding. Now, in selecting the program
beneficiaries, criteria are decided jointly with
the community leaders in the selected area. For
a program to be sustainable, the affected or
concerned community should be involved in the
project from the design phase onwards. The
community should be the decision maker in
terms of who can participate in the program.
This enhanced ownership can ensure fair
distribution of benefits, minimize intra-
community conflict over who participates, and
thus render programs more sustainable.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Because of the recent escalation of
energy costs—now the highest in the
CAUSE AND EFFECT
last ten years—concern has emerged
• The topic sentence only about whether developing countries
can sustain high rates of growth.
MOST COMMON
PATTERNS • Because of the recent escalation of energy
costs—now the highest in the last ten years—
concern has emerged about whether
CAUSE AND EFFECT developing countries can sustain high rates
of growth. In Central America and East
• The complete paragraph Africa, to take two examples, oil prices
have jumped by XX percent in the last year
alone, causing price rises in the
manufacturing and transportation sectors,
which, in turn, have made the countries'
exports less competitive. Another effect can
be seen in South Asia, where natural gas
imports now consume YY percent of the
government budget and therefore
effectively reduce funding for other sectors.
As a result of these soaring energy costs,
fewer economists predict that developing
nations can look forward to a reasonably
promising future..
QUICK TIPS IN
PARAGRAPH
ORGANIZATION
Verbal Reasoning
Order or sequence
•First,
•second,
•third,
•So on…
Order or sequence
• first and foremost,
• afterwards,
• then,
• next,
• at last,
• until,
• finally,
• lastly
Comparison: Similarities
and differences
• But,
• however,
• on the other hand,
• than,
• likewise,
• nonetheless,
• nevertheless,
• similarly,
• oppose to,
• apparently
Cause and effect
• Because,
• hence,
• thus,
• therefore,
• consequently,
• subsequently
PARAGRAPH
ORGANIZATION
TECHNIQUES
Verbal Reasoning
Paragraph Organization
Techniques
• Find the topic

sentence. It usually
contains the main
idea or the main
topic
Techniques
• Next, find the

supporting sentences
that support that
topic sentence.
Techniques
• Find the concluding

sentence or the
closing sentence. It
usually the final
thought or
conclusion and
marks the end of the
article, paragraph or
story.
Techniques
• Analyze the given

question well. Know
what is really being
asked and don’t go
too much or too
deep further. Wag
mag overthink
Techniques
• Don’t confuse yourself,

especially when the
multiple choices are
kinda similar or
related to each other.
You have to find the
‘best’ option. Dapat
mataas ang standards
mo. Tama na sa pag
settle.
Techniques
• Apply your chosen

answer to the given
statement. We call it
double checking. If it
makes sense, then
it’s correct. Huwag
bobita and ‘wag ka
nang
magpakatanga sa
kanya.
Techniques
• Use elimination
method for finding
the best answer.
Hanapin mo ang
mali una. Magaling
ka naman dyan.
Techniques
• Use parallelism and

consistency for
synonyms and
vocabulary. Dapat
consistent ka.
TEST
SAMPLES
Verbal Reasoning
Choose the best order
and sequence of the A. One effective way is to diversify his
funds to different investments like real estate,
following sentences stocks and money instruments like bonds and
to form a well- trust funds.
organized paragraph. B. It is always best to expand money to
different investment wheels.
C. A wise investor must not put all his
1. CBAD eggs in one basket.
2. CBDA D. He should always consider the risks
involved in investing his money.
3. CDAB
4. CDBA
37
and sequence of the A. One effective way is to diversify his
funds to different investments like real estate,
following sentences stocks and money instruments like bonds and
to form a well- trust funds.
organized paragraph. B. It is always best to expand money to
different investment wheels.
C. A wise investor must not put all his
1. CBAD eggs in one basket.
2. CBDA D. He should always consider the risks
involved in investing his money.
3. CDAB
4. CDBA
38
and sequence of the A. It is very vital to have social media
presence however personal blogs serve as
following sentences web domains.
to form a well- B. Most people including celebrities and
organized paragraph. businessmen have blogs nowadays..
C. Therefore, building them will help
anyone in promoting himself or his business.
1. BDAC D. Apparently blogs are like our offices
2. BADC only they are in the internet.
3. BACD
4. BDCA
39
and sequence of the A. It is very vital to have social media
presence however personal blogs serve as
following sentences web domains.
to form a well- B. Most people including celebrities and
organized paragraph. businessmen have blogs nowadays..
C. Therefore, building them will help
anyone in promoting himself or his business.
1. BDAC D. Apparently blogs are like our offices
2. BADC only they are in the internet.
3. BACD
4. BDCA
40
and sequence of the A. The basic steps in building a website
are easy to remember and registering a
following sentences domain name is the usual priority.
to form a well- B. Designing a layout will come after that.
organized paragraph. C. Finally, adding more content and social
media presence are required to keep your
site active.
1. ABCD D. Then you need a hosting provider to
2. ADBC host your site’s content in the World Wide
Web.
3. ACBD
4. ADCB
41
and sequence of the A. The basic steps in building a website
are easy to remember and registering a
following sentences domain name is the usual priority.
to form a well- B. Designing a layout will come after that.
organized paragraph. C. Finally, adding more content and social
media presence are required to keep your
site active.
1. ABCD D. Then you need a hosting provider to
2. ADBC host your site’s content in the World Wide
Web.
3. ACBD
4. ADCB
42
and sequence of the A. Speaking in English every day is also
proven effective.
following sentences
B. Another way is watching English
to form a well- movies and TV shows particularly with
organized paragraph. English subtitles.
C. Reading articles in books, newspapers,
and magazines is just among the helpful
1. DCBA ways.
2. DACB D. There are many ways to improve and
develop English proficiency.
3. DABC
4. DCAB
43
and sequence of the A. Speaking in English every day is also
proven effective.
following sentences
B. Another way is watching English
to form a well- movies and TV shows particularly with
organized paragraph. English subtitles.
C. Reading articles in books, newspapers,
and magazines is just among the helpful
1. DCBA ways.
2. DACB D. There are many ways to improve and
develop English proficiency.
3. DABC
4. DCAB
44
and sequence of the A. Others don’t realize yet what to pursue
because they have many dreams.
following sentences
B. Finding the right course in college is
to form a well- one of the most challenging decisions anyone
organized paragraph. can make.
C. Some people want to pursue their
dreams ever since they were just little.
1. BDAC D. Indeed destiny is a matter of choice.
2. BCDA
3. BADC
4. BCAD
45
and sequence of the A. Others don’t realize yet what to pursue
because they have many dreams.
following sentences
B. Finding the right course in college is
to form a well- one of the most challenging decisions anyone
organized paragraph. can make.
C. Some people want to pursue their
dreams ever since they were just little.
1. BDAC D. Indeed destiny is a matter of choice.
2. BCDA
3. BADC
4. BCAD
46
and sequence of the A. While passport, airline tickets and valid
IDs are required, proof of financial capacity
following sentences may be required for visa application.
to form a well- B. Many Filipinos rejoiced hearing that
organized paragraph. good news.
C. The Bureau of Immigration announced
recently that proof of financial capacity is not
1. BDAC a primary requirement at the airport.
2. BCDA D.
this.
Positive points go to the bureau for
3. BADC
4. BCAD
47
1. CBAD a primary requirement at the airport.
2. CADB D.
this.
3. CABD
4. CBDA
48
1. CBAD a primary requirement at the airport.
2. CADB D.
this.
3. CABD
4. CBDA
49
and sequence of the A. This will be one of your tickets to land
a job in the government.
following sentences
B. That is why many people apply to take
to form a well- the Career Service examination.
organized paragraph. C. If you passed the exam, you will get a
certificate of eligibility.
1. DCBA D. Career Service Eligibility is a major
requirement to apply for a job position in the
2. DBAC government.
3. DBCA
4. DCAB
50
and sequence of the A. This will be one of your tickets to land
a job in the government.
following sentences
B. That is why many people apply to take
to form a well- the Career Service examination.
organized paragraph. C. If you passed the exam, you will get a
certificate of eligibility.
1. DCBA D. Career Service Eligibility is a major
requirement to apply for a job position in the
2. DBAC government.
3. DBCA
4. DCAB
51
and sequence of the A. Your passport will arrive in 7 days if
you choose the rush processing.
following sentences
B. Getting a passport is faster nowadays.
to form a well-
C. Now, it only takes about 10 working
organized paragraph. days.
D. Compared before, it would take about
1. BCAD a month for the regular processing.
2. BDCA
3. BADC
4. BACD
52
and sequence of the A. Your passport will arrive in 7 days if
you choose the rush processing.
following sentences
B. Getting a passport is faster nowadays.
to form a well-
C. Now, it only takes about 10 working
organized paragraph. days.
D. Compared before, it would take about
1. BCAD a month for the regular processing.
2. BDCA
3. BADC
4. BACD
53
and sequence of the A. Facebook has been the number one social
network in the web and the world for quite
following sentences long now.
to form a well- B. Mobile instant messaging apps are also
organized paragraph. dominating social presence in the internet.
C. After many acquisitions, Facebook bought
Instagram, one of the fastest growing photo
1. ACBD sharing networks.
2. ABCD D. Because of that, Facebook acquired
WhatsApp, a leading instant chat platform
3. ADCB like Kakaotalk.
4. ADBC
54
and sequence of the A. Facebook has been the number one social
network in the web and the world for quite
following sentences long now.
to form a well- B. Mobile instant messaging apps are also
organized paragraph. dominating social presence in the internet.
C. After many acquisitions, Facebook bought
Instagram, one of the fastest growing photo
1. ACBD sharing networks.
2. ABCD D. Because of that, Facebook acquired
WhatsApp, a leading instant chat platform
3. ADCB like Kakaotalk.
4. ADBC
55
and sequence of the A. They will help you to purchase through
zero-interest installment schemes.
following sentences
B. Thus, you must be wise and pay in full if
to form a well- you want to avoid never-ending debts.
organized paragraph. C. Credit cards are helpful if you know how
and when to use them wisely.
1. CDBA D. However, they will produce interests from
interests if you didn’t pay the whole amount
2. CABD at the due date.
3. CDAB
4. CADB
56
and sequence of the A. They will help you to purchase through
zero-interest installment schemes.
following sentences
B. Thus, you must be wise and pay in full if
to form a well- you want to avoid never-ending debts.
organized paragraph. C. Credit cards are helpful if you know how
and when to use them wisely.
1. CDBA D. However, they will produce interests from
interests if you didn’t pay the whole amount
2. CABD at the due date.
3. CDAB
4. CADB
57

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VERBAL

• The topic sentence only

• Find the topic

• Next, find the

• Find the concluding

• Analyze the given

• Don’t confuse yourself,

• Apply your chosen

• Use parallelism and

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