CHAPTER 3

HYDRODYNAMICS
➢ HYDRODYNAMICS - study of fluids in motion.
➢ STREAMLINE - path followed by succeeding particle
➢ TUBE OF FLOW - bundle of such streamlines
➢ LAMINAR - steady
➢ TURBULENT - there are no streamlines but whirlpools or eddy currents.
➢ CONTINUITY EQUATION - expression of the conservation of mass.
- mass of a fluid passing through one section of a pipe at a given time interval (Δt) must
pass through any section of the pipe in the same interval.
➢ BERNOULLI’S EQUATION - one of the powerful equations used when analyzing fluid dynamics.
- the higher a fluid’s velocity is through a pipe, the lower the pressure on the pipe’s walls.

PIPES AND FITTING HEAD LOSS CALCULATION

➢ HEAD LOSS – energy loss in the piping system that must be compensated in order to meet the desired flow and
pressure in the system.
➢ MOODY CHART – gives the rough estimate of the pipe friction coefficient.
➢ COLEBROOK’S EQUATION – gives the accurate value of the pipe friction coefficient for a certain pipe.

PUMP POWER SIZING CALCULATION

➢ PUMP POWER SIZING CALCULATION - mechanical device used to move a fluid by converting mechanical energy
to pressure energy called pump.

PUMP LAWS AND CAVITATION

➢ AFFINITY LAWS OF PUMPS - indicates the influence on volume capacity, head (pressure) and/or power
consumption of a pump due to change in speed of wheel and geometrically similarity.
➢ PUMP CAVITATION - Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it experiences a drastic
drop in pressure.

CHAPTER 4
➢ AIR CONDITIONING - as a process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness & distribution to meet the condition of a given space.
➢ ASHRAE – American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM COMMONLY MANUFACTURED

➢ WINDOW TYPE AIR CONDITIONERS - small package type A/C units consist of direct expansion refrigeration as
cooling system, condenser fan, circulating fan, and control system.
➢ SPLIT TYPE AIR CONDITIONERS - consist of outdoor unit which are typically condenser and compressor and
the indoor unit that cools air before it is supplied to the condition space. It is usually installed inside the condition
space.
• SINGLE-SPLIT A/C UNITS - consist of one indoor unit to match one outdoor unit.
• MULTI-SPLIT A/C UNITS - consist of two or more indoor units to match one outdoor unit.
 ➢ ROOF TOP PACKAGE A/C - larger package type A/C and are usually installed outside the condition space typically
on the roof top of the building where it served.
➢ CHILLED WATER A/C UNITS - consist of refrigeration circuit and chilled water circuit. The chilled water A/C
units are manufactured in small capacity, 3- 15 tons, while the large capacity units are made from 50 to 500 tons
of refrigeration.
➢ COMBINED HOT WATER AND CHILLED WATER SYSTEM - known as four-pipe water system normally consist
of hot water lines and the heating coils, cooled water lines and the cooling coils, circulating pumps, air handlers,
and controlling system.

PURPOSE OF AIR CONDITIONING

➢ HEALTH AND HUMAN COMFORT
➢ INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE AND SPECIAL AIR CONDITIONING VENTILATION

FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN COMFORT

➢ HUMAN HEAT LOST DUE TO CONVECTION, EVAPORATION, AND RADIATION IN HUMAN BODIES
➢ INSULATING FACTOR - discomfort due to improper clothing
➢ PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS - due to activity, age, and health
➢ THERMAL COMFORT FACTOR - due to varying air temperature and humidity
➢ NOISE BEYOND ACCEPTABLE LIMIT

CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN REFERENCE WITH FIRE PROTECTION
➢ Fire-Resistive (Type I) Construction - concrete and protected steel walls, floors, and structural framework, was
initially intended to confine a fire by its method of construction.
➢ Noncombustible (Type II) Construction - built of noncombustible steel or concrete walls, floors, and structural
framework; however, the roof covering is combustible, which can burn and spread fire.
➢ Ordinary (Type III) Construction - built of noncombustible masonry-bearing walls, but the floors, structural
framework, and roof can be made of wood or another combustible material.
➢ Heavy-Timber (Type IV) Construction - built of a structure that consists of large timbers. In this type of
construction, a wood column cannot be less than 8 in thick in any dimension and a wood beam cannot be less
than 6 in thick.
➢ Wood-Frame (Type V) Construction - most combustible of the five types of building construction. A wood-
frame building is the only one of the five types of construction that has combustible exterior walls.

ELEMENTS OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS

➢ Classification of Fire according to Sources
• Class A Fires - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, rubber and plastics.
• Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids and gases.
• Class C Fires - Fires involving energized electrical equipment.
• Class D Fires - Fires involving combustible materials, such as sodium, magnesium, potassium, and other
similar materials.
• Class K Fires - Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal
oils and fats).
➢ Classification of Fire Protection Methods
• Passive Fire Protection - involves constructing walls, floors, ceilings, beams, columns, and shaft
enclosures so they can resist, control, and contain the damaging effects of a fire. It is intended to entail
the following:
❖ Provide structural and thermal integrity of floor, wall, and ceiling assemblies during a fire for a
specified time period
❖ Compartmentalize a room or space to control the fire spread
❖ Provide exiting systems and evacuation plans for occupants to safely and rapidly evacuate the
building
• Active Fire Protection - include standpipe, sprinkler, and spray systems designed to extinguish the fire
outright or control the fire by delaying its damaging effects. Active fire protection systems are extremely
effective in containing and fighting a fire if they are designed and maintained so they work properly.

❖ Stand Pipe Systems - internal piping network connected to fire-hose stations that are used to
rapidly suppress a fire.
✓ Wet Stand Pipes - always has water in the piping. The water in the system is always under
pressure. The wet pipe system is the most commonly used standpipe system. It is used in
heated buildings where there is no danger of the water in the piping freezing.
✓ Dry Stand Pipes - does not contain standing water in the piping that eliminates the
possibility of fitting leaks and water freeze. Types of dry stand pipes are Dry Standpipe
with an Automatic Dry Pipe Valve, Dry Standpipe with a Manual Control Valve, Dry
Standpipe with No Permanent Water Supply.

❖ Sprinkler System - fitted with automatic devices designed to release water on a fire. Types of
automatic sprinkler systems are:
✓ Wet-Pipe Automatic Sprinkler Systems - have pressurized water in the pipe and
mains. Wet-pipe sprinkler systems are the most common in use today.
✓ Dry-Pipe Automatic Sprinkler Systems - have pipes filled with compressed air or
nitrogen. The dry-pipe type is typically used in unheated buildings where there is danger
that the water in the pipes would freeze and burst the pipes.
✓ Preaction Automatic Sprinkler Systems - similar to dry-pipe except that the water first
fills the pipe as an alarm is set off, providing an opportunity to extinguish the fire manually
before the sprinklers open. The preaction sprinkler system is often used where the use of
sprinklers could cause extensive material or equipment damage, such as in retail stores
and computer areas.
✓ Deluge Automatic Sprinkler Systems - allow all sprinkler heads to go off at the same
time. This system is very similar to the preaction system, except all sprinkler heads are
open. Deluge systems are generally installed in hazardous areas where extremely rapid-
fire spread is anticipated and that requires immediate application of water.

❖ Alternative Fire Suppression Systems - other methods may be considered when some
disadvantages are of major concern. These alternative methods include the following:
✓ Water Mist Automatic Sprinkler Systems - rely upon a fine spray of water to suppress
a fire. Water mist systems must produce a directional mist or fog of fine water drops
through a nozzle.
✓ Clean Agent Gas Fire Suppression Systems - discharge as a gas on the surface of
combusting materials. A typical system consists of cylinders of a liquid agent under high
pressure, heat/smoke detectors, and discharge nozzles connected to a network of pipes.
Clean agent gases can be released in a building space without leaving residue.
 ✓ Carbon Dioxide Fire Suppression Systems - discharge a CO2 gas that extinguishes fire
by displacing oxygen or taking oxygen away from the fire.
✓ Foam Fire Suppression Systems - discharge a high volume of gas-filled bubbles that
rapidly fill a space.

❖ Portable Fire Extinguishers - can be used to put out most fires in their early stages. They are
classified according to their ability to handle specific classes and sizes of fires. Types of portable
fire extinguisher are as follows:
✓ Class A Extinguishers - suitable for use on fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood,
paper, rubber, trash, and many plastics, where a quenching-cooling effect is required.
Class A extinguishers are rated from 1-A to 40-A. Extinguishers rated for Class A hazards
are water, foam, and multipurpose dry chemical types.
✓ Class B Extinguishers - suitable for use on fires in flammable liquids, gases, and greases,
where an oxygen-exclusion or flame-interruption effect is essential. Class B extinguishers
are rated from 1-B to 640-B. Extinguishers rated for Class B hazards are foam, Halon
alternative, and CO2 and multipurpose dry chemical.
✓ Class C Extinguishers - suitable for use on fires involving energized electrical equipment
and wiring where the dielectric conductivity of the extinguishing agent is of importance.
✓ Class D Extinguishers - suitable for use on fires in combustible metals such as
magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium. No numeral is used for Class D
extinguishers.

FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM

In medium to large buildings and building complexes, an alarm system includes all or some of the following:

➢ A system control unit

➢ A primary or main electrical power supply
➢ A secondary (stand-by) power supply, usually batteries or an emergency generator
➢ Alarm-initiating devices such as automatic fire detectors, manual pull stations, and/or sprinkler system flow
devices, connected to initiating circuits of the system control unit
➢ Alarm-indicating devices, such as bells or lights, connected to initiating circuits of the system control unit
➢ Ancillary controls such as ventilation shutdown functions, connected to output circuits of the system control unit
➢ Remote alarm indication to an external response location, such as the fire department
➢ Control circuits to activate a fire protection system or smoke control system

Fire detection includes all or some of the following:

➢ SMOKE DETECTOR - a sensing device that identifies products of combustion in air.

➢ FIXED-TEMPERATURE HEAT DETECTORS - - signal an alarm after the temperature at the detector reaches a
set value.
➢ RATE OF RISE HEAT DETECTORS - signal an alarm when the temperature at the detector increases at a rate
exceeding a preset value.
➢ FLAME DETECTORS - optically sense high levels of either infrared (IR) radiation or ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
➢ IONIZATION SMOKE DETECTORS - designed with a sensing chamber that has a radioactive element.
➢ PHOTOELECTRIC SMOKE DETECTORS - use a light scattering or light obscuration principle. They contain a light
emitting diode (LED) that is adjusted to direct a narrow IR light across the unit’s detection chamber.
➢ AIR-SAMPLING SMOKE DETECTORS - use a similar approach to light obscuration detectors, however, a laser
or xenon tube is typically used as a light source.