2019 November Heritage ‘O’ Level Paper 2

SECTION A-Answer all questions

1a) Name any four types of inheritance (4)
-Indigenous inheritance
- Contemporary inheritance
-Multiple path inheritance
-Chieftainship inheritance
- Hybrid inheritance
-Multiple level inheritances
-Hierarchical inheritance

b) Highlight any 3 problems associated with indigenous inheritance practices (3)

- Verbal will creates problems
-Absence of a will at all may cause disagreements
-Quarrels among survivors
-Conflicts among survivors
-Orphans are left without homes
-Kingdoms are left homeless

C) Give 3 ways that have been taken by the government of Zimbabwe to address problems
associated with indigenous inheritance practices (3)
- Legislation to protect survivors
-Amendment of the constitution
-Educating people on wills and rights
- Promoting the writing of wills
-Arresting those who violate the rights of widows and orphans
-Establishing organizations that cater for widows and orphans

2a) State any 4 functions of religion in socialization (4)

-Shapes behavior
-Binds people together
-Fosters solidarity
-Provides comfort during bereavement
-identity and unite
-teaches people correct morals
-Enhanced cohesion among individuals

b) Explain 3 ways in which Christianity has shaped the lives of people in Zimbabwe (3)
-Giving them education
-Providing health facilities
-Grooming leaders
-Offering financial support
-Controlling human behavior
-Inculcating ethical qualities in people e. g patience
-Moral support
-Training skills and entrepreneurship
-Recreation and entertainment

c) Suggest measures that can be taken to solve religious differences (3)

-Dialogue
-National days of prayer and fasting
-Arresting criminals
-De- registering churches
-Respect and religious tolerance
-Bible study
-Educating the people /awareness campaigns
-Legislation /laws to be put in place
-Allowing freedom of worship
-Arbitration during religious quarrels

3a) Identify any 4 factors that led to the colonisation of Zimbabwe (4)
-Need for raw materials
-Need for minerals
- Need for new markets
- Need for fertile lands
- Need for cheap labor
-To spread Christianity
-To educate Africans
-To show supremacy and prestige
-Empire building

b) Explain how the Rudd Concession helped the British to colonize Zimbabwe (3)
- It gave the British the right to take over Zimbabwe
-It paved way for the royal charter
-It paved way for the Pioneer column
-It excluded other concession seekers

C) Outline any 3 measures that were taken by Lobengula in solving the problems caused by the
Rudd Concession (3)
-Sent a delegation to the British
- Executed Lotshe and Sikombo
-Wrote protest letters to the British queen
-Signed the Lippert concession
-Established a boundary between Mashonaland and Matebeleland
-Fought the British in 1893-1894
-It emphasised verbal terms in the courts of law
4a) Name the 4 Zimbabwean Heroines labeled A, B. C & D (4)
-A- Sally Mugabe/ The late Amai Mugabe
-B- Victoria Chitepo
-C- Ruth Chinamano
-D- Mama Mafuyana Nkmo

b) Write any3 ways in which the Heroines influence women in Zimbabwe (3)
-encourage women for their rights
-Encourage women to take up leadership posts
-Opened up opportunities for women to get into business
- Inspired other women to be brave
-Encourage the participation of women in politics
-Instills a feeling of patriotism
-Encourages hard working
-Encourages gender equality

c) Give any 3 ways in which the Zimbabwean Government has addressed problems faced by
widows of Fallen Heroes (3)
- Processing pension benefits for survivors
-Allocating them land
- Giving them business loans
- Giving moral support
- Giving material support
- Free access to health /medical services
- Providing security
-Payment of fees for their children

5a) Give 2 rights and 2 responsibilities in Zimbabwe (4)

Rights
-Education
-Shelter
-Health
-Food
-Security/protection
-Life
-Freedom of speech
-Legal representation
Responsibilities
-looking after children
-feeding the family
-fetching water

b) State any 3 measures how the Zimbabwean government has taken to uphold rights of the
elderly people (3)
- Enacting senior citizenship laws
-Education awareness
-Providing pension funds
-Free access to health
-Free transport
-Clothes allocation
-Food allocation
-Farming inputs
-Priority in accessing public services e.g banks

c) Mention any 3 problems the elderly people experience if their rights are not recognized (3)
- Failure to access facilities
-Failure to access resources
-Deterioration of health
-Starvation
-Death
-Loss of self esteem
-Stress
-Loss of properties
-Lack of respect
-Destitution
-Lack of financial support from social welfare

6a) Study Fig .6.1 below and answer questions that follow
i) Identify the climatic disaster shown in the picture (1)
-Drought

ii) Give 3 causes of this disaster (3)

-Rain shadow effect
-Elnino effect
-Global warming
- Uneven rainfall distribution
-Deforestation
-Climate change
-Low rainfall Deaths

6b) List any 3 ways in which people are affected by the disaster identified in (a) (i) (3)
-Poor yields
-Malnutrition
-Poverty
-Death of people
-Poor water supplies
-Starvation
-Water bone diseases
-Loss of livestock
-Anti-social behavior e.g prostitution theft
6c) State any 3 measure that the government has taken to control human activities that causes
environmental degradation (3)
-Education awareness
- Legislation
- Penalties
- Rewards
- Resettlement
- Aforestation
-Re-grassing
-Gully reclamation
- Paddocking

SECTION B
Answer 2 QUESTIONS
EACH QUESTION CARRIES 20marks

7a) Describe the reincarnation (kurova guva /umbiyiso) ceremony that is practiced in most parts of
Zimbabwe (8)
-It’s the traditional ceremony
-Held one year after burial
-Underlying belief is life after death
- It’s the bring back ceremony
- Beer is brewed for seven days
- A goat is slaughtered
- Meat is eaten without salt
- The ceremony is characterised by singing, dancing, eating, and beer drinking
- Ceremony usually takes 3 days
- Ceremony is performed if the deceased person was upright or with no traces of evil
-A cow is slaughtered if the deceased was male
-Name of the deceased is given to his eldest son

b) Demonstrate how the kurova guva ceremony benefits the living (6)
-Protection from ancestors
-Gives them good fortune
-Provides peace between the living and the dead
-Gives prosperity good health good harvest wealth
-Unites families
-Eradicate misfortunes
-Perpetuates names
-Ensures family support
c) Show how family leaders can solve conflicts that arise among family members as a result of the
reincarnation ceremony (6)
-Education awareness
-Consulting sprit mediums
-Arbitration
-Providing guidance
-Provide counseling
-Allowing those who do not believe in the ceremonies to be excluded from attending the ceremonies

8a) Describe the importance of totems in indigenous Zimbabwean communities. (8)

-A measures of identity
-Safe guard against incest
-Cements relationships
-Promote solidarity
-Sign of respect
-Minimize conflicts in society
-Regulate behavior
-Regulates the environment or ecosystem
-Conservation method
-Point of contact between the living and the dead
-Regulate marriage institutions
-Brings people of different ethnics together
-Used to claim chieftainship/ land
-Unifying force
-Appreciation of good things

b) Explain how totems influence human behavior in indigenous Zimbabwean societies (6)
-Influence diet-one cannot eat own totem
-Bring pride to bearers of the totem
-Assist in the formation of alliances
-Solve conflicts
-Promote unity
-Distribute duties
-Promote segregation
-Cause inferiority
-Encourage deviance

c) Suggest measures that can be taken to discourage violation of cultural values (6)
-Educate people on the importance of cultural values
-Encourage the reciting of totems
-Conducting regular gatherings where values are practiced
- Providing guidance on cultural values
-Punishments for those who violate cultural values
-Warning people on the dangers of violating cultural values
-Making Heritage Studies a core subject taught at all levels of learning
9a) Trace steps taken by the British to colonize Zimbabwe (8)
-Signing of the Moffat Treaty of 1888
-Signing of the Tati concession 1870
-Signing of the Baines Treaty 1871
-Singing of the Rudd Concession 1888
-Obtaining the Royal Charter 1889
-Assigning the BSAC to finance the occupation 1889
-Recruiting the pioneer column
-Commissioning of the pioneer column
-Establishing forts
-Raising the Union Jack
-Taxation of the Shona
-Creation of a police force
-Land grabbing
-Anglo-Ndebele war
-Creation of cheap labor

b) Give ways in which colonisation negatively affected the lives of the people of Zimbabwe (6)
-Disunity
-Loss of land
-Loss of independence
-Loss of cattle
-Loss of
-Loss of power
-Forced labour
-Unfair taxes
-Ill treatment
-Death of people
-Creation of reserves
-Restriction of movement
-Segregation in education and health
-Abuse of women and children
-Family break-ups
-Limited number of livestock

c) Explain how the Zimbabwean government has attempted to solve the problems created by the
colonial government (6)
-Land redistribution
-Black empowerment
-Encouraged entrepreneurship
-Introducing the updated curriculum
-Establishing schools
-Establishing health facilities
-Environmental education
-Change the constitution
-Re-naming of schools roads etc
-Introducing housing co-operatives
-Pensions
- Scholarships
-Equality and equity to be promoted

10a) State the entitlements of men in indigenous society (8)

-Bride price/lobola
-Tools
-Owns a home/house
-Conduct important family gatherings
-Children
-Heading the family
-Respect/command
-Traditional courts/Dare
-Certain parts of meat
-Father’s field

b) Show the importance of women entitlements in indigenous society (6)

-Promotes the appreciation of the value of women
-Build relationships
-Enhance the importance of women
-Promotes women empowerment
-Makes women feel a sense of belonging
-Reduces abuse of women by men
-Women become wealthier
-To thank them for taking care of the girl child

c) Explain measures that can be taken to preserve men and women entitlements in the
Zimbabwean (6)
-Educating people on the importance of indigenous entitlements
-Leading by example
-Produce literature that promotes cultural values
- Forming cultural clubs
-legislation of the entitlements
-Penalties for those who disregard entitlements
-Reviving ceremonies that accord different entitlements
-Harmonies laws and traditional practices

11a) Describe characteristics of the formal and informal sectors (8)

Formal Sector
-Employees work for fixed hours
-Formal contracts are signed between employer and employee
-Job descriptions are clearly stated
-Involve official company registration
-Companies pay taxes
-Termination of conditions
-Registered brands
-Annual leave awarded
-Fixed salaries
-Guaranteed quality of products
-Huge capital investments

Informal Sector
-Absence of written rules
-Verbal contacts
-Absence of tax payment
-Absence of bank accounts
-Absence of medical benefits
-Absence of paid leave
-Little capital
-Congested work environment
-Absence of fixed wages
-No fixed working hours

b) Demonstrate how the informal sector has contributed towards economic development in
Zimbabwe (6
-Employment creation
-Bringing foreign currency
-Encouraging tourism
- Infrastructure development
-Goods provision to the nation
-Government revenue through import duties
-Improving ties between Zimbabwe and surrounding countries
-Improve standards of living
-More income to the local people

c) Suggest solutions to challenges faced by the informal sector in Zimbabwe (6)

-Provision of loans
-Encouraging the informal sector to register
-Marketing goods from informal sector in formal media
-Enacting laws that promote informal sector from foreign competition
-Allocating properly designated working sites for the informal sector
-
-Promoting formation of associations among informal traders for more centralized control
-Introducing taxes to informal sector