Jr. Maths - Ipe - Ia & Ib - 2018-19

Jr.
Intermediate
MATHEMATICS
IA & IB
IPE STUDY MATERIAL

CONTENTS
(I-A)
S.No TOPIC Page No
1. FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS 1
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ) 3
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQ) 7
2. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS
KEY POINTS 17
3. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
KEY POINTS 28
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ) 48
4. ADDITION OF VECTORS
KEY POINTS 63
5. PRODUCT OF VECTORS
KEY POINTS 74
6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS
KEY POINTS 105
7. TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
KEY POINTS 138
8. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS 149
9. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS 163
10. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
KEY POINTS 170
(I-B)
S.No TOPIC Page No2
1. LOCUS
KEY POINTS 202
2. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
KEY POINTS 210
3. STRAIGHT LINE
KEY POINTS 215
4. PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
KEY POINTS 257
5. 3D - GEOMETRY
KEY POINTS 278
6. DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS
KEY POINTS 283
7. PLANES
KEY POINTS 292
8. LIMITS
KEY POINTS 294
9. CONTINUITY
KEY POINTS 304
10. DIFFERENTIATION
KEY POINTS 308
11. ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS
KEY POINTS 354
ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM
12. RATEMEASURE
KEY POINTS 367
13. TANGENTS AND NORMALS
KEY POINTS 375
14. MAXIMA AND MINIMA
KEY POINTS 395
***
IA
IPE MATHS IA 1
FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS:
1. SET : A collection of well defined objects is called a set
2. RELATION : If A and B are two sets, then any non-empty subset of A  B is called a Relation from
A to B
3. FUNCTION : A and B are two non-empty sets. Then a relation ‘f’ from A to B, which associates
every element of A to a unique element of B is called a Function.
4. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN : f : A  B is a function. Then A = Domain and B = Codomain
RANGE : The set of all images of the elements of A in B.
Range of f  codomain of f
5. EQUALITY OF TWO
FUNCTIONS : f : A  B, g : A  C  B  C or C  B  are said to be equal if
f  x   g  x  , x  A and is denoted by f  g
6. INJECTION (OR)
ONE ONE FUNCTION : f : A  B is one - one  if a1 , a2  A, f  a1   f  a2   a1  a2
7. SURJECTION (OR) : f : A  B is onto if  b  B  a  A  f  a   b or

ONTO FUNCTION f : A  B is onto  Range of f  codomain of f
8. BIJECTION (OR)
ONE-ONE ONTO : If f : A  B is both one-one and onto, then f is called a
FUNCTION Bijection.
9. COMPOSITE : f : A  B, g : B  C are two functions. Then gof : A  C is de-
(OR) PRODUCT fined by  gof  x   g  f  x   , x  A is called composite function
FUNCTION
10. IDENTITY : A function f : A  A is defined by f  x   x, x  A is called
FUNCTION Identity function and is denoted by I A
1
11. INVERSE : If f : A  B is a bijection, then f 1 : B  A defined as f  b   a
FUNCTION  f  a   b, b  B is called inverse function.

12. CONSTANT : A function f : A  B is said to be constant
FUNCTION If f  x   c ( a constant ) x  A
Function Domain Range

1) xn R R
2) a x  a  0, a  1  ,    0,  
3) ex  ,    0,  
4)log x  0,    ,  
5) x  ,   0,  
6) x 0,   0,  
IPE MATHS IA 2
7)sinx  ,    -1,1
8)cosx  ,    -1,1
  
9)tanx R   2n  1 : n  z   ,  
 2 
10)cosec x R  n : n  z  , 1U 1,  
  
11)sec x R   2 n  1 : n  z   , 1U 1,  
 2 
12)cotx R  n : n  z  ,  
 -π π 
13) sin -1x  -1,1  2 , 2
 
14) cos-1x  -1,1 0, π
 -π π 
15) Tan-1x  ,    , 
 2 2
16) cot -1x  ,    0, π 
 π π 
17) sec-1x  , 1U 1,    0, 2  U  2 , π 
   
 -π   π 
18) cosec -1x  , 1U 1,    2 , 0  U  0, 2 
   
19) sinhx  ,    ,  
20) coshx  ,   1,  
21) tanhx  ,    -1,1
22) cothx  , 0U  0,    , 1 U 1,  
23) cosechx  , 0U  0,    , 0U  0,  
24) sechx  ,    0,1
25) sinh -1x  ,    ,  
26) cosh -1x 1,    0,  
27) Tanh -1x  -1,1  ,  
28) coth-1x  , 1 U 1,    , 0U  0,  
29) sech-1x  0,1  0, 
30) cosech -1x  , 0U  0,    , 0U  0,  
IPE MATHS IA 3
LONG ANSWER QUESTION ANSWERS
V1 01.Let f : A  B, g : B  C be bijections. Then show that gof : A  C is a bijection
Sol. Given that f : A  B, g : B  C are one-one functions. We know that composite of two functions is also function.
Hence gof : A  C is a function.
To prove that gof : A  C is one-one function.
Let  a1 , a2  A, f : A  B is a function then f  a1  , f  a2   B
  
g : B  C is a function then g f  a1  , g f  a2   C 
i.e., gof  a1   gof  a2   g  f  a1    g  f  a2  
 f  a1   f  a 2  [ g is one-one function]
 a 1  a 2 [ f is one-one function] (2M)
 a1 , a2  A , gof  a1   gof  a2   a1  a2
 gof : A  C is one-one function. Hence proved.
Given that f : A  B, g : B  C are onto function.
Hence gof : A  C is a function.
To prove that gof : A  C is onto function
g : B  C is onto function then every c  C  b  B  c  g  b  -----------(1)
f : A  B is onto function then every b  B  a  A  b  f  a  -----------(2) (3M)

from (1) and (2), g  b   c  g  f  a   c  gof (a)  c
Every c C  a  A  gof  a   c
 gof : A  C is onto function.
Hence gof : A  C is bijective function. (2M)
1
V1 02.Let f : A  B, g : B  C be bijections. Then show that  gof   f 1og 1
Sol. Given that f : A  B, g : B  C are bijective functions.
So f 1 : B  A, g 1 : C  B are bijective functions.
Now f : A  B, g : B  C are bijective functions
then gof : A  C is also bijective function so  gof 1 : C  A is a bijective function
Now g 1 : C  B, f 1 : B  A are two bijective functions then f 1og 1 : C  A is bijective
1
 gof  , f 1og 1 have the same domain. (2M)
Let c  C , g : B  C is bijective function  g is onto
Therefore  b  B  c  g  b   g  1  c   b
 f : A  B is bijective function  f is onto
as b  B  a  A  b  f  a   f 1  b   a
Now, Take g  b   C  g  f  a    C (3M)
1
 gof  a   C  a   gof   c  ...................(1)
Now, f 1  b  a  f 1  g 1  c    a  f 1og 1  c   a  a  f 1og 1  c  .................(2)
IPE MATHS IA 4
1 1
from (1) & (2)  gof   c   f 1og 1  c    gof   f 1og 1 , c  C (2M)
V1 03. Let f : A  B be a bijection. Then show that fof 1  I B and f 1of  I A

Sol. Given that f : A  B is bijective function
So f 1 : B  A is also bijective.
To prove that f 1of  I A
Now f : A  B; f 1 : B  A are two bijectve functions then f 1of : A  A is bijective
f 1of : A  A , I A : A  A having same domain A. (2M)
Let b  B , f : A  B is bijective  f is onto function
  a  A  b  f  a   f 1  b   a
I A : A  A; I B : B  B are two identity functions.
Such that I A  a   a  a  A; I B  b   b b  B (1M)
Now f of  a  f  f  a   f  b  a  IA (a) a  A
1 1 1
f 1of  a   I A  a   f 1of  I A (1M)

Given that f : A  B is bijective so, f : B  A is also bijective
1
1
To prove that fof  I B
1
Now f 1 : B  A, f : A  B are two functions then composite function is fof :B  B
 fof 1 : B  B, I B : B  B having same domain. (1M)

f : A  B is bijective  f is onto
b  B  a  A  b  f  a   f 1  b  a
fof 1  b  f  f 1  b   f  a  b  IB b b  B
fof 1  b  IB  b  fof 1  IB (2M)

V1 04. Let f : A  B , I A and IB be Identity functions on A and B respectively. Then show that
foI A  f  I B of
Sol: Given that f : A  B is a function
I A : A  A; I B : B  B are two identity functions.
Such that I A  a   a a  A; I B  b   bb  B (1M)
To prove that foIA  IBof  f
To prove foI A  f
I A : A  A, f : A  B are two functions
Such that we know that composition of two functions is a function.
Hence foI A : A  B is a function. fo I A , f have the same domain A (1M)
a  A , foIA  a  f  IA  a   f  a
 foI A  f ---------------(1) (1M)
To prove I B o f  f ; f : A  B , I B : B  B are two functions
We know that composition of two functions is a function.
IPE MATHS IA 5
Hence I B of : A  B is a function
I B o f ,f have the same domain “A” (2M)
a  A , I B of  a   I B  f  a   ; IBof  a  f  a  IBof  f -------(2)

from (1) and (2) foI A  I B of  f (2M)
V1 05.Let f : A  B be a bijection.Then show that f is a bijection if and only if there exists a functions g : B  A
such that fog  IB and gof  I A and in this case, g  f 1
Sol. Let f : A  B be a bijection. Then f 1 : B  A is a bijection.
We know that f 1of  I A and fof 1  I B
Take g  f 1 .
 gof  I A and fog  I B
Converse :
If there exists a function g : B  A suchthat fog  I B and gof  I A then gof  I A is an
injection,  f is an injection
 fog  I B is a surjection  f is a surjection
 f : A  B is a bijection. Hence f 1 : B  A is a bijection. We also have g : B  A
 f 1 and g are defined on the same domain B
Let b  B . Since f : A  B is a bijection then there exists a unique ' a '  A
such that f(a) = b or f–1(b) = a.
Now f 1 (b)  a  I A (a )  ( gof )(a )  g ( f (a ))  g (b)
 g  f 1 .
V1 06.I) If f : R  R, g : R  R are defined by f  x   4 x  1 and g  x   x 2  2 then find
 a 1
(i)  gof  x  ii)  gof    iii) fof  x  iv) go  fof  0 
 4 
II) Let A  1,2,3 , B  a, b, c ,C   p, q, r . If f : A  B, g : B  C are defined by
1
f  1, a  ,  2, c  ,  3, b  , g   a , q  ,  b , r  ,  c , p  then show that f 1og 1   gof 
Sol. Given that f  x   4 x  1 , g  x   x 2  2
(i)  gof  x  g  f  x   g  4x 1

2
  4x 1  2  g  x  x2
 2
 16x2  1 8x  2  16x2  8x  3 (1M)

a 1   a 1   a 1 
 gof     g f    g 4  1  
 4    4    4    g  a 1 1  g  a   a  2  g  x  x  2 (1M)
2 2
(ii)
(iii) fof  x   f  f  x    f  4x 1  4  4x 1 1  f  x  4x 1  16 x  4  1  16 x  5 (1M)

(iv) go  fof  0   fof  0   f  f  0    f  4  0   1  f  1  4 1 1  f  x  4x 1  4  1  5
2

go  fof  0   g  5   5  2  g  x  x2  2   25  2  27 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 6
II) Given that f  1, a  ,  2, c  ,  3, b  and g  a, q , b, r , c, p then
1
gof  1, q  ,  2, p  ,  3, r    gof    q,1 ,  p, 2  ,  r ,3 (1M)
g 1   q, a  ,  r , b  ,  p, c  , f 1   a,1 ,  c, 2  ,  b,3 then (1M)

1
f 1og 1   q,1 ,  r,3 ,  p,2   gof   f 1og 1 . (1M)
V1 07. I f f : Q  Q defined by f  x   5 x  4 for all x  Q . S.T.. f is a bijection and find f 1
Sol: Let x1 , x2  Q, f  x1   f  x2   5 x1  4  5 x2  4  x1  x2
 f is an injective (2M)
y4  y4  y4
Let y  Q , then x   Q then f  x   f    5 4  y
5  5   5 
 f  x  y
f is surjection and hence f is bijection f 1 : Q  Q is bijection (3M)
y4 1 y4 1 x4
f  x   y  5x  4  y  x   f  y   f x  (2M)
5 5 5
V2 08.Let f : A  B , g : B  C and h : C  D . Then show that ho  gof    hog  of , that is composition of
functions is associative.
Sol. Given that f : A  B, g : B  C , h : C  D are three functions
We have to prove that ho  gof    hog  of
Now f : A  B, g : B  C are two functions then gof : A C (1M)
Now gof : A  C , h : C  D are two functions then ho  gof  : A  D (1M)
Now g : B  C , h : C  D are two functions then hog : B  D (1M)
Now f : A  B, hog : B  D are two functions then  hog  of : A  D (1M)
ho  gof  ,  hog  of have same domain (1M)
  
a  A, ho  gof  a   ho g  f  a    h g  f  a   
  hog  f  a    hog  of  a 
 ho  gof  a    hog  of  a   ho  gof    hog  of (2M)
x  2 x1

V2 09.If the function f is defined by f  x    2,  1  x  1 then find the value of

 x  1,  3  x  1
a) f  3 b) f  0 c) f  1.5 d ) f  2   f  2  e ) f  5 
Sol: a) f  3  3  2  5 b) f  0   2 c) f  1.5   1.5  1  2.5
d ) f  2   2  2  4 and f  2   2  1  3 then f  2   f  2   4   3  1
e) f  5   Not defined
IPE MATHS IA 7
3 x  2, x  3
 2
V2 10.If the function f is defined by f  x    x  2,  2  x  2 then find the value of
2 x  1, x  3

4  ,
f f 2 .5 , f  2 , f  4 , f 0  , f  7 
Sol: f  4   3  4   2  12  2  10
f  2.5  = Not defined
2
f  2    2   2  4  2  2
f  4   2  4   1  7
f  0   02  2  2
f  7   2  7   1  13
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQ)

V1 11. Find the domain of the following real valued functions
1 1 1
iii) f  x  
2
i) f  x   ii) f(x)= x  1 
6 x  x2  5 2
x  3x  2 x x
1 3 x  3 x
iv) f  x   x2
log 10  1  x  v) f  x  
x
vi) f  x   4 x  x 2
vii) f  x  log x2  4x  3
viii) f  x   x 2  25
ix) f  x   log  x   x  
1
(x) f  x  
x 2
 1  x  3
1 1 1 1
f  x   
Sol: i) = 2 2
 
6 x  x 2  5 5x  x  x  5  5x  5  x  x 5  x  1  x  x  1
1 1
   f ( x)  0
 x  1 5  x  , f ( x)
f (x) define when  x 1 5  x  0, x  1,5

Domain of f is R-{1,5}
2 1 1
ii) f(x)= x  1  f ( x)  f ( x)  0
f ( x)
 f ( x)  0
x2  3x  2
  x  1 x  1  0 and  x  1 x  2   0
IPE MATHS IA 8
 If  x    x     0,     then x   ,      ,  
( , 1]  [1, ) and (  ,1)  (2,  )

 Domain of ‘f’ is (  ,  1]  (2,  )
1 1
f  x  R   f ( x)  0
iii) x x f (x)
 x x 0 x  x
 x   , 0   Domain of ‘f’ is  , 0 
1 1
f  x  x  2  R
iv) log10 1  x   f ( x)  f ( x)  0  log f ( x)  f ( x)  0& f ( x)  1
 x  2 and 1  x  0 ,  x-1<0 and x  0

Domain of ‘f’ is [2,1)  0
3 x  3 x 1
v) f  x   f ( x)  f ( x)  0   f ( x)  0
x f ( x)
3  x  0,3  x  0, x  0 ; x  3; x  3; x  0
 x   3,3  0 (or)  3, 0    0, 3

Domain of ‘f’ is  3,3  0 (or)  3, 0    0, 3
vi) 4x  x 2  R  f ( x)  f ( x)  0

 4 x  x2  0 
 x 2
 4x  0 , x  x  4  0
 If  x    x     0,     th en x   ,  
 x   0, 4  Domain of ‘f’ is  0, 4
vii) f  x   log( x 2  4 x  3)  log f ( x )  f ( x )  0
x 2  4 x  3  0 ; x( x  3)  1 x  3  0
 x  3 x  1  0 ;  If  x    x     0,      then x    ,      ,  
x   ,1   3,    Domain of ‘f’ is R  1,3
viii) f  x   x 2  25  f ( x)  f ( x)  0
 x  5 x  5  0
 If  x    x    0 ,     th e n x  (   ,  ]  [  ,  )
 ( , 5   5,  )  Domain of f= ( , 5   5,  )

IPE MATHS IA 9
ix) f  x   log  x   x    R  log f ( x )  f ( x )  0
 x   x   0, x   x
 x is a non-integer
 domain of f  R  Z
1 1 1
x) f  x     f (x)  0
 x  1  x  3  x  1 x  1 x  3
2
f (x)
f(x) define when  x  1 x  1 x  3  0 , x  3,  1, 1
Domain of f is R  3,  1, 1
V1 12.If f   1, 2 ,  2, 3 ,  3, 1 then find i) 2 f ii) 2 f iii) f 2 iv) f

Sol: i ) 2 f  1, 4  ,  2, 6  ,  3, 2  ii) 2  f  1, 4 ,  2, 1 ,  3,1
iii) f 2  1, 4 ,  2,9 ,  3,1 iv) f  1, 2   

Domainof f  xDf / f ( x)  0 
V1 13.If f   4,5  ,  5, 6  ,  6, 4  and g   4, 4  ,  6, 5 ,  8,5  then find
i) f  g ii) f  g iii) 2 f  4 g iv) f  4 v) fg
f
vi) vii) f viii) f ix) f 2 x) f 3
g
Sol: i ) f  g   4, 5  4  ,  6, 4  5    4,1 ,  6,1
 Dom ain of f  g ( or ) Dom ain of f  g ( or ) dom ain of fg is dom ain of f  dom ain of g
ii) f  g   4,5, 4  ,  6, 4, 5    4, 9  ,  6, 9 

iii) 2 f   4,10  ,  5,12  ,  6, 8 
4 g   4, 16  ,  6, 20  ,  8, 20 
2 f  4 g   4,10 16 ,  6, 8  20  2 f  4g   4, 6 ,  6,12
iv) f  4   4,5  4  ,  5, 6  4  ,  6, 4  4    4, 9  ,  5,10  ,  6, 0 

v) fg   4, 20  ,  6, 20 
f  5   4   f
vi) Domain of g   4, 4  ,  6, 5    Dom ain of g   x  D f  D g / g ( x )  0
   
vii) f   4,5  ,  5, 6  ,  6, 4 
viii)  
f  4, 5 , 5, 6   Domain of 
f  x  D f / f ( x)  0 
ix) f 2   4, 25 ,  5, 36  ,  6,16 
x) f 3   4,125  ,  5, 216  ,  6, 64 
IPE MATHS IA 10
V1 14.If f , g are real valued, functions defined by f  x   2 x  1; g  x   x 2 then
f
i )  3 f  2 g  x  ii ) fg  x  iii )  x iv )  f  g  2 x 
g
Sol: i ) 3 f  x   3  2 x  1  6 x  3 & 2 g  x   2 x 2
3 f  2g  x  3 f  x   2g  x   6x  3  2x2
ii )  fg  x  f  x  .g  x    2 x  1 x 2  2 x 3  x 2
f f  x 2x 1
iii  x  
g g  x x2
iv )  f  g  2  x   f  x   g  x   2 ( f  k )( x )  f ( x )  k where k  R
 2x 1 x2  2   x2  2x 1
V1 15.If f : R  R, g : R  R defined by f  x  3x  1 , g  x   x 2  1 then find
i ) fof  x 2  1  ii ) fog  2  (iii) gof  2a  3 
Sol: 
2 2

(i) fof  x  1  f 3  x  1  1  f  3 x  2   3  3x  2   1  9 x  5
2 2 2
(ii) fog  2   f  22  1  f  5   3  5   1  14
2
(iii) gof  2a  3   g  3  2a  3   1  g  6 a  10    6 a  10   1  36 a 2  120 a  101
V1 16.Find the range of the following real number functions

x2  4
i) log 4  x2 ii)
x2
Sol: i) y  f  x   log 4  x 2  Range of log f ( x ) is R
f  x   R  4  x2  0  x  2
4  x2  e y , e y  0y  R  Range of ‘f’ is R
x2  4
ii)
x2
x2  4
Let y  f  x  
x2 R
Domain of ‘f’ is R  2 , Then y=x+2; x  2  y  4  The range of f is R  4
V1 17.If f  x   2; g  x   x 2 ; h  x   2 x , for all x  R , then find  fo  goh  x  
Sol:  fo  goh  x     fog  h  x   = fog  2 x   f  g  2 x    f  4 x   2

2
V1 18.Find the inverse of the following functions

i)If a, b  R ; f : R  R defined by f  x   ax  b  a  0 
IPE MATHS IA 11
ii) f : R   o,   defined by f  x   5 x
iii) f :  o,    R defined by f  x   log 2 x
Sol: i) a, b  R ; f : R  R defined by f  x   ax  b  a  0 
Let y  f  x   ax  b  x  f 1  y  ——(i)
y b
And y=ax+b  x  ——(ii)
a
1 y b 1 x b
From (i) and (ii) we get f  y   and f  x  
a a
ii) Given that f : R   o,   defined by f  x   5x
y  f  x   5x
1
f ( x)  y  x  f ( y ) -------(i)
And y= 5 x  log 5y  x ——(ii)
From eq (i) and (ii) we get f 1  y   log 5y  f 1  x   log 5x
iii) Given that f :  0,    R and f  x   log 2 x = y
x  f 1  y  ——(i) and y  log 2 x  x  2 y ——(ii)

From equations (i) and (ii) we get f 1  y   2 y ; f 1  x   2 x
    
V1 19.If A  0, , , ,  and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f  x   cos x ,then find B.
 6 4 3 2
    
Sol: A= 0, , , , 
 6 4 3 2
f : A  B is a surjective defined by f  x   cos x
            
B  f  A =  f  0  , f   , f   , f   , f   
  6   4   3   2 
      3 1 1 
= cos 0, cos , cos , cos , cos  = 1, 2 , , , 0
 6 4 3 2  2 2 
V1 20.If A   2, 1,0,1,2 and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f  x   x2  x  1 then find ‘B’

2 2 2
Sol: f  2    2    2   1  3 , f  1   1   1  1  1 , f  0    0    0   1  1
2 2
f 1  1  1  1  3 and f  2    2    2   1  7
f  A  3,1,1,3, 7 i.e, B  1,3, 7 A

IPE MATHS IA 12
x 1
V1 21.If f  x   , then find i)  fofof  x  ii)  fofofof  x 
x 1
Sol: i)  fofof  x  =  fof   f  x  
 x 1 
 1
 x 1   x 1   f  x 1   2x 
=  fof   =ff   =  x  1  = f    f  x
 x 1    x 1   1  2 
 x 1 
  x 1    x  1  x 1  
 1    
   x 1     f 

f x 1  ff x  1  
ii)  fofofof  x   f f f   x 1  
   x 1       1     x  1  x  1  
  x 1     x 1  
x 1 x 1 x 1
1
  2x    x 1   x 1  x 1 2x
 ff     f  f  x  f   x 1 x  1  x  1  x
  2   x 1  1 2
x 1 x 1
V1 22.Find the domain and range of the following real valued functions
x
i) f  x   ii) f  x   9  x 2 iii) f  x   x  1  x
1  x2
x 1
Sol: i) given that f  x    f ( x)  0
1  x2  R f ( x)
x  R is defined by x  R since x 2  1  0
Domain of ‘f’ is R
x 1 1 4 y2
Let y  f  x = = 2
x yx y 0  x  is real number
1  x2 2y
1  4 y 2  0 ; y  0  1  2 y 1  2 y   0; y  0  (2 y  1)(2 y  1)  0
 If  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 and if ax 2  bx  c  0, a  0 then x   ,  
 1 1   1 1 
y   ,  Range of f =  , 
 2 2  2 2
ii) Given that f  x   9  x 2  R

f ( x)  f ( x )  0
 9  x2  0
if   x  x     0,     then x   ,  
 x   3, 3 is the domain
y =f (x); x  9  y 2  R
-3  x  3
IPE MATHS IA 13
 0  x2  9
  9   x2  0
 0  9  x2  9
 0  9  x2  3
Range of f   0,3
iii) Given that f  x   x  1  x ,
 f (x)  x  R
 Domain of ‘f’ is R
x  x ; x 0
1 x  1 x
For x=0, f(0)=1; x = 1, then f(1)=3; x = 2, then f(2)=5; x = -2, then f(-2)=3
x = -1, then f(-1)=1;The range of ‘f’ is [1, )
3x  3 x
V1 23.If the function f : R  R defined by f  x   ,then show that
2
f  x  y  f  x  y  2 f  x f  y
3x  3 x 3x  y  3 x  y  3x  y  3 x  y 
Sol: f x   f x  y  --(1) and f  x  y   --(2)
2 2 2
3x.3y  3 x.3 y  3x.3 y  3 x.3 y
(1)+(2) =
2
1 x y 1 x y
= 3 .3  3 .3  3 .3  3 .3  = 3  3  3   3  3  3  
x  y x y x y y x y y
2 2
 3x  3 x   3 y  3 y 
= 2    = 2 f  x  f  y 
 2   2 
V1 24.If f : R  R , g : R  R defined by f  x   3x  2, g  x   x 2  1 ,then find
 
i ) gof 1  2  ii )  gof  x  1 iii)  fog  2 
Sol: f  x   3x  2; g  x   x 2  1
i)  gof   2  , Let y  f ( x)  3x  2
1
y  f ( x )  x  f 1 ( y )
y2 1 x2 22 4
then y  3x  2 , x   f  x   f 1 (2) 
3

3
3 3
 4  16 25
 gof  (2)  g  f
1 1
(2)   g     1 
 3 9 9
ii) gof  x  1  g  f  x  1 
IPE MATHS IA 14
2
= g  3  x  1  2  = g  3x  5  =  3 x  5   1 = 9 x 2  30 x  26
iii)  fog  2   f  g (2)   f  (2) 2  1  f (5)  3(5)  2  13

V1 25.Define the following functions and write an example for each
i) one-one( Injection) ii) onto (Surjection)
iii) Even and Odd iv) Bijection.
Sol: i) Let f : A  B is a function if different elements of A have different f-images in B, Then
f : A  B is one – one
Eg : A  1, 2,3 , B  p, q, r , s , f  (1, p), (2, r ), (3, s )  f : A  B is 1-1 function.
ii) Let f : A  B is a function, if every element of B having atleast one pre- image in A, then
f : A  B is said to be onto function. i.e f ( A)  B
Eg : A  1, 2,3, 4 , B  p, q, r , g  (1, p), (2, q), (3, p ), (4, r )
 g : A  B is an onto function
iii) Let A be nonempty subset of R , and f : A  R
if f   x   f  x  x  A then f is called Even function.
if f   x    f  x  x  A then f is called odd function.

4
Eg : sin x, x 3  x.......etc are the examples of odd function, cos x, x , x  2........etc
are the examples of even function.
iv) Bijection: A function f : A  B is a bijection if
a)It is one-one; f  a   f  b   a  ba, b  A
b)It is onto; b  B  a  A such that f  a   b
Eg : A  1, 2,3 , B  p, q, r , h  (1, r ), (2, p), (3, q )  h : A  B is a bijective function
V1 26.If f : N  N is defined as f  x   2 x  3 , is ' f ' onto? Explain with reason.
Sol: f : N  N defined by f  x   2 x  3
Range of f  f  N    f 1 , f  2  , f  3 ....
f ( x)  2 x  3  y  N
 2x  y  3
y 3
x N
2
for some y  N there exists no x  N such that f ( x )  y
 f is not onto
1  x2
V1 27.i) If f : R  R is defined by f  x   ,then show that f  tan    cos 2
1  x2
IPE MATHS IA 15
1 x  2x 
ii) If f : R   1  R is defined by f  x   log 1  x ,then show that f  2
 2 f  x
 1 x 
1  tan 2 
Sol: Put x  tan   f  tan     cos 2
1  tan 2 
2x 2
1
1 x  2x   log 1 x2 1  x 
ii) f  x   log  f 2  2x  log 2
1 x 1 x  1
1  x2
1  x 
2
1 x 1 x
 log =  2log = 2 f  x
1 x 1 x
  1 1 1  x 
V1 28.If f  x   cos  log x  , then show that f  x  f  y   2  f  y   f  xy    0
       
1  1
Sol: f    cos  log  = cos  log1  log x  = cos   log x  = cos log x
x
   x
1 x   x 
Similarly f    cos  log y  and f  y   cos  log  y    cos  log x  log y 
 y     
and f ( xy )  cos  log ( xy )   cos  log x  log y 
x
f    f ( xy )  cos  log x  log y   cos  log x  log y 
 y
 2 cos(log x) cos(log y )
1  1 1 x 
 f  x f    f    f  xy   = cos  log x  cos  log y   1  2 cos  log x  cos  log y   =0
   y 2  y  2
1
V1 29.If f  x   , g  x   x for all x   0,   then find gof  x 
x
1 1 1
Sol: gof  x   g  f  x    g    
 x x x
1 1
V1 30.If f : R  0  R is defined by f  x   x 
3
3 then showthat
f  x  f    0
x  x
1 1 1
Sol:
3
Given that f  x   x  3 
f    3  x3
x  x x
1 1 1
 f x f  x   x  3  3  x  0
3 3
  x x
IPE MATHS IA 16
x x
V1 31.P.T. the real valued function f  x   x
  1 is an even function on R  0
e 1 2
x x
Sol: Given that f  x    1
x
e 1 2
x x
f x  x
 1
e 1 2
 xe x x xe x x xe x  x  x x x  e x  1 x x
  1  x  1   1  x  x  1
1  ex 2 e 1 2 x
e 1 2 e 1 e 1 2
x x x x
 x x
 1  x  1  f  x
e 1 2 e 1 2
f   x   f  x  hence f is even function
x2  x  1
V1 32.If A  1, 2, 3, 4 and f : A  R is a function defined by f  x   then find the range of f .
x 1
12  1  1 1 22  2  1 3 32  3  1 7
Sol: f 1   , f  2    1 , f  3  
11 2 2 1 3 3 1 4
42  4  1 13  1 7 13 
f  A    ,1, , 
and f  4    
4 1 5 2 4 5 
cos2 x  sin4 x
V1 33.If f  x   for all x  R then show that f  2012  1
sin2 x  cos4 x
cos 2 x  sin 4 x
Sol: Given that f  x  
sin 2 x  cos 4 x
2 2
cos 2 x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1  cos 2 x  cos 2 x  1  cos 4 x  2cos2 x
  
1  cos2 x  cos4 x 1  cos 2 x  cos4 x 1  cos 2 x  cos4 x
1  cos2 x  cos4 x
 =1
1  cos2 x  cos4 x
f is a constant function
 f  2012   1
IPE MATHS IA 17
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTIONS
KEY POINTS:
1. Principle of finite Mathematical Induction : For n  N , let P  n  be a statement in terms of n. If P  1 is true
and P  m  is true  P  m + 1 is true, then P  n  is true, for all n  N .
2. principle of complete Induction : For n  N , let P  n  be a statement in terms of n. If

P  1 , P  2  ,..............., P  m - 1 are true  P  m  is true, then P  n  is true, for all n  N
n  n + 1
3.  n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + n = 2
2 n  n + 1 2n + 1 
4. n = 12 + 2 2 + 32 + ......... + n 2 =
6
2
n 2  n + 1 2
5.  n = 3
1 + 2 +3
3 + 3
...... 3
+ n = 3
= n .
4
6 Sum of the first n odd positive integers = 1 + 3 + 5 + ........ +  2n - 1 = n 2
7. Sum of the first n even positive integers = 2 + 4 + 6 + ......... + 2n = n  n + 1 = n 2 + n
8 A.P. Series : a +  a + d  +  a + 2d  + .........
i) n th term = a +  n - 1 d = t n = Sn - Sn-1
n
ii) Sum of first n terms of an A.P. = S n =  t n =  2a +  n - 1  d 
2
(Where a is first term, d is commonb difference of an A.P.)
9 G.P. Series : a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + .......

i) n th term = t n = a.r n-1
a  r n - 1
= Sn = if r > 1
r -1
ii) sum of first n terms a 1 - r n 
= if r < 1
1-r
a
iii) Sum of infinite terms = S ¥ = 1r 1 < 1
1- r
10 Arithmetica - Geometric series (A.G.P.) : a +  a + d  .r +  a + 2d  .r 2 + ..... +  a +  n -1 d  .r n-1
i) n th term of the series = t n =  a +  n - 1 d  .r n-1

IPE MATHS IA 18
a dr 1 - r n-1
 -  a + n - 1d  r n
ii) Sum of n terms = Sn = 1- r + 2

1- r  1- r 
a dr
iii) Sum of infinite terms = S = 1- r + (1-r)2 , r < 1
1 1 1
11 + + .... + + ....
a  a + d   a + d  a + 2d   a +  n - 1 d   a + nd 
1 th
i) t n = a +  n - 1 d  a + nd  = n term
1 1 1  n
ii) Sum of n terms = Sn = d  a - a + nd  = a  a + nd 
 
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)

n(n 1)2(n  2)
V1 01. Show that 1  1  2   1  2  3   ..........up to n terms =
2 2 2 2 2 2
,n N
12
n(n  1) 2 (n  2)n  N
Let S(n) = 1  1  2   1  2  3    (1  2  3  n ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol: , n  N
12
2
n n 1  n  2 , n  N n  n  1 2n  1
1  1  2   1  2  3   n 
2 2 2 2 2 2
n N 2
  n2 
12 6
2
n n 1 2n 1 n n 1  n  2
1  1  2   1  2  3  
2 2 2 2 2 2
 n  N (1M)
6 12
Step-I: To prove that S  n  is true for n=1.
n  n  1 2n  1 1 2  3
LHS   1
6 6
2
n  n  1  2n  1 1 4  3
RHS   1
12 12
 LHS = RHS, S(1) is true. (1M)
Step-II: Assume that S ( n) is true for n = k.
2
k  k  1 2 k  1 k  k  1  k  2 
i.e;1  1  2   1  2  3      
2 2 2 2 2 2
 .........(1) (1M)
6 12
Step-III: We have to prove that S ( n) is true for n  k  1
 k  1 k  2 2k  3
Adding on both sides in eq.(1) , we get
6
k  k 1 2k  1  k 1 k  2 2k  3
12  12  22   12  22  32       
6 6
IPE MATHS IA 19
k  k  1  k  2   k  1 k  2  2k  3  k  1 k  2   k  k  1  2k  3
2
=  =  
12 6 6  2 
 k  1 k  2   k 2  k  4k  6   k  1 k  2   k 2  5k  6 
= 6  2  = 6  2 
   
2 2
 k  1 k  2  k  2  k  3  k  1 k  2   k  3 =  k  1 k  1  1  k  1  2 
= =
12 12 12
S(k+1) is true (3M)
By the principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is true , n  N (1M)
13 13  23 13  23  33 n
V1 02. Show that      uptonterms  2n2  9n 13
1 1 3 1 3  5 24
13 13  23 13  23  33 13  23  33  .....  n3 n
Sol: 
Let S(n) = 1 1  3   .......    2n 2  9n  13
1 3  5 1  3  5  ....   2n  1 24
13 13  23 13  23  33  n3 n
     2n 2  9n  13
1 1 3 1 3 5 n 24
 2   n  1 2 
2
2 2
13 13  23 13  23  33 n2  n  1 / 4 n n2  n  1
   2
 2n2  9n  13  n  3
1 1 3 1 3  5 n 24 4
2
13 13  23 13  23  33
  
 n  1  n  2 n 2  9n  13 (1M)
1 1 3 1 3  5 4 24  

2 2
LHS 
 n  1 
1  1
4
1 
4 4 4
n 1
RHS   2n 2  9n  13   2  9  13  1
24 24
 L.H.S = R.H.S, S(1) is true. (1M)
13 13  23 13  23  33 ( k  1)2 k
   ......    2k 2  9k  13 .......... (1) (1M)
1 1 3 1 3  5 4 24
(k  2)2
(k  1) th term 
4
Adding (k  1) th term on both sides of (1)
13 13  23 13  23  33 ( k  1)2 ( k  2)2 k (k  2)2

   ......     2k 2  9k  13 
1 1 3 1 3  5 4 4 24 4
IPE MATHS IA 20
2k 3  9k 2  13k 6(k 2  4k  4) 2k 3  9k 2  13k  6k 2  24k  24 2k 3  15k 2  37 k  24
   
24 24 24 24
1
  2k 3  6k 2  6k  2  9k 2  18k  9  13k  13
24 
1
  2(k 3  3k 2  3k  1)  9(k 2  2k  1)  13(k  1) 
24
1 k 1
 2(k  1)3  9(k  1)2  13(k  1)  2(k  1)2  9(k  1)  13 (3M)
24 24
 S  k  1 is true.
 By the principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is true , n  N (1M)
1 1 1 n
V1 03.Show that n  N ,       upto n terms 
1.4 4.7 7.10 3n  1
Sol: Since 1,4,7,——— are in A.P., a =1, d = 3
tn  a   n  1 d  1   n  1 3  1  3n  3  3n  2 In AP
. . tn  a  n1 d
Since 4,7,10,........ are in A.P, a=4, d=3
tn  a   n  1 d  4   n  1 3  4  3n  3  3n  1
1 1 1 1 n
Let S(n) =     (1M)
1.4 4.7 7.10  3n  2  3n  1 3n  1
1 1 1
LHS   
 3n  2  3n  1  3  2  3  1 4
n 1 1
RHS   
3n  1 3  1 4
 LHS = RHS, S(1) is true (1M)
1 1 1 1 k
i.e; 1.4  4.7  7.10   3k  2 3k 1  3k 1 .................... (1) (1M)

1 1
(k  1) th term  Adding on both sides  3k  1 3k  4  to (1) we get
(3k  1) (3k  4)
1 1 1 1 1 k 1
     = 
1.4 4.7 7.10  3k  2  3k  1  3k  1 3k  4  3k  1  3k  1 3k  4 
IPE MATHS IA 21
1  1  1  3k 2  4k  1 1  3k 2  3k  k  1 
= k  = =  
3k  1  3k  4  3k  1  3k  4  3k  1  3k  4 
1  3k  k  1  1 k  1   3k  1 k  1 k 1 k 1
=  = =  (3M)
3k  1  3k  4   3k  1 3k  4  3k  3  1 3  k  1  1
 S(k+1) is true
n  n 2  6n  11
V1 04. Show that 2.3+3.4+4.5+....... up to n terms = n  N
3
Sol : Since 2,3,4 ............. are in A.P., a=2 , d=1
tn  a   n  1 d  2   n  11  n  1
Since 3,4,5,........ are in A.P. , a=3 , d=1 In A.P. tn  a   n1 d
tn  a   n  1 d  3   n  1 1  n  2
n  n2  6n 11
Let S(n) = 2.3  3.4  4.5       n 1 n  2  (1M)
3
LHS   n  1 n  2   1  11  2   6

n  n 2  6n  11
11  6  11
RHS   6
3 3
 LHS = RHS, S(1) is true (1M)
k  k 2  6k  11
i.e; 2.3  3.4  4.5       k  1 k  2  ................ (1) (1M)
3
Adding on both sides  k  2  k  3 to (1) we get
k  k 2  6k  11
2.3  3.4  4.5       k  1 k  2    k  2  k  3    k  2  k  3
3
k 3  6k 2  11k k 3  6k 2  11k  3k 2  15k  18 k 3  9k 2  26k  18

=  k 2  5k  6 = =
3 3 3
2
 k  1  k 2  8k  18   k  1  k 2  2k  6k  1  6  11  k  1  k  1  6  k  1  11

= = =
3 3 3
 S(k+1) is true (3M)
IPE MATHS IA 22
1 1 1 1 n
V1 05.Show that 1.3  3.5  5.7      2n  1 2n  1  2n  1 n  N
  
1 1 1 1 n
Sol : Let S(n) = 1.3  3.5  5.7       2n  1 2n  1  2n  1 (1M)
1 1 1
LHS   
 2n  1 2n  1 1.3 3
n 1 1  LHS = RHS S(1) is true. (1M)
RHS   
2n  1 2  1 3
1 1 1 1 k
i.e; 1.3  3.5  5.7   2k 1 2k 1  2k 1 .................. (1) (1M)

1 1
(k  1) th term  Adding on both sides,  2k  1 2k  3 to (1) we get
(2k  1)(2k  3)
1 1 1 1 1 k 1
     
1.3 3.5 5.7  2k  1 2k  1  2k  1 2k  3 2k  1  2k  1 2k  3
1  1  1  2k 2  3k  1  1  2k 2  2k  k  1 
= k =  =  
2k  1  2k  3  2k  1  2k  3  2k  1  2k  3 
1  2k  k  1  1 k  1  1   k  1 2k  1  k 1  k 1
  =    (3M)
2k  1  2k  3  2k  1  2k  3  2k  2  1 2  k  1  1
 S(k+1) is true.
n  n  1 n  2  n  3
V1 06.Show that 1.2.3+2.3.4+3.4.5+............up to n terms =
4
n  n 1 n  2 n  3
Sol : Let S(n) = 1.2.3  2.3.4  3.4.5   n  n 1 n  2  (1M)
4
LHS  n  n  1 n  2   1 2  3  6
n  n  1 n  2  n  3 1 2  3 4  (1M)
RHS   6
4 4
 LHS = RHSS(1) is true.
IPE MATHS IA 23
k  k 1 k  2 k  3
i.e; 1.2.3 2.3.4  3.4.5 k  k 1 k  2  .................... (1) (1M)
4
(k  1)th term  (k  1) (k  2) (k  3) Adding on both sides  k  1 k  2  k  3 , we get
k (k 1)(k  2)(k  3)
1.2.3  2.3.4  3.4.5  ......  k (k  1)(k  2)  (k 1)(k  2)(k  3)   (k  1)(k  2)(k  3)
4
 k   k  1 k  2  k  3 k  4 
=  k  1 k  2  k  3   1 
4  4
 S(k+1) is true (3M)
 By the principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is true , n  N . (1M)
n
V1 07.Prove by Mathematical Induction, a   a  d    a  2d   uptonterms  2a   n 1 d 
2
n
Sol : Let S(n) = a   a  d    a  2d   a   n 1 d   2a   n 1 d  (1M)
2
Step-I: To prove that S  n  is true for n=1.  tn  a   n  1 d
LHS  a   n  1 d  a  1  1 d  a
n 1
RHS   2a   n  1 d    2a   a
2 2
 LHS = RHS, S (1) is true (1M)
k
i.e; a   a  d    a  2d       a   k 1 d   2a   k 1 d  ........................ (1)
2
(k  1) th term  (a  kd ) Adding on both sides  a  kd  to (1) we get
k
a   a  d    a  2d        a   k  1 d   a  kd   2a   k  1 d   a  kd
2
2ak  k 2 d  kd  2a  2kd k 2 d  kd  2a  k  1
= 
2 2
kd  k  1  2a  k  1  k  1 k 1
=
2

2
 2a  kd  = 2 2a  k  1  1 d   
S(k+1) is true. (3M)
 By the principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is true , n  N . (1M)
2
a  r n  1
V1 08.Show that a  ar  ar     upto n term s  ,r  1
r 1
a  r n  1
Sol : 2
Let S(n) = a  ar  ar      ar n 1
  In G . P . t n  ar n1 (1M)
r 1
IPE MATHS IA 24
LHS  ar n 1  a.r 11  a.r 0  a

a  r n  1 a  r 1  1
RHS   a
r 1 r 1
2 k 1
a  r k  1
i.e; a  ar  ar      ar  ................. (1) (1M)
r 1
(k  1) th term  a. r k , Adding on both sides ar k to (1) we get
2 k 1 k
a  r k  1
a  ar  ar      ar  ar   ar k
r 1
a.r k  a  ar k  r  1 a.r k  a  ar k .r  ar k a  ar k 1 a  r k 1  1
=    (3M)
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
S(k+1) is true.  By the principle of finite mathematical induction S(n) is true , n  N (1M)
V1 09.Show that 49n  16n  1 divisible by 64 for all positive integers n.
Sol : Let S(n) be the statement of 49n  16n  1 is divisible by 64 (1M)
49n  16n  1  491  16 1  1  65  1  64

It is divisible by 64  S(1) is true (1M)
Assume that S ( n) is true for n = k.
i.e; 49k  16k  1  64m where m is positive integer..
49k  64m  16k  1  1 (1M)
We have to show that S  n  is true for n  k  1
Consider, 49 k 1  16  k  1  1  49 k .49  16 k  16  1
=  64m  16k  1 49  16k  15  from 1 

= 64m.49  16k .49  49  16 k  15 = 64m.49  48.16k  64  64m.49  12.4.16k  64
= 64  49 m  12 k  1   64 Q where Q  49 m  12 k  1 (3M)
It is divisible by 64.
 S(k+1) is true.
V1 10.Show that 3.52 n 1  23 n 1 is divisible by 17 n  N
Sol : Let S(n) be the statement of 3.52 n 1  23 n 1 is divisible by 17 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 25
3.52n1  23n1  3.521  231  3125  16  375 16  391  17  23
It is divisible by 17.
 S(1) is true. (1M)
i.e; 3.52 k 1  23 k 1  17m where m is positive integer..
3.52k 1  17 m  23k 1  1 (1M)

Consider , 3 .5 2  k  1   1  2 3  k  1  1  3.5 2 k  2 1  2 3 k  3 1
= 3.52 k 1.52  23 k 1.23  17 m  23 k 1  25  8.23k 1 = 17 m.25  25.23 k 1  8.23 k 1
 17 m.25  17.23k 1 = 17 25m  2  3 k 1

 17Q ;  Where Q  2 5 m  2 3 k  1
It is divisible by 17.  S(k+1) is true. (3M)
V1 11. Use Mathematical induction prove that 2.4 2 n  1  3 3 n  1 is divisible by 11.

Sol: Let S(n) be the statement of 2 .4 2 n 1  3 3 n 1 is divisible by 11
1 (1M)
Step I: To prove that s(n) is true for n=1
2.42.11  33.11  2.43  34  209  11 19 is divisible by 11
1
 s(n) is true for n =1 (1M)
Assume that s(n) is ture for n=k
ie 2.4 2 k  1  3 3 k 1  11m
2.4 2 k 1  11m  33 k 1 .....................(1) (1M)
We have to show that s(n) is true for n=k+1 consider 2.4 2 k 11  33 k 11  2.4 2 k  3  33k  4 is
divisible by 11
We have 2.42 k 1  11m  33 k 1
Multiplying by 42
2.4 2 k 1.4 2  11m  33k 1  .4 2
Adding 33 k  4 on both sides
2.4 2 k 3  33 k  4  11m  33 k 1 16  33k  4
3 k 1 3
 11m.16  33 k 1.16  33 k  4  11m.16  3 . 3  16 
 11m.16  33k 1.11  11 16 m  33 k 1 
 2.4 2 k 3  33 k  4 is divisible by 11
1 (3M)
s(n) is true for n=k+1
by principle of finite mathematical induction s(n) is true for all n  N (1M)
V2 12.Use Mathematical Induction to prove the statement
2  3.2  4.2 2     upto n terms  n .2 n  n  N
Sol : Since 2,3,4,............ are in A.P., a=2, d=1
tn  a   n  1 d  2   n  11  n  1
IPE MATHS IA 26
Since 1, 2, 22     are in G.P. , a=1, r=2
tn  a.r n 1  1.2n 1  2 n 1
Let S(n) = 2  3.2  4.22       n  1 2 n1  n.2n (1M)
LHS   n  1 2n 1  1  1 211  2
RHS  n.2n  1.21  2
Assume that S ( n) is true for n = k
i.e; 2  3.2  4.22       k  1 2k 1  k .2k .................. (1) (1M)

k
(k  1) th term  (k  2)2k , Adding on both sides  k  2  2 to (1) we get
2  3.2  4.2 2       k  1 2 k 1   k  2  2 k  k .2 k   k  2  2 k
=  k  k  2  2 k   2k  2  2k = 2  k  1 2k   k  1 2k 1
 S(k+1)is true (3M)
V3 13 (i) Using Mathematical Induction, Show that x m  y m is divisible by x  y . If m is an odd natural number
and x, y are natural numbers.
Sol : Since m is an odd natural number.
Let m=2n+1
Let S(n) be the statement of x 2 n 1  y 2 n 1 is divisible by x  y (1M)
x 2 n1  y 2n1  x 21  y 21  x3  y 3   x  y   x 2  xy  y 2 

It is divisible by x  y  S(1) is true. (1M)
i.e; x 2 k 1  y 2 k 1   x  y  m
P where P is a polynomial in terms of x and y
x 2 k 1   x  y  p  y 2 k 1 -------------(1) (1M)
We have to show that S  n  is true for n  k 1

2  k 1  1 2  k  1 1
Consider , x  y  x 2 k  2  1  y 2 k  2 1
x 2 k=1x. x2 k21.xy2 2k y12.ky12. y2  x x y y mP 2 k 1 2 2 k 1
m yy 2 k 1  xx2 yy2 k 1 . y.2y
2
 
 (xx yy ) P
m .x  y2 2 k 1 2
.x  y 2 k 1
.y 2
 x( xyy )m
2
P. x  y
2 k 1
 x2  y2 
 ( x  y ) P x 2   x  y  x  y  y 2 k  1
IPE MATHS IA 27
 ( x  y )  Px 2  ( x  y ) y 2 k 1   ( x  y )Q where Q  Px 2  ( x  y ) y 2 k 1
 S(k+1) is true. (3M)
(ii) If x, y are natural numbers and x  y using Mathematical Induction, Show that x n  y n is divisible by x  y ,
n  N
Sol : Let S(n) be the statement of x n  y n is divisible by x  y (1M)
x n  y n  x1  y1  x  y
It is divisible by x  y
 S(1) is true (1M)
i.e; x k  y k   x  y  m where m is polynomial
positive ineger
terms x and y
x k   x  y  m  y k .....................(1) (1M)
We have to show that S  n  is true for n  k 1

Consider , x k 1  y k 1  x k .x  y k . y
=  x  y  m  y k  x  y k . y   x  y  mx  y k .x  y k . y
=  x  y  mx   x  y  y k   x  y   mx  y k 
It is divisible by  x  y 
S(k+1) is true (3M)
IPE MATHS IA 28
MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

KEY POINTS:
1. Matrix : An arrangement of elements in rows and columns is called a matrix
2. Order : If a matrix has m rows and n columns then mxn is the order of the matrix.
3. Row matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
4. Column matrix : A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix
5. Rectangular matrix : The matrix
A = a ij 
mxn
is called a rectangular matrix if m  n .
6. Square matrix : The matrix A = a ij  mxn is called a square matrix if m=n
7. Null matrix : A matrix O = a ij  mxn is called a null matrix
if aij =0 i, j
8. Diagonal matrix : A square matrix
A = a ij 
mxn
is called a diagonal matrix if aij=0 for all i  j
9. Scatar matrix : A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar matrix if elements of principal diagonal are equal.
10. Identity (unit) matrix : A scalar matrix with pricipal diagonal elements as 1 is called as indentity matrix.
11. Trace of a matrix : The sum of all principal diagonal elements in a square matrix is the trace of the matrix.
i) If then
Trace (A) = a11+a22+a33+....+ann
ii) Tr(KA) = K Tr(A)
iii) Tr(A+B) =Tr(A)+Tr(B)
12. Transpose of a matrix :
If A = a ij  mxn then the transpose of A denoted by
AT = a1 ji  where a ij = a 1 j i
  mxn
T T
i) (A ) =A ii) (A+B)T=AT+BT iii) (AB)T=BTAT
13. Symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if AT=A
14. Skew symmetric matrix : A square matrix A is said to be Skew symmetric matrix if AT=-A.
Note: Every element in the principal diagonal in skew symmetric matrix is zero.
 a1 b1 
15. Determinat of  a b  is a1b2-a2b1
 2 2
16. Minor : The minor of an element aij is the determinat of a matrix obtained by deleting ith row & jth column
17. Cofactor : Cofactor of aij = (-1)i+j (minor of aij )
18. The determinant of a square matrix is the sum of the products of elements of a row (or column)with their cofactors
IPE MATHS IA 29
 a1 b1 c1 
 
If A   a2 b2 c2 
  then
 a3 b3 c3 

|A|= a1A1+b1B1+c1C1= a2A2+b2B2+c2C2= a3A3+b3B3+c3C3
Where A1,B1,C1,A2,B2,C2,A3,B3,C3 are the cofactors .
19. i) |A|=|AT| ii) |AB|=|A|.|B|=|BA|
20. i) Determinant of skewsymmetric matrix is zero
ii) Determinant of Identity matrix is 1
21. Singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A|=0 othewise A is nonsingular
22. If A = a ij  mxn then det(KA)=Kn.det(A).

23. Adjoint matrix : The transpose of the matrix obtained by replacing the elements of a square matrix A by the
corresponding cofactors is called the adjoint matrix A.If is denoted by Adj(A)
 a1 b1 c1   A1 B1 C1   A1 A2 A3 
T
     
A  a2 b2 c2  then Adj A   A2 B2 C2    B1 B2 B3 
     
If  a b c   A B3 C3  C C C 
 3 3 3  3  1 2 3
24. Inverse of a square matrix : A square matrix A is said to be an Invertible matrix if  B S.t AB=BA=I.Then B is called
as inverse of A.It is denoted by B=A-1.
1 AdjA 1
25. i) (A-1)-1 ii) (AB)-1=B-1A-1 iii) A  1
iv) A 
det A | A|
26. i) AdJ (AB)=(AdJB).(AdJA) ii) | AdJA || A |n1
iv) | AdJ(AdJ(AdJA))|| A|(n1)

3
iii) (n1)2
| AdJ(AdJA)|| A|
a b  1  d b
27. If A    then A1 





 c d  ad  bc c a
28. Consider the system of equations a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 , a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 ,
 a1 b1 c1 
 
a b2 c2 
a3 x  b3 y  c3  0 then  2  is the coefficient matrix and
 a3 b3 c3 

 a1 b1 c1 d1 
 
 a2 b2 c2 d2 
  is the augmented matrix.
 a3 b3 c3 d3 

29. The system of equations AX=B has n unknowns such that r1=ranks coefficient matrix and r2=rank of Augmented
matrix then
i)If r1  r2 then AX=B is Inconsistent and it has no solution.
ii) If r1=r2=n then AX=B is consistent and it has unique solution.
IPE MATHS IA 30
iii) If r1=r2<n then AX=B is consistent and it has in finite solutions.
30. The system of homogneous equations AX=0 has
i) Trivial solution (zero solution ) if | A | 0
II) Non trivial solution if |A|=0
 a1 b1 c1 
 c2  is a non - singular matrix, then show that A is invertible and
V1 01.If A   a2 b2
 a3 b3 c3 
adj A
A1  .
det A
 a1 b1 c1 
A   a2 b2 c2 
Sol. Given that be a non singular matrix  det A  0  A1 exists.
 a3 b3 c3 
Let Ai , Bi , Ci are cofactors of ai , bi , ci , for i = 1, 2, 3.
 A1 B1 C1 
 C 2 
cofactor matrix of A =  A2 B2
(1M)
 A3 B3 C3 
T
 A1 B1 C1   A1 A2 A3 
A B2  
C2    B1 B2 B3 
 Adj(A) =  2
 A3 B3 C3  C1 C2 C3 
 a1 b1 c1   A1 A2 A3 
Now A  adj A    a2 b2 c2  B B
 1 2 B3 
 a3 b3 c3  C1 C2 C3 
 a1 A1  b1 B1  c1 C 1 a1 A2  b1 B 2  c1C 2 a1 A3  b1 B 3  c1C 3 
  a 2 A1  b 2 B1  c 2 C 1 a 2 A2  b 2 B 2  c 2 C 2 a 2 A3  b 2 B 3  c 2 C 3 
 a 3 A1  b3 B1  c 3 C 1 a 3 A 2  b3 B 2  c 3 C 2 a 3 A3  b3 B 3  c 3 C 3 
 det A 0 0  1 0 0
  0 det A 0   det A  0 1 0   det A. I
(2M)
 0 0 det A   0 0 1 
 AdjA 
 A(AdjA) = det A.I  A  det A   I ..................(1)
 
 AdjA 
similarly we can prove that  det A  A  I ....................(2)
 
IPE MATHS IA 31
 A djA   AdjA 
 From (1) & (2) , A  AI (2M)
 det A   det A 
by Inverse defination if A is non singular square matrix  square matrix B of same order such that
AB=BA = I
1 Adj  A 
 A1  B  A is invertible and A  det A (2M)
bc ca ab a b c

ca ab bc  2 b c a
V1 02.Show that
ab bc ca c a b
b  c c  a a  b
c  a a  b b  c
Sol. Consider
a  b b  c c  a
R1  R1  R2  R3
2 a  b  c 2 a  b  c 2 a  b  c abc abc abc

 c a a b b c  2 ca ab bc
(2M)
a b b c c a ab bc ca
R1  R1  R2
b c a
 2 c  a a  b b  c
(1M)
a  b b  c c  a
R3  R3  R1 R2  R2  R3
b c a b c a
 2 ca ab bc  2 c a b
(2M)
a b c a b c
C2  C3 C1  C2
b a c a b c a b c
 2 c b a       2 b c a  2 b c a
(2M)
a c b c a b c a b
a a2 1  a3 a a2 1
V1 03.If b b2 1  b3  0 and b b2 1  0 then show that abc = -1.
c c2 1  c3 c c2 1
IPE MATHS IA 32
a a2 1  a3 a a2 1
b b 2 1  b3  0 b b2 1  0
Sol. Given that and
c c2 1  c3 c c2 1
a a2 1 a a2 a3
b b2 1  b b2 b3  0
(1M)
c c2 1 c c2 c3
a a2 1 1 a a2
b b2 1  abc 1 b b2  0
 C1  C2
c c2 1 1 c c2
a a2 1 a 1 a2
b b2 1  abc b 1 b2  0
 C2  C3 (3M)
c c2 1 c 1 c2
a a2 1 a a2 1 a a2 1
b b 2 1  abc b b 2 1  0  b b 2 1 1  abc   0
(2M)
c c2 1 c c2 1 c c2 1
 a a2 1 
 
 1  abc  0  b b2 1  0
 c c2 1 
 
 abc  1 (1M)
2
a b c 2bc  a 2 c2 b2
2
V1 04.Show that
b c a  c2 2ac  b 2 a2 
 a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc 
c a b b2 a2 2ab  c 2
2
a b c a b c a b c
Sol. Consider b c a  b c a b c a
c a b c a b c a b
R2  R3
a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c   a b c 
 b c a  1 c a b  b c a c a b  b c a   c a b 
(3M)
c a b b c a c a b b c a  c a b   b c a 
IPE MATHS IA 33
a 2  bc  bc ab  ab  c 2 ac  b2  ac 2bc  a 2 c2 b2

 ab  c 2  ab b2  ac  ac bc  bc  a 2  c2 2ac  b 2 a2 .... 1
(2M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
ac  ac  b bc  a  bc c  ab  ab b a 2ab  c
2
a b c
2
consider b c a   a  bc  a 2   b  b 2  ca   c  ab  c 2  
c a b
2 2
  abc  a 3  b3  abc  abc  c3   3abc   a 3  b3  c3 
2 2
    a 3  b3  c 3  3abc     a3  b3  c 3  3abc  ..............  2  (1M)
2
a b c 2bc  a 2 c2 b2
2
 from 1 &  2  b c a  c2 2 ac  b 2 a2   a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc 
(1M)
c a b b2 a2 2 ab  c 2
1 a2 a3
1 b2 b 3   a  b  b  c  c  a  ab  bc  ca 
V1 05.Show that
1 c2 c3
1 a2 a3
1 b2 b3
Sol. Consider
1 c2 c3
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3
0 a 2  b2 a 3  b3 0  a  b  a  b   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
 0 b2  c2 b3  c 3  0  b  c  b  c   b  c   b 2  bc  c 2  (2M)
1 c2 c3 1 c2 c3
0 ab a 2  ab  b 2
  a  b  b  c  0 bc b 2  bc  c 2
(1M)
1 c2 c3
R2  R2  R1
0 ab a 2  ab  b 2
  a  b  b  c  0 c  a  c  a  a  b  c  (1M)
1 c2 c3
IPE MATHS IA 34
0 a  b a 2  ab  b 2
  a  b  b  c  c  a  0 1 abc
(1M)
1 c2 c3
  a  b  b  c  c  a    a  b  a  b  c    a 2  ab  b 2   (det expanding based on C1)
  a  b  b  c  c  a   a 2  ab  ca  ab  b 2  bc  a 2  ab  b 2 
  a  b  b  c  c  a   ab  bc  ca  (2M)
a b c 2a 2a
3
2b bc a 2b   a  b  c 
V1 06.Show that
2c 2c ca b
abc 2a 2a
2b bca 2b
Sol. Consider
2c 2c cab
R1  R1 +R2 +R3
abc abc a bc

 2b bca 2b
(2M)
2c 2c c  a b
1 1 1
  a  b  c  2b b  c  a 2b
(1M)
2c 2c c  a b
C1  C1 - C3
0 1 1
  a  b  c 0 bca 2b
abc 2c c a b
0 1 1
2
 a  b  c 0 b  c  a 2b
(2M)
1 2c c  a b
2 2
  a  b  c  1  2b   b  c  a     a  b  c   2b  b  c  a  (det expanding based on C1)
2 3
 a  b  c  a  b  c   a  b  c (2M)
IPE MATHS IA 35
a  b  2c a b
3
c b  c  2a b  2 a  b  c 
V1 07.Show that .
c a c  a  2b
a  b  2c a b
c b  c  2a b
Sol. Consider
c a c  a  2b
C1  C1 + C2 + C3
2a  2b  2c a b 1 a b
 2a  2b  2c b  c  2a b  2  a  b  c  1 b  c  2a b
(4M)
2a  2b  2c a c  a  2b 1 a c  a  2b
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1
1 a b
 2 a  b  c 0 abc 0 2
 2  a  b  c   a  b  c   0 
 
0 0 abc
(det expanding based on C1)
3
 2a  b  c (3M)
bc ca a b
a  b b  c c  a  a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc
V1 08.Show that .
a b c
bc ca ab

ab bc ca
Sol. Consider
a b c
R2  R2  R3
bc ca ab

b c a
= (3M)
a b c
R1  R1  R2
c a b
b c a  c c 2  ab  a bc  a 2  b b 2  ac
=      
a b c
 c 3  abc  abc  a3  b3  abc  a3  b3  c 3  3abc (4M)

IPE MATHS IA 36
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
3
2a  1 a  2 1   a  1
V1 09.Show that
3 3 1
a 2  2a 2a  1 1
2a  1 a2 1
Sol. Consider
3 3 1
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3
a2 1 a 1 0 a 1 1 0
 2  a  1 a  1 0   a  1 a  1  2 1 0
(4M)
3 3 1 3 3 1
2 3
=  a  12  a  11  0   1 2  0   0  6  3    a  1  a  1  2    a  1 (3M)
V1 10.Solve the following simultaneous linear equations by using Cramer’s rule
Matrix inversion
and Gauss -Jordan method
(i) 3 x  4 y  5 z  18, 2 x  y  8 z  13, 5 x  2 y  7 z  20
(ii) x  y  z  9 , 2 x  5 y  7 z  52 , 2 x  y  z  0
(iii) 2 x  y  3z  9, x  y  z  6, x  y  z  2
Sol. i) Cramer’s rule:- The given system of linear equations are
3 x  4 y  5 z  18, 2 x  y  8 z  13, 5 x  2 y  7 z  20
 3 4 5   x  18 
 2 1 8   y   13 
The given system of linear equation can be written as     
 5 2 7   z   20 
which is in the form of A X = D (2M)
3 4 5
Now   2 1 8  3   7  16   4 14  40   5   4  5   136 (1M)
5 2 7
18 4 5
1  13 1 8  18  7  16   4  91  160   5  26  20   408 (1M)
20 2 7
3 18 5
 2  2 13 8  3 91 160 18 14  40  5  40  65  136 (1M)
5 20 7
IPE MATHS IA 37
3 4 18
3  2 1 13  3  20  26   4  40  65   18  4  5   136 (1M)
5 2 20
1 408  2 136 3 136

Hence by cramer’s rule, x  3 y  1 z  1
 136  136  136
 x  3, y  1, z  1 is the solution for the given system of equations. (2M)
Matrix inversion method :- The given system of linear equations are
3 x  4 y  5 z  18, 2 x  y  8 z  13, 5 x  2 y  7 z  20
 3 4 5   x  18 
 2 1 8   y   13 
The given system of linear equations can be written as      (1M)
 5 2 7   z   20 
which is in the form of A X =D
3 4 5   
det A  2 1 8   
Hint :
5 2 7   
 3   7  16   4 14  40   5   4  5   det A  0  A1 exists (1M)

 136  0
11 1 8 1 2 2 8
cofactor of 3   1   7  16   9 , cofactor of 4=  -1   14  40   26
2 7 5 7
2 1
  4  5   1 ,cofactor of 2   1 21 4 5    28  10   38
1 3
cofactor of 5=  -1
5 2 2 7
2 2 3 5 2 3 3 4
cofactor of 1   1   21  25  4 ,cofactor of 8   1    6  20   26
5 7 5 2
4 5 3 2 3 5
cofactor of 5   131   32  5   37 ,cofactor of 2   1    24  10  14
1 8 2 8
 9 26 1 
cofactor of 7   1 3 3 3 4  
  3  8   11 , cofactor matrix of A=  -38 -4 26  (2M)
2 1
 37 -14 -11
T
 9 26 1   9 38 37 
 38 4 26    26 4 14 
 Adj (A) =     (1M)
 37 14 11  1 26 11
Adj  A adjA
1
 A1 
Hence by matrix inversion method X  A .D  det A
.D
det A (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 38
 9 38 37  18
1 
 26 4 14 13
136   
 1 26 11 20
162  494  740   408 3 3  x  3

1   1   
 468  52  280   136  1  X   1    y   1 
 
136  136     (1M)
 18  338  220   136 1  1   z  1 
 x = 3; y = 1; z = 1; is the solution for the given system of equations.

Gauss - jordam metthod :-
The given system of linear equations are
3 x  4 y  5 z  18, 2 x  y  8 z  13, 5 x  2 y  7 z  20
 3 4 5   x  18 
 2 1 8   y   13 
The given system of linear equation can be weitten as
     (1M)
 5 2 7   z   20 
which is in the form of A X = D
 3 4 5 18 
 2 1 8 13 
augmented matrix [A D ] =   (1M)
 5 2 7 20
R3
R2  3R2  2 R1 , R3  3R3  5 R1 R3 
2
3 4 5 18  3 4 5 18

  0 11 14 3    0 11 14 3 

 0 26 4 30   0 13 2 15
R1 R
R1  11R1  4 R2 , R3  11R3  13R2 R1  , R3  3
3 204
 33 0 111 210  11 0 37 70

  0  11 14 3    0 11 14 3 
(4M)
 0 0 204 204   0 0 1 1 
R1 R
R1  R1  37 R 3 , R 2  R 2  14 R 3 R1  , R2  2
11 11
11 0 0 33   1 0 0 3
  0 11 0 11   0 1 0 1
 0 0 1 1   0 0 1 1
 x = 3; y = 1; z= 1 is the solution for the given system of equations . (1M)

IPE MATHS IA 39
(ii) The given system of linear equations are
x  y  z  9, 2 x  5 y  7 z  52, 2 x  y  z  0.
The given system of linear equations can be written as
 1 1 1   x  9 
 2 5 7   y   52 
     (1M)
 2 1 1  z   0 
Which is in the form of AX=D
1 1 1
  2 5 7  1 5  7 1 2 14 1 2 10  4
Now (1M)
2 1 1
9 1 1
1  52 5 7  9  5  7   1 52   1 52   4
(1M)
0 1 1
1 9 1
 2  2 52 7  1 52   9  2  14   1 0  104   12
(1M)
2 0 1
1 1 9
3  2 5 52  1 0  52   1 0  104   9  2  10   20 (1M)
2 1 0
1 4  12  20
Hence by cramers rule x    1, y  2   3, z  3  5 (2M)
 4  4  4
 x  1, y  3, z  5 is the solution for the given system of equations.
Matrix Inversion Method: The given system of linear equations are
x  y  z  9, 2 x  5 y  7 z  52, 2 x  y  z  0.
 1 1 1   x  9 
 2 5 7   y   52 
     (1M)
 2 1 1  z   0 
1 1 1
det A 2 5 7 1 57 1 214 1 2 10 4  0
2 1 1
 det A  0  A1 exists (1M)

IPE MATHS IA 40
11 5 7
Cofactor of 1   1  5  7  12
1 1
1 2 2 7 1 3 2 5
Cofactor of 1   1    2  14   16 ,Cofactor of 1    1  2  10   8
2 1 2 1
2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Cofactor of 2   1     1  1  2 ,Cofactor of 5    1  1  2  3
1 1 2 1
23 1 1 3 1 1 1
Cofactor of 7    1    1  2   1 ,Cofactor of 2    1   75 2
2 1 5 7
3 2 1 1 33 1 1
Cofactor of 1    1    7  2    5 ,Cofactor of  1    1  52  3
2 7 2 5
T
 12 16 8  12 2 2 
 Adj  A    2 3 1    16 3 5  Adj A = Cofactor of A T (3M)
 
   
 2 5 3   8 1 3 
1 Adj  A
Hence by matrix inversion Method X  A D  .D (1M)
det A
 12 2 2   9   108  104  0   4  1 

1     1   1 
  16 3 5 52    144  156  0    12   3
4 4 4
 8 1 3   0   72  52  0   20  5
1   x  1 
 X  3   y   3
(1M)
5  z  5
 x  1, y  3, z  5 is the solution for the given system of equations .

Gauss Jordan Method: The given system of linear equations are
x  y  z  9, 2 x  5 y  7 z  52, 2 x  y  z  0.
 1 1 1   x  9 
 2 5 7   y   52 
     (2M)
 2 1 1  z   0 
1 1 1 9 
 2 5 7 52 
Consider augmented matrix [AD] =  
 2 1 1 0 
IPE MATHS IA 41
R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  2 R1
1 1 1 9  1 1 1 9 

~ 0 3 5 34  ~  0 3 5 3 4 
(1M)
 0  1 3  18   0 1 3 1 8 
R3
R3  R1  3R1  R2 , R3  3R3  R2
1
1 1 1 9  3 0 2 7 
~  0 3 5 34  ~ 0 3 5 34 
(1M)
 0 1 3 18  0 0 4 20 
R3
R3  ` R1  R1  2 R3 , R2  R2  5 R3
4
3 0 2 7  3 0 0 3
~  0 3 5 34  ~  0 3 0 9 
(1M)
 0 0 1 5   0 0 1 5 
R1 R
R1  , R2  2
3 3
1 0 0 1 
~  0 1 0 3
(2M)
 0 0 1 5

(iii) Cramer’s rule The given system of linear equations are
2 x  y  3z  9, x  y  z  6, x  y  z  2
2  1 3  x   9 
1  
1 1   y    6 
The given system of linear equations can be written as  (1M)
 1 1 1   z   2 
2 1 3
Now   1 1 1  211 111  3 11  2
(1M)
1 1 1
9 1 3
1  6 1 1  9 1  1  1 6  2   3  6  2  2
(1M)
2 1 1
IPE MATHS IA 42
2 9 3
2  1 6 1  2  6  2   9 1  1   3  2  6    4
(1M)
1 2 1
2 1 9
3  1 1 6  2  2  6   1  2  6   9   1  1   6
(1M)
1 1 2
1 2  4  6
Hence by cramers rule x    1, y  2  2 , z 3  3
 2  2  2
 x  1, y  2, z  3 is the solution for the given system of equations . (2M)
Matrix Inversion Method:The given system of linear equations are
2 x  y  3z  9, x  y  z  6, x  y  z  2
2  1 3  x   9 
1  
 1 1   y    6 
The given system of linear equations can be written as (1M)
 1 1 1   z   2 
  
  
Hint :
  
2 1 3
det A  1 1 1  211 111  3 11  2  0
 det A  0  A1 exists (1M)
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Cofactor of 2    1   1  1  2 ,Cofactor of  1    1    1  1   0
1 1 1 1
1 3 1 1 2 1 1 3
Cofactor of 3    1   1  1   2 ,Cofactor of 1   1    1  3  2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 3 23 2 1
Cofactor of 1    1   2  3   1 ,Cofactor of 1    1     2  1  1
1 1 1 1
3 1 1 3 3 2 2 3
Cofactor of 1    1   1  3   4 ,Cofactor of 1   1    2  3  1
1 1 1 1
33 2 1
Cofactor of 1    1   2 1 3
1 1
IPE MATHS IA 43
T
2 0 2  2 2 4 
 Adj  A     2 1 1    0
  1 1   Adj A = Cofactor of A T (3M)
   
  4 1 3   2 1 3 
1 Adj  A 
Hence by matrix inversion Method x  A D  .D (1M)
det A
 2 2 4  9   18  12  8   2  1 
1     1   1    
 0 1 1   6    0  6  2    4    2 
2  2 2
  2 1 3   2   18  6  6   6  3 
1   x  1 
 X   2    y    2 
(2M)
3   z  3 

Gauss Jordan Method: The given system of linear equations are
2 x  y  3z  9, x  y  z  6, x  y  z  2
2  1 3  x   9 
1  
 1 1   y    6 
 1 1 1   z   2 
2 1 3 9
1 1 1 6 
Consider augmented matrix [A D ] = 
 1 1 1 2 
R2  2 R2  R1 , R3  2 R3  R1 R1  3R1  R2 , R3  3R3  R2
2 1 3 9  6 0 8 30 
  0 3  1 3   0 3 1 3 
 0 1  1  5  0 0 4 12 
R1 R
R1  , R3  3 R1  R1  4 R3 , R2  R2  R3
2 4
3 0 4 15   3 0 0 3
  0 3 1 3    0 3 0 6
 0 0 1 3   0 0 1 3
R1 R
R1  , R2  2
3 3
IPE MATHS IA 44
1 0 0 1 
  0 1 0 2 
(5M)
 0 0 1 3 
 x  1, y  2, z  3 is the solution for the given system of equations . (1M)

V1 11. Examine whether the following system of equations is consistent or inconsistent. If consistent find
the complete solutions.
i) x  y  z  4, 2 x  5 y  2 z  3, x  7 y  7 z  5
ii) x  y  z  3, 2 x  2 y  z  3, x  y  z  1
iii) x  y  z  6 , x  y  z  2 , 2 x  y  3 z  9
Sol. (i) The given system of linear equations are x  y  z  4, 2 x  5 y  2 z  3, x  7 y  7 z  5
1 1 1   x   4 
 2 5 2   y    3 
The given system of linear equations can be written as      (1M)
 1 7 7   z   5 
Which is in the form of AX = D
1 1 1 4
2 5 2 3 
Consider augmented matrix [A D ] =  (1M)
 1 7 7 5 
R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  R1 R3  3R3  6 R2
1 1 1 4  1 1 1 4
  0 3 4  5    0 3 4  5 
(3M)
 0 6 8 1   0 0 0 33 
Rank  A  2 & Rank  AD   3  Rank  A  Rank  AD 

 The given system of Equations are inconsistent and it has no solution. (2M)
(ii) Sol. The given system of linear equations are x  y  z  3, 2 x  2 y  z  3, x  y  z  1
1 1 1   x  3 
2 2  
1  y   3 
The given system of linear equations can be written as  (1M)
 1 1 1  z  1 
1 1 1 3
 3 
Consider Augmented matrix  A D    2 2 1 (1M)
 1 1 1 1 
R2 R3
R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  R1 R2  , R3  R3  R3  R2
3 2
IPE MATHS IA 45
1 1 1 3  1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
  0 0 3  3    0 0 1 1    0 0 1 1 
(1M)
 0 0 2  2   0 0 1 1   0 0 0 0 
Rank  A  2 & Rank  AD   2  Rank  A  Rank  A D   3 (1M)

 The given system of Equations are consistent and it has an infinite number of solutions.
i.e x  y  z  3  1 z  1   2 
Let y  k ,  k  R
Now 1  x  k  1  3  xk 2  x  2k
 x  2  k , y  k , z  1;  k  R is the solution of the given system of equations (3M)
(iii) Sol.The given system of linear equations x  y  z  6, x  y  z  2, 2 x  y  3 z  9
1 1
1  x   6 
1  
 1 1   y    2 
 2 1 3  z   9 
1 1 1 6
Consider Augmented matrix  A D    1 1 1 2  (1M)
 2 1 3 9 
R2 R3
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  2 R1 R3   2 R3  3 R 2 R2  , R3 
2 2
1 1 1 6  1 1 1 6  1 1 1 6
  0 2 0  4   0 2 0 4    0 1 0 2 
(3M)
 0 3 1  3  0 0 2 6   0 0 1 3 
Rank  A   3 & Rank  AD   3  Rank  A  Rank  A D   3 (1M)

 The given system of Equations are consistent and it has unique solutions.
i.e x  y  z  6  1 y  2   2 z  3   3
Substitute y  2 & z  3 in equation (1)
 x23 6  x 5  6  x 1
 x  1, y  2, z  3 is the solution for the given system of equations. (3M)
1 2 1 
A   0 1 1
V2 12.If then find A3  3 A2  A  3 I .
 3 1 1 
IPE MATHS IA 46
1 2 1 
Sol. Given that A  0 1 1
 3 1 1 
1 2 1  1 2 1  1  0  3 2  2  1 1  2  1  4 5 4 
A  A. A  0 1 1  0 1 1   0  0  3 0  1  1 0  1  1   3 2 2
2
(1M)
 3 1 1   3 1 1   3  0  3 6  1  1 3  1  1  6 8 5 
 4 5 4  1 2 1   4  0 12 8  5  4 4  5  4  16 17 13 

A  A .A  3 2 2 0 1 1  3  0  6 6  2  2 3  2  2  9 10 7
3 2
(2M)
 6 8 5  3 1 1   6  0 15 12  8  5 6  8  5   21 25 19 
Consider A3  3 A2  A  3I .
16 17 13   4 5 4   1 2 1  1 0 0 
  9 10 7   3  3 2 2    0 1 1  3  0 1 0 
(1M)
 21 25 19   6 8 5   3 1 1   0 0 1 
 16  12  1  3 17  15  2  0 13  12  1  0   0 0 0 
   9  9  0  0 10  6  1  3  7  6  1  0    0 0 0   0
 21  18  3  0  25  24  1  0 19  15  1  3   0 0 0 
 A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0 (3M)
 2a ab ca
ab 2 b b  c  4  a  b  b  c  c  a 
V2 13.Show that
ca cb 2 c
2a a  b c  a
Sol. Let   a  b 2b b  c  is of third degree experssion, let a + b = 0  a = -b
c  a c  b 2c
R1  R1  R3 , R2  R2  R3
2b 0 c b c  b c  b  c  b
 0 2b b  c  c  b c  b  c  b
(2M)
c  b c  b 2c cb cb 2c
1 1 1
  c  b  c  b  1 1 1
  c  b  c  b  0   0 R1  R2 
cb cb 2 c
  a  b  is a factor of 
IPE MATHS IA 47
similarly  b  c  ,  c  a  are also factors of  (2M)
  is a third degree experssion  for any scalar ‘k’
  k  a  b  b  c  c  a 
2a ab ca

a  b 2b b  c  k  a  b  b  c  c  a 
(1M)
c  a c  b 2c
put a = b = c = 1 (1M)
2 2 2
2 2 2  k  2  2  2 
2 2 2
2  4  4   2  4  4   2  4  4   8k
0  16  16  8k  32  8k  k  4
2a ab ca
  a  b 2b b  c  4  a  b  b  c  c  a 
(1M)
c  a c  b 2c
V2 14.By using Gaus-jordan method,show that the follwing system has no solution
2 x  4 y  z  0, x  2 y  2 z  5, 3 x  6 y  7 z  2
Sol. Given system of equations are 2 x  4 y  z  0, x  2 y  2 z  5, 3x  6 y  7 z  2
 2 4 1  x   0 
1 2 2   y   5
The given system of linear equation can be written as      (1M)
 3 6 7   z   2 
which is in the form of AX = D.
 2 4 1 0 
1 2 2 5
augmented matrix [AD] =   (1M)
 3 6 7 2 
R2  2 R2  R1 , R3  2 R3  3R1 R3  5 R3  11R2
 2 4 1 0   2 4 1 0 
  0 0 5 10    0 0 5 10 
(4M)
 0 0 11 4   0 0 0 130 
from equilance matrix
It does not exist so that given system of equations has no solution.
2 x  4 y  z  0, 5 z  0, 0  130
IPE MATHS IA 48
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)

 cos  sin  
V1 15.If A   then show that for all positive integers n
  sin  cos  
 cos n sin n 
An  
  sin n cos n 
 cos  sin  
Sol. Given A   this problem can be proved by using mathematical induction.
  sin  cos  
Let S  n  be the given statement
 cos n sin n 
i.e S  n  : A n  
  sin n cos n 
for n=1, L .H .S .  A1  A (1M)
 cos sin 
. .S  
RH A
sin cos 
 L.H .S  R.H .S
 S  n  is true for n  1
let us assume that S  n  is true for n  k
 cos k sin k 
i.e Ak   (1M)
  sin k cos k 
for n  k  1
 cos k sin k   cos  sin  
Ak 1  Ak A  
  sin k  cos k     sin 
 cos  
 cos k cos   sin k sin  cos k sin   sin k cos  


  sin k cos   cos k sin   sin k sin   cos k cos  
 cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
 cos  k    sin  k      cos  k  1  sin  k  1  

   
  sin  k    cos  k       sin  k  1  cos  k  1  
 S  n  is true for n  k  1
 By the principal of finite mathematical induction the given
statement is true for all positive integers of n. (2M)
IPE MATHS IA 49
 3 4 n 1  2n 4n 
V1 16.If A    then for any integer show that A   n
 1 1
n 1
 1  2n
3 4 
Sol. Given A    this problem can be proved by using mathematical
1 1
induction.
Let S  n  be the given statement
1  2 n 4n 
i .e S  n  : A n  
 n 1  2 n 
for n=1, L.H .S .  A1  A
1  2 4  3 4 
R.H .S    A
 1 1  2  1 1
 L.H .S  R.H .S
 S  n  is true for n  1 (1M)
let us assume that S  n  is true for n  k
1  2 k 4 k 
i.e A k   (1M)
 k 1  2 k 
for n  k  1 , Ak 1  Ak A
1  2 k 4 k   3  4  3  6k  4k 4  8k  4k  1  2  k  1 4  k  1 
  1  1    3k  1  2k  
 k 1  2 k     4k  1  2k    k  1 1  2  k  1 
 S  n  is true for n  k  1
 By the principal of finite mathematical induction the given (2M) statement is true for all positive integers of n.
  cos2  cos  sin    cos2  cos  sin  

V1 17 If     then show that  2   0
2 cos sin  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
2
 L.H .S   cos  cos sin    cos2  cos sin  
Sol. Given        
2 cos sin  sin2   cos sin  sin2  
 cos2  cos 2   cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 2  cos  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
 2 2 2 2 
 cos  sin  cos   sin  cos  sin  cos sin  cos  sin   sin  sin  
 cos A cos B  sin A sin B  cos  A  B 
 cos  cos   cos  cos   sin  sin   cos  sin   cos  cos   sin  sin   
  (2M)
 sin  cos   cos  cos   sin  sin   sin  sin   cos  cos   sin  sin   
IPE MATHS IA 50
cos  cos  cos     cos  sin  cos     
 
 sin  cos  cos     sin  sin  cos     
0 0   
   0       cos      cos  0 (2M)
0 0  2 2
1 2 2
 
V1 18.If 3 A   2 1 2  then show that A1  AT .
 2 2 1
Sol. Given that
1 2 2 1 2 2
1
3 A   2 1 2   A   2 1 2
3 (1M)
 2 2 1 2 2 1
 1 2 2 
1
Now A   2 1 2 
T
(1M)
3
 2 2 1
 1 2 2   1 2 2   1 4  4 2  2  4 2  4  2 
    1 
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2    224 4  1  4 4  2  2 
Consider A. AT =   
3  2 2 1 3  2 2 1 9  2  4  2 4  2  2 4  4  1 
     
9 0 0  1 0 0 
1
  0 9 0   0 1 0  I
9  AAT  I  A1  AT (2M)
 0 0 9  0 0 1 
1  2 
2  1 2    |
V1 19.If A    and B   3 0 then verify that  AB   B| A|
1 3  4 5 4
1  2
2  1 2      2  3  10  4  0  8    15 4 
A.B     3 0     
Sol: 1 3  4  23 5 4  1  9  20  2  0  16 22  28 18 22
  32
| 15 28
 AB    (2M)
 4 18 22
2 1 
1  3 5 
|
B   ; A    1 3 
|
2 0 4   2  4 
IPE MATHS IA 51
2 1 
1 1  3 5  
1    2  3  10 1  9  20   15 28
B A    1 3   4  0  8  2  0  16   
 2 0 4  23  2  4    22  4 18 22
  32
|
 AB   B | A| (2M)
yz x x
y zx y  4 xyz
V1 20.Show that
z z x y
R1  R1   R2  R3 
yz x x 0 2z 2 y
y zx y  y zx y
Sol. Sol: L.H.S= (2M)
z z x y z z x y
 2 z  y  x  y   yz   2 y  yz  z  z  x  
 2 z  xy  y 2  yz   2 y  yz  z 2  zx 
 2 xyz  2 y 2 z  2 yz 2  2 y 2 z  2 yz 2  2 xyz  4xyz (2M)
x2 2x  3 3x  4
x4 2x  9 3 x  16  0
V1 21.Find the value of x, if
x8 2 x  27 3 x  64
x2 2x  3 3x  4
x  4 2 x  9 3 x  16  0
Sol. Given that
x  8 2 x  27 3x  64
R2 R
R2  R2  R1 , R3  R3  R1 R2  , R3  3
2 6
x2 2x  3 3x  4 x2 2x  3 3x  4
2 6  12  0 1 3 6 0
(2M)
6  24  60 1 4 10
 x  2  30  24   2 x  3 10  6   3x  4   4  3  0

 x  2  6   2 x  3  4   3 x  4 1  0  6 x  12  8 x  12  3x  4  0  x  4  0 (2M)
1 a a2
V1 22.Show that 1 b b   a  b  b  c  c  a 
2
1 c c2
R1  R1  R2 , R2  R2  R3
IPE MATHS IA 52
2
1 a a 0 a  b a 2  b2
2
1 b b  0 b  c b2  c2
Sol. L.H.S = (2M)
2
1 c c 1 c c2
R2  R2  R1
0 1 ab 0 1 ab
  a  b  b  c  0 1 b  c   a  b  b  c  0 0 c  a
1 c c2 1 c c2
0 1 ab
  a  b  b  c  c  a  0 0 1   a  b  b  c  c  a 1 (2M)
1 c c2
2 1 2
V1 23. If A   1 0 1  Find the adjoint and inverse of A.
 2 2 1 
 2 1 2 2 1 2
A  1 0 1  A1 0 1
Sol.
 2 2 1 2 2 1
 2  0  2   1 1  2   2  2  0    4  1  4  1  0  det A  0 (1M)
A is a non singular and A1 exists
11 01 1 2 11
Cofactor of 2   1  0  2  2 , Cofactor of 1   1   1  2   1
21 21
1 3 10 2 1 12
Cofactor of 2   1   2  0  2 , Cofactor of 1   1   1  4   3
22 21
2 2 22 2 3 21
Cofactor of 0   1   2  4   2 , Cofactor of 1   1    4  2   2
21 22
31 12 3 2 22
Cofactor of 2   1  1  0   1 , Cofactor of 2   1   2  2  0
01 11
3 3 2 1
Cofactor of 1   1   0  1  1
1 0
T
 2 1 2   2 3 1 
 3  2  2   1  2 0  Adj A = cofactor of A T
    (2M)
1 0  1   2  2  1
IPE MATHS IA 53
 2 3 1  2 3 1 
Adj  A 1 
A  1
 1  2 0   1  2 0 
det A 1 (1M)
 2  2 1 2  2 1
1 2 1 
V1 24.If A   3 2 3  then find A  1
1 1 2 
1 2 1  1 2 1   

A  3 2 3  A3 2 3   
Sol. then Hint :
1 1 2  1 1 2   
 1  4  3   2  6  3   1  3  2   1  6  1   4  0  det A  0 (1M)
11 2 3 1 2 3 3
Cofactor of 1   1   4  3  1 , Cofactor of 2   1    6  3  3
1 2 1 2
1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1
Cofactor of 1   1   3  2   1 , Cofactor of 3   1    4  1  3
11 1 2
2 2 11 2 3 1 2
Cofactor of 2   1  2  1  1 , Cofactor of 3   1   1  2   1
1 2 11
31 21 3 2 1 1
Cofactor of 1   1   6  2   4 ,Cofactor of 1   1    3  3  0
2 3 3 3
3 3 1 2
Cofactor of 2   1   2  6   4
3 2
T
1  3 1  1  3 4 
   Adj  A    3 1 0 
T
 Adj  A  = Cofactor of A   3 1 1  (2M)

 4 0  4 1 1  4 
1  3 4 
Adj  A 1 
A  1
 3 1 0 
det A 4 (1M)
1 1  4
1 0 0 1  3
V1 25.If I    and E    then show that  aI  bE   a 3 I  3a 2bE
0 1 0 0
1 0  0 1 
Sol. Given that I    and E   
0 1 0 0
IPE MATHS IA 54
1 0  0 1   a 0 0 b a b
Now aI  bE  a   b        (1M)
0 1  0 0   0 a   0 0 0 a 
2
2
2
 a b a b  a  0 ab  ab   a 2ab 
and  aI  bE    aI  bE  aI  bE      
  2  (1M)
 0 a  0 a  0  0 0  a 2  0 a 
3 2 2 3 2
3 2 a2 2ab .  a b   a  0 a b  2a b   a 3a b  1
&  aI  bE    aI  bE   aI  bE    2  0 a  0  0 0  a3  
0 a3 
 (1M)
0 a    
3 3 2
1 0  0 1   a 0   0 3a 2 b   a 3a b 
a 3 I  3a 2 bE  a 3   3 a 2
b 0 0  3
  
     2
0 1    0 a   0 0  0 a 
3
3
From eq(1) & (2)  aI  bE   a 3 I  3a 2bE (1M)
1 4 7   3 4 0  T
V2 26.If A    ,B    then prove that  A  B   AT  BT
2 5 8  4 2 1
1 4 7  3 4 0 
Sol. Given A    ,B   
2 5 8  4 2 1
1 4 7   3 4 0   2 8 7 
A B     
 2 5 8  4  2  1  6 3 7 
 2 6 
  8 3  1
T
  A  B
(2M)
 7 7 
1 2   3 4   2 6 
T  T     
and A  B   4 5   4  2   8 3    2 
 7 8   0  1   7 7 
T
From 1 & 2 A  B  AT  B T (2M)
 2 4
V2 27.If A    Find A  A | , A A|
 5 3 
 2  4   2  5  4  9 
Sol. A  A1      (2M)
 5 3   4 3  9 6 
 2  4   2  5   4  16  10  12   20  22 
& A A1         (2M)
 5 3   4 3   10  12 25  9   22 34 
1
V2 28. If A and B are invertible then show that AB is also invertible and  AB   B 1 A1
Sol. A is invertible matrix  A1 exists and A A 1  A 1 A  I
IPE MATHS IA 55
B is invertible matrix B 1 exists and BB 1  B 1 B  I
Now  AB   B 1 A1   A  BB 1  A1  AIA I  AA1  I (2M)
&  B1 A1   AB   B 1  A1 A B  B 1IB  B 1B  I
  AB   B 1 A1    B 1 A1   AB   I
1
  AB  is invertible and  AB   B 1 A1 (2M)
V3 29.For any nxn matrix A prove that A can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric matrix and
a skew symmetric matrix.
Sol. Let A be a square matrix
A  AT  A  AT A  AT A  AT Symmetric matrix AT  A
A    (1M)
2 2 2 skew symmetric matrix AT   A
let A  B  C
1 1
where B 
2
 A  AT  ; C   A  AT 
2
(1M)
T
1  1 T 1
B    A  AT     A  AT    AT  A   B
T
(1M)
2  2 2
 B is a symmetric matrix
T
1  1 T 1 1
C T    A  AT     A  AT    AT  A    A  AT   C (1M)
2  2 2 2
 C is a skew - symmetric matrix.  A  B  C
i.e A can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
UNIQUENESS :- If possible A = P + Q where P is a symmetric and Q is a
skew - symmetric matrix.
T
Now AT   P  Q   P T  Q T  P  Q  PT  P & Q T  Q
1
Now A  AT  2 P P 
2
 A  AT   B
1
Now A  AT  2Q 
Q 
2
A  AT   C  A  P  Q  B  C
i.e A can be uniquely expressed as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew - symmetric matrix.
V3 30.Show that the determinant of skew - symmetric matrix of order 3 is always zero.
Sol. Method-(i):
Let A is a skew symmetric matrix of order 3  A T
  A (1M)
3
 AT   A  A   1 A  AT  A & kA  k n A
 A  A  A  A 0 2 A 0 A 0 (2M)
i.e The determinant of a skew - symmetric matrix of order 3 is always zero. (1M)
(OR)
IPE MATHS IA 56
Method-(i):
Let us consider a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3
 0 c b 
A   c 0  a 
(2M)
b a 0 
A  0  0  a 2   c  0  ab   b  ca  0   abc  abc  0
Hence A  0 (2M)

1 2 3 8
V1 31.If A    B  and 2X  A  B then find X .
3 4 7 2 
1 2  3 8 
Sol. Given that A    B 
3 4  7 2
2X  A  B  2 X  B  A
 3 8  1 2  2 6
2X      = 4  2
 7 2  3 4   
1 3 
 X   2 1
 
1 2 3 3 2 1
V1 32.If A    and B    find 3B  2 A .
3 2 1 1 2 3
3 2 1 1 2 3 9 6 3  2 4 6   7 2 3
Sol. 3B  2 A  3    2 3 2 1   3 6 9    6 4 2  = 3 2 7 
1 2 3        
 x  3 2 y  8  5 2 
V1 33.If  = find x, y, z and a
z 2 6   2 a  4 

 x  3 2 y  8  5 2 
Sol. Given that  =
z  2 6   2 a  4 

x 3  5 ; 2y 8  2 ; z  2  2 ; 6  a  4
x 8 ;  2 y  10 ;  z  4 ;  a  10
 y 5
IPE MATHS IA 57
 1
 1 2  2
 
V1 34.Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of A If A   0 1 2 
 1 
 2 1
 2 
Sol: Trace of A: If A is a square matrix then the sum of elements in the principal diagonal of A is called trace of A
 trace of A  1  1  1  1
V1 35.Define symmetric matrix and skew-symmetric matrix.

Sol. Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if AT  A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if

AT  A
 1 2 3
 6  is symmetric matrix , find x .
V1 36. If A   2 5
 3 x 7 
 1 2 3 
Sol. Given that A   2 5 6   A is symmetric  AT  A
 3 x 7 
1 2 3   1 2 3
  2 5 x    2 5 6 
 x6
 3 6 7   3 x 7 
0 2 1
 
V1 37.If A  2 0 2 is a skew-symmetric matrix, find the value of x .
 1 x 0 
0 2 1
A   2 0 2 
Sol. Given that  A is skew-symmetric  AT   A
 1 x 0 
 0 2 1 0 2 1
 x    2 
  2 0 x     2 0 2
 
 x2
1 2 0   1 x 0 
IPE MATHS IA 58
1 0 0 
 
V1 38.If A  2 3 4  and det A= 45, then find x.
5 6 x
1 0 0 1 0 0
Sol. Given that A  2 3 4  det A = 45  2 3 4  45
 
5 6 x 5 6 x
 1 3 x  24   45  3x  24  45  3 x  21 x7
 12 22 32 
 2 
2 32 42 
V1 39.Find determinant of  2
3 42 52 

12 22 32  12 22 32 1 4 9
 
A  22 32 42  22 32 2
4  4 9 16
Sol. Let then det A =
32 42 52  32 42 52 9 16 25
 
 1 225  256   4 100  144   9  64  81  8
V1 40.If  is a complex (non-real) cube root of unity then show that
1  2
 2 1 0
2 1 
1  2
 2 1
Sol. Consider
2 1 
R1  R1  R2  R3
1   2 1   2 1   2 0 0 0
  2 1    2
1 0
 1 2  0
2
 1  2 1 
 2 1 
   2 3 1 
V1 41.If A   5 0  and B    then find 2 A  BT and 3B  A .
T
 4 0 2 
 1 4 
 2 1 
 2 3 1 
Sol. Given that A   5 0  and B  
 4 0 2 
 1 4 
IPE MATHS IA 59
 4 2   2 4   6 6 
Now 2 A  BT  10 0    3 0    13 0 
     
 2 8   1 2   1 10 
 6 12   2 1   4 11
T      
and 3B  A   9 0    5 0    4 0 
 3 6   1 4   4 2 
1 4 7 3 4 0  T
V1 42.If A    and B    then show that  A  B  AT  BT .
2 5 8  4 2 1
1 4 7  3 4 0 
Sol. Given that A    and B   
2 5 8  4 2 1
1 4 7 3 4 0   2 8 7 
A B     
2 5 8  4 2 1  6 3 7 
2 6
  A B   8 3 1
T
 7 7
1 2 3 4  2 6
and A  B  4 5   4 2   8 3   2
T T
7 8  0 1  7 7

T T T
 From 1 &  2   A  B   A  B
 cos  sin  
V1 43.If A   then show that AA1  A1 A  I .
  sin  cos  
 cos  sin    cos   sin  

Sol. Given that A     A1  
  sin  cos    sin  cos  
1  cos  sin    cos   sin  

Now AA    cos 2   sin2   1
  sin  cos    sin  cos  
 cos 2   sin 2   cos  sin   sin  cos    1 0

 
  sin  cos   cos  sin  sin 2   cos 2   0 1 
 A A1  I , Similarly we can prove that A1 A  I

IPE MATHS IA 60
cos   sin  
V1 44.Find the adjoint and the inverse of the matrix  .
 sin  cos  
cos   sin   cos  sin

Sol. Let A     det A   cos 2   sin 2  = 1
 sin  cos   sin  cos
 cos  sin   a b   d b 
Now Adj A   A    Adj A   
  sin  cos   c d  c a 
Adj A 1  cos  sin    cos  sin  

A 1   
det A 1   sin  
cos     sin  cos  
 2 4
V1 45.If A    and A2  O then find the value of K.
 1 k 
 2 4   2 4   0 0
Sol. Given that A2  O  .  
 1 k   1 k   0 0
 44 8  4k   0 0 
 
 2  k 4  k 2   0 0   8  4k  0  4k  8  k  2
 i 0
V1 46.If A   2
 , find A
0 i 
2  i 0   i 0  i 2  0 0  0 
Sol. Consider A  A. A  o i  o i    2
   0 0 0i 
 1 0  1 0
        I  i 2   1
 0  1 0 1 
V1 47.Find the rank of each of the following matrices

1 1 1  1 4 1 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 3 0  1 0 2 
i)   ii)   iii)  
1 1 1  0 1 2   0 1 1
 1 2 0 1
3 4 1 2 1 0 4 
iv)   v)  
 2 3 2 5   2 1 3 
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let A   1
Sol. 1 
1   det A  1 1 1  1 1  1   1 1  1   1 1  1   0
 1 1 1  1 1 1
1 1 1 1
& Let B   be a submatrix of A, det B 

1 1 1 1  det B  1  1  0
IPE MATHS IA 61
& all 2x2 sub matrix det is zero  Rank  A  1
1 4 1 1 4 1
 
ii) Let A   2 3 0   det A  2 3 0
 0 1 2  0 1 2
 det A= 1 6  0   4  4  0   1 2  0   12  0  Rank  A  3
1 2 1 1 2 1
iii) Let A   1 0 1   det A  1 0 1
 
 0 1 1 0 1 1
 det A  1 0  1  2 1  0   1 1  0   1  2  1  5  0  Rank  A  3
 1 2 0 1
Let A   3 4 1 2 
iv)
 2 3 2 5 
 1 2 0
Let B   3 4 1 
be a submatrix of A
 2 3 2 
1 2 0
det B  3 4 1  1 8  3   2  6  2   0  9  8 
2 3 2
 5 16  11  0  Rank  A   3

 1 0 4  1 0 
v) Let A    and Let B  2 1 be a submatrix of A
 2 1 3   
1 0
det B  Rank  A  2
2  1  det B  1  0  1  0 
V1 48.Write the definitions of singular and non-singular matrices and give examples.
Sol. Sinlgular: A square matrix A is said to be a singular matrix if det A  0
8 4
Eg:   is a singular matrix
 4 2
Non-Singular: A square matrix A is said to be a non-singular matrix it det A  0
3 0
Eg:   is a non-singular matrix.
6 4
V1 49.A certain book shop has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen Physics books, 10 dozen economics
books. their selling prices are Rs.80. Rs.60 and Rs.40 each respecively. Using matrix algebra,find
the total value of the books in the shop.
IPE MATHS IA 62
Sol. Number of books
Chemistry Physics Economics

A  10 12  120 8 12  96 10 12  120 i,e A  120 96 120
 8 0   c h e m is tr y 
  
selling prices in Rupees B=  6 0   P h y s ic s 
 4 0   E c o n o m ic s 
 80 
total value of the books in the shop A B  120 96 120   60 
 
 40 
 9600  5760  4800 = 20160 ( in Rupees )

1
V1 50.Construct a 2  2 matrix whose elements are given by aij  i  3 j
2
 a11 a12 
Sol. In general a 3  2 matrix is given by A   a21 a22 

 a31 a32 
1
Now, a ij  i  3 j , i = 1,2,3 and j =1,2
2
1 1 5
a11  1   3  1  1 a12  1  3 2 
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21  2   3  1  a22  2  3  2   2
2 2 2
1 1 3
a31  3   3  1  0 a33  3   3  3 
2 2 2
IPE MATHS IA 63
ADDITION OF VECTORS
KEY POINTS:
1. ADDITION OF VECTORS:
AB  OB  OA
a) AB  BC  AC
b) AC  BC  AB
2. SECTION FORMULA (ratio, mid point, centroid, parallellogram)
mb  na
a) P divides AB in the ratio m : n  p.v. of P 
mn
ab
b) P is midpoint of AB  p.v. of P 
2
c) G is the centroid of ABC
OA  OB  OC a  b  c
 p.v. of G  
3 3
d) In parallelogram ABCD , AB  a , BC  b,
diagonals AC  b  a, BD  b  a
3. COLLINEAR, NON-COLLINEAR, COPLANAR:

a) Vectors a , b are collinear (linearly dependent)  a  tb, t is scalar..
1a 2 a3 a
b) Vectors a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k are collinear   
b1 b2 b3
 
c) A, B, C are collinear  AB  t AC , t is scalar
d) Vectors a , b are non-collinear, and Vector r is coplanar with
a and b  r  xa  yb, x and y are scalars

IPE MATHS IA 64
MAGNITUDE , UNIT VECTOR, D.C’S, ANGLES:

4. If r  xi  y j  zk and  ,  ,  are the angles made by r with OX , OY , OZ respectively, then
a) r  x2  y 2  z 2
b) Unit vector
r r r
r r r
i) along r ii) opposite to r iii) parallel to r
x y z
c) DC ' s of r are cos   , cos   , cos  
r r r

V1 01.Let A B C D E F be a regular hexagon with centre ‘O’. Show that AB + AC + AD + AE + AF = 3AD =
6AO.
Sol. AB  AC  AD  AE  AF
(1M)
  
 AB  AE  AC  AF  AD 
  AB  BD    AC  CD   AD (1M)
 AD  AD  AD  3 AD  3  2 AO   6 AO (1M)
 AB  AC  AD  AE  AF  3  2 AD   6 AO (1M)
V1 02.In ABC , if ‘O’ is the circumcentre and H is the orthocentre, then show that
i) OA + OB + OC = OH ii) HA + HB + HC = 2 HO
OB  OC
Sol. (i) OD  (1M)
2
 OA  OB  OC  OA  2 OD   2OD  AH 
 
IPE MATHS IA 65
 OA  AH  OH (1M)
(ii) HA   HB  HC  = OA  OH  OB  OH  OC  OH (1M)
 OA  OB  OC  3OH  OH  3OH  2OH  2HO (1M)

V1 03.If the points whose position vectors are 3 i - 2 j - k, 2 i + 3 j - 4 k, - i + j + 2 k and
 146
4 i + 5 j +  k are coplanar, then show that  
17
Sol. Let OA= 3 i - 2 j - k, OB = 2 i + 3 j - 4 k, OC = - i + j + 2 k , OD = 4 i + 5 j +  k
AB  OB  OA   i  5 j  3k , AC  OC  OA  4i  3 j  3k , AD  OD  OA  i  7 j    1 k
1 5 3
 4 3 3 i j k   0  AB, AC , AD are coplanar   AB AC AD   0
  (2M)
1 7  1
 1 3  3  21  5  4  4  3  3  28  3  0
 1 3  18   5  4  7   3  31  0

 3  18  20  35  93  0 (1M)
146
 17  146  0    (1M)
17
V1 04.a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors. Prove that the following four points are coplanar
(i) -a + 4b - 3c, 3a + 2b - 5c, -3a + 8b - 5c, -3a + 2b + c
(ii) 6a + 2b - c, 2a - b + 3c, -a + 2b - 4c, -12a - b -3c
Sol. (i) AB  OB  OA  4a  2b  2c , AC  OC  OA  2a  4b  2c
AD  OD  OA  2a  2b  4c (1M)
4 2 2
 AB AC AD   2 4 2  abc   AB, AC , AD are coplanar   AB AC AD   0 (1M)
 
2 2 4
  4 16  4   2  8  4   2  4  8    abc    4 12   2  12   2 12    abc 
  48  48  abc   0 (2M)

 A, B, C , D are coplanar..
(ii) OA  6a  2b  c , OB  2a  b  3c , OC  a  2b  4c , OD  12a  b  3c
AB  OB  OA  4a  3b  4c ,
AC  OC  OA  7a  3c ,
AD  OD  OA  18a  3b  2c (1M)
4 3 4
 AB AC AD    7 0  3  a b c 
  (1M)
 18  3  2
IPE MATHS IA 66
  4  0  9   3 14  54   4  21  0    a b c   0  a b c  = 0 (2M)
 Given vectors are coplanar..
V1 05.If i, j , k are unit vectors along the positive directions of the coordinate axes, then show that the
four points 4i  5 j  k ,  j  k , 3i  9 j  4k and 4i  4 j  4k are coplanar..
Sol: Let ‘O’ be the origin and A,B,C,D are given points
Then OA  4i  5 j  k , OB   j  k , OC  3i  9 j  4k , OD  4i  4 j  4k (1M)
Now    
AB  OB  OA   j  k  4i  5 j  k  4i  6 j  2k
AC  OC  OA   3i  9 j  4k    4i  5 j  k   i  4 j  3k
AD  OD  OA   4i  4 j  4k    4i  5 j  k   8i  j  3k (1M)
4 6 2
 AB AC AD   1 4 3  AB, AC , AD are coplanar   AB AC AD   0
   (1M)
8 1 3
  4  12   3     6   3   24     2  1   32  
  4 12  3  6  3  24   2 1  32 
  4 15   6  21  2  33  60  126  66  0 (1M)

Hence proved.
V1 06.In the two dimensional plane, prove by using vector method, the equation of the line whose intercepts on
x y
the axes are ‘a’ and ‘b’ is  1
a b
Sol. Let i, j be unit vectors along OX , OY
Let A = (a, 0), B = (0, b), O A  a i , O B  bj
B (0, b)
j A (a, 0)
(1M)
o i
 The equation of line through the points A and B is r  1  t  a i  tb j , t  R (1M)
but r  xi  y j  1  t  a  x ; tb  y
x y y x x y
1 t  ; t  1    1 (2M)
a b b a a b
IPE MATHS IA 67
V2 07.Show that the line joining the pair of points 6a - 4b + 4c, -4c and the line joining the pair of points
-a - 2b - 3c, a + 2b - 5c intersect at the point -4c when a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors
Sol. Let OA  a  6a  4b  4c , OB  b  4c , OC  c   a  2b  3c , OD  d  a  2b  5c
The vector equation of the line joining points whose position vectors areOA and OB is
r  1  t  a  t b where t  R OA  a, OB  b
(1M)
 r  1  t   6a  4b  4c   t  4c  -----(1)
The vector equation of the line joining points whose position vectors are OC and OD is,
r  1  s  OC  sOD where s  R
 r  1  s   a  2b  3c   s  a  2b  5c  -----(2) (1M)
from (1) and (2),
1  t   6a  4b  4c   t  4c   1  s   a  2b  3c   s  a  2b  5c 
Equating the components of a and b (1M)
 6  6t  1  s  s ; 4  4t  2  2s  2s
 6t  2s  7  0 ----(3); 4t  4s  2  0
2t  2s  1  0 ---(4)
(3) + (4)  6t  2s  7  0
2t  2 s  1  0
8t  8  0
t 1 (1M)
 Point of intersection of (1) and (2)  1  1   6 a  4 b  4 c   1   4 c    4c

V2 08.Find the vector equation of the plane passing through points 4i - 3j - k, 3i + 7j - 10k and 2i + 5j - 7k
and show that the point i + 2j - 3k lies in the plane
Sol. Let OA  a  4i  3 j  k , OB  b  3i  7 j 10k , OC  c  2i  5 j  7k , OD  d  i  2 j 3k
The vector equation of the plane passing through the points whose position vectors
OA, OB, OC is r  1  s  t  a  sb  tc where s, t  R OA  a, OB  b, OC  c (1M)
    
 r  1  s  t  4 i  3 j  k  s 3i  7 j  10k  t 2 i  5 j  7 k 
AB  OB  OA   i  10 j  9k , AC  OC  OA  2i  8 j  6k , AD  OD  OA  3i  5 j  2k
1 10 9
 AB AC AD   2 8 6
  i j k (1M)
3 5 2
  1   16  30   10  4  18   9  10  24   ( 1 ) ( i j k  = 1 )
  114   10  14   9 14     14  140  126  140  140 = 0 (2M)
 The given points are lie in the same plane.
IPE MATHS IA 68
V2 09.Find the vector equation of the line parallel to the vector 2 i  j  2k and passing through the point A
whose position vector is 3i  j  k . If P is a point on this line such that AP=15 then find the position
vector of P.
Sol. Let a  3i  j  k , b  2 i  j  2k
The vector equation of the line passing through the point whose position vector is a and
(1M)
parallel to the vector b is r  a  tb ------------( 1 )
 r   3i  j  k   t  2 i  j  2k  whose t  R ------- ( 2 )
(1)  OP  OA  t b
 OP  OA  t b
 AP  t b  AP  t b  AP  t b (1M)
 15  t 4  1  4  15  t  9  15  t  3  t  5
t = 5 Then from ( 2 )
OP   3i  j  k   5  2i  j  2k  (1M)
OP  13i  4 j  9k
t = -5 then from ( 2 )
OP   3i  j  k   5  2i  j  2k 
OP  7i  6 j  11k (1M)
V2 10.Let a, b be non-collinear vectors. If    x  4 y  a   2 x  y  1 b and
   y  2 x  2  a   2 x  3 y  1 b are such that 3  2 then find x and y .

Sol. Given that 3  2 
3   x  4 y  a   2 x  y  1 b   2   y  2 x  2  a   2 x  3 y  1 b  (1M)
 3  x  4 y  a  3  2 x  y  1 b  2  y  2 x  2  a  2  2 x  3 y 1 b
on comparing the coefficients of a and b
3x 12y  2y  4x  4  7 x  10 y  4 ---------(1) (1M)
6x  3y  3  4x  6y  2  2x  9 y  5 ---------(2) (1M)
Solving (1) and (2)
1  2  14 x  20 y  8
 2   7  14 x  63 y  35
----------------------
43 y  43  y  1
----------------------
substitute y  1 in equation (1)
7 x  10  4  7 x  14  x  2
 x  2, y  1 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 69
V2 11. If a  b  c   d , b  c  d   a and a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, then show that
a b c d  0
Sol: Given a  b  c   d      1 , b  c  d   a      2 (1M)
From eq. (2), d   a  b  c
Sub. In eq.(1)
 a  b  c     a  b  c   a  b  c   a   b   c
(1M)
Given a, b, c are non coplanar vectors
Compare b co-efficient on both
1      1
Sub, ' ' value in eq.(1)
a  b  c   1 d  a b  c  d  0 (2M)
Hence proved.
V2 12.If a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors, then test for the collinerarity of the following points whose
position vectors are given by
i) a  2b  3c , 2a  3b  4c ,  7b  10c
ii) 3a  4b  3c , 4a  5b  6c , 4a  7b  6c
iii) 2a  5b  4c , a  4b  3c , 4a  7b  6c
Sol: i) Given a  2b  3c , 2a  3b  4c , 7b  10c
Let OA  a  2b  3c , OB  2a  3b  4c , OC  7b  10c
NoW AB  OB  OA =  2a  3b  4c    a  2b  3c 
 2a  3b  4c  a  2b  3c
 a  5b  7c -------------- (1) (1M)
AC  OC  OA   7b  10c    a  2b  3c 
 7b  10c  a  2b  3c
  a  5b  7c -------------- (2) (1M)
Take AB  a  5b  7c       a  5b  7c 
 
    AC   1 AC
 
AB   AC  A, B, C are collinear then AB   AC
   1 (2M)
 Given points are collinear..
ii) Sol . Given 3a  4b  3c , 4a  5b  6c , 4 a  7b  6c
Let OA  3a  4b  3c , OB  4a  5b  6c , OC  4a  7b  6c (2M)
IPE MATHS IA 70
Now AB  OB  OA   4 a  5b  6c    3a  4b  3c 
 4a  5b  6c  3a  4b  3c  7 a  9b  9c
AC  OC  OA   4a  7b  6c    3a  4b  3c 
 4a  7b  6c  3a  4b  3c  a  3b  3c
But AB   AC   A, B, C are collinear then AB   AC (2M)
 Given points are non collinear
iii) Sol. Given 2a  5b  4c , a  4b  3c , 4 a  7b  6c
Let OA  2a  5b  4c , OB  a  4b  3c , OC  4a  7b  6c (1M)
Now AB  OB  OA  
 a  4b  3c   2a  5b  4c 
 a  4b  3c  2a  5b  4c  a  b  c
  
AC  OC  OA  4a  7b  6c  2a  5b  4c 
 4a  7b  6c  2a  5b  4c  2a  2b  2c (1M)

take AC  2a  2b  2c  2 a  b  c 
 
AC  2 AB
AC    AB   A, B, C are collinear then AB   AC

   2 (2M)
 Given points are collinear

V1 13.(i) Find the unit vector in the direction of vector a  2i  3 j  k .
(ii) Let a = 2i + 4j - 5k, b = i + j + k and c = j + 2k. Find the unit vector in the opposite
direction of a + b + c
Sol. (i) Given a  2i  3 j  k
a  22  32  12  4  9  1  14
a 2i  3 j  k
 T h e u n it v e c to r in th e d ir e c tio n o f a = 
a 14
(ii) a  b  c  3i  6 j  2k
a
a  b  c  9  36  4  49  7  The unit vector in the direction of a =
a
 the unit vector in the opposite direction of
a  b  c  1
a b c  
a b c

7

3i  6 j  2k 
IPE MATHS IA 71
V1 14.Show that the points whose position vectors are -2a + 3b + 5c, a + 2b + 3c, 7a - c are colinear when a, b,
c are non-coplanar vectors.
2 3 5
1 2 3 a b c 
Sol. Consider
7 0 1
2  2  0  3 1  21  5  0 14  a b c  =  4  66  70 a b c   0

 Given vectors are collinear
V1 15.If the position vectors of the points A, B and C are -2 i + j - k, -4i + 2j + 2k and 6i - 3j - 13k respectively
and AB =  AC, then find the value of 
Sol AB  OB  OA   4i  2 j  2k    2i  j  k   2i  j  3k
AC  OC  OA   6i  3 j  13k    2i  j  k  = 8i  4 j  12k = 4  2i  J  3k 
1
AC= - 4(AB)  AB   AC  A, B, C are collinear points then AB= AC
4
1
compare with AB   AC  
4
     
V1 16.If the vectors  3 i  4 j   k and  i  8 j  6 k are collinear vectors, then find  and  .
a1 b1 c1
Sol.  a1 i  b1 j  c1 k and a2 i  b2 j  c2k are collinear then  
a2 b2 c2
3i  4 j   k and i  8 j  6k are

a1 b1 c1 3 4 
collinear      
a2 b2 c2  8 6
3 1 
  
 2 6
3 1 1 
  ;     6 ;   3
 2 2 6
V1 17. If a  2i  5 j  k and b  4i  m j  nk are collinear vectors then find the values of m and n.
Sol a  2i  5 j  k and b  4i  mj  nk are collinear.
2 5 1  a i  b j  c k and a i  b j  c k are collinear then a1  b1  c1

   1 1 1 2 2 2
4 m n a 2 b2 c 2
 m  10 ; n  2
V1 18. If OA = i + j + k, AB = 3i - 2j + k, BC = i + 2j-2k and CD = 2i + j + 3k, then find the vector OD.

Sol. OD  OA  AB  BC  CD =(i+j+k)+(3i-2j+k)+(i+2j - 2k)+(2i+j+3k)  7 i  2 j  3k
V1 19. OABC is a parallelogram. If OA = a and OC=c, then find the vector equation of the side BC.
Sol: Let O be the origin
IPE MATHS IA 72
C B
c
OA  a , OC  c
O a
A
CB  OA  a the vector Eqn. of BC is vector equation of the line passing through c and parallel to a
 r  c  ta  The vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to the b is r =a + tb
V1 20.Find the equation of the plane which passes through the points 2i  4 j  2k , 2i  3 j  5k and parallel
to the vector 3i  2 j  k
Sol Let a  2i  4 j  2k , b  2i  3 j  5k , c  3i  2 j  k
 The vector equation of plane passing through a , b and parallel to c is r   1  s  a  sb  tc s, t  R
 r  1  s   2 i  4 j  2k   s  2 i  3 j  5k   t  3i  2 j  k 
V1 21.Find the vector equation of the line joining the points 2i + j + 3k and -4i + 3j - k. (Mar-11)
Sol Let a  2 i  j  3k and b  4 i  3 j  k
The vector equation of the line passing through the points a , b is r   1  t  a  tb , tR
r  1  t   2i  j  3k   t  4i  3 j  k  =  2 i  j  3 k   t   6 i  2 j  4 k 
V1 22.Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point 2i  3 j  k and parallel to the vector
4i  2 j  3k . (June-10)
Sol. Let a  2 i  3 j  k and b  4 i  2 j  3k
The vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to b is r  a  tb ; tR
r   2 i  3 j  k   t  4i  2 j  3k    2  4t  i   3  2t  j  1  3t  k
V1 23.Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points i  2 j  5k , 5 j  k and  3i  5 j .
Sol. Let a  i  2 j  5k , b  5 j  k , c  3i  5 j
The vetor equation of the plane passing through the points a, b, c is r   1 s  t  a  sb  tc s, t  R

 r  1  s  t  i  2 j  5 k   s   5 j  k   t  3 i  5 j 
 r   i  2 j  5k   s   i  3 j  6k  t  4i  7 j  5k 
V1 24.If a, b, c are the position vectors of the vertices A, B and C respectively of ABC then find the
vector equations of the median through the vertex A.
A a
Sol.
B b D  b  c  C c
 2 
Let OA  a , OB  b , OC  c
IPE MATHS IA 73
The vector equation of the line passing through the points a , b is r   1  t  a  tb , tR
b c
r  1  t  OA  t  OD   1  t  a  t  
 2 
V1 25.Is the triangle formed by the vectors 3i + 5j + 2k, 2i - 3j - 5k and -5i - 2j + 3k equilateral?
Sol Let OA  3i  5 j  2k , OB  2 i  3 j  5k , OC  5i  2 j  3k
 r  x i  yj  zk th en r  x2  y2  z2
AB  OB  OA =  i  8 j  7k  AB  1  64  49  114
BC  OC  OB  7 i  j  8k  BC  49  1  64  114
CA  OA  OC  8 i  7 j  k  CA  64  49  1  114
 given vectors form an equilateral triangle.
V1 26. Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 5, 0) and (2, 0, 1).
Sol. Let a   0, 0, 0   0 , b   0,5, 0  5 j , c   2, 0,1   2 i  k
 Equation of plane passing through a , b & c is r   1  s  t  a  sb  tc
 r  1  s  t  a  s  5 j   t  2 i  k 
r  s  5 j   t  2i  k 
V1 27.ABCDE is a pentagon. If the sum of the vecotrs AB, AE , BC , DC , ED and AC is  AC then find
the value of  .
Sol.
AB  AE  BC  DC  ED  AC   AC
   
 AB  BC  AE  ED  DC  AC   AC
 
 AC  AD  DC  AC   AC
 AC  AC  AC   AC
 3AC   AC
  3
IPE MATHS IA 74
PRODUCT OF VECTORS
KEY POINTS:
SCALAR PRODUCTS OF TWO VECTORS
1. a, b are two vectors, then
a) a.b  a b Cos a, b 
2
b) a.a  a  a 2
c) If a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k then a. b  a1b1  a2b2  a3b3
d) a. b  0  a  0 (or) b  0 (or) a  b.
a.b
e)  
Cos a, b 
a b
f) a. b  b.a (scalar product is commutative)
 a.b  a  OM
2. a) Vector component (orthogonal projection )of b on a = 2
a
| b.a |
b) Length of the orthogonal projection of b on a =
a
 a.b  a  a  b  a   MB
c) Vector Component of b perpendicular to a = b - 2 2
a a
VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
3. a) a , b are two vectors and n̂ is unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b , such that a , b , n̂ are in
right handed system.
 
a  b  a b sin a, b nˆ
b) aa  0
i j k
a1 a2 a3
c) If a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k , b  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k , then a  b =
b1 b2 b3
IPE MATHS IA 75
d) a  b  0  a (or) b  0 (or) a  b.
a b
e)  
Sin a, b 
a b  
or a  b  a b Sin a, b
f) a  b  b  a ( Vector product is not commutative)

ab
4. a) Unit vectors perpendicular to both a and b is n = 
ab
b) A vector having magnitude  and perpendicular to both a and b is  n.

TRIPLE PRODUCTS
SCALAR PRODUCT OF THREE VECTORS
5. a)  a b c   a .  b  c    a  b  .c
b) a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k , b  b1 i  b2 j  b3 k , c  c1 i  c2 j  c3k .
a1 a2 a3
 a b c   b1 b2 b3
then 
c1 c2 c3
c)  a b c   b c a    c a b 
d)  a c b   c b a   b a c     a b c 
e)  a a b    a b b    a c c   0
f)  a b c   0  a , b , c are non coplanar (linearly independent)
g)  a b c   0  a , b , c are coplanar (linearly dependent)
h)  AB AC AD   0  the points A, B, C, D are coplanar..

 
VECTOR PRODUCT OF THREE VECTORS
6. a)  a  b   c   c . a  b   c .b  a .
b) a  b  c    a . c  b   a .b  c .
c)  a  b   c  a   b  c  (Vector product is not associative)

SCALAR AND VECTOR PRODUCT OF FOUR VECTORS
a .c a .d
7. a)  a  b  .  c  d   b .c b .d
IPE MATHS IA 76
b)    
i) a  b  c  d   a c d  b  b c d  a
ii)  a  b    c  d    a b d  c   a b c  d .
AREAS AND VOLUMES
8. a) Area of a triangle having a , b as adjacent sides
1 1
i) Vector area =
2
 2

AB  AC   a  b 
1 1
ii) Scalar area = AB  AC  a  b
2 2
b) Area of parallelogram having a , b as adjacent sides
i) Vector area = a  b
ii) Scalar area = a  b
c) Area of a parallelogram having AC  a , BD  b as diagonals
1 1
i) Vector area =
2
 2

AC  BD   a  b 
1 1
ii) Scalar area = AC  BD  a  b
2 2
9. a) Volume of parallelopiped having co-terminous edges a , b and c is
V   a b c  cubic units.
1
b) Volume of the tetrahedron having coterminous edges a , b , c is V   a bc 
6
1
c) Volume of tetrahedron having vertices A,B,C,D is V   AB AC AD 
6 
. EQUATION OF LINE
10. 1) Equation of line passing through A  a  and
 
parallel to b : a   x1 , y1 , z1  , b   x2 , y2 , z 2  b
___________
___________
a. Parametric form: r  a  tb
A(a ) P(r )
IPE MATHS IA 77
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
b. Cartesian form:   t
x2 y2 z2
2) Equation of line passing through the points
A( a ), B (b) is
a. Parametric form: r  (1  t ) a  tb
x - x1 y - y1 z - z1
b. Cartesian form    t (OR)
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
x - x2 y - y2 z - z2
  t
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
EQUATION OF PLANE
11. 1) Equation of plane passing through A  a  and parallel to b and c is
a. Parametric Form r  a  sb  tc
b. Vector form :  r b c    a b c 
2) Equation of plane passing through two points A  a  , B b 

and parallel to c is
a. Parametric Form : r  1  s  a  sb  tc
b.  r  a b  a c   0
3)  
Equation of the plane passing through three point A  a  , B b , C  c  is
a. Parametric Form :
r  1  s  t  a  sb  tc
b. Vector Form :
 r  a b  a c  a   0
4. a) Equation of the plane in the normal form is r .n  p , where p = distance of the plane from the
origin and n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane.
b) Vector equation of the plane passing through A  a  and perpendicular of n is r .n  a .n .
 n1 .n2 
c) The angle between two planes r1 .n1  p1 , r2 .n2  p 2 is cos 1  
 n1 n2 
IPE MATHS IA 78
V1 01. (i) Find the shortest distance between the skew lines r = (6i+2j+2k) +t(i - 2j+2k) and
r = ( - 4i - k) +s(3i - 2j - 2k) where s, t are scalars.
ii) If A  1, 2, 1 , B   4,0, 3  , C  1, 2, 1 and D   2, 4, 5  , find the distance between AB
and CD.
Sol. (i) Given r   6i  2 j  2k   t  i  2 j  2k   (1)
r   4i  k   s  3i  2 j  2k   (2) r  a  t b and r  c  sd ; s , t  R (1M)

Eq. (1), (2) are in the form
where a   6i  2 j  2k  ; b   i  2 j  2k  , c   4i  k  ; d   3i  2 j  2k 
a  c   6i  2 j  2k    4i  k   10i  2 j  3k
10 2 3
[a  c b d ]  1 2 2 = 10(4+4) - 2(-2-6) + 3(-2+6) = 10(8) - 2(-8) +3(4) = 108 (2M)
3 2 2
i j k
b  d  1  2 2  i  4  4   j  2  6   k  2  6   8i  8 j  4k
(2M)
3 2  2
b  d  8 2  8 2  4 2  64  64  16  144  12
[a  c b d ] 108
Hence, the shortest distance between the given skew lines is   9units
bd 12
(ii) Given: A=(1, -2, -1); B=(4, 0, -3); C=(1, 2, -1); D= (2, -4, -5)
OA  a  i  2 j  k , OB  b  4i  3k , OC  c  i  2 j  k , OD  d  2i  4 j  5k
The vector eq. of line AB is r  (1  t ) a  t b  

 1  t  i  2 j  k   t  4i  3k 
 i  2 j  k  ti  2 tj  tk  4 ti  3tk
  i  2 j  k   t  3i  2 j  2k    1 (1M)
   
The vector eq. of line CD is r  1  S  OC  S OD
 1  S  i  2 j  k   S  2i  4 j  5k 
 i  2 j  k  Si  2 Sj  Sk  2 Si  4 Sj  5Sk
  i  2 j  k   S  i  6 j  4k     2  (1M)
Eq. (1), (2) are in the form r  a  tb and r  c  sd ; s , t  R

IPE MATHS IA 79
Where a   i  2 j  k  ; b   3i  2 j  2k  , c   i  2 j  k  ; d   i  6 j  4k 
a  c   i  2 j  k    i  2 j  k   4 j
0 4 0
[a  c b d ]  3 2 2  0  8  12   4  12  2   0  18  2   40
(2M)
1 6 4
i j k
bd  3 2 2  i  8 12  j  12  2  k  18  2  20i  10 j  20k  10 2i  j  2k  (2M)
1 6 4
[a  c b d ] 40 4
The shortest distance between the given skew lines is   units (1M)
bd 30 3
V1 02. Let a,b,c be three vectors. Then show that i)  a  b   c   a .c  b   b .c  a

ii) a   b  c    a .c  b   a .b  c
Sol. Given a, b, c are three vectors write a , b , c are non - coplanar vectors.
Let a=a1 i; b=b1i+b2j; c=c1i+c2j+c3k
We have to prove that a  b  c  a . c b  b . c a      
i j k
LHS : a  b  a1 0 0  i  0  0   j  0  0   k  a1b2  0    a1b2  k (1M)
b1 b2 0
i j k
 
ab c  0 0 a 1 b2  i  0   a1b2  c2   j  0   a1b2  c1   k  0  0 
c1 c2 c3
   a1b2  c 2 i   a1b2  c1 j ,  a1 b2 c1 j  a1b2 c 2 i (1M)
 a . c    a i  . c  c j  c k   a c
1 1i 2 3 1 1
 a.c  b   a c b i  b j   a c b i  a c b j   1

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
 b.c    b i  b j  c i  c j  c k  = b c  b c
1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2
b . c  a   b c  b c  a i   a b c i  a b c i    2 
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
R .H .S .   a . c  b   b . c  a
 a1c1b1i  a1c1b2 j   a1b1c1i  a1b2 c 2 i   a1c1b2 j  a1b2 c 2 i  L . H .S . (2M)
(ii) Let a  a1i, b  b1i  b2 j, c  c1i  c2 j  c3k

IPE MATHS IA 80
i j k
L.H.S.  b  c  b1 b2 0  i b2 c3  0  j b1c3  0  k b1c2  b2c1   b2 c3i  b1c3 j  b1c2 k  b2 c1k
c1 c2 c3
i j k
 
a  b  c  a1 0 0  i 0  0  j a1  b1c2  b2c1   0  k a1  b1c3   0
b2 c3 b1c3  b1c2  b2c1 
  j a1b1c2  j b2c1a1  a1b1c3k  a1b2 c1 j  a1b1c2 j  a1b1c3 k (2M)
a. c   a1i  .  c1i  c2 j  c3 k   a1c1 ;  a . c  b  a c  b i  b j   a c b i  a c b j  1

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2
 a .b    a i b i  b j   a b ;  a.b  .c   a b  c i  c j  c k   a b c i  a b c j  a b c k    2 
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
R .H .S .   a . c  b   a .b  .c = a c b i  a c b j   a b c i  a b c j  a b c k 
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3
 a 1 b 2 c1 j  a 1b1 c 2 j  a 1 b1 c 3 k
     
 a  b  c  a.c b  a.b c (1M)
V1 03. Find the equation of the plane passing through the points A=(2,3,-1), B=(4,5,2) and C =(3,6,5).
Sol. Let ‘O’ be the origin, OA  2i  3 j  k , OB  4i  5 j  2k , OC  3i  6 j  5k
let ‘P’ be any point on the plane passing through A, B, C.
let OP  xi  yj  zk (1M)
AP  OP  OA  ( xi  yj  zk )   2i  3 j  k  =  x  2  i   y  3 j   z  1 k
A B  O B  O A  (4 i  5 j  2 k )  (2 i  3 j  k ) = 2i  2 j  3k
AC  OC  OA   3i  6 j  5k    2i  3 j  k   i  3 j  6k (2M)
x  2 y  3 z 1
Hence equation of the required plane is  AP AB AC   0  2 2 3 0 (2M)
1 3 6
  x  2  12  9   y  3 12  3   z  1  6  2  0
 3  x  2   9  y  3  4  z  1  0
 3x  6  9 y  27  4 z  4  0  3 x  9 y  4 z  25  0 (2M)
V1 04.A line makes angles  1 ,  2 ,  3 an d  4 with the diagonals of a cube.
2 2 2 2 4
Show that Cos  1  cos  2  cos  3  cos  4 
3
IPE MATHS IA 81
Sol.
Let OABCDEFG be a cube of length ‘a’ unit. Let i, j, k be the unit vectors in the directions of
OA, OB, OC respectively then OA  ai, OB  aj , OC  ak (1M)
Let OG , AE , BF , CD be the 4 diagonals of the cube

OG  OA  AG  OA  AD  DG  OA  OB  OC  ai  aj  ak
AE  AO  OB  BE  OA  OB  OC   a i  a j  a k  a   i  j  k 
BF  BO  OA  OC  OB  OA  OC  aj  ai  ak  a  i  j  k 
CD  CO  OD   O C  O A  A D 
  a k  ai  a j  AD  OB  a  i  j  k 
let r  xi  yj  zk be the line makes angles 1 ,  2 , 3 and 4 with diagonals of a cube (2M)
a .b
 cos  
a .b
r . OG  xi  yj  zk  .  a  i  j  k   a  x  y  z x yz
then cos1     (1M)
r OG xi  yj  zk a i  j  k | a x2  y 2  z 2 3 3 x2  y2  z 2
x  y  z x y z x yz
similarly cos  2  2 2 2
; cos  3  ; cos  4 
3 x y z 3 x2  y2  z2 3 x2  y 2  z 2
(1M)
2 2 2 2
 cos 1  cos  2  cos 3  cos  4
2 2 2 2

x  y  z 
x  y  z  
 x  y  z 
x  y  z
(1M)
3 x2  y 2  z2  3  x2  y 2  z 2  3 x2  y 2  z2  3  x2  y 2  z 2 
4  x2  y2  z2  4
 
3 x  y  z
2 2 2
 3
4
 cos 2 1  cos 2  2  cos 2 3  cos 2  4  (1M)
3
V1 05. Show that in any triangle, the altitudes are concurrent
Ans. In ABC , Let the altitudes AD and BE meet in O take O as origin.
IPE MATHS IA 82
From fig. we have

BC  BO  OC  b  c ; CA  CO  OA  c  a ; AB  AO  OB  a  b (1M)
Since AD  BC, a.(c - b) = 0  a is lr to b then a .b  0
Hence a.c  a.b =0  a. c = a .b --------(1) (2M)

Also since BE  AC, b.(a  c)=0
Hence b.a  b.c = 0  b.a= b.c -----(2) (2M)
From Eq’s (1) and (2) we have a.c = b.c
Hence c.(b  a)=0  CF  AB. Hence the Altitudes of triangle are concurrent (2M)
V1 06.Find the vector equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes r. i  j  k  6  
 
and r. 2i  3 j  4k  5 and the point 1,1,1
Sol: 
Given planes r. i  j  k  6 
Equation of the plane in the normal form r .nˆ  p,
where p  distance of the plane from the origin and nˆ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane
 
r. 2i  3 j  4k  5 are in the form of r.n1  d1 and r.n2  d 2
n1  i  j  k , n2  2i  3 j  4k , d1  6, d 2  5 (1M)
 
Substituting these values in the relation r. n1   n2  d1   d 2
We get    
r. i  j  k   2i  3 j  4k   6  5
r. 1  2  i  1  3  j  1  4  k   6  5 _______ (1) (2M)
Let r  xi  y j  zk
Then  xi  y j  zk  . 1  2  i  1  3  j  1  4  k   6  5
x 1  2   y 1  3   z 1  4   6  5
x  y  z    2 x  3 y  4 z   6  5
x  y  z  6    2 x  3 y  4 z  5   0 ..............(2)
Since this plane passing through the point (1,1,1)
 1  1  1  6    2  3  4  5  0
IPE MATHS IA 83
3 3
 3  14  0    substituting in (1) (2M)
14 14
  3    3    3    3
r.  1  2    i  1  3    j   1  4    k   6  5  
  14     14     14     14 
 3   9  6  15
r.   1   i   1   j   1   k   6 
 7   14   7  14
10 23 13  69
r.  i  j  k 
7 14 7  14
 20i  23 j  26k  69
r.  
 14  14
r.  20i  23 j  26k   69 (2M)

Which is the required vector equation of the plane.
V2 07.a, b, c are non-zero vectors and a is perpendicular to both b and c.
2
If a  2 , b  3 , c  4 and b , c    3
, then find  a b c  .
2
Sol. Given a , b , c are non zero vectors a  2, b  3, c  4 and  b , c    1200 (1M)
3
a is perpendicular to both b and c then a is parallel to b  c i .e .,  a , b  c   0 0 or 180 0 (2M)
a b c  a  b  c    a b  c c o s  a b  c   ; cos(a , b  c )  1 (2M)
 2  3
 a b c sin  b , c   a b c sin     2  3  4   12 3 (2M)
 3  2
V2 08.If b c d   c a d   a b d   a b c  , then show that the points with position vectors, a, b, c and d are
coplanar.
Sol. Given  b c d    c a d    a b d    a bc   1
Let ‘O’ be the origin Let A,B,C,D be the given points
Let OA  a , OB  b , OC  c and OD  d (1M)
AB  OB  OA  b  a , AC  OC  OA  c  a , AD  OD  OA  d  a
I f th e p o in ts A ,B ,C ,D are co p la n ar th en  A B A C A D   0 (2M)
 b  a c  a d  a   0
  b  a  .  c  a    d  a    0
  b  a  . c  d  a  d  c  a  a  a   0
  b  a  .  c  d  a  d  c  a   0 (2M)
IPE MATHS IA 84
 b .  c  d   b .  a  d   b.  c  a  a .  c  d   a .  a  d   a .  c  a   0
 b c d   b a d   b c a    a c d    a a d    a c a   0   a a d   0
 b c d   a b d   a b c   c a d   0
 b c d    a b d   c a d    a b c  (2M)

Hence the result.
V3 09.For any four vectors a , b , c and d prove that  a  b    c  d   a c d  b  b c d  a
and  a  b    c  d    a b d  c   a b c  d
Sol. Given a , b , c and d are any four vector

Let m  c  d (1M)
a  b  c  d   a  b   m
  a .m  b   b .m  a (1M)
  a c d  b  b c d  a (2M)
Again let a  b  n
Then  a  b    c  d   n   c  d    n.d  c   n.c  d
  
  a  b  .d c   a  b  .c d  (2M)
  a b d  c   a b c  d (1M)
V3 10.If a  i  2 j  k , b  2 i  j  k , c  i  2 j  k , find a   b  c  and  a  b   c

Sol: Given a  i  2 j  k , b  2i  j  k , c  i 2j k
i j k
b c  2 1 1  i  1  2   j  2  1  k  4  1  i  3  j  3  k  3
1 2 1
b  c  3i  3 j  3k -------- (1) (2M)
i j k
a  b  c   1  2 1  i  6  3  j  3   3   k  3  6   i  9   j  6   k  3
3 3 3
 9 i  6 j  3k -------- (2) (1M)
i j k
a  b  1 2 1  i  2  1  j 1  2   k 1   4    i  3  j  1  k 1  4 
2 1 1
IPE MATHS IA 85
 3i  j  5k -------- (3) (2M)
i j k
a b  c  3 1 5  i  1  10   j  3  5   k  6  1  i  11  j  2   k  7 
1 2 1
 11i  2 j  7k -------- (4) (1M)

2 2 2
a b  c   11   2    7   121  4  49  174 -------- (5) (1M)
 
 required answers a  b  c  9 i  6 j  3k
a b c  174
1
V3 11. Prove that the smaller angle  between any two diagonals of a cube is given by cos  
3
Sol. Let OABCDEFG be a cube of length ‘a” unit.

Let i , j , k be the unit vectors in the directions
  
of OA, OB, OC , respectively
  
thenOA  ai , OB  aj , OC  ak (1M)
         
OD  OA  AD  OA  OC  ai  ak OE  OB  BE  OB  OA  aj  ai
          
OF  OC  CF  OC  OB  ak  aj OG  OA  AG  OA  AD  DG
     
 OA  OB  OC ai  aj  ak AF  OF  OA   ai  aj  ak (2M)
If  is the angle between the diagonals
 
OG. AF a 2  a 2  a 2 a2
cos        1/ 3
OG AF a2  a2  a2 a 2  a2  a 2 3a 2 (1M)
V1 12.Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane passing through the points (1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 1) and
,
(1, 2 ,  4 ) .
Sol. Suppose i,j,k are unit vectors along co-oxdinate axes
OA  i  2 j  3k , OB  2 i  j  k , OC  i  2 j  4k (1M)
AB  OB  OA =  2 i  j  k    i  2 j  3k   i  3 j  2 k
IPE MATHS IA 86
  
AC  OC  OA = i  2 j  4k  i  2 j  3k  = - 7k
i j k
 AB  AC  1 3 2
= i [21 - 0] - j [-7+0] + k [0+0]  21i  7 j  0 k  7  3 i  j 
0 0 7
  2 2
AB  AC  7  3  1  7 9  1  7 10 (2M)
AB  AC
unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points A B and C is 
AB  AC
7 3i  j  3i  j
 =  (1M)
7 10 10
V1 13. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A1, 2, 3 , B  2,3,1 and C  3,1, 2 (March-08, 2014)
Sol. Suppose, i,j,k are unit vectors along the co-ordinate axes OA  i  2 j  3k
OB  2i  3 j  k , OC  3i  j  2 k (1M)
AB  OB  OA   2i  3 j  k    i  2 j  3k   i  j  2 k
AC  OC  OA   3i  j  2k    i  2 j  3k   2i  j  k (1M)
i j k
AB  AC  1 1 2
= i ( -1 -2) - j ( - 1+4)+ k (-1-2) = -3 i -3 j -3 k =3( i + j + k ) (1M)
2 1 1
1 1 3 3
Area of  ABC  AB  AC = 3 1  1  1  Sq. units (1M)
2 2 2
V1 14.Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P 1, 1, 2  , Q  2,0, 1 and
R  0, 2,1
Sol. Let O be the origin OP  i  j  2k , OQ  2i  k , OR  2 j  k , (1M)
PQ  OQ  OP    
= 2 i  k  i  j  2 k = i  j  3k
PR  OR  OP =  2 j  k  -  i  j  2 k  = i  3 j  k
i j k
Now PQ  PR  1 1 3
= i   1  9   j   1  3   k  3  1 =4(2 i + j + k )
1 3 1
PQ  PR  4 2i  j  k = 4 4  1  1  4 6 (2M)
IPE MATHS IA 87
PQ  PR
unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the points P,Q and R is 
PQ  PR


4 2i  j  k    2i  j  k (1M)
4 6 6

V1 15. If a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + j - k and c = i - j + k , then compute a  b  c and verify that it is 
perpendicular to a .
i j k
b  c  1 1 1
Sol. = i (1-1)- j (1+1)+(-1-1) k = -2 j -2 k (1M)
1 1 1
i j k
a  b  c   2 3 4
 i  6  8   j  4  0   k  4  0   2 i  4 j  4k (1M)
0 2 2
  
Now  a  b   c  .a  2i  4 j  4k . 2i  3 j  4k  4  12  16  0 (1M)
 a   b  c  is perpendicular to a (1M)
V1 16. Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1, 2, 1), (3, 2, 5), (2, -1, 0) and (-1, 0, 1).
Sol. Let O be the given A,B,C,D be the vertices of the tetrahedran. Then
OA  i  2 j  k OB  3i  2 j  5k , OC  2i  j, OD  i  k (1M)
      
AB  3i  2 j  5 k  i  2 j  k  2 i  4 k , AC  2 i  j  i  2 j  k  i  3 j  k 

   
AD  i  k  i  2 j  k  2i  2 j (1M)
2 0 4
1 1
 1 3 1  Volume of the tetrahedron   AB AC AD  (1M)
6
2 2 0 6 
1
 2  0  2   0  0  2   4  2  6  = 6 cubic units (1M)
6
V1 17. Find the volume of the parallelopiped whose coterminus edges are represented by the vectors
2i-3j+k, i-j+2k and 2i+j-k.
Sol. Let a  2i  3 j  k , b  i  j  2k , c  2i  j  k (1M)
2 3 1
Volume of the parallelo piped   a b c   1 1 2

=2(1-2)+3(-1-4)+1(1+2)= 14 (2M)
2 1 1
Volume   a b c   14cubic units

IPE MATHS IA 88
V1 18. Determine  , for which the volume of the parallelopiped having coterminus edges i + j, 3i - j and
3j +  k is 16 cubic units
Sol. Let a  i  j b  3i  j and c  3 j   k
1 1 0
 3 1 0  16  volume of the parallelopiped=  a b c  (2M)
0 3 
     1  3    16     4 (2M)
V1 19. Find the volume of the tetrahedron having the edges i + j + k, i - j and i + 2 j + k
Sol. Let a  i  j  k , b  i  j , a n d c  i  2 j  k be the edges of tetrahedron
1 1 1
1
 1 1 0  volume of the tetrahedron  1 a b c 
(2M)
6
1 2 1 6 
1 1 1
 1 1  0   11  0   1 2  1   1  1  3  cubic units (2M)
6 6 6
V1 20. If a=i-2j-3k,b=2i+j-k and c =i+3j-2k,verify that a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c
Sol. Given that a  i  2 j  3k , b  2i  j  k , c  i  3 j  2k
i j k
ab  1 2 3
= i (2+3)- j (-1+6)+ k (1+4) =5 i -5 j +5 k (1M)
2 1 1
i j k
bc  2 1 1
= i (-2+3)- j (-4+1)+ k (6-1)= i +3 j +5 k (1M)
1 3 2
i j k
a  b  c   1 2 3
= i (-10+9)- j (5+3)+ k (3+2)= - i -8 j +5 k (1M)
1 3 5
i j k
 
ab c  5 5 5
= i (10-15)- j (-10-5)+ k (15+5)= -5 i +15 j +20 k (1M)
1 3 2

 a bc  ab c   
V1 21. a = 3i - j + 2k, b = -i + 3j + 2k, c = 4i + 5j - 2k and d = i + 3j + 5k, then compute the following
  
i) a  b  c  d and     
ii) a  b .c  a  d .b
Sol. i)  a  b    c  d 

 a  3i  j  2 k , b   i  3 j  2 k
IPE MATHS IA 89
i j k
a  b  3 1 2
= i (-2-6)- j (6+2)+ k (9-1)= -8 i -8 j +8 k = 8(- i - j + k ) = 8(- i - j + k )
1 3 2
c  4i  5 j  2 k , d  i  3 j  5 k (1M)
i j k
cd  4 5 2
= i (25+6)- j (20+2)+ k (12-5)= 31 i -22 j +7 k (1M)
1 3 5
 
a  b  8  i  j  k , c  d  31i  22 j  7 k
i j k
   
a  b  c  d  8 1 1 1  8  i   7  22   j   7  31   k  22  31   (1M)
31  22 7
   
 a  b  c  d  8 15 i  38 j  53 k  (1M)
ii)  a  b  .c   a  d  b
i j k
a  b  3 1 2
= i (-2-6)- j (6+2)+ k (9-1)=-8 i -8 j +8 k =8(- i - j + k )
1 3 2
  
 a  b .c  8  i  j  k . 4 i  5 j  2 k    8  4  5  2  88  1 (1M)
i j k
ad  3 1 2
= i (-5-6)- j (15-2)+ k (9+1)= -111 i -13 j +10 k (1M)
1 3 5
  
 a  d .b   11i  13 j  10 k .  i  3 j  2 k    11  39  20  8   2  (1M)
  
N ow a  b .c  a  d b = -88-(-8) = -80  (1M)
V1 22. If a  2i  j  k , b  i  2 j  4k , c  i  j  k then find a  b . b  c   

Sol. Given a  2 i  j  k , b   i  2 j  4k , c  i  j  k
i j k
a b  2 1 1
 i   4  2   j   8  1  k  4  1    2 i  9 j  5 k (1M)
1 2 4
i j k
b  c  1 2 4
 i  2  4   j   1  4   k   1  2   6i  3 j  3k (1M)
1 1 1
IPE MATHS IA 90
 a  b  .  b  c    2i  9 j  5k  6i  3 j  3k   12  27  15  54 (2M)
V1 23. Show that angle in a semi circle is a right angle.

Sol. Let O be the centre and AOB the diameter of the given semicircle with reference to O as the origin,
Let OA  a  OB  a , OP  r
(1M)
AP  OP  OA  r  a (1M)
BP  OP  OB  r  a  r  a   (1M)

and AP. BP  r  a . r  a  r.r  a.a   a lr to b then a .b  0
2 2
 r  a 
 0  r  a  radius 
Hence AP is perpendicular to BP i.e. APB  90 0 (1M)
V1 24. If a + b + c = 0, |a| = 3, |b| = 5 and |c| = 7, then find the angle between a and b.
Sol: Given a  3, b  5, c  7
abc  0 a  b  c (1M)
2 2
 S.O.B  a  b  2 a .b  c 2
2
2
a  b  2 a b cos  a , b   c
2
a .b  a b cos  a , b  (1M)
2 2 2
 3   5   2  3  5  cos  a, b    7 
9  25  30 cos a , b  49  
30cos( a , b )=49-34
30cos( a , b )=15 (1M)
1 
cos a , b 
2
 
 cos 60 0  a, b  600 
3
  (1M)
V1 25.Let a=4i + 5j- k, b=i - 4j + 5k and c=3i + j - k. Find the vector which is perpendicular to both a and b
whose magnitude is twenty one times the magnitude of c.
Sol: a  4 i  5 j  k , b  i  4 j  5k & c  3i  j  k
IPE MATHS IA 91
i j k
a b  4 5 1
(1M)
1 4 5

 i  25  4   j  20  1  k  16  5   21i  21 j  21k  21 i  j  k 
2 2
a  b  21 12   1   1  21 3
c  9  1  1  11 (1M)
The vector which is perpendicular to both a and b whose magnitude is

a b
twenty one times the magnitude of c is  21 c (1M)
a b
a b
21 c
Required vector is a b
 
21 i  j  k  3  
i jk 
= 21 11
21 3

 3
 = 21 33
3

= 7 33 i  j  k  (1M)
V1 26. Show that the points (5, -1, 1) (7, -4, 7) (1, -6, 10) and (-1, -3, 4) are the vertices of a rhombus by
vectors.
Sol. Let O be the origin.
A, B, C, D are the vertices of rhombus Now
OA  5i  j  k , OB  7i  4 j  7 k , OC  i  6 j  10k , OD  i  3 j  4k
Now AB  OB  OA  2i  3 j  6k (1M)
AB  4  9  36  49  7
BC  OC  OB  6 i  2 j  3k
BC  36  4  9  49  7
CD  OD  OC  2 i  3 j  6k
CD  4  9  36  49  7
DA  OA  OD  6 i  2 j  3k
DA  36  4  9  7
So all sides are equal (1M)
Now AC  OC  OA  4i  5 j  9k
AC  16  25  81  122
BD  OD  OB  8i  j  3k
IPE MATHS IA 92
BD  74
AC  BD (1M)
Now AC.BD  ( 4i  5 j  9k ) . ( 8i  j  3k ) = 0
 AC  BD .
 it is rhombus  In rhombous all sides are equal but diagonals are not equal (1M)
2 2 2
V2 27.Show that for any two vectors a and b , a  b  a.a b.b  a.b  a 2b 2  a.b       
Sol. Let a and b be any two vectors and  a, b  
2 2 2
L.H.S.= a  b  a b sin 2   (1)  a  b  a b sin  (1M)
2
R.H.S.=  a .a   b .b    a .b 
2 2 2
a . b   a b cos    cos 0 0
 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
a .b  a b cos 2   a b 1  co s 2  
2 2
a b sin 2   1  cos 2   sin 2     2  (2M)
2
from (1), (2) a  b   a .a   b .b    a .b  2

2
a  b   a  b  a  b 
a .a a .b 2 2
   a .a   b .b    ab   a 2 b 2   a .b  (1M)
b .a b .b
0
V2 28.Let a and b be vectors, satisfying a  b  5 and a , b  45 . Find the area of the triangle having  
a  2b and 3a  2b as two of its sides
1
Sol. Area of triangle 
2
  
a  2b  3a  2b  1 

N o w a  2b  3a  2 b    = 3  a  a   2 b  a   6 b  a   4 b  b  (1M)
= 2 a  b   6 a  b   8 a  b   8 a b sin 45 0 (1M)
1
 8.5.5  100 2 (1M)
2
1
Substituting in (1) Area of traingle  .100 2  50 2 sq.units (1M)
2
V2 29.Find the vector having magnitude 6 units and perpendicular to both 2i  k and 3 j  i  k
Sol. Let a  2i  k and b = 3 j  i  k
IPE MATHS IA 93
i j k
ab  2 0 1
 i  0  3  j  2  1  k  6 
1 3 1

 3i  3 j  6k  3 i  j  2k  (2M)
 a  b  3 1 1 4  3 6 (1M)
ab
 6
A vector having magnitude 6 and perpendicular to both a and b ab
 6  3 i  j  2k 
   i  j  2 k  (1M)
3 6
2
V 2 30.For any three vectors a, b, c prove that [ b  c c  a a  b] = a b c
Sol.   
b  c c  a a  b  = b  c . c  a  a  b
     (1M)
=  b  c  . c a b  a   a a b  c
=  b  c  .  c a b  a  0 (1M)
   
 c a b  . b  c .a  0  (1M)
2
=  c a b   b c a  =  a b c   a b c    a b c  (1M)
1
V2 31.Let a, b and c be unit vectors such that b is not parallel to c and a   b  c   b .Find the angles made
2
by a with each of b and c.
1 1
Sol.
2
 2

Given that b  a  b  c  b  a . c b  a. b c     (1M)
Since b and c are non collinear vectors. Equating corresponding coefficients on both sides
1 1 1
2 2
 
a.c  and a.b  0  a c cos a, c   cos a, c   a  b  c  1 
2   
 a , c   3 (1M)

and a .b  0  a , b    2
(1M)

 a makes angles with c and is perpendicular to b (1M)
3
a a 2 1  a3
b b2 1  b3  0
V2 32. A  1, a, a 2  , B  1, b, b 2  and C  1, c, c2  are non-coplanar vectors and ,
c c2 1  c3
then show that a b c + 1 = 0
IPE MATHS IA 94
1 a a2
Sol. A, B , C are non  co planar vectors i . e,   1 b b 2  0
1 c c2
a a2 1  a3
Given b b 2 1  b3  0
c c2 1  c3
a a2 1 a a2 a3
 b b2 1  b b2 b3  0
 a , b, c are non coolinear vectors
c c2 1 c c2 c3
c1  c3 c2  c3 (2M)
1 a2 a 1 a a2 1 a a2 1 a a2
  1 b2 b  abc 1 b b2  0  1 b b2  abc 1 b b2  0
(1M)
1 c2 c 1 c c2 1 c c2 1 c c2
1 a a2
 1 b b2 1 abc  0   1  abc   0   0
(1M)
1 c c2 1  abc  0
V2 33. a, b and c are non-zero and non-collinear vectors and    0,   is the angle between b and c .
1
 
If a  b  c  b c a , then find sin 
3
1
Sol. 
Given a  0, b  0, c  0 and  b , c    and a  b  c   3
b c a
 a.c  b   b.c  a  13 b ca
 a, b, c are non coolinear vectors

Comparing a, b coefficients on both (1M)
1
 a .c  0,  
 b.c 
3
b c
1 1
  b c cos   b c  cos  (1M)
3 3
sin   1 cos2  0      sin 2   cos 2   1
1 8 2 2
 1   (1M)
9 9 3
IPE MATHS IA 95
2 2
 Sin   Sin ' ve ' in Q1 , Q2  (1M)
3
V2 34. If a  2i  j  3k , b  i  2 j  k , c  i  j  4k and d  i  j  k then compute a  b  c  d    

i j k
a  b  2 1 3  i 1  6   j  2  3  k  4  1  5i  5 j  5k
Sol. (1M)
1 2 1
i j k
c  d  1 1 4  i 1  4   j  1  4   k  1  1
 5i  3 j  2k (1M)
1 1 1
i j k
   
a  b  c  d  5 5 5
(1M)
5 3 2
 i 10  15   j 10  25   k 15  25   5i  35 j  40k  5 i  7 j  8k  

 a  b    c  d   5 i  7 j  8k   5 1  49  64  5 114 (1M)
V2 35.For any two vectors a and b . Then show that 1  a  2

 1 b
2
 2
 1  a.b  a  b  a  b
2
2 2
Sol: R.H.S  1  a.b  a  b  a  b
2 2 2 2
    
 1  a.b  2 a.b  a  b  a  b  2 a.b  2 b. a  b  2 a  b .a            (1M)
2 2 2 2
  
 1  a.b  a  b  2 a.b  a  b     2  a.b   0  0  b.  a  b   0 ;  a  b  .a  0 (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a  b  a b 
 1 a b  a  b      a .b   (1M)

 1 a
2
 2 2
 a b  b  1 a
2
 2
 
b
2
1 a
2
   1 a
2

1 b
2
 (1M)
 L.H .S
Hence proved
V3 36.Show that the points 2i  j  k , i  3 j  5k and 3i  4 j  4k are the vertices of a right angled
triangle. Also find the other angles.
Sol: Let the Position vectors of the points OA  2i  j  k , OB  i  3 j  5k , OC  3i  4 j  4k

Then AB  OB  OA  i  2 j  6k
BC  OC  OB  2i  j  k
IPE MATHS IA 96
CA  OA  OC  i  3 j  5k

BC.CA  2i  j  k i  3 j  5k    2  3  5 =0
 ACB  900  C  900 (1M)
 Points are the vertices of a right angled triangle.
cos B 
BC.BA

 2i  j  k  .  i  2 j  6 k  cos 
a.b
4  1  1 1  4  36 a .b (1M)
BC BA
226 6 6  6 
    B  Cos 1  
6. 41 6 41 41  41 
cos A 
AB. AC

  i  2 j  6 k  .  i  3 j  5k 
AB AC 1  4  36 1  9  25
1  6  30 35 35
   (1M)
41. 35 41. 35 41
 35 
 A  Cos 1   (1M)
 41 
a .c a .d
V3 37.Show that for any four vectors a, b, c and d a  b . c  d     b.c b.d
and in particular
2 2 2 2
a  b  a b  a .b  
Sol. Proof:  a  b .  c  d   a . b   c  d 
 a   b .d  c   b .c  d    a .c   b .d    a .d  b .c 
a .c a .d
 (2M)
b .c b .d
In the above formula if c  a and d  b then
a .a a .b
(a  b ) 2   a  b  .  a  b   2
  a .a   b .b    a .b   a 2 b 2   a .b 
2
(2M)
b .a b .b
V3 38.Show that in any triangle, the perpendicular bisectors of the sides are concurrent.
Ans. In the given triangle ABC, let the mid points of BC,CA and AB be D, E and F respectively. Let the per
pendicular bisectors drawn to BC and CA at D and E meet at O. Join OE with respect to O. Let the position
vectors of A,B and C be a, b and c respectively..
IPE MATHS IA 97
A
F E
B C
D
From fig. we have OA  a , OB  b , OC  c

BC  b  c , CA  c  a , AB  a  b
1 1 1
OD 
2
 b  c  ; OE   c  a  ,
2
OF 
2
a  b  (1M)
1
Since OD  BC ,
2
b  c  .  b  c   0 ,  a is lr to b then a.b=0
2 2
Hence c  b  0..... 1  (1M)
1
Since OE  CA,  c  a  .  c  a   0 ,
2
2 2
Hence a  c  0.......  2  (1M)
On adding eq. (1) and eq. (2), we obtain
2 2 2 2
a  b  0 i.e. b  a  0   b  a  b  a   0
1
hence
2
 b  a b  a   0 i.e. O F  AB (1M)
V3 39.If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plane of b, c and the angle between b

and c is , then find a  b  c
3
Sol. Given that a  b  c  1  a is perpendiculary to plane b , c  a.b  0, a .c  0

Given that  b, c   (1M)
3
2 2
2  a .b   2  b .c  .2  c .a 
2 2
Now a  b  c  a  b  c (1M)

= 1  1  1  2  0   2 b c cos  2  0 (1M)
3
1
 3  2 11  4
2
 a b c 2 (1M)
V3 40.If a = (1, -1, -6), b = (1, -3, 4) and c = (2, -5, 3), then compute the following
i) a. (b  c) ii) a  (b  c) iii) (a  b)  c
IPE MATHS IA 98
1 1 6
Ans. (i) a.  b  c   a b c  = 1 3 4  1 9  20  1 3  8  6 5  6

      =0 (1M)
2 5 3
(ii) a   b  c    a .c  b   a .b  c (1M)
 a .c    i  j  6k  .  2 i  5 j  3k   2  5  18  11
 a.b    i  j  6k  .  i  3 j  4k  =1+3 - 24= - 20

(a .c )b  (a .b )c (1M)
= - 11( i - 3 j+4k)+20(2 i - 5 j+3k) =- 11 i + 33 j - 44k+40 i -100 j+60k = 29 i - 67 j+16k
(iii) b.c=( i - 3 j+4k).(2 i-5 j+3k) =2+15+12=29
 a  b   c   a .c  b   b .c  a
= - 11( i - 3 j+4k) - 29( i - j - 6k) = - 11 i+33 j - 44k - 29 i+29 j+174k
= - 40 i+62 j+130k (1M)

V1 41. If a = i + 2j - 3k and b = 3 i - j + 2k then show that a + b and a - b are perpedicular to each other
Sol: a  b  4i  j  k ; a  b  2i  3 j  5k
  a  b  .  a  b   4  2  1 3   1 5 = - 8+3+5=0 a is lr to b then a .b  0
  a  b  and  a  b  are perpendicular to each other
V1 42.If the vectors  i  3 j  5k and 2 i   j  k are pependicular to each other, find 

Sol Let a   i  3 j  5k , b  2 i   j  k
  i  3 j  5k  .  2 i   j  k   0  a is perpendicular to b  a . b  0
5
2 2  3  5  0   2  5   1  0      or 1
2
2p
V1 43.If 4i  j  pk is parallel to the vector i  2 j  3k , find p.
3
2P
Sol: Let given vectors be a  4 i  j  Pk , b  i  2 j  3k are parallel
3
a1 b1 c1 4
2P P
 a b c   3  P  4  P  12
2 2 2 1 2 3 3
V1 44.Find the angle between the vectors i  2 j  3k and 3i  j  2k .

Sol: Let a  i  2 j  3 k , b  3i  j  2 k
IPE MATHS IA 99
cos  
a .b

 
i  2 j  3k . 3i  j  2k   3 2 6  7 1

a b 1 4  9 9 1 4 14 14 14 2

 
3
V1 45.Find the cartesian equation of the plane through the point A  2, 1, 4  and parallel to the plane
4 x  12 y  3z  7  0
Sol. The normal to the plane 4x-12y-3z-7 is 4i-12j-3k
A  2 i  j  4k , P  xi  yj  zk be any point in the required plane.
then  AP  .  4i  12 j  3k   0   x  2  i   y  1 j   z  4  k  .  4 i  12 j  3k   0
 4  x  2   12  y  1  3  z  4   0
 4 x  12 y  3 z  32
V1 46.Find the angle between the planes r. (2i-j +2k) = 3 and r. (3i +6 j + k) = 4.
Sol The normal vectors to the planes are n1=2i - j+2k, n2=3i-6j+k
n1 .n2 2  3    1 6   2 1
 Let  be an angle between the planes,cos   
n1 n2 4  1  4 9  36  1
66 2 2  2 
    cos 1  
3 46 3 46  3 46 
V1 47.Find the area of the parallelopiped having 2i - 3j and 3i-k as adjecent sides.(May-12)
Sol: Let a = 2i - 3j , b = 3i-k
i j k
 2 3 0
a b Vector area of parallelogram having edge to sides a and b is a  b
3 0 1
= i  3  0   j  2  0   k  0  9  = 3i  2 j  9k
 Re quired Area  a  b = 9  4  81 = 94 sq units.

V1 48.Let a = i + j + k and b = 2 i + 3 j + k find
i) The projection vector of b and a and its magnitude
ii) The vector components of b in the direction of a and perpendicular to a
Sol:. (i) Let a  i  j  k , b  2i  3 j  k
b .a 2  3 1
 The projection vector of b ona  .a  2 i  j  k
a
2
 3
6

3
i  j  k   2i  j  k 
b .a 1  2   1  3   1 1 6
 Magnitude of projection vector =   2 3
a 111 3
IPE MATHS IA 100
 Vector components of b along a 

 b .a  a
(ii) 2
a

 2  3  1 i  j  k 
2
 2 i  j  k 
 111 
Vector component of b perpendicular to a
b 
 b .a  a
2   2i  3 j  k    2i  2 j  2k   j  k
a
V1 49.If a =2i+2j-3k , b = 3i - j + 2k, then find the angle between 2a + b and a + 2b

Sol: 2a  b  2  2 i  2 j  3k    3 i  2 j  2 k   7 i  2 j  4k
a  2b   2 i  2 j  3k   2  3i  2 j  2k   8 i  2 j  k
Suppose  be anglebetween 2a  b & a  2b
 Cos 
 2a  b  .  a  2b   cos  
a .b
2a  b a  2b a .b
cos  
 7 i  2 j  4k  . 8i  2 j  k   56  4  4   48  16
= 69 23
49  4  16 64  4  1 69 69
 16 
  cos1  
 23 
V1 50.If |a| = 2, |b| = 3 and |c| = 4 and each of a, b, c is perpendicular to the sum of the other two vectors, then
find the magnitude of a + b + c
Sol: a  2, b  3, c  4,
given a .  b  c   b .  c  a   c .  a  b   0
2  a .b  b .c  c .a   0
2 2 2 2
  a  b  c   a  b  c  2  a .b  b .c  c .a 
2 2 2
a  b  c  4  9  16  0 =29
 abc  29
V1 51.Find the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the vectors
a  4i  3 j  k , b  2i  6 j  3k
Sol:. a  4 i  3 j  k , b  2 i  6 j  3k
IPE MATHS IA 101
i j k
a  b  4 3 1
 i  9  6   j   12  2   k  24  6 
2 6 3
 15 i  10 j  30 k  5  3 i  2 j  6k 
a  b  5 9  4  36  5 49  5  7   35
 unit vector perpendicular to both a and b is = ±

a ×b
±
 15 i + 10j - 30k   3i  2 j  6k 
a×b 35 
7
V1 52.If a  2i  j  k and b  i  3 j  5k then find a  b
i j k
a  b  2 1 1
Sol  8i  11 j  5k
1 3 5
a  b  64  121  25  210
V1 53. If a = 2i - 3j + 5k , b = -i + 4j + 2k then find a  b and unit vector perpendicular to both a and b.
i j k
a  b  2 3 5  i 6  20  j 4  5  k 8  3
Sol.       = 26i  9 j  5k
1 4 2
2 2
a b   26    9  52  782
a b 1
 The unit vector  as to both a & b is     26i  9 j  5k 
a b 782
V1 54.Let a =2i-j+k and b = 3i+4 j-k. If  is the angle between a and b, then find sin 
i j k
a  b  2 1 1
Sol:
3 4 1
 i 1  4   j  2  3  k  8  3   3 i  5 j  11k
a  4  1  1  6 b  9  16  1  26
a  b  9  25  121  155
a b 155 155
 sin    
a b 6 26 156
IPE MATHS IA 102
2 2 2 2
V1 55.For any vector a, show that ai  a j  a k  2 a
Sol: Let a  a1i  a2 j  a3k
a  i   a1i  a2 j  a3k   i  a1  i  i   a2  j  i   a3  k  i    a2 k  a3 j
a  i  a22  a32
Similarly a  j  a12  a32 , a  k  a12  a22

2 2 2
 ai  a j  a k   a22  a32    a12  a32    a12  a22 
2
 2  a12  a22  a32   2 a RHS
 2
V1 56.If p  2, q  3 and p, q    6
, then find p  q
2 2 2
Sol: p  q  p q sin 2 
1
 22.32 sin 2 30 0  4.9.  9
4
 
V1 57.Compute a  b  c  b  c  a  c  a  b    
Sol: a  b  c   b   c  a   c   a  b 
 a b  a c  b c  b  a  c  a  c b  a b  a c  b c  a b  a c  b c  0
V1 58.Find the area of the parallelogram having a  2 j  k and b  i  k as adjacent sides.
i j k
 0 2 1
Sol: Vector area of parallelagram having adjacent sides a and b isa  b
1 0 1
= i (2 - 0) - j (0 - 1)+ k (0+2)  2 i  j  2k
 Re quired Area  a  b  4  1  4  9  3 Sq.units
V1 59.Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are 3i  j  2k and i  3 j  4k
i j k
d1  d 2  3 1 2  i 4  6  j 12  2  k 9  1
Sol:        2 i  14 j  10k
1 3 4
 d1  d 2  4  196  100  300  2 75

1
 Area   2 75 
2 
1
 75 Sq. units  Area of parallelogram whose diagonals are d1 .d 2 is 2 d1  d 2
IPE MATHS IA 103
V1 60.If the vectors a = 2i - j + k, b = i + 2j - 3k and c = 3i + p j + 5k are coplanar, then find p.

2 1 1
 a b c   1 2 3 i j k   0  a , b , c are coplanar   a b c   0
Sol:
3 p 5
 2 10  3 p   1 5  9   1 p  6   0
 20  6 p  14  p  6  0
 7 p  28
 p  4
    
V1 61.Show that i  a  i  j  a  j  k  a  k  2a for any vector a
Sol. Let a  a1i  a2 j  a2 k
a .i  a1 , a . j  a2 , a .k  a3
Nowi   a  i    i.i  a   i .a  i  a  a1i
Similar j   a  j   a  a2 j and k   a  k   a  a3 k
i   a  i   j   a  j   k   a  k   3a   a1i  a2 j  a3k   3a  a  2a RHS
V1 62.Prove that for any three vectors a, b, c, [ b + c c + a a + b] = 2 [a b c]

Sol: LHS
0 1 1
 1 0 1  a b c    0 0  1  1 0  1  1 1  0   a b c   2  a b c  RHS
[b+c c+a a+b]           
1 1 0
V1 63.Compute i  j j  k k  i
1 1 0
Sol i  j j  k k  i  0 1 1 i j k 
1 0 1
= 11  0   1 0  1  0  1  i j k   1
 1 1  0
V1 64.Let b=2i+j-k,c=i+3k.If a is a unit vector then find the maximum value of [a b c]

Sol. a 1
i j k
b  c  2 1 1  i 3  0  j 6  1  k 0  1
       3i  7 j  k
1 0 3
b  c  9  49  1  59
IPE MATHS IA 104
 M axim um valu e o f  a b c    a b c   a .(b  c )

 a .  b  c  cos  a , b  c   a b  c cos   1. 59.1  59 maximum valueof cos  1
1 1
V1 65.If e1 e2  sin where e and e are unit vectors including an angle  , show that   .
2 1 2 2
1
Sol:. e1  e 2  s i n  
2
S.O.B.S
1 2 2
4
 e1  e2  2e1e2 cos    sin 2 
1 1
 1  1  2 cos    sin 2    2 1  cos     sin 2 
4 4
1 2  2
 2  2 sin 2   sin 
 
1

2
IPE MATHS IA 105
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS UPTO TRANSFORMATIONS

KEY POINTS:
6. (A) TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS
opp side to 
1. a. Sin=
Hyp
Adj side to 
b. Cosθ=
Hyp
Opp to 
c. Tan=
Adj to 
sin  cos 
2. a. tan   b. cot  
cos  sin 
1
c. Co sec    sin  cos ec  1
sin 
1
d. sec    cos .sec   1
cos 
1
e. Tan    cot .Tan   1
cot 
3.
4. a. For 900  , 2700   , Trigonometric functions Changes

sin  cos, tan  cot, sec  cos ec
b. For 1800  ,3600   no changes
5. a. Sin      sin  b. cos ec      cos ec
c. cos      cos  d. sec      sec 
e. Tan     Tan  f. Cot      cot 

IPE MATHS IA 106
6. a. sin 2   cos2   1  sin 2   1  cos 2   cos 2   1  sin 2 

b. sec 2   Tan 2   1  sec 2   1  Tan 2  Tan 2  sec2   1
  sec   Tan   sec   Tan    1
c. cos ec 2  cot 2   1  cos ec 2  1  cot 2   cot 2   cos ec 2  1
  cos ec  cot   cos ec  cot    1
7. Angle 00 300 450 600 900 1800 2700 360 0

1 1 3
sin 0 1 0 1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0 1 0 1
2 2 2
1
Tan 0 1 3  0  0
3
C
0    c c 0
8. 1    0.01745 ,1  57.296 (approximately)
 180 
6. (B) COMPOUND ANGLES
1. a. Sin  A+B  =SinA CosB+CosA SinB
b. Sin  A-B =SinA CosB-CosA SinB
c. Cos  A+B  =CosA CosB-SinA SinB
d. Cos  A-B =CosA CosB+SinA SinB

TanA+TanB TanA-TanB
e. Tan  A+B  = f. Tan  A-B  =
1-TanA TanB 1+TanA TanB
CotB CotA-1 CotB CotA+1
g. Cot  A+B  = h. Cot  A-B  =
CotB+CotA CotB-CotA
2. a. Sin  A+B  sin  A  B   sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos 2 B  cos 2 A
b. Cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos 2 B  sin 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 B
3 1 3 1
3. a. sin150  cos 750  0
b. cos15  sin 75 
0
2 2 2 2
c. tan150  cot 750  2  3 d. cot150  tan 750  2  3
6. (C) MULTIPLE AND SUBMULTIPLES ANGLES
2TanA
1. a. sin2A=2sinA cosA=
1+Tan 2 A
IPE MATHS IA 107
2 2 2 1  Tan 2 A 2
b. cos2A=cos A  sin A  2 cos A  1  1  2sin A 
1  Tan 2 A
2TanA cot 2 A  1
c. Tan2A= d. cot2A=
1-Tan 2 A 2cot A
A
A A 2 tan
sin A  2 sin cos  2
2. a. 2 2 1  tan 2 A
2
A
1  tan 2
A A A A 2
cos A  cos 2  sin 2  2 cos 2  1  1  2 sin 2 
b. 2 2 2 2 1  tan 2 A
A 2
A cot 2  1
2Tan
tan A  2 cot A  2
c. 2 A d. A
1  Tan 2 cot
2 22 A
3. a. 1  cos 2 A  2 cos 2 A b. 1  cos A  2 cos
2
2 A
c. 1  cos 2 A  2sin 2 A d. 1  cos A  2 sin
2
A 1  cos A A 1  cos A
4. a. sin  b. cos 
2 2 2 2
A 1  cos A
c. tan 
2 1  cos A
5. a. sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin 3 A b. cos 3 A  4 cos3 A  3cos A
3TanA-Tan 3 A
c. Tan3A=
1-3Tan 2 A
angle 180 36 0 54 0 72 0
5 1 10  2 5 5 1 10  2 5
sin
4 4 4 4
6.
10  2 5 5 1 10  2 5 5 1
cos
4 4 4 4
6. (D) TRANSFORMATIONS
1. a. sin  A  B   sin  A  B   2sin A.cos B
b. sin  A  B   sin  A  B   2 cos A.sin B
c. cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2cos A.cos B
d. cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2sin A.sin B
e. cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2sin A.sin B

IPE MATHS IA 108
C D C D
2. a. sin C  sin D  2sin   .cos  
 2   2 
CD CD
b. sin C  sin D  2 cos   .sin  
 2   2 
C D C D
c. cos C  cos D  2cos   .cos  
 2   2 
C D CD CD  DC 
d. cos C  cos D  2sin   .sin    2sin   .sin  
 2   2   2   2 
6. (E) PERIODICITY AND EXTREME VALUES
1. If f  x  k   f  x  then f  x  is called a periodic function with period k (where k is the least +ve value)
2. a. (i) The period of Sin ax, Cos ax, Sec ax, cos ec ax is 2 / a
(ii) The period of sinx, cos x, sec x, cosec x is 2
b. (i) The period of Tan ax,Cot ax is π/ a

(ii) The period of tanx, cotx is 
n n π
3. a. The period of acos x + bsin x is if a = b and n is +ve even
2
b. The period of acos n x + bsin n x is π is a  b and n is +ve even
c. The period of a cos n x  b sin n x is 2 if n is odd
f  x
4. The period of f  x   g  x  ,
g  x  is the L.C.M. of the periods of f(x) and g(x)
5. a. Maximum value of a cos   b sin   c is c  a 2  b 2
b. Minimum value of a cos   b sin   c is c  a 2  b 2

A B C  A  B  C
V1 01. In triangle ABC, prove that cos  cos  cos  4cos cos cos
2 2 2 4 4 4
Sol. Given that A  B  C  1800  
  A    B     C 
RHS  4cos   cos   cos  
 4   4   4 
   A    B     C 
 2 2cos   .cos    .cos   (1M)
  4   4   4 
   A    B    A    B      C 
 2 cos    cos   cos  4   2cos Acos B  cos( A B)  cos( A  B) (1M)
  4   4   
IPE MATHS IA 109
   A  B   B  A  A B C C 
 2  cos       cos   cos  (1M)
  A + B + C = 180 = π
o
 
  2  4   4   4
  A B   B  A   A B 
 2 sin    cos    cos   (1M)
  4   4   4 
 A B   A B   B  A  A B
 2sin   cos  4   2cos  4  cos  4  (1M)
 4       
 A B   B  A A B   B  A B  A
 sin 2    cos    cos   (1M)
 4   4   4   2 sin A cos A  sin 2 A
 2cos Acos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
A B B A C  A B 
 sin  cos  cos  A  B  C  1800 then cos  sin  
2 2 2 2  2 
C B A A B C
 cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos = LHS (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
V1 02.If A,B,C are angles of a triangle, then prove that
A B C A B C
sin 2  sin2  sin 2  1  2cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. Given that A  B  C  1 8 0 0
2 A B C A  B C   B C 
LHS  sin  sin2  sin2  sin2  sin  .sin   (1M)
2 2 2 2  2   2 
A A  B C 
 1  cos 2  cos .sin  
2 2  2 
A  BC 
 sin2 A  sin2 B  sin( A  B)sin( A  B)  A  B  C 180 then cos 2  sin  2 
0
 
A A  B  C  A   B C   B  C 
 1 cos cos  sin    1 cos sin    sin   (3M)
2 2  2  2  2   2 
A  B C
 1  co s  2 cos 2 sin 2   sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
2  
A B C
 1  2 cos cos sin  RHS (3M)
2 2 2
2 A B C A B C
V1 03.If A + B + C =  , then prove that cos  cos 2  cos 2  2cos .cos .sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol: Given that A + B + C = 
2 A 2 B 2 C
L.H.S = cos  cos  cos
2 2 2
A B  C
 C os2  1  S in 2  1  S in 2   cos 2 A  1  sin 2 A (1M)
2 2  2
IPE MATHS IA 110
 A B   A B  2 C
 Cos   Cos    Sin  cos 2 A  sin 2 B  cos( A  B ) cos( A  B ) (1M)
 2   2  2
C  A B 2 C
C  A B 
 Sin Cos    Sin  A  B  C  1800 then sin  cos   (1M)
2  2  2 2  2 
C  A B  C
 Sin  Cos    Sin  (1M)
2  2  2
C   A B   A  B 
 Sin
2  Cos  2   Cos  2    cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B (1M)
    
C A B
 Sin  2Cos Cos  (1M)
2 2 2
A B C
 2 Cos Cos sin = R.H.S (1M)
2 2 2
A B C
V1 04.If A,B,C are angles in a trianlge, then prove that cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4cos cos sin
2 2 2
Sol. Given that A, B, C are angles in triangle  A  B  C  180o  1
 A B   A B 
LHS  cos A  cos B  cos C  2 cos   cos    cos C (1M)
 2   2 
C D C D
 cos C  cos D  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
C  A B   2 C C   A B  C A
 2sin cos    1 2sin   1 2sin  cos    sin   cos A 1 2 sin2 (3M)
2  2   2 2  2  2 2
C   A B   A  B  C A B
 1  2sin cos    cos    1  2sin 2cos cos 
2  2   2  2 2 2
 cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
A B C
 1  4 cos cos sin  RHS (3M)
2 2 2
V1 05.If, A,B,C are angles in a triangle, then prove that
A B C  A  B  C
sin  sin  sin  1  4 sin .sin .sin
2 2 2 4 4 4
A  B  C
RHS  1  4 sin sin sin (1M)
4 4 4
  A    B     C 
 1 2sin   2sin   sin  
 4   4   4 
   A     B   C     B   C 
 1 2sin   cos     cos     cos( A  B )  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
 4   4 4   4 4 
IPE MATHS IA 111
  A CB    B  C  
 1  2 sin    cos    cos      (1M)
 4   4   2  4  
  A CB  B  C 
 1  2 sin    cos    sin     from 1 
 4   4   4 
  A CB   A  B C 
 1  2sin   cos    2sin sin    sin(A  B)  sin( A B)  2sin Acos B (1M)
 4   4  4  4 
  A CB   A C  B     A BC     A B  C 
 1 sin     sin     cos     cos    (1M)
 4 4   4 4    4 4   4 4 
   C  A B     A C  B     A B C     A B C 
 1  sin    sin    cos    cos   (1M)
 4   4   4   4 
 A B  C C  A B   A B  C  AC  B        A  A 
 1  sin    sin    cos    cos    from 1 
 4   4   4   4 
C B  A
 1  sin  sin  cos  0  cos    (1M)
2 2 2 2
C B A A B C
 1  sin
 sin  1  sin  sin  sin  sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
V1 06.If A  B  C  180 , then prove that
0
A B C  A B C
cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  2  1  sin sin sin 
2 2 2  2 2 2
2 A B C
LHS  cos  cos 2  cos2  cos2 A  1  sin2 A
2 2 2
A B C
 1  sin 2  cos 2  cos 2  cos2 A  sin2 B  cos( A  B)cos( A  B) (1M)
2 2 2
B A C   A B   A B  2 C
 1 cos2  sin2  cos2  1 cos   .cos    cos  (1M)
2 2 2   2   2  2
C  A B  2 C
 1  sin .cos    1  sin
2  2  2
C   A B  C C  A B
 2  sin cos    sin   A  B  C  180 0 then sin  cos   (2M)
2   2  2 2  2 
C   A B   A  B 
 2  sin cos 
2   2 
  cos    cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
 2 
C  A B A B C
 2  sin  2 sin 2 sin 2   2  2 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
2  
 A B C
 2 1  sin sin sin   RHS (3M)
 2 2 2
A B C
V1 07.If A,B,C are angles in a triangle, then prove that cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4sin sin sin
2 2 2
IPE MATHS IA 112
C  D C D
 cos C  cos D  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
 A B   A B  A
LHS  cos A  cos B  cos C  2cos   cos    cos C  cos A 1 2 sin2 (1M)
 2   2  2
 C  AB 
 2cos  90o   cos    cos C  from 1  (1M)
 2   2 
C  A B  2C C   A B  C C  A B
 2sin cos   1 2sin  1 2sin cos    sin   A BC 180 then sin  cos
0

2  2  2 2  2  2 2  2 
C   A B  C C   A B   o  A  B  
 1  2sin  cos    sin   1  2sin  cos    sin  90      from 1  (3M)
2  2  2 2  2    2  
C   A B   A  B  C  A B   cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )
 1  2 sin  cos  2   cos  2    1  2 sin 2  2 sin 2 sin 2 
2         2 sin A sin B
A B C
 1  4sin sin sin  RHS (2M)
2 2 2
A B C  A  B  C
V1 08.In triangle ABC, prove that cos  cos  cos  4cos cos cos
2 2 2 4 4 4
  A    B    C      A     B     C 
RHS  4cos   cos   cos    2 2cos   cos   cos   (1M)
 4   4   4    4   4   4 
    A   B     A   B     C 
 2cos   cos  cos   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
  4   4   4 
  2  A  B   A  B     C      A  B    A  B     C 
 2 cos    cos   cos    2 cos       cos  cos  (1M)
  4   4   4    2  4    4   4 
  A B   A B     C   A B    C   A B     C 
 2sin    cos   cos   2sin  cos   2cos  cos  (1M)
  4   4   4   4   4   4   4 
 sin( A  B)  sin( A  B )  2 sin A cos B
  A  B   C   A  B   C   A  B   C   A B   C 
  sin    sin    cos    cos  (1M)
  4   4   4   4 
    C   C     C    C     A    A    B   B 
  sin    sin    cos    cos   (1M)
  4   4   4   4 
  2  2C  o  2A   2B 
  sin    sin 0   cos    cos    (1M)
  4    4   4 
   C  A B
  sin     cos  cos cos  -θ  = cosθ
  2 2  2 2
IPE MATHS IA 113
A B C
 cos  cos  cos  LHS (1M)
2 2 2
V1 09.If A  B  C  2S , then prove that
SA SB C
cos  S  A   cos  S  B   cos C  1  4cos cos cos
2 2 2
Sol. LHS = cos  S  A   cos  S  B   cos C
 S  AS B   S  A S  B  C D C D

 2cos   cos    cos C  cos C  cos D  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2   2   2 
 2S  A  B   B  A 
 2cos   cos  2   cos C  A  B  C  2S  (2M)
 2   
 A B  C  A B   B A A
 2 cos   cos    cos C  cos A  2cos2 1
 2   2  2
C  B A C C   B A C
 1  2cos cos    2cos2  1  2cos  cos    cos  (2M)
2  2  2 2  2  2
  B  A C   B  A C 
C  2   2  C  BC  A  B  AC 
 1  2cos  2cos    cos     1 4cos 2 .cos  4
 .cos 
4

2  2   2       (1M)

    
C  2S  A  A   B  2S  B  C cos 2  S  A 2 B  S 
 1 4cos .cos   .cos    1  4cos .cos .cos
2  4   4  2 4 4
C  S  A S B C  S  A S B
 1  4cos .cos   .cos    1  4cos .cos   .cos   (2M)
2  2   2  2  2   2 
V1 10.If A + B + C = 2S, then prove that
A B C
cos(S–A)+cos(S–B)+cos(S–C)+cosS  4cos cos cos
2 2 2
C  D C D
Sol: L.H.S = cos(S–A)+cos(S–B)+cos(S–C)+cosS  cos C  cos D  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
 S  A S  B   S  A S  B   S C  S   S C S 
= 2 cos   cos    2 cos  . cos  
 (1M)
2   2   2   2 
2s   A  B    A  B    2s  C   C 
 2cos   .cos    2cos  .cos    cos   A  cos A
 2   2   2  2 (1M)
C  B  A  A B  C C  BA  A  B 
= 2 cos cos   2 cos . cos = 2 cos  co s  2   co s  2   (2M)
   2
2  2   2  2     
C  B  A A B   B  A  A  B  C  2B   2 A 
= 2cos  2cos   .cos    2cos 2cos  .cos   (2M)
2  4   4  2  4   4 
A B C
 4 cos .cos .cos  R.H .S (1M)
2 2 2
IPE MATHS IA 114

V1 11. Suppose     is not an od multiple of , m is a non zero real number such that m  1 and
2
sin     1  m    

cos     1  m , then prove that tan  4     m. tan  4   
   
sin     1  m
Sol:  By componendo and dividend
cos     1  m
a c

b d
by com pou n den do &
sin      cos     1  m  1  m
d iv id e n d o
sin      cos     = 11m 11 m (1M)
a  b c  d

a  b c  d
sin      cos     1 CD C  D

  sin C  sin D  2 sin   .cos  
sin      cos     1m 1   2   2 
m sin      cos       1sin      cos     (2M)
  
m sin      sin  90        1 sin      sin  90       
      90          90     
m  2sin   cos   
  2   2 
     90           90      
  2cos   sin   

  2   2   (1M)
C  D C D
 sin C  sin D  2 cos   .sin  
 2   2 
 
m sin  45    cos  45      cos  45    sin    45      cos   A  cos A  sin(A)  sin A
   
sin     .cos    
 4   4   1  tan       m.tan     
    (3M)
    m 4  4 
cos     .sin    
4  4 
3
V1 12.If A  B  C  prove that cos 2 A  cos 2B  cos 2C  1  4sin A sin B sin C
2
3
Sol: Given that A  B  C   270 0
2
A  B  2700  C
L.H.S  cos 2 A  cos 2 B  cos 2C cos2 A  1  2sin2 A
CD C D
 2cos  A  B  cos  A  B   1  2sin 2 C  cos C  cos D  2 cos  2  .cos  2  (1M)
   
IPE MATHS IA 115
 2 cos  270 0  C  cos  A  B   1  2 sin 2 C
 2sin C cos  A  B   1  2sin 2 C (2M)
 1  2sin C  cos  A  B   sin C 

 1  2 sin c cos  A  B   sin  270 0   A  B    (2M)
 1  2sin C  cos  A  B   cos  A  B   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
 1  2 sin C  2 sin A sin B   1  4 sin A sin B sin C

(2M)
 R . H .S
V1 13.If none of A,B,A+B is an integral multiple of  , then prove that
1  cos A  cos B  cos( A  B ) A B
 tan cot
1  cos A  cos B  cos( A  B ) 2 2
1  cos A  cos B  cos( A  B)
Sol: L.H.S. =
1  cos A  cos B  cos( A  B)
1  cos( A  B)  (cos A  cos B ) C  D C D

=  cos C  cos D  2 sin   sin  
1  cos( A  B)  cos A  cos B  2   2 
 A B    A B   A B 
2sin 2     2sin   sin  
 2    2   2  A

 A B    A B   A  B  1 cos A  2sin2 (3M)
2sin 2     2sin   sin   2
 2    2   2 
 A B   A B   A  B 
2sin    sin    sin  
 2   2   2   sin( A B)  sin( A B)  2sin Acos B

 A B   A  B   A  B   sin( A B) sin( A B)  2cos Asin B
2sin    sin    sin  
 2   2   2 
A B
2sin cos
 2 2  tan A cot B
A B =R.H.S (4M)
2cos sin 2 2
2 2
A B C   A    B   C 
V2 14.In triangle ABC, P.T sin  sin  sin  1  4 cos   .cos   sin  
2 2 2  4   4   4 
Sol: Given that A, B, C are angles in triangle  A  B  C  180o  1
   A     B    C 
R.H.S.  1 4cos   cos   sin    cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
 4   4   4 
    A     B   A  B  C  C 
 1  2 2cos   cos   sin   (1M)
  4   4   4 
IPE MATHS IA 116
   A  B    A   B   A  B 
 1  2 cos     cos    sin  
  4 4   4 4    4 
    A  B   B  A   A  B 
 1  2 cos       cos    sin   (2M)
  2  4   4   4 
  A B   B  A   A  B 
 1  2 sin    cos   sin  
  4   4   4 
 sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )  2 sin A cos B

 A B   A B   B  A
 1  2sin 2    2sin   cos  
 4   4   cos 2 A  1  2 sin A
2
 4 
  A  B   A B B  A  A B B  A 
  1  2sin 2     sin     sin    (2M)
  4   4 4   4 4 
 A B  B A C  AB
  cos 2    sin  sin  A  B  C  1800 then sin  cos  
 4  2 2 2  2 
 A B  B A
  cos    sin  sin
 2  2 2
C B A
  sin  sin  sin  L.H .S. (2M)
2 2 2
V2 15. If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then prove that sin 2A - sin 2B + sin 2C = 4cos A sin B cos C.
Sol: Given that A, B, C are angles in triangle  A  B  C  180o  1
C  D C D
L.H.S = Sin 2A – sin 2B + sin 2C sin C  sin D  2 cos   .sin  
 2   2 
 2 A  2B   2 A  2B   A  B  C  180 0 then cos  A  B    cos C

 2cos   sin    2sin C cos C (2M)
 2   2  sin  A  B   sin C
 2 cos  A  B  . sin  A  B   2 sin C cos C

 2 cos C sin  A  B   2 sin C cos C (2M)
 2 cos C  sin A  B   sin C  = 2 cos C  sin  A  B   sin  A  B   sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2 cos A sin B
= 2 cos C 2 cos A sin B  = 4cos A sin B cos C (3M)
V3 16.If A  B  C  900 , then show that i) sin 2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  1  2sin A sin B sin C
ii) sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C  4cos A cos B cos C
Sol. Given that A  B  C  90o  1
(i) L.H .S.  sin2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C
 1 cos2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C
 1  cos 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2 C cos2 A  sin2 B  cos( A  B)cos( A  B) (2M)
 1  cos  A  B cos  A  B  sin 2 C
IPE MATHS IA 117
 1  sin C cos  A  B  sin2 C  A  B  C  900 then cos  A  B  sinC (2M)
 1  sin C cos  A  B   sin C 
 1  sin C cos  A  B   cos( A  B)   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B

 1 sin C  2sin Asin B
 1 2sin Asin B sin C = R.H.S (3M)
(ii) given that A  B  C  900
C D C D
LHS  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C  sin C  sin D  2 sin   .cos  
 2   2 
 2 A  2B   2 A  2B 
 2 sin   cos    sin 2C  2 sin  A  B  cos  A  B   sin 2C (2M)
 2   2 
 2 sin  90 o  C  cos  A  B   sin 2 C  from 1   2sin Acos A  sin 2A
 2 cos C cos  A  B   2 sin C cos C
 2 cos C  cos  A  B   sin C  (2M)
 2 cos C  cos  A  B   sin  90   A  B     from 1 
o
 2 cos C cos  A  B   cos  A  B    2cos C  2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 sin A sin B
 4 cos A cos B cos C  RHS (3M)
2 2 2
V3 17.If A + B + C = 0 then, prove that cos A + cos B + cos C=1 + 2 cosA cosB cosC
Sol: Given that A  B  C  00
L.H.S.  cos2 A  cos2 B  cos2 C
 cos2 A  1  sin2 B  cos2 C
 1  cos2 A  sin2 B  cos2 C  cos 2 A  sin2 B  cos( A  B )cos( A  B )
 1  cos  A  B  cos  A  B  cos2 C (2M)
 1  cos C cos  A  B  cos2 C
 A  B  C  00
 1  cos C cos  A  B   cos C 
cos( A  B )  cos( C )  cos C (2M)
 1  cos C cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 1  cos C  2cos Acos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )  2 cos A cos B

1 2cos Acos BcosC  RH
. .S. (3M)
A B C
V3 18. If A, B, C are angles in a triangle, then prove that sinA+sinB+sinC  4cos cos cos
2 2 2
Sol: Given that A, B, C are angles in triangle  A  B  C  18 0 o
L.H.S = sin A + sin B + sin C
IPE MATHS IA 118
A B   A B  C C C  D C D
 2 sin   cos
 
  2 sin cos

sin C  sin D  2 sin   .cos  
 2   2  2 2  2   2 
C   A B  C C A A
 2 cos  cos
 
  2 sin cos
  sin A  2 sin cos (2M)
2  2  2 2 2 2
C  A B C  C  A B 
 2 cos  cos   sin  A  B  C  1800 then cos  sin 
2   2 2  2  2 
C   A B   A  B 
 2cos cos    cos   (3M)
2  2   2 
C  A B
 2 cos
2 2 cos 2 .cos 2   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
A B C
 4 co s . cos . cos  R .H .S (2M)
2 2 2
V3 19.If A + B + C = 2700 then prove that cos2 A + cos2 B - cos2C = -2 cos A cos B sin C.
Sol: Given that A  B  C  2700
L.H.S = cos2 A + cos2 B - cos2C
 1  Sin 2 A  Cos 2 B  1  sin 2 C  cos 2 A  1  sin2 A
 1  sin 2 A  Cos 2 B  1  Sin 2C (2M)
 Cos  B  A  Cos  B  A   Sin 2 C cos2 A  sin2 B  cos  A  B  cos  A  B 
  SinC Cos  A  B   Sin 2C  A  B  C  2700 then cos  A  B    sin C
 SinC  Cos  A  B   SinC  (3M)
 SinC  Cos  A  B   Cos  A  B    cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2 cos A cos B
  SinC  2 CosA CosB 

  2 CosA CosB sin C = R.H.S (2M)
V3 20.If A + B + C + D = 360,P.T cos2 A+cos2B + cos2C +cos2D=4cos(A+B)cos(A+C)cos(A+D)
Sol: Given that A  B  C  D  3600
CD C D
L.H.S = cos2 A + cos2B + cos2C + cos 2D  cos C  cos D  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
 2cos  A  B  .cos  A  B   2cos C  D  .cos C  D 
 A  B  C  D  3600 then A  B  3600  (C  D)

cos( A  B)  cos(C  D)
=2cos(A+B). cos(A-B)+2cos(A+B)cos(C-D) (2M)
 2cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos C  D  
IPE MATHS IA 119
  A  B  C  D   A  B  C  D 
 2cos  A  B 2cos   cos  
  2   2 
  A  C  B  D   A  D   B  C  
 2 cos  A  B   2 cos   cos   (2M)
  2   2  
  A  C  2  A  C   A  D  2  A  D 
 2 cos  A  B   2cos   cos  
  2   2 

 2cos  A  B   2cos    A  C  cos    A  D   
  
 2cos  A  B 2cos  A  C  .   cos  A  D 
 4 cos  A  B   cos  A  C  .cos  A  D  

= 4cos (A+B) cos (A+C) cos (A+D) (3M)

V1 21.If A  B  45 , Prove that
i) (1+tanA) (1+tanB) = 2
ii) (cot A - 1) (cot B - 1) = 2
3
(iii) If A  B  , then show that 1  TanA1  TanB   2
4
Sol: (i) A  B  45  tan (A + B) = tan 45
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
1  tan( A  B )  (1M)
1  tan A. tan B 1  tan A tan B
adding ‘1’ on both sides

 1  tan A  tan B  tan A tan B  2 (1M)
 (1  tan A)  tan B (1  tan A)  2
 (1+tanA) (1+tanB) = 2
(ii) A  B  45  cot (A + B) = cot 45
cot A. cot B 1 cot A cot B  1

 1;  cot( A  B )  (1M)
cot A  cot B cot A  cot B
cot A cot B  1  cot A  cot B
cot A cot B  cot A  cot B  1
adding ‘1’ on both sides (1M)
cot A cot B  cot A  cot B  1  1  1
cot A(cot B  1)  1(cot B  1)  2
(cot B  1) (cot A  1)  2 (or) (cot A  1) (cot B  1)  2 (1M)
3
(iii) Given that A  B 
4
IPE MATHS IA 120
3 tan A  tan B
 Tan( A  B )  Tan  tan( A  B )  (1M)
4 1  tan A tan B
TanA  TanB
  1
1  TanATanB
 T anA  T anB   1  T anA T anB
 1  TanB  TanA  TanATanB (1M)
adding ‘1’ on both sides
 1  1  1  TanB  TanA  TanATanB (1M)
 2  (1  TanA)(1  TanB ) (1M)
Tan  sec  1 1  sin
V1 22.Prove that 
Tan  sec  1 cos 

2 2
Tan  sec 1 tan   sec  sec   tan  
Sol.  sec2   tan2   1 (1M)
Tan  sec  1 tan   sec  1

 tan   sec     sec   tan   sec   tan  
a2  b2   a  b  a  b (1M)
 tan   sec   1

 tan   sec  1  sec   tan  
 tan   sec   1
 tan   sec  (1M)
sin  1 1  sin 
   (1M)
cos  cos  cos 
   3   7   9  1
V1 23. Prove that  1  cos   1  cos   1  cos   1  cos 
 10   10   10   10  16
   3   7   9  
Sol: L.H.S =  1  cos 10   1  cos 10   1  cos  1  cos    18 0
    10   10  10
=(1 + cos 180 )(1 + cos 540 )(1 + cos 1260 )(1 + cos 1620 ) (1M)
=(1 + cos 180 )(1 + sin 360 )(1 - sin 360 )(1 - cos 180 ) (1M)
= (1 - cos2 180 ) (1 - sin2 360 )  sin 2 180 cos 2 360
2 2
 5  1  5  1 1 5 1 5 1
      sin180  cos360  (2M)

4   4  16 4 4
sin16A
V1 24. If A is not an integral multiple of  , prove that cos A.cos2A.cos 4A.cos 8A=
16sinA
2π 4π 8π 16π 1
and hence deduce that cos .cos .cos .cos =
15 15 15 15 16
Sol: L.H.S. = cos A cos 2A. cos 4A. cos 8A
Multiply and divided with 2sinA
2sin A
 cos A cos 2A. cos 4A. cos 8A (1M)
2sin A
IPE MATHS IA 121
2sin 2 A

4sin A
cos 2A. cos 4A. cos 8A sin2A  2sin Acos A (1M)
2sin 4 A 2sin8 A sin 16 A

 cos 4A. cos 8A  cos 8A = 16 sin A (1M)
8sin A 16sin A
sin 16 A
Take cos A. cos2A. cos4A. cos8A = ........ (1)
16 sin A
2
Put A  in (1)
15
 2   32   2 
sin16   sin   sin  
2 4 8 16  15    15    15   1
cos cos cos cos 
15 15 15 15 2  2  2 16 (1M)
16 sin 16 sin 16 sin
15 15 15
V1 25. Let ABC be a triangle such that cotA+cotB+ cotC = 3 then prove that ABC is an equilateral tri-
angle.
Sol: In a triangle ABC  A  B  C  1800
cotA+cotB+ cotC = 3
Let cot A = x,. cot B = y, cot C = z  x + y + z = 3 (1M)
Then,  cot A. cot B 1  xy  yz  zx  1 (1M)
Then,   x  y 2   ( x 2  y 2  2 xy ) =  x 2   y 2  2  xy
= x 2  y 2  z 2  y 2  z 2  x 2  2( xy  yz  zx)
= 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 z 2  2xy  yz  zx 
 2 
= 2x  y  z   2xy  yz  zx   2xy  yz  zx 
 
 2 
 
= 2 3  21  21 =2 - 2 = 0 (1M)
 
2
 x  y   0  x  y  0, y  z  0, z  x  0  x  y  z
 cot A  cot B  cot C  A  B  C ABC is an equilateral triangle (1M)
V1 26. Prove the tan700 - tan200 = 2tan 500
Sol: 
tan500  tan 700  200   (1M)
tan 70   tan 20  tan A  tan B

 tan( A  B)  (1M)
1  tan 70  tan 20  1  tan A tan B
tan 70  tan 20 tan 70  tan 20
  (1M)
1  cot 20 tan 20 2
tan 700  tan 200  2 tan 500 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 122
V1 27.For A  R , Prove that
1 1
i) sin A  sin  60  A  .sin  60  A    4 sin 3 A ii) cos A.cos  60  A  cos(60  A)  cos 3 A
4
3  2 3 4 1
iii) sin 200.sin 400.sin 600.sin 800  16 iv) cos .cos .cos .cos 
9 9 9 9 16
Sol: i) sin A  sin  60  A  .sin  60  A   =

 sin
sinA3 A 
sin2 600  sin2 
A  sin( A  B )sin( A  B )  sin 2 A  sin 2 B
32 
= sin A   sin A 
4 
sin A
=
4
3  4sin 2 A  sin 3 A  3 sin A  4 sin 3 A
1 1
=
4

3 sin A  4 sin 3 A = sin 3 A
4

ii) cos A.cos  60  A  cos(60  A) =
 cos A3cos
cos A 2 600  sin2 A  cos( A  B )cos( A  B )  cos 2 A  sin 2 B
 1 2 
= cos A  4  sin A 
 
1 
= cos A   1  cos A 
2
4 


cos A 1  4  4 cos 2 A   cos A  4 cos 2 A  3   cos 3 A  4cos 3 A  3cos A
4 4
1 1
=
4

4 cos 3 A  3cos A  cos 3 A
4

1
iii) sin 20º. sin 40º. sin 60º. sin 80º  sin A sin  60  A sin  60  A  4 sin 3 A
o o
1 1 2 0 1 3 3
= sin  3  200  .sin 600 sin 60 =  
4 4 4 4 16
 2 3 4
iv) cos .cos .cos .cos
9 9 9 9
1
 cos 200.cos 400.cos 600.cos80 0   
 cos A cos 60o  A cos 60o  A   4
cos 3 A
1 1 1 1 1
= cos(60).cos 60    
4 4 2 2 16

V1 28.If 3A is not an odd multiple of ,Prove that tan A.tan  600  A  .tan  600  A   tan 3 A ; and hence find the
2
value of tan 6 0 . tan 42 0 . tan 66 0 . tan 78 0
IPE MATHS IA 123
1
Ans: We know that sin A sin(60+A) sin(60-A) = sin 3 A and
4
1
cos A cos(60+A) cos(60-A) = cos3A (1M)
4
1
0
 0
sin A sin 60  A sin 60  A
. .
  4 sin 3 A
 
cos A cos 600  A cos 600  A   = 1 cos 3 A  tan 3 A
4
 tan A tan(60  A) tan(60  A)  tan 3 A (1M)
We know that tan 60.tan  600  60  .tan  600  60   tan 3  6  tan180  1
tan 6 tan 54 tan 66  tan18 .............. (1)
  
tan180. tan 600  180 .tan 600  180   tan 3  18  tan 540  2
tan18 tan 42 tan 78  tan 54 ............. (2) (1M)
From multiplication of (1) and (2)
We get tan 60.tan 420.tan 660.tan 780  1 (1M)
4  3 5 7 3
V1 29.i) Prove that sin  sin 4  sin4  sin 4 
8 8 8 8 2
4   4  3  4  5  4  7 
Sol. i) Take L.H.S  sin    sin    sin    sin  
8  8   8   8 
        
 sin 4  sin 4     sin 4     sin 4     (1M)
8 2 8 2 8  8
      
 sin 4  cos 4  cos 4
 sin 4  2  sin 4  cos 4  (1M)
8 8 8 8  8 8
2
    
 2  sin 2  cos 2   2sin 2 cos 2  2
 a 2  b 2   a  b   2ab (1M)
 8 8 8 8 
 1   1 3
 2 1  sin 2 2   2  sin 2  2   sin 2   cos 2   1 (1M)
 2 8 4 2 2
2  2 3 9
ii) Prove that cos  cos 2  cos 2  cos 2 2
10 5 5 10
 2 3 9  
Sol : L.H.S = cos
2
 cos 2  cos 2  cos 2 2   180 ,  360
10 5 5 10 10 5
= cos 2 180  cos 2 720  cos 2 1080  cos 2 1620 (1M)
= cos2 180  cos2 (900 180 )  cos2 (900 180 )  cos2 (1800 180 ) (1M)
= cos 2 18 0  sin 2 18 0  sin 2 18 0  cos 2 18 0 (1M)
= 2  cos 18  sin 18  = 2(1) = 2 = R.H.S

2 0 2 0
 cos 2   sin 2   1 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 124
2 4 8 1  2 3 4 5 1
V1 30.Prove that i) cos .cos .cos  ii) cos .cos .cos .cos .cos 
7 7 7 8 11 11 11 11 11 32
2 4 8 1
Sol: i) cos .cos .cos 
7 7 7 8
2 4 8 2 4 8
Let C= cos .cos .cos ; S= sin .sin .sin (1M)
7 7 7 7 7 7
2 4 8 2 4 8
CS  cos .cos .cos sin .sin .sin (1M)
7 7 7 7 7 7
1 4  1  8  1  16 
C.S   sin  .  sin  .  sin 
2 7  2 7  2 7 
sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
1 4   8   2   1  2  4   8 
  sin  .  sin  .  sin  2      sin  .  sin  .  sin  (1M)
8 7  7   7  8  7  7  7 
1 1
C .S  S C  (1M)
8 8
 2 3 4 5  2 3 4 5
ii) C= cos .cos .cos .cos .cos ; S= sin .sin .sin .sin .sin (1M)
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
 2 3 4 5  2 3 4 5
C.S= cos .cos .cos .cos .cos sin .sin .sin .sin .sin (1M)
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
1  2 3 4 5 1 1
C.S= sin .sin .sin .sin .sin = .S  C = (2M)
32 11 11 11 11 11 32 32
 2 3 4 5
V1 31.Prove that sin .sin .sin .sin 
5 5 5 5 16
 2 3 4 
Sol: L.H.S = sin .sin .sin .sin (  360 )
5 5 5 5 5
 sin 360.sin 720.sin1080.sin1440 (1M)
 sin 360 sin  90  180  sin  90  180  sin 180  360 
 sin 360 cos180 cos180 sin 360 (1M)

 sin 2 360 cos 2 180
2 2
 10  2 5   10  2 5 
    10  2 5 10  2 5
    sin360  , cos180  (1M)
4 4 4 4
   
 10  2 5  10  2 5 
  
 
 16  16 
100  20 80 5
    R.H .S (1M)
16  16 16 16 16
IPE MATHS IA 125

V2 32. sec       sec       2 sec  ,Prove that cos    2 cos
2
Sol: sec       sec       2 sec 
1 1
  2sec  (1M)
cos      cos     
cos       cos     
 2 sec   cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2cos A cos B
cos 2   sin 2 
2 cos  cos  2
 2 2
 (1M)
cos   sin  cos 
cos .cos 2   cos 2   sin 2 
sin 2   cos 2  1  cos  
1–cos2a = cos2q(1-cosa) (1M)
(1+cosa)(1-cosa)=cos2  (1-cosa)
2 2 A
 cos   2cos  2  1  cos A  2cos2
  2

 cos    2 cos  2  (1M)
 
4 2  x  y   5cot  x  y 
V2 33.If cos x + cos y = and cos x - cos y = , find the value of 14tan 2
 
5 7  2 
Sol: Take L.H.S = cos x + cos y = 4/5
x y x y 4 C  D C D
 2cos .cos  .........(1)  cos C  cos D  2cos   cos  
2 2 5  2   2 
cos x - cos y = 2/7 (1M)
x y x y 2 C D CD
 2sin
 .sin  .........(2) cos C  cos D  2sin   sin  
2 2 7  2   2 
x y x y 4
2 cos . cos
(1)  2 2 5  x y  x  y  14
x y x  y 2   cot 2  cot 2   5 (2M)
(2)  2 sin .sin    
2 2 7
xy  x y x  y   5 cot x  y   0
 5 cot    14 tan    14 tan   (1M)
 2   2  2  2 
3
V2 34.Prove that cos 2 76  cos 2 16  cos 76 cos16 =
4
Sol: Take L.H.S = cos2 76  cos2 16  cos 76 cos16 cos2 A  sin2 B  cos( A  B)cos( A  B)
2
= cos 76  1  sin 16  
2 2
cos 76.cos16  2cos A cos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B ) (1M)
2
1
 1   cos 2 76  sin 2 16   cos 76  16   cos 76  16 
  2
IPE MATHS IA 126
1
 1  cos 76  16 cos 76  16   cos 92  cos 60  (1M)
2
1 1
 1  cos 92 cos 60  cos 92  cos 60 (1M)
2 2
1 1 1 1
 1  cos 92  cos 92  .  1  1  3 (1M)
2 2 2 2 1 4 4
 24 4
V3 35.If 0<A<B< , sin  A  B   ,cos  A  B   ,find the value of tan2A.
4 25 5
24 4
Sol: sin  A  B   , cos  A  B   ;
25 5
24 3
tan (A+B)=
7
, tan (A-B)=
4
 A  B  0, A  B  0  A  B  Q4 , A  B  Q1  (1M)
tan 2 A  tan  A  B    A  B   (1M)
tan( A  B)  tan( A  B) tan A  tan B

=  tan( A  B )  (1M)
1  tan( A  B) tan( A  B) 1  tan A tan B
24 3

7 4 96  21 75 3
   
 24  3  28  72 100 4 (1M)
1    
 7  4 
5 1 5 1
V3 36. prove that (i) sin180  (May-10) (ii) cos360 
4 4
Ans: Let A  18 , 5 A  90  3 A  2 A  90  3 A  90  2 A
Apply ‘ cos ’ on both sides cos 3 A  cos(90  2 A) cos3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A
4cos3 A  3cos A  sin 2 A ; 4 cos3 A  3cos A  2sin A.cos A  sin2 A  2sin A cos A
cos A  4  4 sin 2 A  3  2 sin A   0 ; cos A  0 ; 4sin 2 A  2sin A  1  0
2  4  16  2  2 5  1  5 5 1
 sin A     sin18 
8 8 4 4
ii) cos36° = cos2(18°) = 1 – 2 sin2 180
2
 5  1  5 1 2 5 
 1  2   1  2  cos 2 A  1  2sin2 A

4  
16 
6 2 5  3  5  5 1
 1 2    1  
 16   4  4
2 0

2 0

2 0

V3 37.Prove that sin   45  sin   15  sin   15 =1/2   
Ans:
2 0
 2

0 2

L.H.S = sin   45  sin   15  sin   15
0
  
IPE MATHS IA 127
sin2 A  sin2 B  sin  A B .sin  A B
2
 
 sin   450   sin   150    150  sin   150    150  (1M)
2 1
 0
= sin  cos 45  cos  sin 45
0
 
2
sin 2   sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
2
 sin   cos   1
=   2 sin 2  (1M)
 2 
1 1
=
2

sin 2   cos 2   2 sin .cos   sin 2 
2
  sin 2  2sin  cos  (1M)
1 1 1 1
=  sin 2  sin 2  (1M)
2 2 2 2
sin  n  1   sin  n 1  
V3 38.Show that cos  n  1   2cos n  cos  n  1   tan  2 
 
sin  n  1   sin  n  1  CD CD

Sol: L.H.S  cos n  1   2 cos n  cos n  1  sin C  sin D  2cos  2  sin  2 
       
C D CD
cos C  cos D  2cos   cos   (1M)
 2   2 
 n    n     n    n   
2 cos   .sin  
 2   2 

 n    n     n    n   
2 cos n  2 cos   .cos  
 2   2 
2 cos n sin 
 (2M)
2 cos n  2 cos n cos 
 
2 sin .cos
2cos n.sin   2 2 
   tan (1M)
2cos n 1  cos   2 cos 2
2
2
V1 39.If cos   sin   2 cos  . Prove that cos   sin   2 sin  .
Sol: Given cos   sin   2 cos 
sin   2 cos   cos    

2  1 cos 
2
multiplying with  2  1 on both sides   2  1 sin    2 12  cos
  
 
2 sin   sin   cos   cos   sin   2 sin 

IPE MATHS IA 128
V1 40.If 3 sin   4 cos   5 ,then find the value of 4 s in   3 c o s  .
Ans: Let 3 sin   4 cos   5 ......... (1)
4 s in   3 c o s   a .......(2)
Squaring and adding on 1 and 2 both sides, get
2 2
 3sin   4 cos     4sin   3cos    52  a 2
25sin 2   25cos 2   25  a 2
 
25 sin 2   cos 2  = 25  a 2 sin2   cos2   1
25  a 2  25  a=0
 3 5 7 9
V1 41.Prove that cot .cot .cot .cot .cot 1
20 20 20 20 20

 cot 45 0  1  20  9
0
Sol: cot 90.cot 270.cot 450.cot 630.cot 810
cot 90.cot 270.cot(90  27) 0 .cot(90  9) 0
 cot 9 0
 
tan 90 . cot 27 0 tan 27 0  1.1=1  cot A tan A  1
V1 42.Find the period of the following functions.
 4x  9 
i) f  x   tan 5x ii) f  x   cos  
 5 
iii) f  x   sin x iv) f  x   cos4 x
x x
v) f  x   2 sin  3 cos
4 3
vi) f ( x)  tan  x  4 x  9 x  ...  n 2 x  vii) f ( x )  cos(3 x  5)  7

Sol: i) f  x   tan 5x . Period of Tanax is a
 
period is 
5 5
 4x  9   4x 9  2
ii) f  x   cos    cos   .  The period of cos  ax  b  is
 5   5 5 a
2 5
period  
4 2
5
iii) f  x   sin x
f(x+  )= sin x   
  sin x = sin x = f(x)  Period of f (x )  
iv) f  x   cos4 x
IPE MATHS IA 129
f x     cosx   4   cos x4  cos4 x = f(x)  Period of f (x)  
x x
v) f  x   2 sin  3 cos
4 3
2 2
x  x
The period of sin is  = 8 , the period of cos is  = 6
4 4 3 3
period of f(x)=L.C.M. of (8, 6) = 24.
vi) Let f  x   tan  x  4 x  9 x  ...........  n 2 x 
 tan  x  2 2 x  32 x  .........  n 2 x 
 tan 12  22  32  .........  n 2  x
n  n  1 2n  1
 n  n  1 2n  1  12  22  32  .........  n2 
 tan  6
x
 6 

The period of tan ax is a
 6
f x  
The period of f  x  is n  n  1  2 n  1 n  n  1  2 n  1 
6
vii) f ( x )  cos(3 x  5)  7
2
The period of the function cos(ax  b) is a
2 2
 period = 3  3
0 0 0 0 1
V1 43.Prove that cos12  cos132  cos84  cos156  
2
Sol:  cos12 0
 
 cos1320  cos 840  cos156 0 
CD CD
 cos C  cos D  2 cos   cos 
2 cos 720.cos 60 0  2 cos120 0 cos 360  2 

 2 
1  1
2 cos 720.  2    cos360
2  2
 5 1   5  1  1
sin180  cos 360        
 4   4  2
0 0 0 0 1
V1 44.Prove that cos100 cos 40  sin 100 sin 40  .
2
Sol: cos100 0 cos 40 0  sin 100 0 sin 40 0
IPE MATHS IA 130
1
 cos 100  40   cos 60   cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
2
V1 45.Find the value of cos 42 + cos 78 + cos 162
Sol. cos 42 + cos 78 + cos 162
Cos (60-18) + Cos (60+18) + Cos (180-18)  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)  2cos A cos B
= 2 Cos 60 . Cos 18 – Cos 18 = 0
V1 46.Find the miximum and minimum values of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = 7 cos x – 24 sin x + 5
(ii) f  x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x
   
(iii) cos  x    2 2 sin  x    3
 3  3
(iv) f(x) = 13 cos x + 3 3 sin x  4
(v) f  x   3sin x  4cos x
Sol. (i). f(x) = 7 cos x – 24 sin x + 5, where a = 7, b = -24, c = 5
 Maximum value  c  a 2  b 2
 5  7 2   24 2   5  625  5  25  30
 M inim um value = c - a 2  b 2
2
 5  72   24   5  625  5  25  20
(ii). f  x   sin 2 x  cos 2 x where a=1,b=-1,c=0
 Maximum value  c  a 2  b 2 = 2
 M inim um value = c - a 2  b 2   2
   
(iii). cos  x    2 2 sin  x    3 where b = 2 2 , a = 1, c = -3.
 3  3
2
 Maximum value  c  a 2  b 2  3  2 2   12  0
2
 M inim um value = c - a 2  b 2   3  2 2   12   6
(iv). f(x) = 13 cos x + 3 3 sin x  4 where b = 3 3 , a = 13, c = -4.

2
 Maximum value  c  a 2  b 2  4  3 3  2
 13   10
2
 M inim um value = c - a 2  b 2  4  3 3  2
 13  18
IPE MATHS IA 131
(v) f  x   3sin x  4cos x
Where b  3, a  4, c  0
 Maximum value  c  a 2  b 2  0  16  9  25  5
 M inim um value = c - a 2  b 2  0  16  9   25  5
V1 47.Find the value of
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
(i) sin 2 82  sin 2 22 (ii) cos 2 112  sin 2 52 (iii) sin 2 52  sin 2 22
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
1 1
Sol: (i) sin 2 82  sin 2 22 = sin(82.5+22.5) sin(82.5-22.5)  sin2 A  sin 2 B  sin( A  B)sin( A  B )
2 2
 3 1  
  3   3 3
= sin 105. sin 60   2 2  2  4 2
  
0 0
1 1 3 1
ii) cos 2 112  sin 2 52 = cos 1650  .cos  600   cos150  sin 750 
2 2 2 2
 cos2 A  sin2 B  cos( A  B )cos( A  B )
1 1  3  . 1   1  3 
 
   
0
cos 1800  150 .cos 60 0 = - cos 15 . = 
2 2 2 2 4 2
0 0 0 0
1 sin  52 1  22 1  sin  52 1  22 1 
0 0
1
2 2
iii) sin 52  sin 22 =    
2 2  2 2   2 2 
 sin2 A  sin 2 B  sin( A  B )sin( A  B )
3 1 1 3311
= sin 750.sin 300 = . 
2 2 2 24 22
1 3
V1 48. Prove that  =4
sin10 cos100
0
1 3 
2  cos100  sin100 
0 0
1 3 cos10  3 sin10 2 2 
Sol. L.H.S. = 0
 0 = 0 0 = 1
sin10 cos10 sin10 cos10
2
 2sin10 cos10 
0 0
cos A cos B  sin A sin B  cos( A  B)
4  cos 600.cos100  sin 600.sin100  4cos  600 100  4cos700 4 cos 70 0

   =4
sin 2 100  sin200 sin200 cos 70 0
IPE MATHS IA 132
2
V1 49.If sec   tan   , find the value of sin  and determine the quadrant in which  lies.
3
Sol. We know that sec 2   tan 2   1
1 1 3
 sec   tan    = 
 sec   tan   2/3 2
2 3
  sec   tan     sec   tan    
3 2
49 13 13
2 sec    2sec    sec  
6 6 12
2 3 5
Again  sec   tan     sec   tan     
3 2 6
5 5 5
2 tan    = tan    , sin  
6 12 13
Since sec  is positive and tan  is a negative, '  ' lies always in IV-quadrant
4 2  1 
V1 50. Show that cos   2 cos   1  = 4
 sec   1 sin 
2
4 2  1 
L.H.S = cos   2 cos   1   = cos   2 cos  1  cos  
4 2 2
Sol. 2
 sec  

 cos 4   2 cos 2  sin 2   cos 2  cos 2   2 sin 2  
2  2 2 2  2  2 
= cos   cos   sin   sin    cos  1  sin  
   
= 1  sin 2   1  sin 2   =1  sin 4  L.H.S=R.H.S

2
V1 51.  tan   cot    sec 2   cos ec 2  sec 2  cosec2 
Sol:  tan   cot  

2
tan2+cos
=sec cot2  + 2sec    
= 1 tan 2   1  cot 2  = sec 2   cos ec 2
2 2 1 1 sin 2   cos 2 
Again sec   cos ec    = = 2 2
cos 2  sin 2  sin 2  cos 2  sec .cos ec 
2 sin  1  cos   sin 
V1 52. If x  find the value of
1  cos   sin  1  sin 
2sin  2 sin  1  sin   cos  

Sol. Given x  = 1  sin  2  cos 2 
1  cos   sin   
2sin  1  sin   cos   2sin  1  sin   cos   2sin  1  sin   cos  
= 2 2 = =
1  sin   2sin   cos  sin 2   sin 2   2sin  2sin 2   2sin 
1  cos   sin 
x
1  sin 
IPE MATHS IA 133
2
tan 6100  tan 7000 1  p
V1 53.i) If tan 20  P then prove that
0 = 2
tan 5600  tan 4700 1  p
tan 6100  tan 7000
Sol. i) L.H.S =
tan 5600  tan 4700
0
tan  360  250   tan  720  20 
0
 
tan 2500  tan 200
=
tan  200   tan 110 
0 0 0 0
tan  360  200   tan  360  110 
1 1
0
 tan 200 p
0
cot 20  tan 20 tan
0 20 p 1  p2
0
= 1 = 1 ( tan 20  p ) Then we get=
tan 200  cot 200 tan 200  p 1  p2
tan 20 0 p
tan1600  tan1100 1   2
ii) If tan 200   , then prove that 
1  tan1600 tan1100 2
tan1600  tan1100
Sol. L.H.S. =
1  tan1600 tan1100
tan 1800  200   tan  900  200 

= 1  tan 1800  200 tan 900  200
   
1
  2
 tan 200  cot 200    1    R.H .S
= 1 2
1  tan 200 cot 200 1  .

 
V1 54.i) Draw the graph of y  tan x in between  0, 
 4
ii) Draw the graph of y  cos 2 x in  0,  iii) Draw the graph of y  sin 2 x in  0,  
 
Ans. i) X 0
6 4
1
Y=tan x 0 1
3
x 0  /4  /2 3 / 4 
ii)
y  cos 2 x 1 / 2 0 1/ 2 1
IPE MATHS IA 134
  3
iii) X
4 2 4
Y=sin2x 1 0 -1

V1 55. If  is not multiple of prove that tan   2 tan 2  4 tan 4  8 tan 8 = cot 
2
Sol. we know that tan A  cot A  2cot 2 A      1
There fore tan   2 tan 2  4 tan 4  8 tan 8
 cot   2cot 2  2 cot 2  4 cot 4  4cot 4  8cot 8  8cot 8 = cot 
V1 56.prove that 4  cos 660  sin 84 0   3  15
Sol. 
L.H.S  4  cos660  sin840  = 4 cos 66  sin  90  6 
0 0
  4 cos66  cos  6 
0 0
  66  6   66  6   C  D C D
 4 2 cos   cos    cos C  cos D  2 cos   cos  
  2   2   2   2 
= 8 cos 360.cos 30 0
 5  1  3 
= 8  4 

 2  =
 
 5 1  3   15  3  L.H.S = R.H.S
3 1
V1 57. Prove that cos 20 0 cos 400  sin 50.sin 250 =
4
Sol. L.H.S= cos 20 0 cos 400  sin 50.sin 250
IPE MATHS IA 135
1
  cos  20  40   cos  20  40    cos  5  25   cos  5  25    2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )
2 
 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )

1 1
 cos 60  cos 20    cos 20  cos 30    cos 60  cos 30
2  2
1 1 3  1 1  3   1  3 
     
2  2 2  = 2  2   4   L.H.S=R.H.S

V1 58. If ABC are angle of a triangle and if non of them is equal to then prove that
2
Tan A + Tan B + Tan C = Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
Sol. A+B+C = 
tan A  tan B
tan  A  B   tan   C     tan C
1  tan A tan B
tanA+tanB= -Tan C + Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
 Tan A + Tan B + Tan C = Tan A . Tan B . Tan C
1
V1 59.If sin    and  does not lie in the third quadrant. Find the value of cos  .
3
1
Sol: Given that sin    < 0
3
   Q3 & Q4
   Q3    Q4  cos   0
2
2 2  1 1 8
cos   1  sin   1      1  
 3 9 9
8 2 2
 cos   
9 3
V1 60. Find a cosine function whose period is 7.
Sol: Let the required function f  x   cos ax
2 2 2
 7 a  a
a 7 7
2
 f  x   cos x
7
2
V1 61. Find a sine function whose period is
3
Sol: Let f  x   sin ax
2 2
period  a  3  a  3  a  3
IPE MATHS IA 136
 f ( x )  sin(  3 ) x   sin(3 ) x
cos 90  sin 90
V1 62. Prove that 0 0
 cot 360
cos 9  sin 9
cos 90 sin 90
 0
0
cos 9  sin 9 0 cos 9 0
cos 90  1  tan 9 tan A  tan B
Sol, L.H.S. =  cos 90 sin 90 1  tan 90 tan( A  B) 
cos 90  sin 90  1  tan Atan B
cos 90 cos 90
 
 tan 450  90  tan 54 0  cot 36 0
5 
V1 63. If cos    and     then find sin 2 .
13 2
Sol: Since sin 2   1  cos2 
25 144 144 12
 1   sin       Q2 
169 169 169 13
 12  5  120
 sin 2  2 sin  .cos   2      
 13  13  169
2 tan x
V1 64. For what values of x in the first quadrant is positive?
1  tan 2 x
2 tan x 2tan A
Sol:  tan 2 x  0 tan2A 
1  tan 2 x 1  tan2 A

 0  2x   x  Q1 
2

0 x
4
 
x   0, 
 4
 
V1 65. If 0    , show that 2  2  2  2 cos 4  2cos
8 2
A
Sol: 2  2  2  2 cos 4  2  2  2 1  cos 4  1  cos A  2cos2
2
 2  2  2 cos 2

 2  2 1  cos 2   2 1  cos    2 cos
2
IPE MATHS IA 137
0
sin 2 1
V1 66. Prove that tan   and hence deduce the values of tan15 and tan 22
0
1  cos 2 2
sin 2 2sin  cos  sin 
Sol: R.H.S =    tan 
1  cos 2 2 cos 2  cos 
sin 2
 tan   , If put   150 then
1  cos 2
1
12
0 sin 300    2 3
tan15  0 3 2 3
1  cos 30 1
2
1
0 2  1
1 sin 450   2 1
Put   tan 22  1 2 1
2 1  cos 450 1 
2
IPE MATHS IA 138
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
KEY POINTS:
1. a. The general solution of sin   0 , tan   0 is   nn  z

b. cos   0 then G.S. is    2n  1 n  z
2
n  
2. a. If sin   sin  then G.S.   n   1 n  z , 
2 2
b. If cos   cos  then G.S.   2n  n  z , 0    
 
c. If tan   tan  then G.S. of   n  n  z , 
2 2
3. If Sin 2  Sin 2 , Cos 2  Cos 2 , Tan 2  Tan 2 then G.S.is   n   , n  z
4. Common Solution of Two trigonometric equations is   2n  , 0    2

V1 01.Solve the following and write the general solution.
i) 2 cos 2   3 sin   1  0 ii) 2  sin x  cos x   3
iii) tan  3cot   5sec
Sol.  i  Given equation 2 cos2   3 sin   1  0.
 2 1  sin 2    3sin   1  0  cos 2 A  1  sin 2 A (1M)
 2  2 sin 2   3 sin   1  0
 2 sin 2   3 sin   3  0

  2 sin 2   3 sin   3  0 
 2 sin 2   3 sin   3  0
 2sin 2   2 3 sin   3 sin   3  0
  
 2sin  sin   3  3 sin   3  0 
3 
  
 2sin   3 sin   3  0  sin  
2
  ;
3
n
sin   3  0 has no solution.  If sin   Sin  then general solution of   n    1  ;n  Z (2M)
n 
General solution is   n   1 ; n  z (1M)
3
.  ii  Given equation 2  sin x  cos x   3.
on dividing both sides by a 2  b 2  2  2  4  2
1 1 3   3  cos  x     cos 
 sin x  cos x   sin sin x  cos cos x    (1 M)
2 2 2 4 4 2  4 6
IPE MATHS IA 139
    5
 The principal solution is x   . x  = .
4 6 4 6 12
 
The general solution is x   2n  n  Z
4 6
 If cos   cos  then general solution   2n  ; n  Z
 
x  2n   , (2M)
6 4
5 
 x  2n  nz or x  2n  ; n z (1M)
12 12
 iii  Given equation is tan   3 co t  5sec 
equation is valid only when sin   0, cos   0.
sin  3cos  5
   . (1M)
cos  sin  cos 
sin 2   3cos 2  5
 
sin  .cos  cos 
 sin 2   3cos 2   5sin 
 sin 2   3 1  sin 2    5sin 
 sin 2   3  3sin 2   5sin   2 sin 2   5sin   3  0

 2sin 2   5sin   3  0  2 sin 2   6sin   sin   3  0
 2sin   sin   3 1 sin   3  0
 2sin   1 sin   3  0

n
2sin   1  0 or sin   3  0  If sin = sin then G.S of = n +  -1  ;n  z
1
sin   or sin   3 has no solution
2

sin   sin
6
n 
G.S. of   n   1 ;n  z (2M)
6
 n 
Principal solution is   , General solution is   n   1 ; n z (1M)
6 6
  1
V1 02.If tan   cos    cot   sin  , then prove that cos      
 4 2 2
Sol. Given equation is tan   cos    cot  sin   .
IPE MATHS IA 140
   
 tan  cos   tan    sin  CotA  Tan   A
2  2 

 cos  n    sin  ; n  z If tan   tan  then general solution   n  ; n  Z (1M)
2

   cos   sin     2n  1 , n  z
2
2n  1
 cos   sin  
2
on dividing both sides by a 2  b 2  1  1  2
1 1 2n  1   2n  1
cos   sin    cos 4 cos   sin 4 sin   (2M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
 cos AcosB  sin A sin B  cos  A  B 
   2n  1   1
cos      , only n  1, 0 .satisfices above equation  cos       (1M)
 4 2 2  4 2 2

V1 03.If tan p  cot q , and p   q then show that the solutions are in A.P. with common difference .
pq
   
Sol. Given equation tan p  cot q .  tan p  tan   q  CotA  Tan   A
2  2 
 If tan  tan ,then G.S of = n + ;n  z
   2n  1  ; n  z
p  n   q , n  z   p  q     2n  1    (1M)
2 2 2 p  q
 3 5
for n  Z the solutions 2  p  q  , 2  p  q  , 2  p  q  ,...........which are in A.P. (2M)

with common difference is . (1M)
pq
V1 04.If  1 ,  2 are solutions of the equation a cos 2  b sin 2  c , tan1  tan 2 and
a  c  0 , then find the values of i) tan1  tan 2 , ii) tan1 .tan2 iii) tan 1   2 
Sol. Given equation a cos 2  b sin 2  c
 1  tan 2    2 tan   1  tan2 A 2tan A

 a 2  b 2 c Cos2A  ; Sin2A  (1M)
 1  tan    1  tan   1  tan2 A 1  tan2 A
2
 a  a tan 2   2b tan   c  c tan 2    a  c  tan   2b tan    c  a   0 (1M)
which is a quadratic equation in tan  1 ,2 are solutions of the given equation
 tan  1 , tan  2 are roots
IPE MATHS IA 141
2b ca
i  tan 1  tan  2   ii  tan 1.tan  2 
ac ca
b
 In ax 2  bx  c  0 Sum of the roots  ,
a tan A  tan B
c  tan  A  B  
Product of the roots  1  tan A. tan B
a
2b 2b
tan 1  tan  2 a c  a c b
 iii  tan 1   2     (2M)
1  tan 1 tan  2  c a  c  a  c  a a
1  
ca ca
V1 05.If  ,  are solutions of the equation aCos  bSin  c a , b, c  R and

a 2  b2  0, Cos  Cos  , S in   Sin , then show
2bc c2  a 2
that i) Sin  sin   2 ii) Sin .sin   2
a  b2 a  b2
2ac c 2  b2
iii) Cos  Cos   2 iv) Cos .Cos  2 2 .
a  b2 a b
Sol. Given equation a cos   b sin   c
a cos   c  b sin 
 a2 cos2   c2  b2 sin 2   2bc sin 
 a 2 1  Sin2   c2  b2 Sin2  2bc Sin Cos2 A  1  Sin2 A
  a 2  b2  sin 2   2bc sin   c2  a 2  0........... 1 (1M)
Given that  ,  are solution of the equation
 sin  ,sin  are the roots of (1)
2 bc
  i  sum of the roots sin   sin  
a  b2
2
 In ax 2  bx  c  0
b c
Sum of the roots  , Product of the roots 
a a
c2  a 2
 ii  Pr oduct of the roots sin  .sin   a 2  b 2 (1M)
from given equation a cos   b sin   c

 b sin   c  a cos 
 b 2 sin 2   c 2  a 2 cos 2   2ac cos  sin2 A  1  cos2 A
 b 2 1  Cos 2   c2  a2 Cos 2  2ac Cos
  a 2  b 2  cos 2   2 ac cos   c 2  b 2  0............  2  (1M)

IPE MATHS IA 142
Given that  ,  are solutions of the equation
 cos  , cos  are the roots of (2)
2ac
 iii  sum of the roots cos  cos  
a  b2
2
c2  b2
 iv  Pr oduct of the roots cos  .cos   a 2  b 2 . (1M)
V1 06.Solve i) sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin x  cos x , ii) sin x  3 cos x  2

iii) 1  sin 2   3sin  cos 
Sol.  i  Given equation sin 2 x  cos 2 x  sin x  cos x.
C  D CD
 SinC  SinD  2Cos   sin
 2  2
sin 2 x  sin x   cos 2 x  cos x   0 C D CD
CosC  CosD  2 sin   sin
 2  2
3x x 3x x
 2 cos sin  2sin sin  0 (1M)
2 2 2 2
 x 3x  3x
 2 sin 2  cos 2  sin 2   0
 
x 3x 3x
sin  0  or  cos  sin  0  If sin   0 then general solution   n; n  Z
2 2 2
x 3x
 sin  0; or tan  1 (1M)
2 2
x x 3x If tan   tan  then G.S. of

 i  sin 0   n , x  2n  ii  tan  1
  n, n  z
2 2 2
3x  2n 
G.S of  n   x   ; n z
2 4 3 6
 2 n  
 Solution set of given equation is 2 n  , n  z    3  6 , n  z  (2M)
 
Sol.  ii  Given equation is sin x  3 cos x  2 on dividing both sides by
a 2  b2  1  3  4  2
1 3 1   1
 sin x  cos x   sin 6 sin x  cos 6 cos x  (1M)
2 2 2 2
cos A cos B  sin A sin B  cos  A  B 
  1   
 cos  x     cos  principal solution is x  
 6 2 4 6 4
IPE MATHS IA 143
   
General solution is x   2n   x  2n   (2M)
6 4 4 6
 If Cos  Cos , Then G .S of   2n   ; n  z
5 
 x  2n  or x  2n  ; n  z (1M)
12 12
Sol.  iii  Given equation 1  sin 2   3sin  cos  . dividing both sides by cos2 
1 Sin 2 3 Sin Cos
   (1M)
Cos 2 Cos 2 Cos 2
 sec 2   tan 2   3 tan 
 1  tan 2   tan 2   3 tan   sec 2 A  1  tan 2 A

 2 tan 2   3 tan   1  0
 2Tan 2  2Tan  Tan  1  0
 2 tan   tan   1  1 tan   1  0
  2 tan  1 tan   1  0

1
 tan   1 or tan    If tan   tan  then G . S of   n   ; n  Z
2
 1
  or   tan  1   (2M)
4 2
General soulution of given equation
 1
  n  or   n   , n  z. Where  = tan 1 (1M)
4 2
1
V1 07.If 0     , solve cos  .cos 2 .cos 3 
4
1
Sol. Given equation cos  .cos 2 .cos 3 
4
1  4 cos cos 2 cos3  2cos   2cos 3 cos    2cos 2  cos 4  cos 2  (1M)
 2cos4 cos2  2cos2 2 1  0  2 cos 4 cos 2  cos 4  0
 2cos A cos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 
 cos 4  2 cos 2  1  0 cos2A  2cos2 A  1

1
 cos 4  0 or cos 2  (1M)
2
 
i  cos 4  0  4 
2
is the principal solution  4  2n 
2
 If Cos  cos  , ThenG . S of   2n   ; n  z
IPE MATHS IA 144
n 
   , n  z is the general solution. (1M)
2 8
 3 5 7
put n=0,1,2 we get , , , are the solution that lie in  0,  
8 8 8 8
1 2 2
 ii  cos 2 = 2
 2 
3
is the principal solution 2   2 n  
3
;
  2
   n  , n  z is the general solution put n  0,1 we get , lies in  0,  
3 3 3
  3 5 2 7
Hence the solution of the given equation in  0,   are , , , , , (1M)
8 3 8 8 3 8
 
2
V1 08.Solve the equation cot x   
3  1 cot x  3  0  0  x   .
 2
Sol.
2
Given equation cot x   
3  1 cot x  3. =0
 cot 2 x  3 cot x  cot x  3  0   

 cot x cot x  3  1 cot x  3  0 
 
 cot x  3  cot x  1  0
 cot x  3 or cot x  1 (1M)

 
x  or x  are the principal solutions (1M)
6 4
 If tan   tan  , Then G . S of   n   ; n  z
     
 General solutions are x  n  or n  Hence x  , ;  0  x   (2M)
6 4 6 4  2
2
V1 09.Find all values of x in   ,   satisfying the equation 81cos xcos x.....
 43
2 1
Sol. for x  0, we have cos x  1 then 1  cos x  cos x  .........  (1M)
1  cos x
2
Given equation 8 1 cos x  cos x  ......
 43
1
 1  x   1  x  x 2  x 3      
2
Now 81  cos x  cos x  ......
 43  82
1 1
 1  cos x  cos 2 x  ........  2   2  cos x  (2M)
1  cos x 2
 If Cos  cos  , then G . S of   2n   ; n  z
 
 x  or ; x    ,   (1M)
3 3
V1 10.Solve 4sin x sin2 x sin4 x  sin3 x
Sol: 2sin x  2sin 2 x sin 4 x   sin 3 x  2sin A sin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 

IPE MATHS IA 145
 2sin x  cos 2 x  cos 6 x   sin 3x  2cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B  (1M)

 2cos 2 x sin x  2cos 6 x sin x  sin 3x
 sin 3x  sin x  2cos 6 x sin x  sin 3x
 sin x  2sin x cos6 x  0
 If sin  0, then G . S of   n ; n  z
 s in x 1  2 c o s 6 x   0 If Cos  cos  , thenG . S of   2n   ; n  z
1
 sin x  0 or 1  2 cos 6 x  0  sin x  0 or cos 6 x 
2
2
 General solutions are x  n or 6 x  2n  (2M)
3
n 
 x  n or x   . (1M)
3 9
V2 11. If x is acute and sin  x  10º   cos  3 x  68º  , find x.
Sol. Given that sin  x  10 0   cos  3 x  680 

 sin  x  100   sin 900   3x  680   (1M)
n
 If sin  sin , Then G. S of   n   1  ; n  z
n
 x  100  n   1 1580  3x  ; n  z
when n is even x  10 0  n 180 0   1580  3 x
i.e 4 x  n 180 0   1480  x  n  45 0   37 0 ;since x  9 0 0 ; x  0(450 )  370  370
when n is odd x  10 0  n 180 0   1580  3 x   2 x  n 180 0   1680
 x   n  90 0   84 0 (2M)
for all values of n x  0 o r x  9 0 0 ; Hence the value of x  37 0 (1M)
V2 12.Find the general solution of the equation cos ec  2,cot    3 .
Sol. Given that cos ec  2; cot    3;   Q4
     
cos ec  cos ec  ; cot   cot  
 6   6 
 common solution (or) G.S of 2 tignometric equation is  =2n + ;n  z (2M)
 
  is the principal solution  General solution is   2n  ; nz (2M)
6 6
V2 13.Solve Tan  Sec  3, 0    2 .
Sol. Given equation is tan   sec   3
IPE MATHS IA 146
sin  1
  3  3 cos   sin   1 (1M)
cos  cos 
3 1 1
on dividing both sides by a 2  b 2  1  3  4  2  cos   sin  
2 2 2
  1
 cos cos   sin sin   (1M)
6 6 2
 CosACosB  SinASinB  Cos  A  B   If Cos  Cos , then G. S of   2n   ; n  z
      
 cos      cos     2n  and   2n   (1M)
6  3 6 3 3 6

  ; 0    2 is the only solution (1M)
6
3x x
V2 14.Solve Cos 3 x  cos 2 x  sin  sin , 0  x  2
2 2
3x x
Sol. Given equation is cos 3x  cos 2 x  sin  sin
2 2
C  D C D C  D CD
 cos C  cos D  2 cos   cos    sin C  sin D  2 sin   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
5x x x x 5x 
 2 cos cos  2 sin x cos  2 cos  cos  sin x   0
2 2 2 2 2 
x 5x
 cos  0  or  cos  sin x  0 (1M)
2 2
x x 
Now cos 0,   2n  1  x   2n  1  ; n z
2 2 2

 If Cos  0 then G. S of    2n  1 ; n  z
2
5x 5x   5x  
and cos  sin x  0  cos  cos   x   0  cos  cos   x 
2 2 2  2 2 
5x  
  2n    x  (2M)
2 2 
4n  
x  or x   4n 1  If Cos  Cos then G.S of   2n  ; n  z
7 7 3
 5 9 13
Hence the values of x in 0  x  2 are , , , , . (1M)
7 7 7 7
IPE MATHS IA 147
V2 15. Solve and write the general solution of the equation 4 cos 2   3  2  
3  1 cos 
Sol. 4 cos 2   3  2  
3  1 cos 
 4 cos 2   2 3 cos   2 cos   3  0
  
 2 cos  2 cos   3  1 2 cos   3  0 
 
 2 cos   3  2 cos   1  0 (1M)
3 1
 cos   or cos  
2 2
3 
(a) cos    cos
2 6

 The G.S. is  = 2n  , n  z  If Cos  Cos then G. S of    2n    ; n  z
6
1  
(b) cos    cos   cos  
2 3 3

 The G.S. is  = 2n  , n z (2M)
3
     
Hence The G.S. of the given equation is 2n  , n  z   2n  , n  z  (1M)
 6   3 
2 3
V2 16.If x  y  and sin x  sin y  then find x and y
3 2
2
Sol: x y   (1)
3
3 CD CD
sin x  sin y   sin C  sin D  2sin   cos  
2  2   2 
x y  x y  3
 2sin  2  cos  2   2  If Cos  Cos then G. S of    2n    ; n  z
   
 x y 3 
 cos    cos (From equation 1) (1M)
 2  2 6
x y 
 The G.S. is  2n  , n  z
2 6
x y 
Case (i) :  2n  , n  z
2 6

 x  y  4n  , n  z  (2)
3
 2
(1) + (2)  2 x  4n  
3 3
IPE MATHS IA 148

 x  2n  , n z
2
Substituting x in eq(1) we get
2  
y  2n  =  2n , n  z
3 2 6
 
 x  2n  , y   2n , n  z (1M)
2 6
x y 
Case (ii) :  2n  , n  z
2 6

 x  y  4n  , n  z  (3)
3
 2
(1) + (3)  2 x  4n  
3 3

 x  2n  , n z
6
Substituting x in eq(1) we get
2  
y  2n  =  2n , n  z
3 6 2
 
 x  2n  , y   2n , n  z (2M)
6 2
V2 17.Solve sin 3  4sin  sin  x    sin  x    where   n , n  z
Sol : sin 3  4sin  sin  x    sin  x   
 3sin   4sin 3   4sin  .sin  x    sin  x    sin3A  3sin A  4Sin3 A
sin  A  B  sin  A  B   sin2 A  sin2 B
 sin   3  4 sin 2    4 sin   sin 2 x  sin 2   (1M)

 3  4sin 2   4sin 2 x  4 sin 2   4 sin 2 x  3
2
2 3  3 2 
 s in x      sin  If sin2   sin2  then G.S   n  ; n  z (2M)
4  2  3

 The G..S. is x = n  , n z (1M)
3
IPE MATHS IA 149
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

KEY POINTS:
1 1
1. a) sin 1 x  cos ec 1 1
b) cos x  sec
1
x x
1
c) tan 1 x  cot 1 ,  x  0 
x
2. a) sin 1   x    sin 1  x  b) cos
1
  x     cos1  x 
c) tan 1   x    tan 1  x  d) cot
1
  x     cot 1  x 
e. sec 1   x     sec 1  x  f. cos ec 1   x    cos ec 1  x 
 
3. a. sin 1 x  cos 1 x  1 1
b. tan x  cot x 
2 2

c. sec 1 x  cos ec 1 x 
2
4. a. 
2sin 1 x  sin 1 2 x 1  x 2  1 1 2
b. 2 cos x  cos 2 x  1  
2
1  2x 
1 1  2 x  1  1  x 
c. 2 tan x  tan  2 
 Sin  2 
 Cos  2 
 1 x   1 x  1 x 
5. a. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 

 
b. cos1 x  cos 1 y  cos1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 

 
 x y 
c. tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   if x>0,y>0 and xy<1
1  xy 
 x y 
= +tan -1   if x>0,y>0 and xy>1
1  xy 
 x y 
 +tan -1   if x<0,y<0 and xy>1
1  xy 
 x y 
d. tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1  
1  xy 
IPE MATHS IA 150

1 1 1 1 
V1 01.Prove that Tan  Tan  1  Tan  1 
2 5 8 4
1 1 1 1
Sol. L.H.S = T an  T an  1  T an  1
2 5 8
1 1
let x  ;y  ; (1M)
2 5
 1 1 
   1
tan 1  5 2   tan 1  x  0, y  0, xy  1 then tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1  x  y 
 
 1  1 . 1  8  1  xy 
 2 5
7 1
9 8
1 7 1 1 tan   1  56  9 
1
= tan  tan =  7 1  = tan  72  7  (2M)
9 8  1  .   
 9 8
1   65 
= tan  65  = tan 1 1  =RHS (1M)
  4
V1 02.Prove that
1 4 5  16  
i) Sin  Sin1  Sin1   
5 13  65  2
1 4 1 
ii) Sin  2Tan  1 
5 3 2
1 3 8 36
iii) sin  sin 1  cos 1
5 17 85
1  3  1 5  323 
iv) 2 Sin    Cos  Cos 1  
5 13  325 
1 4 1 5 1  16 
Sol. i) LHS= sin  5   sin  13   sin  65 
     
5 13 65
4 5 16
(1M)
3 12 63
1 4 1  5  1  16 
= tan    tan    tan   (1M)
3  12   63 
 4 5 
    16 
tan 1  3 12   tan 1    x y 
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 
= 
 1 4 5   63   1  xy 
 3 12 
1  63  1  16 
= tan    tan   ; (1M)
 16   63 
IPE MATHS IA 151
1  63  1  63 
= tan    cot   ;
 16   16 
 
= =RHS tan1 x  cot1 x  (1M)
2 2
5
1  4  1  1  4
ii) LHS= sin  5   2 tan  3 
    3
 1 
 2 
4 3 
 tan 1    tan 1   2x 
 2 tan 1 x  tan 1 
3   1 2  2  (1M)
1    1 x 
 3 
 2   2
4   4  3
tan 1  tan 1  3  tan 1  tan 1 
= 3 1 =
 1  3 8 (1M)
 
 9  9
1 4 2 9 1  4  1  3 
= tan  tan 1  .  = tan    tan   (1M)
3 3 8 3 4
1  4  1  4  
= tan    cot   tan1 x  cot 1 x  (1M)
3  3 2

= = RHS
2
1 3 8
iii) LHS= sin  sin 1
5 17
5 17
3 8
(1M)
4 15
1 3 8
= tan  tan 1 (1M)
4 15
 3 8 
1
 4  15   x y 
 tan 
3 8  = tan 1  77   tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1   (1M)
1 .   36   1  xy 
 4 15 
1  36 
= cos   = RHS (1M)
 85 
1  3 1 5
iv) LHS= 2sin  5   cos 13
 
IPE MATHS IA 152
1 3 1  12 
= 2 tan  4   tan  5  (1M)
   
5 13
3 12
4 5
 3 
   12 
 tan 1  2   tan 1    2x 
2 tan1 x  tan1  2 (1M)
1 9  5  1 x 
 16 
1   24 1   12
= tan  7   tan  5  (1M)
   
 120  84 
   x y 
tan  7.5 
1
 tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1 
= 
 35  288   1  xy 
 7.5 
1  36  1  323 
= tan  323  = cos   =RHS (1M)
   325 
 1 4 2
V1 03.Find the value of tan cos  tan 1 
 5 3
1 4 4 3
Sol. Let A  cos  cos A  , tan A  (1M)
5 5 4
1 2 2
Let B  tan  tan B 
3 3
3 2

tan A  tan B  4 3  17 tan A  tan B
 tan  A  B   3 2 6  tan  A  B   (2M)
1  tan A tan B 1  . 1  tan A tan B
4 3
17  1 4 1 2  17
 tan  A  B    tan  cos 5  tan 3  = (1M)
6   6
1  4
1 7
1  117 
V1 04.Prove that Sin  5   Sin  25   Sin  125 
     
1 4 7
Sol. Let sin   &sin 1 
5 25
4 7 3 24 4 5 25
sin   & sin    cos   & cos   7 (2M)
5 25 5 25 3 24
4 24 3 7 96 21 117
sin      sin  cos   cos  sin  =    =  = (1M)
5 25 5 25 125 125 125
IPE MATHS IA 153
 sin(A+B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
1  117  1 4 1 7 1  117 
     sin  125   sin 5  sin 25  sin  125  (1M)
 
V1 05. If Sin1 x  Sin1 y  Sin1 z   , then prove that x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  z 1  z 2  2 xyz

Sol. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z  
sin 1 x   sin 1 y   sin 1 z  

x  sin  y  sin  z  sin 
    ;      
L.H.S = x 1  x2  y 1  y 2  z 1  z 2 (1M)
= sin  1  sin 2   sin  1  sin 2   sin  1  sin 2  CosA  1  sin2 A

= sin  cos   sin  cos   sin  cos 
Multiply and divide with 2 then finally we get
1
=  2 sin  cos   2sin  cos   2 sin  cos  
2
1
=  sin 2  sin 2   sin 2 
2
1
=  4 sin  sin  sin   (2M)
2
[ from transformations        then sin 2  sin 2   sin 2 = 4sin  sin  sin  ]
=  2 sin  sin  sin   =  2xyz  R.H.S (1M)
V1 06.If Cos 1 p  Cos 1q  Cos 1r   , then prove that p 2  q 2  r 2  2 pqr  1
Sol. Given cos 1 p  cos 1 q  cos 1 r   ..............(1)
cos 1 p   cos 1 q   cos1 r  

Let (1M)
cos   p cos   q cos   r
from (1)       
    
Apply cos on both sides
cos      cos     
 Cos  A  B   CosACosB  SinASinB

 cos  cos   sin  sin    cos   
Cos 1800    Cos (1M)
 pq  1  p 2 . 1  q 2   r
 pq  r  1  p 2 . 1  q 2
IPE MATHS IA 154
Squaring on both sides
 p 2 q 2  r 2  2 pqr  1  p 2 1  q 2 
 p 2 q 2  r 2  2 pqr  1  q 2  p 2  p 2 q 2
 p 2  q 2  r 2  2 pqr  1 (2M)
V1 07.i) If Tan1 x  Tan1 y  Tan1 z   , then prove that x  y  z  xyz
1 1 1 
ii) If Tan x  Tan y  Tan z  , then prove that xy  yz  zx  1
2
Sol. i) Given tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  
tan 1 x   tan 1 y   tan 1 z  

Let (1M)
tan   x tan   y tan   z
  ;   

Apply tan on both sides we get
tan       tan      (1M)
 tan  A  B  
 tan A  tan B 
tan   tan  1  tan A tan B
  tan   
1  tan  tan   0

tan 180     tan 
x y
 1  xy   z
x  y   z 1  xy   x  y   z  xyz ;  x  y  z  xyz (2M)
1 1 1 
ii) Given tan x  tan y  tan z 
2
1
  tan 1 x   ta n y   ta n  1 z
Let y  ta n  (1M)
x  tan  z  ta n 
We get
 
   ;    
2 2
  
Apply tan on both sides then we get tan       tan  2     tan  90     cot 
0
(1M)
 
tan   tan  tan   tan  1 x y 1
 1  tan  tan   cot   1  tan  tan   tan   
1  xy z
 xz  yz  1  xy  xy  yz  zx  1 (2M)
p q p 2 2 pq q2
V1 08. If Cos
1
 Cos 1   , then prove that 2  .cos   2  sin 2 
a b a ab b
p q p q
Sol. Given cos
1
 cos 1   ; Let cos 1  x ; cos 1  y (1M)
a b a b
IPE MATHS IA 155
p q p2 q2
Cos x = ; cos y  ; sin x  1  cos 2 x = 1  2 and sin y  1  cos2 y = 1  2
a b a b
 x y 
Apply cos on both sides cos  x  y   cos  ;
 cos x cos y  sin x sin y  cos   cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B (1M)
p q p2 q2  pq  p2 q2
   1   1  = cos     cos    1  1 
a b a2 b2  ab  a2 b2
p2q2 2 pq  p2  q2 
 a 2b 2  cos   2 cos    1   1  
ab  a2  b2 
p2q2 2 2 pq q2 p2 p2q2
 2 2  cos   cos   1  2  2  2 2
ab ab b a ab
p2 q2 pq
 2
 2 2 cos   1  cos2 
a b ab
p 2 q2 pq
 2
 2 2 cos   s in 2  (2M)
a b ab
V1 09. Solve the following equations for x.

2
1 2x 1 1  x 2x 
i) 3 Sin 2
 4 Cos 2
 2Tan1 2

1 x 1 x 1 x 3
1 x 1 x 1 
ii) Tan  Tan1 
x2 x2 4
2
1 2x 1 1  x 2x 
Sol. (i) 3sin 2
 4cos 2
 2 tan 1 2
 put x  tan     tan 1 x - (1M)
1 x 1 x 1 x 3
2
 2 tan  
1 1  1  tan   1  2 tan   
then 3sin  1  tan 2    4 cos  1  tan 2   2 tan  2  (1M)
     1  tan   3
sin1  sin    ,cos1  cos   

1 1 1

 3sin  sin 2   4 cos  cos 2   2 tan  tan 2  = tan1  tan   
3
   
 3  2    4  2   2  2    2     tan 1 x 
3 3 6 6
 1
 x  tan  (2M)
6 3
IPE MATHS IA 156
1  x  1  1  x  1  
ii) Given tan    tan  
 x2  x2 4
 x 1 x 1 
  
tan  1  x  2 x  2  =
 x y 
 tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 
x 1 x 1  (2M)
1 .  4  1  xy 
 x2 x2 

2 x2  2  1; 3 3 1 1
 x2  2  ; x2  2   x (2M)
3 2 2 2 2
x2  1

V1 10.Prove that cos Tan1 sin  Cot 1 x     x2  2
Sol. Let cot 1 x   ; cot   x
1 1 1
Consider sin  cot x  sin   cos ec 
1
 (1M)
2
1  cot  1  x2
 1  1 
1

Let tan sin  cot x  tan 
1 1
 2
   ; tan  
1 x 2 ,where 0<

2
(1M)
 1 x 
1
1  1 1  x2
LHS = cos tan  1
sin cot x  
1
 cos  
sec 
1
1  tan 2  1  1  x2
=
2  x2
=RHS (2M)
V1 11. Show that sec2  Tan1 2   cos ec 2  Cot 1 2   10
Sol. Let tan 1 2  ; tan   2 Let   cot 1 2  cot   2 (1M)
LHS= sec 2  tan 1 2   cos ec 2  cot 1 2 
 sec 2   1  tan 2 
= sec 2   cos ec 2   1  tan 2    1  cot 2   cos ec 2  1  cot 2 
(2M)
= 1  22  1  22  1  4  1  4  10 = RHS (1M)
2
 1 2 x 1  1  x 

V1 12. Prove that sin cot 1  x 2  cos  1  x 2    1
  
Sol. (i) Let x  tan 
2
  2 tan   1  1  tan  
sin cot 1  2   cos  2  (1M)
  1  tan    1  tan  
= sin  cot 1  tan 2   cos 1  cos 2   (1M)
      cot 1  cot    
 sin  cot 1  cot   2    cos 1  cos 2   (1M)
  2   cos 1  cos    
IPE MATHS IA 157
    
 sin   2   2  = sin =1
 2   2
2
 2x 1  1  x 

 sin cot 1 2
 cos  2 
1 (1M)
 1  x  1  x  
1 4 3  27 
V1 13. Prove that cos  sin  1  tan  1  
5 34  11 
1  4  1  3 
Sol. LHS = cos    sin  
5  34 
1  4   3 
Let cos     sin 1  
5  34 
4 3
cos   sin   (1M)
5 34
(1M)
3 3
tan  tan  
4 5
tan   tan  tan A  tan B
Now tan      1  tan  tan   tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
3 3

 4 5 15  12 27
33   (1M)
1 20  9 11
45
27
 tan     
11
 27 
    tan 1  
 11 
 4  3   27 
 cos 1    sin 1    tan 1   (1M)
5  34   11 
 1 1 
V2 14.Find the value of tan  2 tan  
 5 4
 1  1  1 1
Sol. LHS = tan  2 tan  5   4  Let tan 1   ; tan   (1M)
    5 5
1
2
2 tan  5  2  25  5 2tan A
tan 2    tan 2 A 
2
1  tan  1  1 5 24 12 (1M)
1  tan2 A
25
IPE MATHS IA 158
 1 1   
 tan  2 tan  5   4  = tan  2  4 
 
 5
tan 2  tan 1
4 12 7 12 7 tan A  tan B
=  = 5  12  17  17  tan  A  B   1  tan A tan B (2M)
1  tan 2 tan 1
4 12
 1    1 a
1   1 a 2a
V2 15. Prove that tan  4  2 cos b   tan  4  2 cos b   b
   
1 1  a  1  a 
Sol. Let 2 cos  b    ;  cos    2 (1M)
  b
a
 cos 2 
b
 1  1  a
1     1   a
LHS= tan  4  2 cos b   tan  4  2 cos b  = tan  4     tan  4    (1M)
       
2 2
 1  tan    1  tan   1  tan    1  tan  
=   = 1  tan  1  tan  
 1 tan    1  tan  
=

2 1  tan 2    a  b  2 2

 a  b   2 a 2  b 2  (1M)
2
1  tan 
2 2 2 2b
=    = RHS (1M)
 2
1  tan  
cos 2  a  a
 

1  tan 2   b
1  3  1  12  1 33
V2 16. Prove that sin    cos    cos
5  13  65
1   3
1   1   12
1   3 5
Sol. LHS = sin  5   cos  13  = tan  4   tan  12 
       
5 13
3 5 (2M)
4 12
 3 5 
    x y 
tan 1  4 12   tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1 
= 3 5 
1 .   1  xy 
 4 12 
1  56  1  33 
= tan   = cos   =RHS (2M)
 33   65 
41 
V2 17. Prove that Cot 1 9  Co sec1 
4 4
1 1
Sol. Let   cot 9  cot   9  tan   (1M)
9
IPE MATHS IA 159
41 41 4 41
Let   cos ec1  cos ec   tan   4 (1M)
4 4 5 5
tan   tan  TanA  TanB

Now take, tan       tan  A  B  
1  tan  tan  1  TanATanB
1 4

9 5  41  1
= 1 4 41 (1M)
1 .
9 5
  41 
 tan      1  tan    1
 Cot 9  Co sec
1
 (1M)
4 4 4 4
 1 1   1
V2 18. Prove that cos  2Tan   sin  4Tan  1 
 7  3
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. Let A  tan  tan A  Let B  tan  tan B  (1M)
7 7 3 3
2
1
1  
2  7   48  24
 1 1  1  tan A
LHS = cos  2 tan  = cos2A= = 2
50 25 ----(1) (1M)
 7 1  tan 2 A 1   1 
7
 1 1 
RHS = sin  4 tan  = sin 4 B  sin 2  2 B  = 2sin 2B cos 2 B (1M)
 3
 2   1 2  2 tan B
  1      sin 2B 

 2 tan B  1  tan B
2
  3   3   1  tan2 B
2 2
=  1  tan 2 B   1  tan 2 B  =   1    1  2 
2
1  tan2 B
    1    
 1     cos 2 B 
  3    3   1  tan 2 B
 6  8  24
 2     ---(2) (1M)
 10  10  25
from (1) and (2) LHS = RHS
1 3 3 8 
V2 19. Prove that Tan  Tan  1  Tan  1  .
4 5 19 4
1 3 3 8
Sol. LHS = Tan  T an  1  T an  1 . (1M)
4 5 19
 3 3 
1
 45  8  x y 
tan    tan 1 tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1 
=  (1M)
 1  3 . 3  19  1 xy 
 4 5
IPE MATHS IA 160
1  27  1 8
= tan    tan
 11  19
 27 8 
 11  19 
1  425  
1
tan  
= = tan  1
 = tan 1 = = RHS (2 M)
 1  27 . 8   425  4
 11 19 
1  1   1   2 
V2 20.Solve for ‘x’ in the equation tan    tan 1    tan 1  2  ,  x  0 .
 2x  1 4x  1 x 
 1  1  1  1  2 
Sol. tan 1    tan    tan  2 
 2x  1   4x 1  x 
 1 1 
    2
 tan 1  2 x  1 4 x  1   tan 1  2   tan1 x  tan1 y  tan1  x  y 
1 1 x    (1M)
1    1  xy 
 2x 1 4x 1 
 4x 1  2x 1 
 2x 1 4x 1 
 tan 1 
     tan 1  2 
  2 x  1 4 x  1  1   2
x  (1M)
 
  2 x  1 4 x  1 
 6x  2   2 
 tan 1  2   tan 1  2 
 8x  2 x  4 x  1 1 x 
 6x  2   2 
 tan 1  2   tan 1  2 
 8x  6 x  x 
6x  2  2
 2
 tan  tan 1 2 
8x  6 x  x 
2  3 x  1 2
   
 tan tan1 x  x (1M)
2  4 x  3x 
2
x2
  3 x  1 x 2  2  4 x 2  3 x 
 3x3  x2  8x 2  6 x
 3 x3  7 x 2  6 x  0
 x 3 x 2  7 x  6   0
x  0 (or) 3x2  7x  6  0
3x2  9 x  2 x  6  0
3 x  x  3  2  x  3  0 (1M)
x  3, 2 3
IPE MATHS IA 161
But x = 0 does not satisfies the given equation  x  3, 2 3
V3 21. If sin1 x  sin1 y  sin1 z   then prove that x4  y4  z4  4x2 y2 z2  2  x2 y2  y2 z2  z2 x2 

Sol. Let sin 1 x   , sin 1 y   , sin 1 z  
 sin   x,sin   y, sin   z
Given sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z   (1M)
           
 cos      cos    
 cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

 cos  cos   sin  sin    cos  cos 180      cos 
 1  sin 2  1  sin 2   sin  sin    1  sin 2 
 1  x 2 1  y 2  xy   1  z 2
 1  x 2 1  y 2  xy  1  z 2 (1M)
 Sq. on b.s.
 1  x 2 1  y 2   x 2 y 2  1  z 2   2 xy 1  z 2
 1  y 2  x 2  x 2 y 2  x 2 y 2  1  z 2  2 xy 1  z 2
 x2  y 2  z 2  2 xy 1  z 2
Again Sq. on b.s.
 x 4  y 4  z 4  2 x 2 y 2  2 y 2 z 2  2 x 2 z 2  4 x 2 y 2 1  z 2  (1M)
 x 4  y 4  z 4  2 x 2 y 2  2 y 2 z 2  2 x 2 z 2  4 x 2 y 2  4 x2 y 2 z 2
 x 4  y 4  z 4  4 x2 y 2 z 2  2  x2 y 2  y 2 z 2  x 2 z 2  (1M)
5 12 
V3 22.(i) Solve for ‘x’ in the equation arc sin    arc sin   x  0 
 x x 2
1 1 
(ii) Solve for ‘x’ in the equation sin x  sin 2 x 
3
1 5 5
Sol. (i) Let sin    sin  
x x
12 12
sin 1    sin   (1M)
x x
5 12
Given sin
1
 sin 1  
x x 2
   2     2  2 
 sin   sin     (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 162
 sin   cos   
 sin 900    cos 
 1  sin 2 
12 25
  1 2 (1M)
x x
squaring on bothsides
144 25 144 25 144  25
2
 1 2   2 1  1  x 2  169
x x x2 x x2
x  13  x  13  x  0  (1M)

(ii) sin 1  x   sin 1  2 x  
3
  
 sin 1 x   sin 1 2 x  x  sin   sin 1 2 x  (1M)
3 3 

Let sin 1 2x    sin   2x  x  sin    
3 
 sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

 
x  sin cos   cos .sin 
3 3 cos x  1  sin 2 x
3 1 3 3
x 1  4x2  2x  x x  1  4 x2  2x  1  4 x2
2 2 2 2
 4x  3 1  4x2
squaring on both sides (2M)
16 x 2  3. 1  4 x 2  16x2  3 12x2  28 x 2  3
3 3
x2  x (1M)
28 28
3
x  negative value of x does not satisfy the given equation
28
IPE MATHS IA 163
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
KEY POINTS:
x x2 x3 x x 2 x2
1. a. ex  1     ........... b. e x  1     .........
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
e x  e x e x  e x e x  e x
2. a) sinh x  b) cosh x  c) tanh x 
2 2 e x  e x
d) cosh(ix)  cos x e) sinh(ix )  i sin( x)
3. a. sinh( x  y )  sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
b. sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
c. cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 d. 1-tanh 2 x=sech 2 x
e. coth 2 x-1=cosech 2 x
4. a. cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
b. cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
2tanhx
c. sinh2x=2sinhx coshx=
1-tanh 2 x
1  tanh 2 x
d. cosh2x=cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  2 cosh 2 x  1  1  2sinh 2 x 
1  tanh 2 x
2 tanh x
e. tanh 2 x 
1  tanh 2 x
tanh x  tanh y tanh x  tanh y
5. a. tanh  x  y   b. tanh  x  y  
1  tanh x.tanh y 1  tanh x.tanh y
coth x.coth y  1
c. coth  x  y   d. sinh 3x  3sinh x  4 sinh 3 x
coth y  coth x
3tanh x  tanh 3 x
e. 3
cosh 3 x  4 cosh x  3cosh x f. tanh 3 x 
1  3tanh 2 x
6. a. 
sinh 1 x  log e x  x 2  1  b 
cosh 1 x  log e x  x 2  1 
1  1 x  1  x 1 
c. tanh 1 x  log e   d. coth 1 x  log e  
2  1 x  2  x 1 
1  1  x 2 
e. Sech 1 x  log e   for x  (0,1]
 x 
1  1  x 2  1  1  x 2 
f. Cosech 1 x  log e   if x  0  log e   if x  0
 x   x 
IPE MATHS IA 164
5
V1 01.If cosh x  , find the values of  i  cosh  2x and ii  sinh  2x .
2
5
Sol. Given cosh x 
2
 sinh 2 x  cosh 2 x  1  c osh 2 x  sin h 2 x  1

25 21
 sinh 2 x  1  sinh 2 x 
4 4
21
 sinh x  
2
2
5  25  23
(i)  2   1  2  4  1   cosh 2 x  2cosh 2 x  1
2  2 2
 21   5  5 21
(ii)  2   2   2   sinh2 x  2sinh x cosh x
   2
3
V1 02.If sinh x  ,find cosh 2 x and sinh 2 x .
4
3
Sol. Given sinh x 
4
9
 cosh 2 x  1  sinh 2 x  1  16  cosh2 x  sinh2 x  1
25 5
 cosh 2 x   cosh x   cosh x  1
16 4
 9  16  18 34 17
(i)  1 2    
 16  16 16 8  cosh 2 x  1  2 sinh 2 x
 3   5  15
(ii)  2     sinh2 x  2sinh x cosh x
 4 2  4  8
V1 03.If cosh x  sec then prove that tanh 2 x / 2  tan 2  / 2
Sol. Given Coshx  sec
 
2sin2  
2x cosh x 1 sec 1  1  cos   2   tan2  / 2
We have Tanh    = sec  1 1  cos   
 2  cosh x 1 2cos 2  
2
 x  cosh x 1    
Tanh2    1  cos  2sin2   1  cos  2cos2   sec  1
 2  cosh x  1  2  2 cos 
IPE MATHS IA 165
V1 04.For x, y  R Prove that  i  sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
 ii  cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

Sol. (i) R.H.S = sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
 e x  e  x  e y  e y   e x  e  x  e y  e  y  e x  e x e x  e x
     sinh x  ,cosh x 
 2  2   2  2  2 2
e x  y  e x  y  e  x  y  e  x y  e x  y  e x  y  e  x  y  e  x y

4
2e x  y  2e
 x  y   e x  y  e  x y    e x  y  e x  y  
  2       sinh  x  y  = L.H.S
4  4   2 
sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y .
(ii) R.H.S = cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
 e x  e x   e y  e y   e x  e  x  e y  e  y  e x  e x e x  e x
  
    sinh x  ,cosh x 
 2  2   2  2  2 2
 x  y   x  y 
e x y  e x y  e x y  e  e x y  e x y  e x y  e

4
2e x  y  2e
 x  y   e x  y  e  x  y    e x  y  e   x  y  
  2       cosh  x  y   L.H .S
4  4   2 
 cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y .
V1 05. Prove that

n
 i   cosh x  sinh x   cosh  nx   sinh  nx  , for any n  R
n
 ii   cosh x  sinh x   cosh  nx  sinh  nx  , for any n  R
 e x  e x   e x  e x  e x  e x e x  e x
Sol. (i) cosh x  sinh x   
   sinh x  ,cosh x 
 2   2  2 2
e x  e  x  e x  e  x 2e x
 
2 2
x
 cosh x  sinh x  e
n n
L.H.S =  cosh x sinh x   ex   enx .
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx 
R.H.S = cosh nx  sinh nx     
 2   2 
enx  enx  enx  enx 2e  nx
   nx
2 2 e
IPE MATHS IA 166
 L.H .S  R.H .S
n
 cosh x  sinh x   cosh  nx   sinh  nx 
 e x  e x   e x  e x 
(ii) cosh x  sinh x    
 2   2 
e x  e  x  e x  e  x 2e x e x  e x e x  e x
  sinh x  ,cosh x 
2 2 2 2
 cosh x  sinh x  e x
n n
L.H.S =  cosh x  sinh x    ex   enx
 e nx  e  nx   e nx  e  nx 
R.H .S  cosh  nx   sinh  nx      
 2   2 
enx  enx  enx  enx 2e nx
 = = enx
2 2
 L.H.S = R.H.S
n
 cosh x  sinh x   cosh  nx   sinh  nx 
V1 06.For any x R , prove that cosh 4 x  sinh 4 x  cosh  2 x  .

Sol. L.H.S  cosh4 x  sinh4 x
2 2
=  cosh 2 x    sinh 2 x  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b
 cosh 2 x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x

=  cosh x  sinh x  cosh x  sinh x 
2 2 2 2
and cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
 1.cosh 2x
 cosh 2 x  R.H .S
 cosh 4 x  sinh 4 x  cosh 2 x
      
V1 07. If   ,  and x  log  cot      prove that sinh x  tan 2 and cosh x  sec 2 .
 4 4   4 
  
Sol. Given x  log  cot     
 4 
    1 1
 e x  cot      e  x  tan     e  x  x
and  tan
4  4  e cot
1     e x  e x
(i)   cot      tan       cosh x 
2  4  4  2
IPE MATHS IA 167
1  
=  2 cos ec 2       cot A  tan A  2cos ec 2 A
2 4 
   
= cos ec   2   sec 2 cos ec      sec
2  2 
1      e x  e x
(ii)   cot      tan       sinh x 
2  4  4  2
1    
  2 cot 2       cot   2   cot A  tan A  2 cot 2 A
2 4  2 
 
  tan 2 cot       tan
2 
    
V1 08. If u  log e  tan     and if cos  0, then prove that coshu = secθ.
  4 2 
    
Sol: Given u  loge  tan    
  4 2 
      1 1
 e u  tan     e u  cot     e  u  u and  cot 
 4 2  4 2 e tan 
eu  eu e x  e x
cosh u  cosh x 
2 2
1       
  tan     cot    
2  4 2  4 2 
1    
=  2 cos ec 2      cot A  tan A  2 cos ec 2 A
2  4 2 
   
= cos ec      sec  cos ec      sec
2  2 
tanh x  tanh y
V1 09.Prove that tanh  x  y   .
1  tanh x tanh y
sinh x sinh y

tanh x  tanh y  cosh x cosh y sinh x
Sol. R.H.S  sinh x sinh y  tanh x 
1  tanh x tanh y 1  . cosh x
cosh x cosh y
IPE MATHS IA 168
sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y  sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y


cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y
sinh  x  y 
  tanh  x  y  = L.H.S
cosh  x  y 
tanh x  tanh y
 tanh  x  y   .
1  tanh x tanh y
cosh x sinh x
V1 10. Prove that   sinh x  cosh x, for x  0.
1  tanh x 1  coth x
cosh x sinh x
Sol: L.H.S  
1  tanh x 1  coth x
cosh x sinh x
  sinh x cosh x
sinh x cosh x tanh x  coth x 
1 1 cosh x sinh x
cosh x sinh x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
   
cosh x  sinh x sinh x  cosh x cosh x  sinh x cosh x  sinh x

cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x

 cosh x  sinh x   cosh x  sinh x  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b
cosh x  sinh x cosh x  sinh x
 cosh x  sinh x = R.H.S
1 1  1 x 
V1 11. Theorem: for x  (-1,1), Prove that tanh x  log e  
2  1 x 
Sol. Let x   1,1 and y  tanh 1 x  x  tanh y
x 1 e  e   e  e 
y y y y
x ey ey
 using componendo and dividendo x  1  e y  e  y  e y  e  y
1 ey  ey    
a c ab cd
    componendo and dividendo
b d a b c d
x 1 2e y
  2y
x  1 2e  y   e
1 x 1 x  1  1 x  1 1  1 x 
 e2 y   2 y  log e    y  log e    tanh x  log e  .
1 x 1 x  2  1 x  2  1 x 
1  1  1
V1 12.Show that tanh    log e 3
 2 2
1 1 x 
Sol.  tanh 1 x  log e  
2  1 x 
IPE MATHS IA 169
put x = 1/2
 1 3
1 1  1  1  
 
 tanh 1    log e  2   log e  2   1 log 3
2 2 1 2 1 e
 1    2
 2 2

V1 13. If sinh x  5 show that x  log e 5  26 . 
Sol. Given sinh x  5  x  sinh 1  5 
  
= log e 5  5  1  sinh x  log e x  x  1
2 1 2


 log e 5  25  1 
 x  log e 5  26 
IPE MATHS IA 170
PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
KEY POINTS:
a b c
1. Sine Rule : - In a  ABC ,    2R
sin A sin B sin C
 a  2 R sin A, b  2 R sin B, c  2 R sin C
Here ‘R’ is the circum radius
b2  c 2  a2
2. Cosine Rule: a. a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A, cos A 
2bc
c2  a2  b2
b. b 2  c 2  a 2  2ac cos B, cos B 
2ac
a2  b2  c 2
c. c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C , cos C 
2ab
3. Projection Rule:a) a  b cos C  c cos B b) b  c cos A  a cos C

c) c  a cos B  b cos A
 BC   bc  A
4. Tangent Rule: a. Tan    cot
 2  bc 2
 C  A  c  a  B
b. Tan    cot
 2  ca 2
 A B   a b  C
c. Tan    cot
 2   ab 2
1 1 1
5. a.   bc sin A  ca sin B  ab sin C  2 R 2 sin A.sin B.sin C
2 2 2
abc
b.   s  s  a  s  b  s  c  c. 
4R
sin
A

 s  b  s  c  ; cos A  s s  a
6. a.
2 bc 2 bc
sin
B

 s  c  s  a  ; cos B  s  s  b
b.
2 ca 2 ca
sin
C

 s  a  s  b  ; cos C  s s  c
c.
2 ab 2 ab
 A
Tan   
 s  b  s  c    s  b  s  c 
d.
2 s s  a 
 B
Tan   
 s  c  s  a    s  c  s  a 
e.
2 s  s  b 
C 
Tan   
 s  a  s  b    s  a  s  b 
f.
2 s  s  c 
IPE MATHS IA 171
 A B C A B C
7. a. r    s  a  Tan   s  b  Tan   s  c  Tan  4 R sin .sin .sin
s 2 2 2 2 2 2
 A A B C
b. (i) r1   sTan  4 R sin .cos .cos
sa 2 2 2 2
 B A B C
(ii) r2   sTan  4 R cos .sin .cos
s b 2 2 2 2
 C A B C
(ii) r3   sTan  4 R cos .cos .sin
sc 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
c. (i) r.r1.r2 .r3   2 (ii)   
r1 r2 r3 r
(iii) r1  r2  r3  r  4 R (iv) r  r1  r2  r3  4 R cos B
2
(v) r  r1  r2  r3  4 R cos C (vi) r12  r22  r32  r 2  16 R 2   a  b  c 

65 21
V1 01.If a=13, b=14, c=15 show that R , r  4, r1  , r2  12, r3  14 .
8 2
Sol: a=13, b=14, c=15
a  b  c 13  14  15 42 a  b c
S    21 S  (1M)
2 2 2 2
s  a  21  13  8; s  b  21  14  7; s  c  21  15  6
  s( s  a )( s  b)(s  c)  21 8  7  6   s( s  a )( s  b)( s  c ) (1M)
 21 16  21  84
abc 13  14 15 65 abc

R   units R  (1M)
4 4  84 8 4
 84 
r   12 r  (1M)
s 7 s
 84 21 
r1     r1  (1M)
sa 8 2 sa
 84 
r2    12 r2  (1M)
s b 7 s b
 84 
r3    14  r3  (1M)
sc 6 sc
V1 02. i) If r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6, and r =1 prove that a = 3, b=4 and c=5
Sol: r =1, r1 = 2, r2 = 3, r3 = 6,
2
 = r.r1.r2.r3=1.2.3.6=36   = 6  2  r .r1 .r2 .r3 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 172
 6 6 6 
r   s    6, r  (1M)
S S r 1 s
 6 6 6 
r1    6  a    3  6  a  3 a  3  r1  (1M)
S a 6a r1 2 s a
 6 6 6 
r2    6  b    2  6  b 2b  4 r2  (2M)
S b 6 b r2 3 s b
 6 6 6 
r3    6  c    1  6  c  1 c  5 r3  (2M)
S c 6c r3 6 s c
Sol: ii) In ABC , If r1 =8, r2=12, r3=24, find a,b,c.
we know that
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3  2 1 1 1 1 1
       r4     (1M)
r r1 r2 r3 8 12 24 24 r r1 r2 r3
But  2  r r1 r2 r3  4  8  12  24  (8  12) 2  96cm 2   2  rr1 r2 r3 (1M)
 96 
r   4   s  24 r 
s s s
  96 
r1   s  a   24  a   24  a  12  a  12  r1  (1M)
sa r1 8 s a
  96 
r2   s  b   24  b   24  b  8  b  16  r2  (2M)
s b r2 12 s b
  96 
r3   s  c   24  c   24  c  4  c  20  r3  (2M)
sc r3 24 s c
r1 r2 r3 1 1
V1 03.Show that    
bc ca ab r 2 R
r1 r2 r3 ar1  br2  cr3 ar 1 A A
Sol: LHS =     1  . as. tan  r1  s.tan (1M)
bc ac ab abc abc abc 2 2
S A S A A sin A / 2 4 RS 2 A

abc
.2R sin A.tan 
2 abc
.2R2sin cos .
2 2 cos A / 2

abc
 sin 2
 a  2 R sin A (1M)
4 RS A S A 1 A B C
  sin 2   Sin 2   sin 2  Sin 2  Sin 2   abc  4 R 
4R 2  2 r 2 2 2
1  1  cos A 1  cos B 1  cos C  A 1  cos A
      sin 2  (1M)
r 2 2 2  2 2
1
 1  cos A  1  cos B  1  cos C 
2r
IPE MATHS IA 173
1 A B C
 3   cos A  cos B  cos C    cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin sin sin (1M )
2r  2 2 2
1   A B C 
  3   1  4 sin sin sin   (1M )
2r   2 2 2 
1  A B C
  2  4 sin sin sin  (1M )
2r  2 2 2
1 1  A B C R
   4 sin sin sin  
r 2r  2 2 2 R
A B C
1 4 R sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 1 r 1 1  r  4 R sin
A B
sin sin
C
(1M)
      2 2 2
r 2 rR r 2 rR r 2 R
V1 04.(i) Show that r  r1  r2  r3  4 R cos C
(ii) Show that r  r3  r1  r2  4 R cos B

A B C A B C A B C
Sol. (i) r1  r2  4 R sin cos cos  4 R cos sin cos  r1  4 R sin cos cos (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
 r2  4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
C A B A B
 4 R cos sin cos  cos sin  sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B (1M)
2  2 2 2 2 
C  A B C C  C AB C
 4 R cos sin     4 R cos cos    4 R cos 2   90 0  (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
r  r3  4 R sin sin sin  4 R cos cos sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
C A B A B C  A B
 4R sin  cos cos  sin sin   4R sin cos    (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C C  C
 4R sin sin    4R sin 2  cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B (1M)
2 2 2
2 C C
L.H.S. r  r1  r2  r3  4 R cos  4 R sin 2  4 R cos C (1M)
2 2
(ii) Show that r  r3  r1  r2  4 R cos B
A B C A B C A B C
r  r3  4 R sin sin sin  4 R cos cos sin  r  4 R sin sin sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C  A B A B A B C
 4 R sin  sin sin  cos cos   r3  4 R cos cos sin (1M)
2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C  AB
 4 R sin cos   cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
2  2 
IPE MATHS IA 174
A B C A B C A B C
r1  r2  4 R sin cos cos  4 R cos sin cos  r1  4 R sin cos cos (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C  A B A B A B C
 4 R co s  sin cos  co s sin   r2  4 R co s sin co s (1M)
2  2 2 2 2  2 2 2
C  A B 
 4R cos sin    sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B (1M)
2  2 
L.H.S  r  r3  r1  r2
C  A B  C  A B
 4 R sin cos    4 R cos sin   sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos Asin B (1M)
2  2  2  2 
 C  AB  C  A  B 
 4 R  sin co s    c o s sin   (1M)
 2  2  2  2 
C  A B   180  2B 
 4 R sin    4R sin    4 R sin  90  B   4 R cos B  R.H .S (1M)
 2   2 
V1 05.In ABC , prove that r1  r2  r3  r  4 R

A B C A B C A B C
Sol. r1  r2  4R sin cos cos  4R cos .sin .cos  r1  4 R sin cos cos (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
C A B A B C   A B  A B C
 4R cos  sin .cos  cos .sin   4R cos  sin     r2  4Rcos sin cos (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2   2 2  2 2 2
 sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B
C    C  C C 2 C AB  C
 4 R cos  sin      4 R cos .cos  4 R cos  1    (1M)
2   2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
r3  r  4R cos .cos .sin  4R sin .sin sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
 r  4 R sin sin sin  r3  4 R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
C A B A B
 4 R sin cos .cos  sin .sin  cos  A  B  cos Acos B  sin Asin B (1M)
2  2 2 2 2
C   A B  C   C  C
 4 R sin . cos      4 R sin  cos      4 R sin C .sin C  4 R sin 2  2 (1M)
2   2 2  2  2 2  2 2 2
C C
Adding (1) and (2) r1  r2  r3  r  4 R cos 2  4 R sin 2
2 2
 C C
 4R  cos2  sin2   4R 1  4R  cos 2   sin2   1
 2 2
r1  r2  r3  r  4R (1M)
V1 06. I f P1 , P2 , P3 are the altitudes drawn from vertices A,B,C to the opposite sides of a triangle respec-
2
1 1 1 1  abc 8 3
i )   
tively then show that P P P r ii ) P1 P2 P3   (Mar-2010)
1 2 3 8R3 abc
IPE MATHS IA 175
Sol:
1
 Area of triangle ABC  = base  height
2
1 1 1 2 2 2
 = ap1 ,  = bp2 ,  = cp3  p1  , p2  , p3  , (1M)
2 2 2 a b c
1 1 1 a b c a  b  c 2S 1
(i ) + + =      2S  a  b  c (2M)
P1 P2 P3 2 2 2 2 2 r
2  2 2  8 3 
iii ) P1 P2 P3     r  (1M)
a b c abc S
3 2
8  abc   abc  abc
    (3M)
abc  4 R  8 R3 4R
ab  r1 r2 bc  r2 r3 ca  r3 r1
V1 07 Show that  
r3 r1 r2
A B C
Sol:  a  2R sin A  b  2R sin B  r1  4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
 r2  4 R cos sin cos
2 2 2
 A B C  A B C
ab  r1r2  (2 R sin A)(2 R sin B )   4 R sin cos cos   4 R cos 2 sin 2 cos 2  (1M)
 2 2 2  
 C  A A  B B
 4 R 2 sin A sin B  4 R 2  cos 2   2sin cos   2 sin cos  (1M)
 2  2 2  2 2
A A B B
 sin A  2 sin cos sin B  2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
C  C
 4 R 2 sin A sin B  4 R 2 cos 2 sin A sin B  4 R 2 sin A sin B 1  cos 2  (1M)
2  2
C
 4 R 2 sin A sin B sin 2  sin 2   1  cos 2  (1M)
2
IPE MATHS IA 176
 A A  B B C
4 R 2  2sin cos  2 sin cos  sin 2
ab  r1r2  2 2  2 2 2

Now r3 A B C (1M)
4 R cos cos sin
2 2 2
A B C
 4 R sin sin sin  r (1M)
2 2 2
bc  r2 r3 ca  r3 r1
ll ly wecan show  r (1M)
r1 r2
2 A B C r
V1 08.Show that cos  cos2  cos2  2  .
2 2 2 2R
A B C
Sol. LHS  cos 2  cos 2  cos 2
2 2 2
1  cos A 1  cos B 1  cos C A 1  cos A
    cos 2  (1M)
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
     cos A  cos B  cos C  (1M)
2 2 2 2
3 1 A B C
   cos A  cos B  cos C  cos A  cos B  cos C  1  4 sin sin sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2
3 1  A B C 
   1  4 sin sin sin  (1M)
2 2  2 2 2 
3 1 1 A B C A B C
   4 sin sin sin  r  4 R sin sin sin (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
1 4 R sin sin sin r
=2 2 2 2  2  RHS .(2M)
2 R 2R
V1 09.If r : R : r1  2:5 :12 then prove that the triangle is right angled at A.
r R r1
Sol. Given r : R : r1  2 : 5 :12     k  r  2k , R  5k , r1  12k (1M)
2 5 12
r1  r  12k  2k  10k  2  5k   2 R (2M)
A B C
 r1  4 R sin cos cos
A B C B C 2 2 2
 4 R sin  cos cos  sin sin   2 R A B C (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 r  4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
 4 R sin
A
cos
 B  C   2R  2 sin 2 A  1  sin 2
A 1 A
  sin 
1
0 (2M)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2  sin 45
IPE MATHS IA 177
A
 450  A  900 (1M)
2
V1 10. Prove that a 3 cos  B  C   b 3 cos  C  A   c 3 cos  A  B   3 abc
Sol. LHS   a 2 a cos  B  C   2

 a 2R sin A cos  B  C   a  2R sin A (1M)
  a 2 2 R sin 1800   B  C   cos  B  C   A  1800   B  C 
  a 2 R 2sin  B  C  cos  B  C   2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
 R  a 2  sin 2 B  sin 2C   R  a2  2sin B cos B  2sin C cos C   sin 2  2 sin  cos  (1M)
 R  a 2 2sin B cos B  R  a 2 2sin C cos C (1M)
  a 2  2 R sin B  cos B   a 2  2 R sin C  cos C b  2R sin B c  2R sin C (1M)
  a 2b cos B   a 2c cos C
 a 2b cos B  b 2 c cos C  c 2 a cos A  b 2 a cos A  c 2b cos B  a 2 c cosC (1M)
 ab  a cos B  b cos A  bc  b cos C  c cos B   ac  a cos C  c cos A 
c  a cos B  b cos A  a  b cos C  c cos B  b  a cos C  c cos A
 ab  c   bc  a   ac  b 
 abc  abc  abc  3abc  RHS (2M)
2 A B c 
V1 11. Show that a cos  b cos 2  c cos 2  S 
2 2 2 R
A A 1  cos A
Sol. LHS   a cos2  cos 2 
2 2 2
 a
1  cos A   a  a cos A
2
 2
(1M)
1 1 1 1

2
 a   a cos A 
2 2
 a  2  a cos A (1M)
1 1
  a  b  c    2 R sin A cos A a +b + c =2s  sin2A=2sinAcosA (1M)
2 2
1 1 R sin2 A  sin2B  sin2C
  2s   R sin 2 A  S   sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C   4sin A sin B sin C (1M)
2 2 2
R
S  4sin A sin B sin C   a  2 R sin A  b  2R sin B  c  2 R sin C
2
R a b c 
S  4. . .   sin A  a sin B  b  sin C  c (1M)
2  2 R 2 R 2R  2R 2R 2R
IPE MATHS IA 178
R  4abc  R  4R 
S   S 4   abc  4 R (1M)
2  8R 3  2  8 R3 

S  RHS (1M)
R
rr1 4R  r1  r2
V2 12.Show that i) a   r2  r3  r r ii)   r1r2
2 3 r1  r2
   
(i) Now r2  r3  s  b  s  c  r2   r3 
s  c a +b + c =2s
Sol.
sb
  s  c    s  b   2s  c  b   a  b  c  c b
          (2M)
  s  b s  c    s  b s  c    s  b s  c 
   
a
r2  r3  (1M)
 s  b  s  c 
  2  
rr  . 
Now 1 s  s  a  s  s  a  ;  r1  r 
s a s
  2
r2 r3  .  (1M)
 s  b   s  c   s  b  s  c 
  
rr1   2 / s s  a 
s sa rr1  s  b  s  c 
  
Now r2 r3      2 /  s  b  s  c  ; r2 r3 s s  a  (1M)
 
sb s c 
rr1 a  s  b  s  c 
RHS =  r2  r3   (1M)
r2 r3  s  c  s  b  s s  a
a a
  a
s  s  a s  b s  c    s  s  a  s  b s  c  (1M)
rr1
  r2  r3   a = LHS
r2 r3
Hence proved
4 R  r1  r2 A B C A B C
(ii)   r1 r2  r1  4R sin cos cos  r2  4 R cos sin cos
r1  r2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
Now r1  r2  4Rsin .cos .cos  4Rcos .sin .cos  sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
C  A B A B C   A B 
 4 R cos sin 2 .cos 2  cos 2 .sin 2   4 R cos 2 sin  2  2   (1M)
2     
C    C  C C C A B  C
 4R cos sin     4R cos  cos   4R cos2    (2M)
2   2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2
IPE MATHS IA 179
2 4 R 1  cos 2 C / 2   
RHS  .  r1  r2  (1M)
 s  a  s  b  4R cos2 C / 2 sa s b
2 sin 2 C / 2

 s  a  s  b  cos 2 C / 2 1  cos2   sin2 
2 C C  s  b  s  a 
 tan  tan 
 s  a  s  b 2 2 
2  s  b s  a
   (2M)
 s  a s  b 
a b c
V2 13.In ABC show that    2 R where R is the circumradius
sin A sin B sin C
Sol. Case (i) : A is acute
S is the centre of the circumcircle and CD is its diameter
(1M)
Then CS = SD = R and CD = 2R. Join BD.


Then DBC  and DBC is a right angled triangle.
2
Then BAC  BDC , ( angles in the same segment)
BC a
 sin A  sin BAC  sin BDC   .
CD 2 R
a
  2R (1M)
sin A
Case (ii) : A is right angle (figure)
(1M)
a
Then BC = a = 2R = 2R. 1=2R sin 90o  a  2 R sin A. Hence  2R . (1M)
sin A
Case (iii) : A is obtuse (figure)
(1M)
IPE MATHS IA 180
DBC is right angled. ( angle in the semi circle)
In the cyclic quadrilateral BACD, BDC  180o  BAC  180o  A (1M)
BC a
In BDC , sin A  sin 180o  A   sin BDC  
CD 2 R
a
Hence sin A  2 R .
b c
In a similar way, we can prove  2 R,  2R
sin B sin C
a b c
    2R (1M)
sin A sin B sin C
V2 14.If cos A  cos B  cos C  3 / 2 , then show that the triangle is equilateral .
3
Sol. Given cos A  cos B  cos C 
2
A  B  C   B C  3 C D C D
 cos C  cos D  2 cos 
1 2sin2  2cos   cos   cos   (1M)
2  2   2  2  2   2 
A A  B C  3
 1  2 sin 2  2sin cos  
2 2  2  2
A A  B C 
 2  4 sin 2  4 sin cos  3 (1M)
2 2  2 
A   B  C  A
 4 sin 2   4 cos    sin  1  0 ................. (i) (1M)
2   2  2
A
Above equation is quadratic equation in terms of sin
2
A
Since sin is real  b2  4ac  0 (1M)
2
 BC 
 16 cos 2    16  0
 2 
 B C 
 16 cos 2    16
 2 
2  B C 
But cos  2   1 is not possible (1M)
 
 BC  B C
 cos 2   1   0  B  C ................. (2)
 2  2
2
2A A  A  A A 1
From (1) 4sin  4sin  1  0   2 sin  1  0  2 sin  1  0  sin 
2 2  2  2 2 2
A

 30  A  60 (1M)
2
Since A  B  C  180  60  B  B  180  2B  120  B  60  C
 A  B  C  60 (1M)
Hence le ABC is equilateral
IPE MATHS IA 181
A B C
 cot  cot
cot a  b  c 
2
V2 15.Prove that 2 2 2 
cot A  cot B  cot C a 2  b2  c2
A ss  a B s s  b C ss  c
Sol.  Cot   cot  cot 
2  2  2 
A B C s  s  a s  s  b  s  s  c 
Cot  cot  cot    (1M)
2 2 2   
s s s
  s  a  s b  s  c  3s  a  b  c  3s  2s  a  b  c  2S
  
2
 a bc 
s 2   a  b  c
2
 2  ................ ( 1 ) (1M)
  
  4
b2  c2  a2 a2  c2  b2 a2  b2  c2
cos A  cos B  cos C 
2bc 2ac 2ab
cos A cos B cos C b2  c2  a2 a2  c2  b2 a 2  b2  c 2
cot A  cot B  cot C =     
sin A sin B sin C 2bc sin A 2ac sin B 2ab sin c
b2  c 2  a 2 a 2  c 2  b2 a2  b2  c 2
  
1  1  1  (1M)
4  bc sin A  4  ac sin B  4  ab sin c 
2  2  2 
1 1 1
  bc sin A  ac sin B  ab sin c
2 2 2
b2  c2  a2 a 2  c2  b2 a2  b2  c2 b2  c2  a2  a2  c2  b2  a2  b2  c2
    (2M)
4 4 4 4
a2  b2  c2
 ......................( 2 ) (1M)
4
2
a  b  c 2
1 4 a  b  c
  2
2 2 2
a b c 2
a  b2  c2 (1M)
4
r1  r2  r3 
V2 16.Prove that  a
r1 r2  r2 r3  r3 r1
  
Sol.  r1   r2   r3 
sa sb sc
     2  s c  s b 2  2s b c
LHS : Nr : r1  r2  r3   s  a  s b  s c  s  a s b s  c  s  a s b s c (1M)
          
IPE MATHS IA 182
s  s  a s  b s  c  a  b  c  b  c
 sa   s  s  a s  b s  c (1M)
2

 s  a s  b s  c
Nr  r1  r2  r3   sa .......... 1  (1M)
Consider  r1 r2  r2 r3  r3 r1
2 2 2 2  s  c  s  a  s  b
     s3s  2s  s  s  s2 (2M)
 s  a s b  s b s c  s c s  a  s  a s b s  c
Dr  r1r2  r2 r3  r3 r  s 2  s ..........  2  (1M)
1 sa
L.H.S=  2    a =RHS , Hence Proved (1M)
s
V2 17.If a 2  b2  c 2  8 R 2 , then prove that the triangle is right angled

Sol.  a  2 R sin A  b  2 R sin B  c  2 R sin C
2 2 2
Given that a2  b2  c2  8R2 ;  2Rsin A   2Rsin B   2R sin C   8R2 (1M)
 4R2 sin2 A 4R2 sin2 B  4R2 sin2 C  8R2  sin2 A  1  cos2 A

 sin2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  2; 1 cos2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  2 (1M)
 1  cos2 A  sin 2 B   sin 2 C  2; 1  cos  A  B  cos  A  B   sin 2 C  2 (1M)
 cos2 A  sin2 B  cos  A  B  cos  A  B 
2
 1  cos   C  cos  A  B   sin C  2  A B  C  
 1  cos C cos  A  B   1  cos C  2; 2  cos C cos  A  B   cos C   2

2
(1M)
 cos C  cos  A  B   cos    A  B    0 A  B  C   (1M)
 cos C  cos  A  B   cos  A  B   0; cos C  2 cos A cos B   0

 cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2 cos A cos B
 2cos A cos B cos C  0; cos A cos B cos C  0 (1M)
 cos A  0 or cos B  0 or cos C  0  A  90o or B  90o or C  90o (1M)
 The triangle is right angled
V2 18.In ABC , show that

i) b2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B
ii) c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab cos C
iii) a 2  b2  c 2  2bc cos A
Sol. Case (i) : B is acute (see figure (i) and (ii))

From A draw perpendicular to BC.
BD
In right angled triangle ABD, cos B  (1M)
AB
Hence BD  AB cos B  c cos B .......... 1
IPE MATHS IA 183
Also AD 2  DB 2  AB 2 (by Pythagoras theorem)

2
In ADC , AC 2  AD 2  DC 2   AB  DB 2    DB  CB  , from fgiure (i) (1M)
 AB 2  DB 2  DB 2  BC 2  2 BC.BD  AB 2  BC 2  2 BC.BD
Further AC 2  AD 2  DC 2
2 2
  AB 2  DB 2    BC  BD  , from figure (ii)  a  b  a2  2ab  b2 (1M)
 AB2  DB2  BC2  BD2  2BC.BD  AB2  BC 2  2BC.BD
Hence b2  c2  a2  2c a cos B [from equation (1)].

Case (ii) : B is right angle. (see figure)
In right angled triangle ABC,

AC 2  AB 2  BC 2 (by Pythagoras theorem) i.e., b 2  c 2  a 2 (1M)
Hence b  c  a  2ca cos90  c  a  2ca cos B cos B  0
2 2 2 o 2 2
Case (iii) : B is obtuse angle. (see figure)
Draw the perpendicular from A to BC to meet CB produced at D.

In ABC , ABD  180o  B
IPE MATHS IA 184
BD BD
  cos ABD  cos 180 o  B    cos B. (1M)
c AB
 BD  c cos B ........... (2)
In  ADB , AB 2  AD 2  DB 2 (by Pythagoras theorem)
Hence AD 2  AB 2  DB 2
2
In ADC, AC  AD  DC   AB  DB    DB  BC 
2 2 2 2 2
(1M)
 AB 2  DB 2  DB 2  BC 2  2 DB.BC  AB 2  BC 2  2 BD.BC
 b 2  c 2  a 2  2   c cos B  .a [from equation (2)]  c 2  a 2  2 ca cos B
Thus in all the three cases, we have proved that b 2  c 2  a 2  2ca cos B
Similarly, we can prove that c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos C and a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A . (1M)
V2 19.The angle of elevation of the top of the point ‘P’ of the vetical tower PQ of hight ‘h’ from a point A is
45º and from a point B is 60º, when B is a point at a distance 30m from the point A measured along the
line AB which makes an angle 30º with AQ. Find hight of the tower.
Sol. PQ = Tower hieght (h)
(1M)
PAQ  45º
BAQ  30º & PBC  60º (1M)

Also AB = 30mts.
BAP  APB  15º
This gives BP = AB = 30mts (2M)
Here BC = DQ
 PBC, PC = BP sin60
 BAD, CQ = AB sin30, BD = CQ (2M)
 h  PC  CQ  BP sin 60  AB sin 30
 15 3  15  15  
3  1 mts. (1M)
V3 20.A lamp post is situated at the middle point M of the side AC of a triangular plot ABC with BC = 7m,
CA=8m and AB = 9m. Lamp post subtends an angle 15º at the point B. Find height of the lamp post.
Sol. Let M be the middle point of AC
MP is the lamp post
Let MP=h
IPE MATHS IA 185
C P
8m h
7m M
150 (1M)
B A
9m
h
from  BMP , Tan150  Tan150  2  3 (1M)
BM
 2  3  BM  h . . . .. . . . . ( 1 )
Given AB = 9, BC = 7, AC = 8 (1M)
1
 In ABC , Length of the median  2c2  2a 2  b2
2
1 1 2 2 2
Length of the median = BM  2c 2  2 a 2  b 2  2  9   2  7    8 (1M)
2 2
1
 162  98  64 (1M)
2
1 14
 196   7 mts
2 2

from (1)  h  2  3 BM 
 
h  7 2  3 mts  BM  7mts  (2M)
3
V3 21.The upper
4
1
 
th portion of a vertical pole subtends an angle Tan 3 5 at a point in horozontal plane
through its foot and at a distance 40m from the foot. Given that the vertical pole is at a hight less than
100m from ground. Find its height.
Sol.
(1M)
Let AB be the height of the Pole = h AC = 40 AD = h/4 , DB = 3h/4

IPE MATHS IA 186
BCD  Tan 1 3 5  (1M)
Tan  3 5
DCA   and BCA   (1M) In DCA ,
h
h
Tan  4 
40 160
h
In BCA , Tan 
40
From ABC ,
         (1M)
tan A  tan B
Tan  tan     tan  A  B 
1 tan Atan B
h h

Tan  Tan
 Tan   40 160
1 Tan Tan 1 h . h (1M)
40 160
4h  h
3 160 3 3h 6400 1 40
  2
   2  h
5 6400  h 5 160 6400  h 5 6400  h 2
6400
 6400 + h2 = 200h  h2 - 200h + 6400 = 0  h2 - 160h -40h +6400 = 0
 h  h  160   40  h  160   0  h = 40 (or) h = 160
But height of the pole should be less than 100m  h = 40m. (2M)
V3 22. AB is a vertical pole with B at the ground level and A at the top. A man finds that the angle of elevation
of the point A from a certiain point C on the ground is 60º . He moves away from pole along line BC to a
point D such that CD = 7m. From D, the angle of elevation of the point A is 45º find the height of the
pole.
Sol.
(1M)
Let h be the heght of the pole

AB = h mts
IPE MATHS IA 187
Given CD = 7 mts
ACB  60º ; ADB  45º ; BC  x
h h h
ABC , Tan60º   3  x (2M)
x x 3
h h
ABD, Tan 45º   1 [C = First observatian; D = second observatian] (1M)
7 x 7 x
h  1   3 1 
 h = x + 7 h  7  h 1    7   3   7
h (2M)
3  3  
7 3
h 
3 1
 h
7 3  3 1  mts. (1M)
2
SHORT ANWER QUESTIONS (SAQ)
V1 23. If
2 bc A
(i) a   b  c  sec , P.T tan  sin
bc 2
2 bc A
(ii) a   b  c  cos  , P.T sin   cos
bc 2
a 2 bc A
(iii) sin   , prove that cos   cos
b c bc 2
a
Sol. (i) a  (b  c ) sec   sec =
bc
a2 a 2  (b  c) 2
tan  = (b  c) 2 -1 = (b  c )2
2
 tan2   sec2   1 (1M)
(a  b  c)(a  b  c ) (2s  2c )(2s  2b)

=
(b  c)2
=
(b  c) 2 a  b  c  2S (1M)
4(s  b)( s  c ) 4bc (s  b)(s  c)

= 2 =
(b  c ) (b  c) 2 bc
4bc 2 A A s  b (s  c)
= 2 sin  sin 2  (1M)
(b  c) 2 2 bc
2 bc A
tan   sin (1M)
bc 2
a
(ii) a  (b  c ) cos   cos   (1M)
bc
IPE MATHS IA 188
a2 (b  c) 2  a 2
sin  = 1  (b  c )2 = (b  c) 2
2 sin2   1  cos2 
(b  c  a )(b  c  a ) 2s(2 s  2a) 4 s( s  a)

= 2
 = (1M)
(b  c ) (b  c) 2 (b  c) 2
4bc s (s  a ) 4bc 2 A A s( s  a )
= 2 = 2 cos  cos 2  (1M)
(b  c ) bc (b  c ) 2 2 bc
2 bc A
 sin   cos (1M)
bc 2
a
(iii) Given sin  
bc
2
1 
 b  c   a 2   b  c  a  b  c  a 
a2
cos   1 sin  =  b  c 2 =  b  c 2
2 2
b  c 
2
2 s.  2 s  2a  bc
= . 2  a  b  c  2S (2M)
bc b  c 
s.  s  a  bc A bc A s( s  a )
= 2.2 . 2
 4 cos 2 .  cos 2  (1M)
bc b  c 2  b  c 2 2 bc
2 bc A
cos   cos (1M)
bc 2
a 2  b2  c 2
V1 24. cot A  cot B  cot C 
4
cos A
Sol. cot A  cot B  cot C   cot A   (1M)
sin A
b2  c 2  a 2 b2  c 2  a 2 b2  c 2  a 2 1
   cos A     bc sin A (2M)
2bc sin A 4 2bc 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a2  b2  c 2
  
b c a c a b a b c   (1M)
4  4
cos A cos B cos C a 2  b 2  c 2

V1 25. Show that a  b  c  2abc
2 2 2
cos A cos B cos C cos A   1  b  c  a  b2  c2  a2
Sol.      cos A  (2M)
a b c a a 2bc  2bc
1
=
2abc
  b2  c2  a 2 
1 a 2  b2  c 2

2abc
 b2  c 2  a 2  c2  a 2  b2  a2  b2  c2  =
2abc
(2M)
IPE MATHS IA 189
1 1 1 1 a 2  b2  c 2
V1 26. r 2  2  2  2  2
r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 1
Sol. 2
 2 2 2
r r1 r2 r3
s 2 (s  a )2 ( s  b) 2 ( s  c ) 2 r 

r1 

r2 

r3 

=   
2 2 2 2 s sa sb sc
1 2
=  s 2  (s  a ) 2  ( s  b) 2  ( s  c) 2   a  b  a2  2ab  b2 (1M)
2 
1 2 2
=  s  s  2as  a 2  s 2  2bs  b2  s 2  2cs  c 2  (1M)
2 
1
=  4 s 2  2 s ( a  b  c )  a 2  b 2  c 2 
2 
1
=  4 s 2  2 s (2 s )  a 2  b 2  c 2 
2   a  b  c  2S (1M)

1 2 2 2 2 2 a 2  b2  c 2
=  4 s  4 s  a  b  c  = (1M)
2   2
r
V1 27. Show that cos A  cos B  cos C  1 
R
A B A B  C  D  C  D
Sol. cos A  cos B  cos C  2cos cos + cosC cos C  cos D  2cos 2 cos 2  (1M)
2 2    
c A B 2 c AB C
 2cos(900  ) cos +1- 2sin   90 0 
2 2 2 2 2
c A B c 2  
 2sin 2 cos  90    sin cos  1  2sin  
0
= 1  2sin cos (1M)
2 2 2  2
c A B c c A B  A B 
= 1  2sin  cos  sin  = 1  2sin  cos(  )  sin  90  (  )  
2 2 2 2 2 2  2 2 
c A B A B  c A B
= 1  2sin  cos(  )  cos(  )  = 1  2 sin  2 sin sin  (1M)
2 2 2 2 2  2 2 2
A B C
cos  A  B  cos  A  B  2sin A sin B  r  4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B C
A B C 4 R sin sin sin r
= 1  4sin sin sin = 1  2 2 2 =1  (1M)
2 2 2 R R
IPE MATHS IA 190
1 1 3
V1 28. In ABC , if   , show that C = 600.
ac bc abc
1 1 3
Sol.  
a c bc abc
b c  a c 3
  (1M)
(a c)(b  c) a  b  c
 ( a  b  2c)( a  b  c)  3(a  c)(b  c) (1M)
 a 2  ab  ac  ba  b 2  bc  2ac  2bc  2c 2  3ab  3ac  3bc  3c 2
 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab (1M)
1 a2  b2  c2
 2ab cos c  ab  cos c   c  600 cos C  (1M)
2 2ab
a b b a
V1 29. If C  600 , then show that (i)  1 (ii) 2 2
 2 0
bc ca c a c  b2
1 a2  b2  c2 1 a 2  b2  c 2
Sol. Given c  60  cos c = 
0   cos C 
2 2ab 2 2ab
 a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  a 2  b 2  c 2  ab ...........(1) (1M)
a b a (c  a )  b(b  c) ac  a 2  b 2  bc ac  c 2  ab  bc
(i) + = = = =1 (1M)
bc ca (b  c )(c  a ) bc  ab  c 2  ac bc  ab  c 2  ac
(ii) a 2  b 2  c 2  ab  b 2  ab  c 2  a 2  b  b  a   c 2  a 2
b 1
 22

c a ba
again a 2  b 2  c 2  ab
 a 2  ab  c 2  b 2
2 2
 a  a  b  c  b (1M)
a 1
 2
2

c b ab
b a 1 1
 2
2
 2 2
  0 (1M)
c a c b a b ba
V1 30. Show that in ABC , a  b cos C  c cos B
 a 2  b 2  c2   c 2  a 2  b2 
Sol. b cos C  c cos B  b  c  (2M)
 2ab   2ca 
a 2  b2  c 2 c 2  a2  b2 a2  c2  b2 a2  b2  c2
=  cos B  cos C 
2a 2a 2ac 2ab
a 2  b 2  c 2  c 2  a 2  b 2 2a 2
= = =a (2M)
2a 2a
IPE MATHS IA 191
 BC  bc A
V1 31. Show that in ABC , tan    cot
 2  bc 2
b  c 2 R sin B  2 R sin C
Sol. Take, 
b  c 2 R sin B  2 R sin C
BC B C
SinB  SinC 2cos sin
2 2 BC B C
=  cot tan b  2Rsin B c  2Rsin C (2M)
SinB  SinC BC B C = 2 2
2sin cos
2 2
bc A B C B C A

0
= cot(90  ) tan   900  (1M)
bc 2 2 2 2
bc A B C 1  B C 
  tan tan = tan  
bc 2 2 A  2 
cot
2
B C
Tan
bc 2
 =
bc A
cot
2
B C b c A
 Tan = cot (1M)
2 bc 2
2 2 A A
V1 32. Show that (b  c) cos  (b  c)2 sin2  a2
2 2
A A
Sol. (b  c) 2 cos 2  (b  c ) 2 sin 2
2 2
2 A 2 A 2
= (b 2  c 2  2bc) cos + (b 2  c 2  2bc ) s in  a  b  a2  2ab  b2 (1M)
2 2
2 A A A A
= (b 2  c 2 ) cos  2bc cos 2 + (b 2  c 2 ) s in 2  2bc s in 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2
2 A A A A
= (b 2  c 2 ) (cos  sin 2 ) 2bc ( cos 2 - s in 2 ) (1M)
2 2 2 2
 co s 2 A  sin 2 A  1
2 A 2 A
 b2  c2  2bc cos A  a2  a 2  b 2  c 2  2 b c c o s A  cos 2  sin 2  cos A (1M)
2 2 2 abc
V2 33. Show that a cot A  b cot B  c cot C 
R
Sol. a 2 cot A  b 2 cot B  c 2 cot C
2 2 cos A 2 2 cos B 2 2 cos C
= 4 R sin A + 4 R sin B + 4 R sin c a  2Rsin A b  2Rsin B c  2RsinC (1M)
sin A sin B sin C
= 4 R 2 sin A cos A  4 R 2 sin B cos B + 4 R 2 sin C cos C (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 192
= 2 R 2 [2 sin A cos A  2 sin B cos B  2 sin C cos C ] sin2A  2sin Acos A
= 2 R 2 [sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin 2C ] (1M)
= 2 R 2 [4sin A sin B sin C ] = 8 R 2 sin A sin B sin C  sin 2 A  sin 2B  sin 2C  4sin A sin B sin C
2 a b c abc
= 8R = .  sin A  a 2 R sin B  b
2R
sin C  c
2R (1M)
2R 2 R 2R R
V2 34. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the altitudes of the vertices A,B,C of a triangle respectively, show that
1 1 1 cot A  cot B  cot C
2
 2 2 
p1 p2 p3 
1 1 1 1
Sol.  ap1 ,  ap2 ,  ap3  Area of triangle ABC  = base  height
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
 p1  , p2  , p3  (1M)
a b c
1 1 1 a2 b2 c2 a 2  b2  c 2
 
L.H.S p 2 p 2 p 2 = 2   = (1M)
1 2 3 4 4 2 4 2 4 2
cot A  cot B  cot C 1 1 cos A
R.H.S =  cot A = 
   sin A
1 b2  c2  a2 b2  c 2  a 2 1
=   cos A     bc sin A (1M)
 2bc sin A 2bc 2
1 1
=  (b 2  c 2  a 2 ) = 2 [b 2  c 2  a 2  c 2  a 2  b 2  a 2  b 2  c 2 ]
4 2
4
a 2  b2  c 2
=  L.H.S = R.H.S
42
1 1 1 cot A  cot B  cot C
i.e. p 2  p 2  p 2 = hence proved (1M)
1 2 3 
V2 35. If a:b:c = 7:8:9, find cos A : cos B : cos C
a b c
Sol. Given a:b:c = 7:8:9    =k (say)  a  7 k , b  8k , c  9k (1M)
7 8 9
IPE MATHS IA 193
2 2 2
b 2  c 2  a 2 64k  81k  49k 96k 2 2 b2  c2  a2
cos A = = = = cos A 
2bc 2(8k )(9k ) 144k 2 3 2bc
2 2 2
c 2  a 2  b 2 81k  49k  64k 66k 2 11 a2  c2  b2
cos B = = = = cos B 
2ca 2(9k )(7 k ) 126k 2 21 2ac
2 2 2
a 2  b 2  c 2 49k  64k  81k 32k 2 2 a2  b2  c2
cosC = = = 2
 cos C  (2M)
2ab 2(7 k )(8k ) 112k 7 2ab
2 11 2 2 11 2
cos A : cos B : cos C = 3 : 21 : 7 = 3  21: 21  21: 7  21=14:11:6
1:6 (1M)
A B C
V2 36. If cot , cot , cot are in A.P. then prove that a, b, c are in A.P..
2 2 2
A B C
Sol. cot , cot , cot are in A.P
2 2 2
s ( s  a ) s ( s  b) s ( s  c) A s(s  a) B s(s  b) C s(s  c)

 , , are in A.P cot  cot  cot  (2M)
   2  2  2 
 s  a , s  b , s  c are in A.P (1M)
  a ,  b ,  c are in A.P  a, b, c are in A.P (1M)
V2 37. If (r2  r1 ) (r3  r1 ) = 2r2 r3 , show that A = 900.
Sol. (r2  r1 ) (r3  r1 ) = 2r2 r3
           
     =2 r1  r2  r3  (1M)
 sb sa   sc sa  s b s c s a s b s c
 1 1   1 1  2 2
   s  b  s  a    s  c  s  a  = ( s  b)(s  c) (1M)
   
 sasb   sa sc  2
  ( s  b)( s  a )   ( s  c )( s  a )  = ( s  b)(s  c)
  
 (b  a ) (c  a) = 2( s  a) 2
2 2
abc  bca
= 2  a  = 2 
 2   2 
2(b 2  c 2  a 2  2bc  2ca  2ab)
 bc  ab  ac  a = 2 (1M)
4
 2bc  2ab  2ac  2a 2 = b 2  c 2  a 2  2bc  2ca  2ab
 2a 2 = b 2  c 2  a 2  a 2 = b 2  c 2
ABC is a right angle triangle and A=90 0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IA 194
a 2  b2 sin C
V2 38.If = , prove that ABC is right angled.
a 2  b 2 sin( A  B)
a 2  b2 sin C sin( A  B)
Sol. = = C  1800   A  B   sin C  sin  A  B  (1M)
a 2  b2 sin( A  B) sin( A  B) 
apply componendo & dividendo property.
(a 2  b 2 )  (a 2  b 2 ) sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  a c a b c  d 
 (a 2  b 2 )  (a 2  b 2 )  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B) b  d  a b  c d 
 
a2 2sin A cos B 2R sin A cos B a cos B sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2sin Acos B

 2   (1M)
b 2cos A sin B 2R sin B cos A b cos A sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2cos A sin B
a cos B
 
b cos A
2 R sin A cos B
   a  2R sin A b  2R sin B
2 R sin B cos A
 2SinA cos A  2sin B cos B  sin 2 A  sin 2B (1M)
 sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin(180  2 B )  2 A  2 B (or) 2 A  180  2 B
A  B (or) 2 A  2 B  180  A  B  90  c  90
If A= B , the given problem is not defined.
Hence the triangle ABC is right angled. (1M)
V3 39.Show that b2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2B  2bc sin A

Sol. b 2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2 B
 4 R 2 sin 2 B(2sin C cos C )  4R 2 sin 2 c(2 sin B cos B) b  2Rsin B c  2 R sin C (1M)
 8 R 2 sin 2 B sin C cos C  8 R 2 sin 2 c sin B cos B
 8 R 2 sin B sin C[sin B cos C  cos B sin C ] sin  B  C   sin B cos C  cos B sin C (1M)
 8 R 2 sin B sin C sin( B  C ) (1M)

 8 R 2 sin B sin C sin(180  A)  2(2 R sin B )(2 R sin C ) sin A = 2bc sin A (1M)
 A B C
V3 40.Show that  a  b  c   tan  tan   2c cot
 2 2 2
 A B
Sol. ( a  b  c )  tan  tan 
 2 2
 ( s  b)( s  c ) ( s  c )( s  a)  A ( s  b )( s  c ) B ( s  c )( s  a )
= 2s     Tan  Tan  (1M)
    2  2 
 sc 2s ( s  c)
= 2s   ( s  b  s  a) = (2s  b  a) (2M)
   
C C C s( s  c )
= 2 cot (c) = 2c cot  cot  (1M)
2 2 2 
IPE MATHS IA 195
A B C bc  ca  ab  s 2
V3 41. Prove that Tan  Tan  Tan 
2 2 2 
A B C ( s  b)( s  c) ( s  c)( s  a ) ( s  a )( s  b)
Sol. Tan  Tan  Tan =   (1M)
2 2 2   
A ( s  b)( s  c ) B ( s  c )( s  a ) C ( s  a )( s  b)
 Tan  Tan  Tan 
2  2  2 
1 2 2
= [s  sc  sb  bc  s  sa  sc  ac  s 2  sb  sa  ab] (1M)

1 2
= [3s  s(c  b  a  c  b  a)  bc  ca  ab] (1M)

1 2 1
 [3s  2 s ( a  b  c)  bc  ca  ab]  [3s 2  4s 2  bc  ca  ab]
 
bc  ca  ab  s 2
 (1M)

A B C
V3 42. If cot : cot : cot  3 : 5 : 7 , show that a:b:c = 6:5:4
2 2 2
A B C
Sol. cot : cot : cot  3 : 5 : 7
2 2 2
s(s  a) s( s  b) s(s  c) A s( s  a ) B s( s  b) C s( s  c )
 : :  3:5: 7  cot  cot  cot  (1M)
   2  2  2 
 s  a : s b : s c  3:5:7
( s  a ) ( s  b) ( s  c)
    k (say) (1M)
3 5 7
 s  a  3k , s  b  5k , s  c  7 k
 3s  ( a  b  c)  15k
 3s  2s  15k  s  15k (1M)
s  a  3k s  b  5k s  c  7k
15k  a  3k 15k  b  5k 15k  c  7k
a  12k b  10k c  8k
 a : b : c  12k :10k :8k =12:10:8=6:5:4 (1M)
2 A B C
V3 43. If sin , sin 2 , sin 2 are in H.P., then show that a,b,c are in H.P..
2 2 2
A B C
Sol. sin 2 ,sin 2 ,sin 2 are in H.P
2 2 2
A  s  b (s  c) B s  a (s  c) C  s  a  ( s  b)
 sin2  sin 2  sin 2 
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab
IPE MATHS IA 196
bc ca ab
, ,
  s  b  s  c   s  c  s  a   s  a  s  b  are in A.P.. (1M)
2ca bc ab
  s  c  s  a    s  b  s  c    s  a  s  b   a , b, c are in A.P .  2b  a  c
2ca bc  s  a   ab  s  c 
  s  c  s  a    s  a  s  b  s  c  (1M)
 2ca  s  b   bc  s  a   ab  s  c 
 2acs  2abc  bcs  abc  abs  abc (1M)
 2acs  sb  c  a 
2ac 2ac
b  a , b , c are in H . P .  b 
a c ac
 a, b, c are in H.P.. (1M)

V1 44.In an equilateral triangle, find the value of r/R.
A B C 0
Sol: In an equilateral triangle ABC, A  B  C  600 ,    30
2 2 2
A B C
4 R sin .sin .sin 1 1 1 1
r 2 2 2 0 0 0
= 4.sin 30 .sin 30 .sin 30  4. . . 
 2 2 2 2
R R
V1 45.If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 3,4,5,find the circum radius of the triangle .
Sol: Given sides of triangle are a=3,b=4,c=5
a  b  c 3  4  5 12
s =   6 and   s  s  a  s  b  s  c 
2 2 2
  6  3 2 1  62  6
abc 5
R R
4 2
V1 46.In ABC ,show that   b  c  cos A  2s
Sol: L.H.S=   b  c  cos A

  b  c  cos A   c  a  cos B   a  b  cos C
= b cos A  c cos A  c cos B  a cos B  a cos C  b cos C
  bcos Aacos B  ccos AacosC  ccos BbcosC
= c+b+a = 2s = R.H.S
V1 47.If the sides of a triangle are 13,14,15,then find the circum diameter.
Sol: Given sides a  13, b  14, c  15
IPE MATHS IA 197
a  b  c 13  14  15 42
s =   21
2 2 2
 2  s  s  a  s  b  s  c    2  84 2    84
 abc   13.14.15  65
Circum diameter=2R= 2  4   2  4  84  
    4
V1 48.In ABC ,if  a  b  c  b  c  a   3bc . Find A.
Sol: Given that  a  b  c  b  c  a   3bc

2s  2s  2a   3bc
4s  s  a   3bc
s  s  a 3

bc 4
A 3 A 3
cos 2   cos   cos 300
2 4 2 2
A
  300  A  60 0
2
2 2 C B
V1 49. In ABC , find b cos  c cos
2 2
2 2
C B  s s  c   s s  b 
Sol: b cos 2  c cos 2  b   c 
2 2 ab   ac 
   
s 2  sc s 2  sb 2s 2  s  c  b  2s 2  s  2 s  a  2s 2  2 s 2  as as
      s
a a a a a a
A 5 C 2
V1 50. If tan  and tan  ,determine the relation between a,b,c.
2 6 2 5
A 5 C 2
Sol: Given that tan  ; tan 
2 6 2 5
A C 5 2 1
tan .tan  . 
2 2 6 5 3
 s  b  s  c  .  s  a  s  b  .  1  s  b  1

s s  a s s  c 3 s 3
3s  3b  s  2s  3b  a  b  c  3b  a  c  2b  a,b,c are in A.P
A bc
V1 51. cot  , find angle B.
2 a
A bc
Sol. Given that cot 
2 a
IPE MATHS IA 198
 BC   B C 
2 sin   .cos  
A 2 R sin B  2 R sin C 2 R  sin B  sin C    2   2 
cot   A A
2 2 R sin A 2 R sin A 2sin .cos
2 2
A cos  A  .cos  B  C 
cos    
2  2  2  A  B C  A BC
A A A  cos 2  cos  2   2

2  AC  B
sin sin .cos  
2 2 2
 A  B  C  1800 , 2 B  1800 ; B  900
A
V1 52. In ABC ,express  r1 cot in terms of s.
2
A  s s  a
Sol: Given that  r1 cot = . =  S  s  s  s  3s
2 S a 
c  b cos A cos B
V1 53.Show that 
b  c cos A cos C
c  b cos A a cos B  b cos A  b cos A a cos B cos B
Sol: L.H.S     =R.H.S
b  c cos A a cos C  c cos A  c cos A a cos C cos C
L.H.S=R.H.S
V1 54.If a  3  1cms , B  300 , C  450 ,then find c.
Sol: Given that a  3  1 cms; B  300 ; C  450
0
 A  B  C  1800  A  180   B  C 
 
 A  1800  300  450 = 1050
1
 
3 1 .

a

c a.sin C
 c  sin A 
 
3  1 .sin 450 
3 1
2
= 2 cms
sin A sin C sin1050
2 2
63
V1 55.If a=26cms,b=30cms and cos C  ,then find c.
65
63
Sol: Given that a  26cms; b  30cms and cos C 
65
since by cosine rule c 2  b 2  a 2  2ab cos C
2 2 63
= 26  30  2  26  30  . = =
65 676  900  1512 1576  1512
c 2  64  c=8 cms
V1 56. If a = 6, b = 5, c = 9 then find angle A.
Sol: Given that a = 6, b = 5, c = 9
b 2  c 2  a 2  25  81  36 70 7 1  7 
Since cos A     A  cos  
2bc 2  5  9  90 9 9
IPE MATHS IA 199
B
V1 57. If a = 4, b = 5, c = 7 the find cos  
2
abc
Sol: Given that a = 4, b = 5, c = 7; s  =8
2
B s  s  b 8 8  5  6
since cos    = 
2 ca 74 7
V1 58. If the angles are in the ration 1:5:6,then find the ratio of its sides.
Sol: Given ratio by angles A : B : C  K : 5K : 6 K
A+B+C= 1800
K  5 K  6 K  1800  12 K  1800  K  150
A  150 ; B  5K  750 ; C  6 K  900
Ratio of their sides a : b : c  sin A : sin B : sin C
a : b : c  sin150 : sin 750 : sin 900
3 1 3 1
a :b:c  : :1
2 2 2 2
a : b : c  3  1: 3  1: 2 2
a 2  b 2  c 2 tan B
V1 59.Prove that  .
c 2  a 2  b 2 tan C
a 2  b 2  c 2 2ab cos C b cos C 2 R sin B cos C sin B cos C

Sol: L.H.S  2    = .
c  a 2  b 2 2ac cos B c cos B 2 R sin C .cos B cos B sin C
tan B
= tan B.cot C = =R.H.S
tan C
V1 60.Prove that  b  a cos C  sin A  a cos A sin C
Sol: L.H.S =  b  a cos C  sin A
=  a cos C  c cos A  a cos C  sin A
= c cos A.sin A =  2 R sin C  cos A.sin A
=  2 R sin A  cos A.sin C = a cos A.sin C = R.H.S
a b c
V1 61.If   ,then show that ABC is equilateral.
cos A cos B cos C
a b c
Sol: Given that  
cos A cos B cos C
2 R sin A 2 R sin B 2 R sin C
   tan A  tan B  tan C
cos A cos B cos C
 A  B  C  600  The given triangle is equilateral
IPE MATHS IA 200
1 1 1 1
V1 62. In ABC ,Prove that r  r  r  r
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 1 1   
Sol: L.H.S = r  r  r   
1 2 3
sa sb sc
s  a s  b s  c  s  a   s  b   s  c 3s   a  b  c  3s   2 s  s 1
    = = = =
       r
1 1 1 1
r r r r
1 2 3
V1 63.Show that r.r1.r2 .r3   2

Sol: L.H.S = r.r1.r2 .r3
     2 . 2  2 . 2
. . .
= s  s  a  s  b  s  c   =  2 =R.H.S
 s  a  s  b  s  c  s  2
V1 64. In ABC ,   6 sq. cm and S=1.5cm.,Find r..
Sol: Given that   6 sq. units, s  1.5cm
 6 60
r   4
S 1.5 15
V1 65. If r.r2  r1.r3 ,then find B.
   
Sol: r.r2  r1.r3  .  .
s sb sa s c
1 1

s  s  b   s  a  s  c 
 s  a  s  c   s  s  b 
Multiply both side s with respect to s(s-b)
2
Then we get  2   s  s  b  

 1  tan B  tan 450  B  450 
s  s  b 2 2 B  900
V1 66. If A= 900 ,show that 2  r  R   b  c

Sol: Given that A  900
L.H.S  2  r  R   2r  2 R
A
 2  s  a  tan  2 R.1  2  s  a  tan 450  2 R sin 900 = 2s-2a+a
2
= a  b  c  a = b  c =R.H.S
 L.H.S=R.H.S
IPE MATHS IA 201
r2 3
V1 67.Show that   s  a  s  c   r
r2 
Sol: L.H .S   
 s  a  s  c   s  a  s  b  s  c 
s s s s s 1 3s s 3
      =  3s    3.  = R.H.S
s  s  a  s  b  s  c         r
V1 68.Show that a 2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2 A  4

Sol: L.H.S= a 2 sin 2C  c 2 sin 2 A
 ac    ac  
= a 2  2sin C cos C   c 2  2sin A cos A = 2  2 R   a cos C  c cos A  = 2  2 R   b 
     
 abc 
=4  = =R.H.S
 4 R  4
V1 69. If a cos A = b cos B, proove that the traingle is either isosceles or right angled
Sol: Given that a cos A = b cos B
2R sin A cos A = 2 R sin B cos B
sin 2A = sin 2B ( or ) sin 2 A  sin 180  2 B 
0
 2 A  2 B or 2 A  1800  2 B
 A  B or A  B  900
 A  B or C  900 since A  B  C  1800
 the triangle is either isosceles or right angled.
IB
IPE MATHS IB 202
LOCUS
KEY POINTS:
1. Locus: A locus is the set of points satisfying the given geometric condition(s).
Ex. The set of points in a plane which are at a constant distance from a given point is a circle.
2. Equation of Locus: Equation of Locus is obtained by translating the geometric conditions satisfied by the
points on the locus, into equivalent algebraic conditions.
3. The distance between the two points A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  is
AB   x1  x 2 2   y1  y 2 2
4. The distance between the origin  0,0  and P  x, y  is OP  x 2  y 2
1x 1 2 x
3 1 x x
5. Area of the triangle formed with vertices A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3  is   2 y y y y
1 2 3 1
1
 x1  y 2  y 3   x 2  y 3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
6. Area of the triangle formed with O  0,0  , A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  is   x1y 2  x2 y1
2

V1 01.A(1,2),B(2,-3) and C(-2,3)are three points. A point’P’ moves such that
PA2  PB 2  2 PC 2 show that the equation to the locus of P is 7 x  7 y  4  0
Ans. Given points are A(1,2),B(2,-3) C(-2,3)

Let P(x,y) be a point on the locus.
Given condition is
PA2  PB 2  2 PC 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  2    x  2    y  3  2  x  2    y  3  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 ) (1M)
2 2 2
2 2
 x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4  x2  4x  4  y 2  6 y  9  2  x  4 x  4  y  6 y  9  (1M)
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 2 x 2  2 y 2  6 x  2 y  18  2 x 2  2 y 2  8 x  12 y  26  14x-14y+8=0  7x-7y+4=0
 The locus of P ( x , y ) is 7x-7y+4=0 (1M)
V1 02. Find the equation of locus of P. if the ratio of the distance from P to (5,-4) and (7,6) is 2:3.
Ans: Given points are A(5,-4),B(7,6)
Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus
PA 2
Given condition is   3PA=2PB
PB 3
S. O. B. S
IPE MATHS IB 203
 9 PA2  4 PB 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2
 9  x  5   y  4    4  x  7    y  6   AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2 2 2
 9  x  25  10 x  y  16  8 y   4  x  49  14 x  y  36  12 y  (1M)
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 9 x 2  9 y 2  90 x  72 y  369  4 x 2  4 y 2  56 x  48 y  340 (1M)

 5 x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0
 The locus of P ( x , y ) is 5 x 2  5 y 2  34 x  120 y  29  0 (1M)
V1 03.A(5,3) and B (3,-2) are two fixed points. Find the equation of locus of P, so that the area of
traingle PAB is 9 sq.units
Ans. Given points are A(5,3), B(3,-2)
Let p(x,y) is any point on the locus.
Given condition is area of the triangle PAB = 9 sq. units (1M)
1
Area of  PAB  x1  y 2  y3   x 2  y3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
 5  2  y   3  y  3  x  3  2   9  10  5 y  3 y  9  5 x  18 (1M)
2
 5 x  2 y  19  18  x  a  x  a
 5x-2y-19=18 (or) 5x-2y-19=-18  5x-2y-37=0 (or) 5x-2y-1=0 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is (5x-2y-37)(5x-2y-1) =0 (1M)
V1 04.A(2,3), B(-3,4) are two given points. Find the equation of locus of P so that the area of  PAB is 8.5
sq. units
Ans: Given points are A(2,3), B(-3,4)
Given condition is area of  PAB=8.5 (1M)
1
Area of  PAB  x1  y 2  y3   x 2  y3  y1   x 3  y1  y 2 
2
1
 x  3  4   2  4  y   3  y  3  8.5
2
  x  8  2 y  3 y  9  17 (1M)
  x  5 y  17  17   x  5 y  17   17  x  a  x   a (1M)
 -x-5y+17=17 (or) -x-5y+17 = -17  x+5y = 0 (or) x+5y-34 = 0
 The locus of p(x,y) is (x+5y)(x+5y-34)=0 (1M)

V1 05.Find the equation of locus of a point, the differece of whose distances from (-5,0) and (5,0) is 8
Ans: Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus.
Given points are A(-5,0),B = (5,0)
Given condition is PA  PB  8 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 204
PA  PB  8  PA  8  PB
2
squaring on both side we get, PA2   8  PB 
2
PA2  64  PB 2  16 PB   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 PA2  PB 2  64  16 PB (1M)
2 2 2 2
  x  5   y    x  5    y    64  16 PB AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2 2
  x  5    x  5   64  16 PB
 x 2  25  10 x  x 2  25  10 x  64  16 PB
 20 x  64  16 PB  5x  16  4 PB (1M)
squaring on both sides,
2
2  2
25 x 2  256  160 x  16 PB 2  25 x  160 x  256  16  x  5   y 
 25 x 2  160 x  256  16 x 2  16 y 2  160 x  400  9 x 2  16 y 2  144 (1M)
x2 y2
i.e  1
16 9
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x,y) is  1
16 9
V1 06.Find the eqation of locus of P, if A = (2,3), B = (2,-3) and PA+PB=8.
Ans. Method-1:
Given points are A(2,3),B(2,-3)
Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA+PB=8 ------ (1) (1M)
2 2 2 2
Now PA  PB   x  2    y  3    x  2    y  3  AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2
2 2 2 2
 PA2  PB 2   x  2    y  3    x  2    y  3 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2 2
 PA2  PB 2  y  9  6 y  y  9  6 y 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 ( PA+PB ) ( PA-PB ) = -12y  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
12 y 3 y
 ( PA-PB ) 8 = -12y  PA  PB    (2)
8 2
By Adding (1) & (2)
3 y 16  3y
2PA  8    4 PA  16  3 y
2 2
S .O.B.S
2 2 2
 16 PA2  16  3 y   16  x  2    y  3   16  3 y 
2
(1M)
IPE MATHS IB 205
2 2 2
 16  x  4  4 x  y  9  6 y   16  3 y 
 16 x 2  16 y 2  64 x  96 y  208  256  9 y 2  96 y  16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0
 The locus of P(x,y) is 16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0 (1M)
(OR)
Method-2:
Given points are A(2,3),B(2,-3)
Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus.
Given condition is PA+PB=8 (1M)
PA  8  PB
S. O. B. S
2
PA2   8  PB 
2
PA2  64  PB 2  16 PB   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2 2 2
 x  2    y  3  64   x  2    y  3   16 PB AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2
2 2
16 PB   y  3    y  3   64
2 2
16 PB  12 y  64   a  b    a  b   4ab (1M)
4 PB  3 y  16
2
16 PB 2  9 y 2  256  96 y   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2
16  x  2    y  3   9 y 2  256  96 y
 
16  x 2  4  4 x  y 2  9  6 y   9 y 2  256  96 y
16 x 2  64  64 x  16 y 2  144  96 y  9 y 2  256  96 y (1M)

16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0
 The locus of P(x,y) is 16 x 2  7 y 2  64 x  48  0 (1M)
V1 07.Find the equation of locus of P, if the line segment joining (2,3) and( -1,5) subtends a right angle at P.
Ans. Given points are A(2,3) B(-1,5) .
let P(x,y) is any point on the locus,
Given condition is A P B  90 0 i.e. AP 2  PB 2  AB 2 (1M)
B
 From a right angle  PAB  AP  PB  AB

le 2 2 2
A P
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  3    x  1   y  5    2  1   3  5  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x 2  4 x  4  y 2  6 y  9  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  10 y  25 = 9+4 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
IPE MATHS IB 206
 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 x  16 y  26  0 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is x 2  y 2  x  8 y  13  0 (1M)
V1 08.The ends of the hypotenuse of a right angled traingle are (0,6) and ( 6,0). Find the equation of locus
of its third vertex.
Ans. A(0,6),B(6,0) are the ends of the hypotenuse
Let P(x,y) is the third vertex
Given condition is APB = 900  AP 2  PB 2  AB 2 (1M)
B
 From a right angle  le PAB  AP 2  PB 2  AB 2
A P
2 2 2 2 2 2
  x  0    y  6    x  6    y  0    6  0    0  6  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x 2  y 2  12 y  36  x 2  12 x  36  y 2  36  36 2 (1M)
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 2 x 2  2 y 2  12 x  12 y  0  x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  0 (1M)
locus of P(x,y) is x 2  y 2  6 x  6 y  0 (1M)
V2 09.Find the equation of the locus of a point P such that the distance of P from the origin is twice the
distance of P from A(1,2)
Ans. Let P(x,y) is any point on the locus.
The given points are O(0,0) A(1,2)
Given condition is OP = 2AP (1M)
squaring on both sides we get
OP 2  4 AP 2
 Distince of p  x , y  from O  0, 0  is OP  x2  y2
2 2
 x  y  4  x 1   y  2 
2 2
 AB 2  ( x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2
2
 x 2  y 2  4  x 2  2 x  1  y 2  4 y  4    a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab (1M)
 x 2  y 2  4 x 2  4 y 2  8 x  16 y  20 (1M)
 The locus of p(x,y) is 3 x 2  3 y 2  8 x  16 y  20  0 (1M)
V2 10. Find the equation of locus of P. if A=(4,0), B=(-4,0) and PA  PB  4 .
Ans: Given points are A(4,0) B(-4,0)
Given condition is PA  PB  4 ------( 1 ) (1M)
PA  PB  4  PA  4  PB
squaring on both side we get,
2 2
PA2   4  PB   PA 2  16  PB 2  8 PB   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 PA 2  PB 2  16  8 PB (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 207
2 2 2 2
  x  4    y     x  4    y    16  8 PB
2 2
  x  4    x  4   16   8 PB
2 2
 16 x  16  8PB   a  b    a  b   4ab
 2  x  1   PB (1M)
squaring on both sides
2 2
2
 
4  x  1  PB 2  4 x  2 x  1   x  4   y   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
2 2
 4 x 2  8 x  4  x 2  8 x  16  y 2
x2 y2
2 2
 3 x  y  12   1
4 12
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x,y) is  1 (1M)
4 12
V2 11. Find the equation of locus of a point, the sum of whose distances from (0,2) and (0,-2) is 6 units.
Ans. Method : 1
A(0, 2) B (0, 2) are the given points
Given condition is PA+PB = 6-----------------( 1 ) (1M)
2 2 2 2
 PA  PB   x  0    y  2     x  0    y  2   AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 PA2  PB 2  x 2  y 2  4 y  4  x 2  y 2  4 y  4 = -8y 2
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
 (PA+PB) (PA-PB) = - 8y  a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
 (PA-PB) (6) = - 8y
8 y 4 y
 PA  PB   ----( 2) (1M)
6 3
4y 2y
Adding (1) & (2) 2 PA  6   PA  3 
3 3
S. O. B. S
2

2 2y 
 PA   3  
 3 
2 2 4 y2
 x   y  2  9   4y
9
2 2 4 y2
 x  y  4y  4  9   4y (1M)
9
IPE MATHS IB 208
x2 y 2
2 2 2
 9 x  9 y  36  81  4 y  9 x  5 y  45   2 12
5 9
x2 y 2
 The locus of p(x,y) is  1 (1M)
5 9
(OR)
Method-2:
A (0,2) B(0,-2) are the given points P(x,y) be a points on locus
Given condition PA+PB=6
PA  6  PB
S. O. B. S (1M)
2
PA2  36  PB 2  12 PB   a  b   a  b  2ab
2 2
2 2 2 2
 x  0   y  2   36   x  0    y  2   12 PB AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2 (1M)
2 2
12 PB   y  2    y  2   36
2 2
12 PB  8 y  36   a  b    a  b   4ab
3PB  2 y  9
S. O. B. S
2
9 PB 2   2 y  9  (1M)
9 x 2  9 y 2  36  36 y  4 y 2  81  36 y
x2 y2
9 x 2  5 y 2  45   1
5 9
x2 y2
 The locus of P(x, y) is  1 (1M)
5 9
V3 12.Find the equation of locus of a point P, if the distance of P from A(3,0) is twice the distance of P
from B(-3,0)
Ans. Let P(x,y) be any point on the locus and given points are A = ( 3,0 ) and B = ( -3, 0 )
Given condition is PA = 2PB
S. O. B. S
 PA  4 PB 2
2 (1M)
2 2
  x  3  y  4  x  3  y  AB  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2 2 2 2
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x  6x  9  y  4  x  9  6x  y 
2 2 2 2
2 (1M)
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 3 x 2  3 y 2  30 x  27  0  3  x  y  10 x  9   0
2 2
(1M)
 The locus of P(x,y) is x 2  y 2  10 x  9  0 (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 209
V3 13.Find the equation of the locus of a point P such that PA2  PB 2  2c 2 where A   a, 0  ,
B   a, 0  and 0  a  c
Ans. Given points are A   a, 0  , B   a, 0 
Let P  x, y  be a point on the locus

Given condition PA2  PB 2  2c 2 (1M)
2 2 2 2
 x  a   y  0    x  a    y  0   2c 2 AB2  ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2 (1M)
2 2
 x  a
2 2
  x  a   y 2  y 2  2c 2   a  b    a  b   2  a 2  b2 
2  x 2  a 2   2 y 2  2c 2 (1M)
x2  a2  y 2  c2
x2  y2  a2  c2  0
Locus of P  x, y  is x 2  y 2  a 2  c 2  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 210
TRANSFORMATION OF AXES
KEY POINTS:
1. If the origin is shifted to  h,k  by translation of axes, then
i) We use this relation x  X  h, y  Y  k to find
a) New  X, Y  to old  x, y  coordinates and
b) New transformed equation of the Original equation.
ii) We use this relation
X  x  h, Y  y  k to find
a) Old  x, y  to New  X, Y  coordinates and
b) Original equation of the Transformed equation.
2. The point to which the origin is to be shifted by the translation of axes so as to remove the first degree terms
 hf  bg gh  af 
from the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is  ,  , where h2  ab.
 ab  h2 ab  h2 
3. The point to which the axes be translated to eliminate x, y terms in the equation
 g f 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is   a ,  b 
 
Rotation of axes:
X Y
x cos   sin 
y sin  cos 
4. When the axes are rotated through an angle '  ' then
i) We use this relation
x  X cos   Y sin , y  X sin   Y cos  to find
a) New  X, Y  to Old  x, y  coordinates and
b) New transformed equation of the original equation
ii) We use this relation
X  x cos   y sin , Y   x sin   y cos  to find
a) Old  x, y  to New  X, Y  coordinates and
b) Original equation of the Transformed equation.

V1 01.When the origin is shifted to the point (2,3) , the transformed equation of a curve is
x 2  3xy  2 y 2  17 x  7 y  11  0 Find the original equation of the curve
Ans: Given (h,k) = (2,3)
We know that the origin  0, 0  is shifted to  h, k  by the translation of axes and  X , Y 
is new coordinates of  x , y  then x  X  h, y  Y  K
 x = X +2; y = Y +3  X = x - 2 ; Y = y - 3 (1M)
Given Transformed equation is X 2  3 X Y  2 Y 2
 1 7 X  7 Y  1 1  0 ----(1)
IPE MATHS IB 211
Substitute x, y values in equation (1) we get ,the original equation is
2 2
 x  2  3  x  2  y  3   2  y  3   17  x  2   7  y  3   11  0 (1M)
 x 2  4 x  4  3 xy  9 x  6 y  18  2 y 2  12 y  18  17 x  34  7 y  21  11  0 (1M)
2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 x 2  3 xy  2 y 2  4 x  y  20  0 (1M)

V1 02. When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
4
3 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9
Ans. Given original equation is 3 x 2  10 xy  3 y 2  9 -----(1)
 X Y
 x cos -sin
Angle of rotation of axes is   y sin cos
4
X Y  x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosθ- Ysinθ  X cos / 4  Y sin  / 4 
2 y  X sin   Y cos 
X Y
y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ  X sin  / 4  Y cos  / 4  (1M)
2
substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 X Y   X  Y  X  Y   X  Y 
The transformed eqation is 3  10    3   9  0 (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
 X 2  2XY Y 2   X 2 Y 2   X 2 Y 2  2XY 
 3   10    3  9  0
 2   2   2 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 3 X 2  6 XY  3Y 2  10 X 2  10Y 2  3 X 2  3Y 2  6 XY  18  0 (1M)
16X 2  4Y 2 18  0  8 X 2  2Y 2  9 (1M)

V1 03.When the axes are rotated through an angle , find the transformed equation of
6
x 2  2 3 xy  y 2  2a 2
 X Y
x cos -sin
Ans: Given original equation is x 2  2 3 xy  y 2  2a 2 --------(1)
y sin cos
  x  X cos   Y sin 
Angle of rotation   y  X sin   Y cos 
6
IPE MATHS IB 212
   3 1 3X  Y
x = Xcosθ - Ysinθ  X cos  Y sin  X    Y   
6 6  2  2 2
  1  3  X  3Y
y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ  X sin  Y cos  X    Y    (1M)
6 6 2  2  2
substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 3X  Y   3X  Y  X  3Y   X  3Y  2
The transformed equation is    2 3  
      2a (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  3X 2  XY  3XY  3Y 2   X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  2 (1M)

  2 3       2a
4  4   4 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab
 3X 2  2 3XY  Y 2  6 X 2  4 3XY  6Y 2  X 2  3Y 2  2 3XY  8a2

 8 X 2  8Y 2  8 a 2  X 2  Y 2  a 2 (1M)
V1 04.When the axes are rotated thrugh an angle 450 , the transformed equation of a curve is
17 x 2  16 xy  17 y 2  225 . Find the original equation of the curve.
Ans. Given that the transformed equation of a curve is 17 X 2  16 XY  17Y 2  225 ----(1)
 X Y
x cos -sin
Angle of rotation   450 y sin cos
x y x  y  X  x cos   y sin 
X = xcosθ + ysinθ  x cos 450  y sin 450   
2 2 2 Y   x sin   y cos 
x y x  y
Y = -xsinθ + ycosθ   x sin 45 0  y cos 45 0     (1M)
2 2 2
substitute X, Y values in equation (1), we get
2 2
 x y  x  y   x  y   x  y 
original equation is 17   16     17    225 (1M)
 2   2  2   2 
 x 2  y 2  2 xy   y 2  x2   x 2  y 2  2 xy 
17
    16    17    225 (1M)
 2   2   2 
2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  16 y 2  16 x 2  17 x 2  17 y 2  34 xy  450
 50 x 2  18 y 2  450
 25 x 2  9 y 2  225 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 213
1  2h 
V1 05.Show that the axes are to be rotated through an angle of Tan 1   so as to remove the xy
2  ab
term from the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0, if a  b and through the angle  / 4 , if a = b
 X Y
x cos -sin
Ans. If the axes are rotated through an angle ' ' then y sin cos
 x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosθ - Ysinθ, y = Xsinθ + Ycosθ y  X sin   Y cos 
Given equation is transformed as
2 2
 a  X cos  Ysin   2h  X cos  Y sin   X sin   Y cos   b  X sin   Y cos   0
 a  X 2 cos2   Y 2 sin2   2XY sin cos   2h  X 2 sin cos  XY cos2   XY sin2   Y 2 sin cos 
 b  X 2 sin 2   Y 2 cos 2   2 XY sin  cos    0

2 2
  a  b   a 2  b2  2ab   a  b   a 2  b2  2ab (1M)
To remove the XY term, the coefficent of ‘XY’ term must be zero
2  b  a  sin  .cos   2h  cos 2   sin 2    0 (1M)
 sin 2 A  2sin A.cos A

2h cos 2   a  b  sin 2 cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin2 A
Case (1) if a  b
sin 2 2h 2h sin A
  Tan2    tan A
cos 2 a  b ab cos A
1  2 h  1 1  2 h 
 2  Tan  a  b     2 Tan  a  b  (1M)
   
Case (2) If a = b, then

1 1 
  Tan 1     (900 )    4 5 0 or (1M)
2 2 4
V2 06.When the axes are rotated through an angle  find the transformed equation of
x cos   y sin   p
Ans. Given equation is x cos   y sin   P ------ (1)
 X Y
x cos -sin
and given angle is    . y sin cos
IPE MATHS IB 214
 x  X cos   Y sin 
x = Xcosα - Ysinα , y = Xsinα + Ycosα y  X sin   Y cos  (1M)
Substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get
Transformed equations is
 X cos  Y sin   cos    X sin   Y cos   sin   P (1M)
 X cos 2   Y sin  .cos   X sin 2   Y cos  .sin   P
 X  cos   sin    P  X = P
2 2
 sin 2   cos 2   1 (1M)
 Transformed equations is X = P (1M)
V2 07.When the origin is shifted to (-1,2) by the translation of axes, find the transformed equation of
x2  y2  2x  4 y 1  0
Ans. Given (h, k) = (-1, 2) and the original equation is x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  1  0 ----(1)
(1M)
The co-ordinates are x = X + h; y = Y + k  x = X -1; y = Y + 2 (1M)
Substitute x, y values in equation (1), we get the transformed equation is
2 2
 X  1  Y  2  2  X  1  4 Y  2  1  0 (1M)
2 2
 X 2  2 X  1  Y 2  4Y  4  2 X  2  4Y  8  1  0  a  b  a2  b2  2ab  a  b  a  b  2ab
2 2
X 2 Y2  4 (1M)
V2 08.When the origin is shifted to the point (-1,2), the transformed equation of a curve is x  2y 2  16  0 . Find the
2
original equation of the curve.

Ans. Given  h, k    1, 2 

(1M)
x  X  h, y  Y  k  X  x  h, Y  y  k  X  x  1, Y  y  2 (1M)
Given tronsfomed equation is X 2  2Y 2  16  0
2 2
Original equation is  x  1  2  y  2   16  0
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
x  2 x  1  2  y  4 y  4   16  0
2 2
2 (1M)
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
x 2  2 x  1  2 y 2  8 y  8  16  0
x 2  2 y 2  2 x  8 y  25  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 215
STRAIGHT LINES
KEY POINTS:
y 2  y1
1. Slope of a non – vertical line containing the points  x1, y1  and  x 2 , y 2  is x  x
2 1
2. Slope of x-axis (or) parallel to x-axis is ‘0’

3. Slope of y-axis (or) parallel to y-axis is ‘undefined’
a
4. Slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is 
b
5. Two non – vertical lines are parallel iff their slopes are equal i.e., m1  m2.
6. Two lines are perpendicular having slopes m1,m2 then m1.m2  1
7. Equation of a straight line in different forms:
a) Slope intercept form : y  mx  c
b) Point slope form : y  y1  m  x  x1 
y 2  y1
c) Two point form : y  y1   x  x1 
x 2  x1
x y
d) Intercept form :  1
a b
e) Normal form : x cos   y sin   p
x  x1 y  y1
f) Symmetric form : 
cos  sin 
g) General form : ax  by  c  0
h) Parametric form : x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin , r is a parameter..
8. Equation of the line passing through  x1, y1  and parallel to ax  by  c  0 is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
9. Equation of the line passing through  x1, y1  and perpendicular to ax  by  c  0. is
b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0.
10. The ratio to which L  ax  by  c  0 divides the line segment joining  x1, y1  and  x 2 , y 2  is L11 : L 22
11. Let L  ax  by  c  0
i) The points A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  are pm opposite sides of the line L  0  L11 : L 22  0
ii) The points A  x1, y1  B  x 2 , y 2  are on the same side of the line L  0  L11 : L 22  0
a1x  b1y  c1  0  a1 b1 c1

The lines a 2 x  b2 y  c2  0  are concurrent  a 2 b2 c2  0
12.
a 3 x  b3 y  c3  0  a3 b3 c3
a1a 2  b1b2
13. The angle between the lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 is '  ' then cos  
a12  b12 a 22  b22
IPE MATHS IB 216
1 1 m m
14. The angle between the lines having slopes m1,m2 is '  ' then tan   1  m m
1 2
ax1  by1  c
15. The length of perpendicular from  x1, y1  to the straight line ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
c
16. The length of perpendicular from  0,0  to the straight line ax  by  c  0 is
a  b2
2
c1  c2
17. The distance between the parallel lines ax  by  c1  0, ax  by  c2  0 is
a 2  b2
18. The lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 are
a1 b
1
i) parallel iff a  b
2 2
ii) perpendicular iff a1a 2  b1b2  0

19. If  h,k  is the foot of perpendicular from  x1, y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
 
a b a 2  b2
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
20. If  h,k  is the Image of  x1, y1  w.r.t the line ax  by  c  0 then  
a b a 2  b2
21. The point of concurrence of the medians of a triangle is called Centroid.
22. The point of concurrence of the altitudes of a triangle is called Orthocenter.
23. The point of concurrence of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called Circumcenter.
24. The point of concurrence of the Internal bisector of the angles of a triangle is called Incenter.

V1 01. Find the circumcentre of the triangle with the vertices  2,3 ,  2, 1 and  4, 0 
Sol. Let A   2,3 ; B   2, 1 ; C   4, 0 

B
Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC

S
(1M)
C A
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

Now, SA =SB
 SA2  SB 2
 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are twopoints

2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  3    x  2    y  1 2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x2  4  4x  y2  9  6 y  x2  4  4x  y2 1 2 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
IPE MATHS IB 217
 x  y  1  0       (1) (2M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  2    y  1   x  4    y  0 
 x 2  4  4 x  y 2  1  2 y  x 2  16  8 x  y 2  4 x  2 y  11  0        2  (2M)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 1 1 -1
2 -11 4 2
x y 1 x y 1 9 3 15 5
      x  ;y 
11  2 4  11 2  4 9 15 6 6 2 6 2
3 5
 Circumcentre   ,  (2M)
2 2
V1 02.Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are 1, 3 ;  0, 2  and  3,1
Sol. Let A  1,3  ; B   0, 2  ; C   3,1

B

S
(1M)
C A
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2
 IfA  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  are two points

2 2 2 2
  x  1   y  3    x  0    y  2  2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x2  1  2 x  y 2  9  6 y  x2  y2  4  4 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 2 x  10 y  6  0  x  5 y  3  0      (1) (2M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  0    y  2    x  3    y  1
 x 2  y 2  4  4 y  x2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y
 6x  6 y  6  0  x  y  1  0       2 (2M)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
5 -3 1 5
-1 1 1 -1
x y 1 x y 1 2 1 4 2
     x  ;y  
5  3 3  1 1  5 2 4  6 6 3 6 3
 1 2 
 Circumcentre   ,  (2M)
 3 3
IPE MATHS IB 218
V1 03.Find the orthocentre of the triangle with the vertices  2, 1 ;  6, 1 and  2, 5 .
Sol. Let A   2, 1 ; B   6, 1 ; C   2,5 

Let AD, BE be the altitudes to the sides BC and CA drawn from A and B respectively.
In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
5  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC (m)  1 1 2 2
x2  x1
26
6 3

4 2
Since BC  AD then
1 2 1
Slope of AD=   If m1 , m2 are slopes of two lr lines thenm1m2  1  m2  
m 3 m1
1
Equation of AD is y  y1   x  x1 
m
2
 y 1   x  2  3y  3  2x  4  2 x  3 y  1  0      (1) (2M)
3
y2  y1 5  1 6 3
slope of CA, m  x  x  2  2  4  2
2 1
1 2
Since BE  CA then slope of BE = 
m 3
1
Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
2
 y 1   x  6   3 y  3  2 x  12  2 x  3 y  9  0    ( 2 ) (2M)
3
(1) + (2)  2x-3y+1=0
2x+3y-9=0
4x  8  0  x  2
5
from (1), 4  3 y  1  0  3 y  5  y 
3
 5
 Orthocentre   2,  (2M)
 3
V1 04. Find the Orthocentre of the triangle with the vertices  5, 7  ; 13, 2  and  5, 6 
Sol. Let A   5, 7  ; B  13, 2  ; C   5, 6 

Let AD and BE be the altitudes to the sides BC and CA drawn from A and B respectively.
IPE MATHS IB 219
 In a triangle th e p oin t of intercetion o f tw o altitu des is called orth ocentre (1M)
6  2 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC (m)  1 1 2 2
x2  x1
5  13
4 2

18 9
Since BC  AD then
1 9  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

slope of AD =  1 2 1 2 2
m 2 m1
1
 Equation of AD is y  y1   x  x1 
m
9
 y7   x  5   2 y  14  9 x  45
2
 9 x  2 y  31  0      (1) (2M)
y2  y1 6  7 13
slope of CA  m  x  x  5  5  0
2 1
1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 0
m
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1   y  2  0  x  13  y  2  0  y  2 (3M)
m
substitute y  2 in (1)
9 x  4  31  0  9 x  27  0  9 x  27  x  3
 Orthocentre   3, 2  (1M)
V1 05.Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are 3 x  y  5  0; x  2 y  4  0,
and 5 x  3 y  1  0 .
Sol. Given that 3x  y  5  0.......(1) , x  2 y  4  0.........(2) , 5 x  3 y  1  0........(3)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 -5 3 -1
2 -4 1 2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y  1 (1M)
4  10 5  12 6  1 14 7 7
Let A = (2, 1)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
2 -4 1 2
3 1 5 3
IPE MATHS IB 220
x y 1 x y 1
      x   2, y  3 (1M)
2  12 20  1 3  10 14 21 7
Let B = (-2, 3)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
3 1 5 3
-1 -5 3 -1
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y   2 (1M)
15  1 3  25 5  9 14 28 14
Let C = (1, -2)
B (-2, 3)
S
Let S  x , y  be the circumcentre of  le ABC A ( 2, 1)
C(1, -2)
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2

2 2 2 2
  x  2    y  1   x  2    y  3  2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
 a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 x2  4  4x  y2 1  2 y  x2  4  4x  y2  9  6 y 2
 a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 8x  4 y  8  0  2 x  y  2  0    (4)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  2    y  3    x  1   y  2 
 x 2  4  4 x  y 2  9  6 y  x 2  1  2 x  y 2  4  4 y  6 x  10 y  8  0
 3 x  5 y  4  0         (5) (2M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-1 2 2 -1
-5 4 3 -5
x y 1 x y 1 6 2
     x  ; y 
4  10 6  8 10  3 6 2  7 7 7
 6 2 
 circumcentre   ,  (1M)
 7 7
V1 06. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are x  y  2  0;5x  y  2  0 and x  2 y  5  0.
Sol. Given that x  y  2  0........(1) , 5 x  y  2  0........(2) , x  2 y  5  0............(3)
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
1 2 1 1
-1 -2 5 -1
IPE MATHS IB 221
x y 1 x y 1
       x  0, y   2
2  2 10  2 1  5 0 12 6
Let A = (0, -2) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-1 -2 5 -1
-2 5 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  3
5  4 2  25 10  1 9 27 9
Let B = (1, 3) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
-2 5 1 -2
1 2 1 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   3, y  1
4  5 5  2 1  2 9 3 3
Let C = (-3, 1) (1M)
We know that S is the circumcentre of triangle ABC then SA = SB = SC (1M)

Now, SA = SB
 SA2  SB 2

2 2 2 2
  x  0   y  2   x 1   y  3 2 2
then AB 2   x1  x2    y1  y2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 x 2  y 2  4  4 y  x2  1  2 x  y 2  9  6 y 2
a  b   a 2  b 2  2 ab
 2 x  10 y  6  0  x  5 y  3  0       (4) (1M)
2 2 2 2
Also, SB = SC  SB 2  SC 2   x  1   y  3    x  3    y  1
 x 2  1  2x  y 2  9  6 y  x 2  9  6 x  y 2  1  2 y  8 x  4 y  0
 2 x  y  0       (5) (1M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
5 -3 1 5
1 0 2 1
x y 1 x y 1 3 1 6 2
     x  ;y 
0  3  6  0 1  10 3 6 9 9 3 9 3
IPE MATHS IB 222
 1 2 
 circumcentre   ,  (1M)
 3 3
V1 07.Find the Orthocentre of the triangle formedby the lines x  2 y  0, 4 x  3 y  5  0

and 3 x  y  0
Sol. Given that x  2 y  0......... 1 , 4x  3 y  5  0......... 2 , 3 x  y  0 ........  3 
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
2 0 1 2
3 -5 4 3
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y   1
10  0 0  5 3  8 10 5 5
Let A = (2, -1) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
3 -5 4 3
1 0 3 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   1, y  3
0  5 15  0 4  9 5 15 5
Let B = (-1, 3) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
1 0 3 1
2 0 1 2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  0, y  0
0  0 0  0 6 1 0 0 5
Let C = (0,0) (1M)
Let AD, BE be the altitudes drawn from A and B to the sides BC and CA respectively.
 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
03 y2  y1
Slope of BC  m  3 If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2  
01 x2  x1
since AD  BC then
1 1  If m , m are slopes of two lr lines thenm m  1  m   1

Slope of AD =  1 2 1 2 2
m 3 m1
1
m
IPE MATHS IB 223
1
 y 1   x  2   3 y  3  x  2  x  3 y  5  0      (4) (1M)
3
y2  y1 0  1 1
Slope of CA  m    
x2  x1 0  2 2
1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 2
m
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
  y  3  2  x  1  y  3  2x  2  2 x  y  5  0        5 (1M)
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-3 -5 1 -3
-1 5 2 -1
x y 1 x y 1  20  15
     x   4; y   3
15  5 10  5 1  6 20 15 5 5 5
 Orthocentre   4, 3 (1M)
V1 08.If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7 x  y  10  0, x  2 y  5  0 and x  y  2  0 . Find
the Orthocentre of the triangle.
Sol. Given that 7x  y 10  0........1 , x  2 y  5  0......... 2 , x  y  2  0........ 3
Solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
1 -10 7 1
-2 5 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  3
5  20 10  35 14 1 15 45 15
Let A = ( 1, 3) (1M)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-2 5 1 -2
1 2 1 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x   3, y  1
4  5 5  2 1  2 9 3 3
Let B = (-3, 1) (1M)
Solving (3) and (1)
x y 1
1 2 1 1
1 -10 7 1
x y 1 x y 1
      x  2, y   4
10  2 14  10 1  7 12 24 6
Let C = (2, -4) (1M)
Let AD, BE be the altitudes drawn from A and B to the sides BC and CA respectively.
IPE MATHS IB 224
 In a triangle the point of intercetion of two altitudes is called orthocentre (1M)
4  1 If theslope of the line joining the points  x , y  and x , y   y2  y1

Slope of BC  m   1 1 2 2
x2  x1
23
5

1
5
since AD  BC then
1 1
 1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lines thenm1m2  1  m2  
lr
Slope of AD = m1
m
1
m
 y  3  1 x  1  y  3  x  1  x  y  2  0        4 (1M)
y2  y1 4  3
Slope of CA  m    7
x2  x1 2 1
1 1
since BE  CA then slope of BE = 
m 7
1
 Equation of BE is y  y1   x  x1 
m
1
 y 1   x  3  7 y  7  x  3  x  7 y  10  0        5 (1M)
7
Solving (4) and (5)
x y 1
-1 2 1 -1
-7 10 1 -7
x y 1 x y 1 4 2 8 4
     x  ,y 
10  14 2  10 7  1 4 8 6 6 3 6 3
 2 4 
 Orthocentre   ,  (1M)
 3 3
V1 09.If Q  h, k  is the image of the point P  x1 , y1  w.r.to the straight line ax  by  c  0 then
prove that (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  2( ax1  by1  c ) : a 2  b 2 (or)
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
  and find the image of 1, 2  w.r.to the straight line
a b a2  b2
2x  3y  5  0 .
Sol. Let the equation of a straight line be ax  by  c  0       1
IPE MATHS IB 225
(1M)
Let Q  h, k  be the image of P  x1 , y1  w.r.to (1)
a a
slope of (1)  the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is 
b b
k  y1 y2  y1
slope of PQ  h  x If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2   x  x
1 2 1
clearly, PQ  1 (1M)
 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m 2  1

lr
 k  y1   a  k  y1 h  x1
     1  
 h  x1   b  b a
h  x1 k  y1
Let   t       2 
a b
h  x1 k  y1
 t ;  t  h  x1  at ; k  y1  bt  h  at  x1 ; k  bt  y1 ---(3) (2M)
a b
Let R be the midpoint of PQ
 h x k  y   x1  x2 y1  y2 
 R   2 , 2   If A  x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  are twopoints, then mid point of AB= 
1 1
,
  2 2 
R lies on (1)
 h  x1   k  y1  ah  ax1  bk  by1  2c
a    b c  0  0
 2   2  2
 a  at  x1   b  bt  y1   ax1  by1  2c  0  from  3 
 a 2t  ax1  b 2t  by1  ax1  by1  2c  0  t  a  b   2ax1  2by1  2c  0

2 2
 t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c   0  t  a 2  b 2   2  ax1  by1  c 
2  ax1  by1  c 
t  (1M)
a 2
 b2 
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
 from (2),  
a b a2  b2
IPE MATHS IB 226
 (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  2(ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2
Let Q  h, k  be the image of (1, -2) w.r.to 2 x  3 y  5  0
h  x1 k  y1  2  ax1  by1  c 
we know that  
a b a2  b2
h  1 k  2 2  2  6  5  h  1 k  2 2 13 h 1 k  2
         2
2 3 49 2 3 13 2 3
h 1 k2
  2 ;  2  h  1  4 ; k  2  6  h  3 ; k  4
2 3
 Image   3, 4  (2M)
V1 10.If Q(h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from P  x1 , y1  on the line ax  by  c  0 then prove that
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
(h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  (ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2 (or)   . Also find the
a b a 2  b2
foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on the line 5 x  y  18  0 .
Sol. Let the equation of a straight line be ax  by  c  0       1
P(x1,y1)
(1M)
Q(h,k) ax+by+c=0
Let Q(h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from P  x1 , y1  on (1)
a a
slope of (1) = the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is 
b b
k  y1 y2  y1
slope of PQ  h  x If theslope of the line joining the points  x1 , y1  and x2 , y2   x  x
1 2 1
clearly, PQ  1
 slope of PQ  slope of 1  1  If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lines then m1m2  1

lr
 k  y1   a 
    1  k  y1  h  x1
 h  x1   b  b a
h  x1 k  y1
Let   t       2 (2M)
a b
h  x1 k  y1
 t;  t  h  x1  at ; k  y1  bt  h  at  x1 ; k  bt  y1
a b
Q  h, k  lies on (1)
 ah  bk  c  0  a  at  x1   b  bt  y1   c  0  a t  ax1  b t  by1  c  0
2 2
IPE MATHS IB 227
  ax1  by1  c 
 t  a 2  b 2    ax1  by1  c   0  t 
a 2  b2
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
 From (2),   (2M)
a b a2  b2
 (h  x1 ) : a  (k  y1 ) : b  (ax1  by1  c) : a 2  b 2
Let Q  h, k  be the foot of the perpendicular from (-1, 3) on 5 x  y  18  0
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
we know that  
a b a 2  b2
h  1 k  3   5  3  18 h  1 k  3 26
      =1
5 1 25  1 5 1 26
h 1 k 3
  1;  1  h  1  5 ; k  3  1  h  4 ; k  2
5 1
 Foot of the perpendicular =  4, 2  (2M)
V1 11. If p and q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
x sec   y cos ec  a and x cos   y sin   a cos 2 then prove that 4 p 2  q 2  a 2 .
Sol. Given that
x sec   y cos ec  a  x sec  y cos ec  a  0       1
x cos   y sin   a cos 2  x cos  y sin   a cos2  0      2
Also, P = the length of the perpendicular from the origin to (1)
a c
P The er distancefromorigintoax+by +c = 0 is (2M)
sec2   cos ec 2 a2 +b2
a a a
P  
2 2
1 1 sin   cos  1  sin2   cos 2   1
 2
2
cos  sin  cos 2  sin 2  cos  sin 2 
2
a
P  P  a cos  sin 
 1 
 
 cos  sin  
Also,q = The length of the perpendicular from the origin to (2)
 a cos 2
q  q  a cos 2 (2M)
cos 2   sin 2 
Now, 4 p2  q2  4a2 cos2  sin 2   a2 cos2 2
2
 a 2  2 cos  sin    a 2 cos 2 2
 a2 sin 2 2  a2 cos2 2  2cos  sin   sin 2

IPE MATHS IB 228
 a 2  sin 2 2  cos 2 2   a 2 1  a 2
 4 p 2  q 2  a2 (3M)
V1 12. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point of intersection of the lines
3 x  2 y  4  0; 2 x  5 y  1 and whose distance from  2, 1 is 2.
Sol. Given that
3 x  2 y  4  0........... 1  , 2 x  5 y  1  2 x  5 y  1  0...........  2 
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
2 4 3 2
5 -1 2 5
x y 1 x y 1
      x   2, y  1
2  20 8  3 15  4 22 11 11
 Point of intersection of (1) and (2) = (-2, 1) (2M)
Let the required equation of straight line be
y  mx  c  mx  y  c  0 .......(3) the equationof thelinewithslopemandy-interceptcisy=mx+c
(3) passes through (-2, 1)
2m  1  c  0  c  2 m  1 ........  4 
Also, Theer distance from  2, 1 to  3  2
2m  1  c | ax1  by1  c |
  2 the  ler dis tan ce from P( x1 , y1 )tothe lineax  by  c  0 is
m2  1 a2  b2
2 m  1  2m  1
  2  from  4  
m2  1
4m  2 2 2m  1
 2  2  2m  1  m 2  1
2 2
m 1 m 1
2
  2 m  1  m 2  1  4m 2  1  4m  m 2  1  3m 2  4m  0  m  3m  4   0
4
 m  0 or 3m  4  0  m  0 or m  (3M)
3
case(i): If m = 0
from (4), C = 0+1  C  1
 The equation of straight line is
 0  x  y  1  0  from  3 
 y 1 (1M)
4
case(ii): If m 
3
 4  8 5
from (4), C  2    1  C  1  C 
 3  3 3
IPE MATHS IB 229
 The equation of straight line is
4 5
x  y   0  from  3 
3 3
4 x  3 y  5
  0  4x  3 y  5  0 (1M)
3
V3 13.Show that the origin is with in the triangle whose angular points are (2, 1) (3, -2) and (-4, -1)
A
Sol. Given A   2,1 , B   3, 2  , C   4, 1 

0  0, 0 
B C
 The equation of line passing through thepoints

1  2 y y
Equation of BC is y2  x  3  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is y  y1  2 1  x  x1 
4  3 x2  x1
1 2 1
 y2   x  3  y  2   x  3 7y 14  x  3  x  7y 11  0
4  3 7
L  2,1  2  7 1  11  20  0
L  0, 0   0  0  11  11  0
Since L11  0, L22  0 then the points are same side of L  0
 A, O lie on the same side of BC  (1)
 (2M)
2  1
Equation of AB is y  1   x  2
3 2
3
 y 1   x  2  y 1  3x  6 3x  y  7  0
1
L  4, 1  3  4   1  7  12  1  7  20  0
L  0, 0   0  0  7  7  0
Since L11  0, L22  0 then the points are same side of L  0
 C, O ; lie on the same side of AB  (2)
 (2M)
1  1
Equation of AC is y  1   x  2
4  2
2
 y 1   x  2 3y 3  x  2  x 3y 1 0
6
L  3, 2   3  3  2   1  3  6  1  10  1
L  0, 0   0  0  1  1  0
 B, O lie on the same side of AC  (3)
 (2M)
From (1), (2) and (3) origin lies in the triangle (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 230
V3 14.Find the equation of the straight lines passing through 1, 2  and making an angle of 600 with the line
3x  y  2  0 . (Board Paper)
Sol: Given that 3x  y  2  0 -------(1)
 3 a
slope of (1), m1    3 the slope of the line ax+by+c =0 is  (1M)
1 b
Let the slope of required line be m2  m (1M)
Also, given that the angle between (1) and required line is 600
 If m1 , m 2 are slopes of two lines then angle between

 3m m1  m 2
 tan 6 0 0 
1  3m two lines is  then tan  
1  m1 m 2
 3m 3  m
 3    3  (3M)
1  3m 1  3m
 3m
case(i): 3   3  3m   3  m  2 m  2 3  m  3
1 3m
 The equation of the straight line is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y  2  3  x 1  
3x  y  2  
3 0 (1M)
 3m
case(ii):  3    3  3m   3  m  4m  0  m  0
1  3m
 y  2  0  x  1  y  2  0 (1M)

V1 15.Transform the equation 3 x  y  4 into (a) slope - intercept form (b) Intercept form and (c) normal
form
Sol. Given that 3 x  y  4 ------------(1)
(a) slope - intercept form:
from (1), y   3x  4
This is in the form of y = mx+c (slope-intercept form)
Where slope, m   3 and Y-intercept, c = 4. (1M)
(b) Intercept form:
Divide (1) with 4
3x y x y
 1   1
4 4  4   4
 
 3
IPE MATHS IB 231
x y
This is in the form of + = 1 (intercept form)
a b
4
Where X-intercept  a  ; Y-intercept(b) = 4 (1M)
3
(c) Normal Form:
Divide (1) with ‘2’
 a 2  b 2  3  1  4  2 
 
3 1
x  y  2  x cos 300  y sin 300  2
2 2
This is in the form xcosα + ysinα = p (normal form)
3 1
Where cos   , sin   , p  2 and   300 (2M)
2 2
x y
V1 16.Transform the equation   1 into the normal form when a>0 and b>0. If the perpendicular
a b
1 1 1
distance of straight line from the origin is P, deduce that 2
 2 2.
p a b
x y bx  ay
Sol. Given that  1  1  bx  ay  ab -----------(1)
a b ab
Divide (1) with a 2  b 2
 b   a  ab
 2 2
x  2 2
y (1M)
 a b   a b  a2  b2
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p
b a
where cos   , sin   (1M)
2 2
a b a  b2
2
ab
and The perpendicular distance from the origin to (1) = =p (1M)
a  b2
2
ab 1 a 2  b2
 p  
a 2  b2 p ab
1 a 2  b2 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
 2 2  2 2 2  2  2  2 (1M)
p ab p b a p a b
V1 17.A straight line through Q  

3, 2 makes an angle  / 6 with positive direction of the X-axis. If the
straight line intersects the line 3 x  4 y  8  0 at P, find the distance PQ.
Sol. Given that Q  

3, 2 = (x1, y1)
IPE MATHS IB 232
(1)
Q  3, 2  P
3x  4 y  8  0 ---------(1)
  3  1
  cos   cos  ; sin   sin  (1M)
6 6 2 6 2
Let PQ = r
We know that the parametric equations of the line are x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin 
 3 1
 P  x, y    x1  r cos , y1  r sin     3  r. 2 , 2  r . 2  (1M)
 
P lies on (1)
 3  1
 3  3  r.   4  2  r.   8  0  3  3r  8  4r  8  0
 
2   2 2 2

r r
  30  3 r 6
2 2
 PQ  6 units (2M)
3
V1 18.A straight line through Q  2, 3 makes an angle with the negative direction of the X-axis. If the
4
straight line intersects the line x  y  7  0 ate P, find the distance PQ.
Sol. Given Q  x1 , y1    2,3
Let PQ  r
Let P  x, y  be any point on x  y  7  0  (1)

P  x, y 
r
 (1M)
3
Q  2, 3 

4 4
O X

Given   [ with  ve direction of x  axis ]
4
IPE MATHS IB 233
We know that the parametric equations of the line are x  x1  r cos 
y  y1  r sin 
  
 P  x, y    x1  r cos  , y1  r sin     2  r cos 4 , 3  r sin 4 
 
 r r 
P  x, y    2  ,3   (1M)
 2 2
P lies on (1)
r r
 2 3  7  0
2 2
2r 2r
 2  0  2 r 2
2 2
 PQ  2 (2M)
V1 19.Find the points on the line 3 x  4 y  1  0 which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3, 2).
Sol. Given that 3 x  4 y  1  0 ---------(1)
Let  x1, y1    3, 2 
3 3 a
slope of (1) m    the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m =  (1M)
4 4 b
3
 tan    m  tan 
4
4 3
 cos   ; sin  
5 5
Let r  5
Let A, B be the points which are at a distance of 5 units from (3, 2)
 Required points =  x1 ± rcosθ, y 1 ± rsinθ  (1M)
  4  3 
  3  5   , 2  5      3  4, 2  3   3  4, 2  3 ,  3  4, 2  3   7,5  ,  1, 1
 5  5 
 A   7,5  , B   1, 1 (2M)
V1 20.Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines 4 x  y  7  0 and kx  5 y  9  0 is 450.
Sol. Given that 4 x  y  7  0 -------(1), kx  5 y  9  0 -------(2)
IPE MATHS IB 234
4 a
slope of (1), m1  4  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
1 b
k k
slope of (2), m2   (1M)
5 5
Given that, the angle between (1) and (2) = 450
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between
m1  m 2
two lines is  then tan  
1  m1m 2
k
4
 tan 450  5 20  k 20  k
k 1  1  (1M)
1 4   5  4k 5  4k
5
20  k
case(i): 1   5  4k  20  k  5k  15  k  3 (1M)
5  4k
20  k 25
case(ii): 1   5  4 k  20  k  3k  25 k (1M)
5  4k 3
25
 k  3 or
3

V1 21. Find the values of k, if the angle between the straight lines kx  y  9  0 and 3x  y  4  0 is .
4
Sol. Given lines are kx  y  9  0 
 (1),  (2)
3x  y  4  0 
a
Slope of (1) is m1   K  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
b
3
Slope of (2) is m2  3 (1M)
1

Given  
4
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between
m1  m 2
two lines is  then tan  
1  m1m 2
 K  3 K  3 K 3
 tan  1   1 (1M)
4 1 K 3 1  3K 13K
K  3
Case : i ) 1   K  3  1  3K  2 K  4  K  2 (1M)
1  3K
IPE MATHS IB 235
K  3 1
Case - ii)  1   K  3  1  3K  4K  2  K   (1M)
1  3K 2
1
 K  2 (or) 2
V1 22.Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the point (-3, 2) and making an angle of 450
with the straight line 3x  y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that 3x  y  4  0 -------(1)
3 a
slope of (1), m1   3  the slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m = 
1 b
Let the slope of required line be m2  m (1M)
Also, given that the angle between (1) and required line is 450
We know that m1 , m2 are slopes of two lines and angle between two lines is  then
m1  m 2
tan  
1  m1m 2
3 m 3 m 3m
 tan 450  1  1  (1M)
1  3m 1  3m 1  3m
3m 1
case(i): 1   1  3m  3  m  4 m  2 m
1  3m 2
The equation of the straight line passingthrough the point  x1 , y1  and slopemis y- y1 = m x- x1 
1
 y2  x  3  2 y  4  x  3  x  2 y  7  0 (1M)
2
3 m
case(ii): 1   1  3m  3  m  2m  4  m  2
1  3m
 y  2  2  x  3  y  2  2 x  6  2 x  y  4  0 (1M)
V1 23.Find the equation of straight line making non-zero equal intercepts on the coordinate axes passing
through the point of intersection of lines 2 x  5 y  1  0 and x  3 y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that 2 x  5 y  1  0 ----------(1), x  3 y  4  0 -----------(2)
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-5 1 2 -5
-3 -4 1 -3
x y 1 x y 1 x y
        1  x   23, y   9
20  3 1  8 6  5 23 9 1 23 9
Point of intersection of (1) and (2) = (-23, -9) (1M)
x y
 The equation of straight line have a,b as intercepts is + =1 ..........(3)
a b
IPE MATHS IB 236
Given that, the intercepts are equal  a  b (1M)
x y
Eq.(3) becomes,   1  x  y  a ----------(4)
a a
it passes through (-23, -9)  - 23 - 9 = a  a  32
 The equation of straight line is x  y   32  from  4 

 x  y  32  0 (2M)
V1 24.Find the point on the line 3x  y  4  0 which is equidistant from the points (-5,6) and (3, 2)
Sol. Let P(x, y) is any point on the locus.
Given that PA = PB
S.B.S
PA2  PB 2 (1M)
 If A  x 1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y 2  are two points ,

2 2 2 2
  x  5   y  6   x  3   y  2  2 2
then AB 2   x 1  x 2    y1  y 2 
2
  a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
 x2  10x  25  y2 12 y  36 = x 2  6 x  9  y 2  4 y  4 2
a  b  a 2  b 2  2ab
10x - 12y + 61 = -6x - 4y + 13

16x - 8y + 48 = 0
2x - y + 6 = 0 ----------- (1) (1M)
Given line 3x + y + 4 = 0 ------------- (2)
solving (1) and (2)
x y 1
-1 6 2 -1
1 4 3 1
x y 1
  
4  6 18  8 2  3
4  6 18  8
x  2 , y  2
23 23
(x, y) = (-2, 2) (2M)
V1 25.A triangle of area 24 sq. units is formed by a straight line and the co-ordinate axes in the first
quadrant.Find the equation of that straight line if it passes through (3,4)
x y
Sol. The equation of straight line have a,b as intercepts is + =1 ..........(1)
a b
IPE MATHS IB 237
(1) passes through (3, 4)
3 4 4 3 a 3 4a
   1   1  b --------(2) (1M)
a b b a a a3
Given that Area of the  leOAB  24
x y 1
Area of the triangle formed by the line   1 with co-ordinate axes = ab
a b 2
1 4a
 ab = 24  a.  48  from  2  (1M)
2 a3
4a 2 a2
  48   12  a 2  12a  36  a 2  12a  36  0
a3 a 3
2
  a  6  0  a6  0  a  6
4  6  24
from(2), b   b8 (1M)
63 3
x y 4x  3 y
 Required equation of the straight line is   1   1  4 x  3 y  24  0 (1M)
6 8 24
V1 26. Find the value of k, if the lines 2 x  3 y  k  0, 3 x  4 y  13  0 and 8 x  11 y  33  0 are
concurrent.
Sol. Given that 2 x  3 y  k  0 ........(1), 3 x  4 y  13  0 .......(2), 8 x  11 y  33  0 .......(3)
Given that (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent.
2 3 k
 3 4 13  0  If three lines areconcurent thenthedeterminent is 0
8 11 33
4 13 3 13 3 4
 2 11 33  3 8 33  k 8 11  0 (2M)
 2 132  143  3  99  104   k  33  32   0  2  11  3  5   k  1  0

 22  15  k  0  7  k  0  k  7 (2M)
Alternate Method:
Given that 2 x  3 y  k  0 .......(1), 3 x  4 y  13  0 .......(2), 8 x  11 y  33  0 .....(3)
Solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-4 -13 3 -4
-11 -33 8 -11
x y 1 x y 1
      x  11, y  5
132  143 104  99 33  32 11 5 1
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) = (11, 5)
 (11, 5) lies on (1)
22  15  k  0  7  k  0  k  7
IPE MATHS IB 238
V1 27.If the straight lines ax  by  c  0, bx  cy  a  0 and cx  ay  b  0 are concurrent then prove that
a3  b3  c 3  3abc .
Sol. Given that
ax  by  c  0 -----(1) bx  cy  a  0 ------(2) cx  ay  b  0 ------(3)
a b c
b c a 0  If three lines areconcurent thenthedeterminent is 0
c a b
c a b a b c
a b c 0 (2M)
a b c b c a
 a  bc  a 2   b  b 2  ac   c  ab  c 2   0  abc  a 3  b3  abc  abc  c 3  0
 3abc  a 3  b3  c 3  a 3  b 3  c 3  3abc (2M)

V2 28.If 3a  2b  4c  0 then show that the equation ax  by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent
straight lines and find the point of concurrency.
Sol. Given that 3a  2b  4c  0 ---------(1), ax  by  c  0 ----------(2)
  3a  2b 
from (1), 4c    3a  2b   c  ---------(3) (1M)
4
3a  2b
from (2) and (3), ax  by  0
4
 4ax  4by  3a  2b  0  a  4 x  3  b  4 y  2   0
This is in the form of 1 L1  2 L2  0 (2M)
It represents a family of concurrent straight lines.
The equation of family of lines pas sin g through the po int of
int er sec tion of L1  0and L2  0 is1 L1  2 L2  0
3 1
The straight lines are 4x  3  0 ; 4y  2  0  x  ;y
4 2
3 1
 Point of concurrency =  4 , 2  (1M)
 
V2 29.Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line 3x  4 y  6  0 and making an intercept -4
on the X-axis.
Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  6  0 ------------(1)
The equation of the line perpendicular to (1) is 4 x  3 y  k  0 ------------(2)
 The equation of the line perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is bx  ay  k  0
4 x 3 y
 4 x  3 y   k  4 x  3 y  k    1 divide with k  (2M)
k k
IPE MATHS IB 239
x y
  1 x y
 k   k  The equationof line have a, b as int ercepts is  1 (1M)
    a b
 4  3
Given that, X-intercept = -4
k
  4  k  16
4
 The equation of required straight line is 4 x  3 y  16  0  from  2   (1M)
V3 30.Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the line 3 x  4 y  7 and passing through the point
of intersection of the lines x  2 y  3  0 and x  3 y  6  0 .
Sol. Given that
3 x  4 y  7 ---------(1), x  2 y  3  0 -------(2), x  3 y  6  0 -------(3)
solving (2) and (3)
x y 1
-2 -3 1 -2
3 -6 1 3
x y 1 x y 1 21 3
     x , y
12  9 3  6 3  2 21 3 5 5 5
 21 3 
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) =  5 , 5  (1M)
 
The equation of straight line which is parallel to (1) is 3 x  4 y  k  0 ------------(4)
The equation of straight line which is parallel to ax  by  c  0 is ax  by  k  0 (1M)
 21 3 
it passes through  , 
 5 5
 21  3 63  12  5 k
 3 5   4  5   k  0  5
 0  75  5k  0  5k  75  k  15
   
 The required equation of straight line is 3 x  4 y  15  0  fro m  4   (2M)
V3 31.Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 2 x  3 y  0 and passing through the
point of intersection of the lines x  3 y  1  0 and x  2 y  4  0 .
Sol. Given that
2 x  3 y  0 ---------(1), x  3 y  1  0 -------(2), x  2 y  4  0 -------(3)
solving (2) and (3),
x y 1
3 -1 1 3
-2 4 1 -2
x y 1 x y 1 10 5
      x  2 , y  1
12  2 1  4 2  3 10 5 5 5 5
 Point of intersection of (2) and (3) = ( -2, 1) (1M)
The equation of straight line which is perpendicular to (1) is 3 x  2 y  k  0 ------(4) (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 240
 The equation of the line perpendicular to ax  by  c  0 is bx  ay  k  0
Eq.(4) passes through (-2, 1)
 3  2   2 1  k  0  6  2  k  0  8  k  0  k  8
 The equation of the required straight line is 3 x  2 y  8  0  from  4   (2M)

V3 32.Find the value of ‘a’ if the distances of the points (2, 3) and (-4, a) fromthe straight line 3x  4 y  8  0
are equal.
Sol. Given A   2,3 , B   4, a 
Given line is 3x  4 y  8  0 
 (1)
3  2   4  3  8
d1 = perpendicular distance from  2,3 to Eq.(1) 
32  42
ax1  by1  c
 Perpendicular distance from P  x1 , y1  to line ax  by  c  0 is
a2  b2
6  12  8 6  12  8 10
   (1M)
32  42 9  16 5 2
3  4   4  a   8
d 2 = perpendicular distance from  4, a  to Eq.(1) 
32  42
12  4a  8 4a  20
  (1M)
9  16 5
Given that d1  d 2
4a  20
2
5
 4a  20  10  4a  20  10
Case (i) : 4a  20  10
30 15
 4a  30  a  4  a  2 (1M)
Case (ii) : 4a  20  10
10 5
 4a  10  a  4  a  2
15 5
a  (or) (1M)
2 2
V3 33.Find the equations of the straight lines passing through (1, 3) and (i) parallel to
(ii) perpendicular to the line passing through the points (3, -5) and (-6, 1)
Sol: Given P 1, 3 , A   3, 5  , B   6,1
 If A  x1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y 2  are two points ,

1 5 6 2
Slope of AB     then slope of AB  y2  y1 (1M)
6  3 9 3 x 2  x1
IPE MATHS IB 241
2  The equation of the line pas sin g through the
(i) Required line is y  3    x  1 po int  x1 , y1  and slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
3
 3y  9  2x  2
 2x  3y 11  0 (1M)
3 1
 x  1  If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  lines thenm1m2  1  m2   m
lr
(ii) Required line is y  3 
2 1
 2y  6  3x  3 3x  2y  3  0 (2M)
V3 34.Find the angles of the triangle whose sides are x  y  4  0 , 2 x  y  6  0 ,
5 x  3 y  15  0
Sol. Given lines are x  y  4  0 ------(1), 2 x  y  6  0 -----(2), 5 x  3 y  15  0 -----(3)
B
3 2
C A
1
cosA = angle between the sides (1) and (2)
 If  is the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

2 1 a1a2  b1b2
 cos A  and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos  
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2
a1  b1
2 2
a2  b2
2
2 1 3 3 1  3 
    A  cos   (2M)
11 4 1 2 5 10  10 
similarly, cosB = angle between sides (2) and (3)

10  3 1313 1  13 
cos B   
 B  cos   (1M)
4  1 25  9 5 34 170  170 
cosC = Angle between sides (1) and (3)
53 8 1  8 
cos C  
 C  cos   (1M)
1  1 25  9 2 34  68 
V3 35.Line ‘L’ has intercepts a and b on the axis of coordiantes. When the axes are rotated through a
given angle, keeping the origin fixed, the same line ‘L’ has intercepts p and q on the transformed
1 1 1 1
axis prove that 2
 2 2 2.
a b p q
Sol.
IPE MATHS IB 242
Y
Y1
X1
D (0,q) B (0,b)
C (p, 0)
(1M)
X
O A (a, 0)
x y
The equation of a straight line before transformation is   1 -----------(1)
a b
 bx  ay  ab
ab
The perpendicular distance from the origin to (1) =
a  b2
2
c
The perpendiculardistancetheorigintotheline ax  by  c  0 is (1M)
a 2  b2
x y
The equation of the straight line after transformation is   1 --------------(2)
p q
 qx  py  pq
pq
The perpendicular distance from the origin to (2) = (1M)
p2  q2
The perpendicular distances from origin to the lines (1) and (2) are equal.
ab pq
 
a2  b2 p2  q2
a 2b 2 p2q 2 a 2  b2 p2  q 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2 2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  2 (1M)
a b p q ab pq b a q p a b p q
V 3 36.A (10, 4), B(-4, 9) and C(-2, -1) ar e t he ver t ices of a t r iangle. Find t he equat ions of

(i) AB (ii) The median through A
(iii) The altitude through B

(iv) The perpendicular bisector of the side AB .
Sol. Given that A = (10, 4), B =(-4, 9), C = (-2, -1)
 If A  x1 , y1  and B  x 2 , y2  are two points
 94 y2  y1
(i) Equation of AB : slope of AB  then slope of AB 
4  10 x2  x1
5 5
 
14 14
IPE MATHS IB 243
 5  The equation of the line pas sin g through

Equation of AB is y  4   x 10 the po int  x , y  and slope m is y  y  m  x  x 
14 1 1 1 1
 14 y  56  5 x  50  5x  14 y  106  0 (1M)
A(10, 4)
(ii) The median through A:

B D C
Let D be the mid point of BC

 4  2 9 1   6 8   x1  x2 y1  y2 
D ,    ,   If A x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 2 , 2 
 2 2   2 2
 D   3, 4 
y2  y1 44
slope of AD = x  x  3  10  0
2 1

 
 The equation of the line AD passing through the point  x1 ,y1  andslopemis y - y1 = m  x - x1 
 y  4  0  x  10   y  4  0 (1M)
(iii) The altitude through B: Let BE be the perpendicular to AC
A E
y2  y1 1  4 5 5
slope of AC, m   
x2  x1 2  10 12 12
B(-4, 9) C
1 12
slope of BE,   If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
m 5
 1
 Equation of altitude through B ( BE ) is y  y1   x  x1 
m
12
 y 9   x  4   5 y  45  12 x  48  12 x  5 y  3  0 (1M)
5

(iv) The perpendicular bisector of the side AB
Let F be the mid point of AB
 x + x y + y 2   10  4 4  9   13 
F =  1 2 , 1   ,    3, 
 2 2   2 2   2
y2  y1 94 5 5
slope of AB, m  x  x  4  10  14  14
2 1
IPE MATHS IB 244
1 14
slope of perpendicular bisector =   If m1 , m2 are slopes of two  lr lines then m1 m2  1
m 5
 -1
 Equation of perpendicular bisector of the side AB is y - y 1 =  x - x 1 
m
13 14 2 y  13 14
 y   x  3    x  3   10 y  65  28 x  84  28 x  10 y  19  0 (1M)
2 5 2 5
x y
V3 37.A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of straight lines   1 and
a b
x y
  1 meets the co-ordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is
b a
2  a  b  xy  ab  x  y  .
x y x y  ab ab 
Sol. The point of intersection of   1 and   1 is  ,  (1M)
a b b a ab ab
B
B (0, q)
(x1, y1)
B
O A
(p, 0)
 A=(p, 0) ; B = (0, q)
 x y
equation of AB is   1 -------------(1) (1M)
p q
Let (x1, y1) be the midpoint of AB.
 p q  x1  x2 y1  y2 
 (x1, y1) =  2 , 2   If A x1 , y1  B  x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 2 , 2 
 
 p  2 x1 ; q  2 y1
x y x y
 Equation of the straight line is 2x  2 y  1 The equationof linehavea, b as int erceptsis a  b  1 (1M)
1 1
 ab ab 
it passes through  , 
 a b a b 
 ab   ab 
  
ab ab
  ab   1 1   ab   y1  x1 
   1   a  b   2 x  2 y   1   a  b   2 x y   1
2 x1 2 y1  1 1  1 1
 ab  x1  y1   2  a  b  x1 y1
 The locus of the midpoint of AB is 2  a  b  xy  ab  x  y  (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 245
V3 38.Prove that the length of the perpendicular from the point P  x0 , y0  to the straight line
ax0  by0  c
ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
Y
Y1
X1
Sol. Given that (X0 , y0 ) (1M)
X
O
ax  by  c  0 ------------(1)
Let (h, k) =  x 0 , y 0 
we know that x  x1  h, y  y1  k  x  x1  x0 , y  y1  y0 ---------(2) (1M)
from (1) and (2), a  x1  x0   b  y1  y0   c  0

1 1
 ax1  ax0  by1  by0  c  0  ax  by   ax0  by0  c   0 ..........(3) (1M)
 The perpendicular distance from new origin  x0 , y0  to (3)
ax0  by0  c c
  The  er distance from theorigin to (1)  (1M)
a 2  b2 a 2  b2
V3 39.A(-1, 1), B(5, 3) are opposite vertices of a square in the XY-plane. Find the equation of the other
diagonal (not passing through A, B) of the square.
D B (5,3)
Sol. Let ACBD be a square.

A (-1, 1) C
Let A(-1, 1), B (5,3) be the opposite vertices.
 3 1 y2  y1
Slope of AB = m  If A x1 , y1  and B x2 , y2  aretwopoints,then slope of AB 
5 1 x2  x1
2 1
  (1M)
6 3
1
Slope of CD=  3 AB  CD   If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
m
 x1 + x2 y1 + y 2 
Also, The midpoint of CD = The mid point of AB =  , 
 2 2 
 In the square ABCD , mid po int of AC  mid po int of BDand AC  BD

IPE MATHS IB 246
 1  5 1  3   4 4 
 ,    ,    2, 2  (1M)
 2 2  2 2
-1
 The equation of the other diagonal CD is y - y 1 =  x - x1 
m
 y  2  3  x  2   y  2   3 x  6  3 x  y  8  0 (2M)

V1 40.Find the condition for the points (a, 0), (h, k) and (0, b) where ab  0 to be collinear..
Sol. Let A = (a, 0); B = (h, k) ; C = (0, b)
Given that A, B, C are collinear.
 slope of AB = slope of BC
k 0 bk y 2 - y1
   slope of the line passing through  x1 , y 1  &  x 2 , y 2  is
ha 0h x 2 - x1
k bk
   hk  bh  hk  ab  ak  bh  ak  ab
ha h
bh ak h k
  1   1
ab ab a b
V1 41.Transform the equations into normal form (i ) x  y  1  0
 ii  x  y  2  0
Sol. (i) Given that x  y  1  0  x  y  1   x  y  1
Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2
 1   1  1
  x y
 2  2 2
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p (normal form)
1 1 1
where cos   0,sin   0, p 
2 2 2
 5
  Q3      
4 4
5 5 1
 The equation of st.line in normal form is x cos 4  y sin 4 
2
(ii) x  y  2  0  x  y  2
Divide with 2  a  b  1  1  2 

2 2
 1   1   
 x   y  2  x cos  y sin  2
 2  2 4 4
This is in the form of xcosα + ysinα = p  Normal form 
IPE MATHS IB 247
1 1 
where cos   ; sin   and p  2 ,  
2 2 4
V1 42.If the area of the triangle formed by the straight lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x+4y=a (>o) is 6. Find the
value of a.
Sol. Given that 3x  4 y  a  3 x  4 y  a  0       1
Also, Given that
The area of the triangle formed with (1) and the co-ordinate axes = 6
 area of the traingle formed by the line

2
c c2
 6
2 ab ax  by  c  0 with coordinate axes is
2 | ab |
a2
  6  a 2  144  a  12  a  0
2 3.4
V1 43.Find the area of the triangle formed by the straight line x  4 y  2  0 with the co-ordinate axes.
Sol. Given that x  4 y  2  0
c2
Area of the triangle formed by the line ax  by  c  0 with co-ordinate axes =
2 | ab |
4 1
  sq.units
2 1 4  2
V1 44.Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-4, 5)and cutting off equal non zero intercepts
on the co-ordinate axes.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of a striaght line is   1       1
a b
Given that intercepts are equal
a  b
x y
then the equation of straight line is + =1
a a
 x  y  a --------(2)
it passes through (-4, 5)
 4  5  a  a  1
 Required equation of the straight line is xy1  from  2  
V1 45.Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, -4) and making X and Y- intercepts
which are in the ratio 2:3.
IPE MATHS IB 248
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1------ 1
a b
a 2 2b
Given that, a : b = 2 : 3   a       2
b 3 3
x y
 1
from (1) and (2),  2b  b
 3 
3x y 3x  2 y
  1   1  3x  2 y  2b ------------(3)
2b b 2b
it passes through (3, -4)
1
9 - 8 = 2b  2b  1  b 
2
 The required equation of the straight line is 3x  2 y  1  from  3  
V1 46.Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points  at12 , 2at1  and  at 2
2 , 2at2 
Sol. Let A   at12 , 2at1  ; B   at22 , 2at2 
2 at 2  2 at1 If A x , y  and B x , y  aretwopoints,then slope of AB  y2  y1

slope of AB, m  at 2  at 2 1 1 2 2
x2  x1
2 1
2a  t2  t1  2  t2  t1  2
  
 t2  t1   a  b   a  b  a  b 
2 2
a t  t
2
2
2
1  t 2  t1  t2  t1 
The equation of line passing through  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 

2
 y  2 at1 
t1  t2
 x  at12 
  t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t2   2 x  2at12  2 x   t1  t2  y  2at12  2at1  t1  t2 
 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1  t1  t1  t2   2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t2
 2 x   t1  t2  y  2at1t2  0
V1 47.Find the distance between the parallel lines 5 x  3 y  4  0;10 x  6 y  9  0
Sol. Given that 5 x  3 y  4  0  10 x  6 y  8  0       1
10 x  6 y  9  0        2 
Distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2)
 The distance between the parallel lines

8  9 c1 - c2
 ax + by + c1 = 0 & ax + by + c 2 = 0 is
100  36 a2 + b2
IPE MATHS IB 249
1 1
  units
136 2 34
V1 48.Find the equation of straight line passing through the point (5, 4) and parallel to the line
2x + 3y+7 = 0.
Sol. The equation of straight line parallel to the line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by = k.
The equation of straight line parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 7 = 0 is 2x + 3y =k -------- (1)
(5, 4) passes through the equation (1)
2(5) + 3 (4) = k  k = 22 substitute k = 22 in equation (1)
 2x + 3y = 22
2x + 3y - 22 = 0
V1 49. Find the value of y, if the line joining (3, y) and (2, 7) is parallel to the line joining the points
(-1, 4) and (0, 6).
Sol. Let A = (3, y); B = (2, 7)
C = (-1, 4); D = (0, 6)

 
Given that AB is parallel to CD
 slope of AB = slope of CD
7  y 6  4  slope of the line AB m = y 2 - y 1

  
2  3 0 1 x 2 - x1
7 y
  2  7  y  2  y  9
1
V1 50.Find the equation of the straight line passing through (2, 3) and making non-zero intercepts whose
sum is zero.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a  b  0  b  a ------(2)
from (1) and (2)
x y
  1  x  y  a        3
a a
it passes through (2, 3)
2 - 3 = a  a  1
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  1  from  3   x  y  1  0

V1 51. Find the equation of the straight line passing through (-2, 4) and making non zero intercepts whose
sum is zero.
x y
Sol. Let the equation of the straight line be + = 1       1
a b
Given that a + b = 0  b  a ------(2)
x y
from (1) and (2);   1  x  y  a        3
a a
IPE MATHS IB 250
it passes through (-2, 4); 2  4  a  a  6
 Required equation of the straight line is x  y  6  from  3    x  y  6  0

V1 52. Find the equations of the straight lines passing through the origin and making equal angles with
the co-ordinate axes.
Y
1350
450
X
O
Sol.
The equation of the straight line which passes through the origin is y = mx ...........(1)
case(i) Inclination of the line   450  m  tan 450  1  m  tan 
 Equation of straight line is y  1.x  from 1 

 y  x  x y  0
case(ii) Inclination of the other line   1350  m  tan1350  1
 Equation of straight line is y  1. x  from 1 

 y  x  x  y  0
V1 53.Find the value of P, if the straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent.
Sol. Given straight lines x + p = 0, y + 2 = 0, 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 are concurrent then
1 0 P
0 1 2  0  If three lines areconcurent thenthe det volue is 0
3 2 5
1
 1(5  4)  0  P (0  3)  0  1  3P  0  P  3 .
V1 54.If 2 x  3 y  5  0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining (3, -4) and  ,   then find
  .
Sol. Given that 2x - 3y - 5 = 0 ----------(1)
 ,   be the image of (3, -4) w.r.to (1)
We know that  h, k  is the image of  x1 , y1  w .r .t the line ax  by  c  0 then
h  x1 k  y1 2  ax1  by1  c 
 
a b a 2  b2
  3   4 2  6  12  5    3   4 2 13  3  4
         2
2 3 49 2 3 13 2 3
   3  4 ;   4  6    1 ;   2
    1
Alternate Method:
Given that
IPE MATHS IB 251
2 x  3 y  5  0 ------(1)
Let A = (3, -4) ; B =  ,  

Let C be the midpoint of AB
 3  4    If A x , y B x , y aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= x1  x2 , y1  y2 

C   ,  1 1  2 2  2
 2 2 
  2 
C lies on (1)
 3    4    6  2  12  3  10
2   3 5  0   0  2  3  8  0 ------(2)
 2   2  2
Also, (1)  AB
slope of (1)  slope of AB = -1
 2    4 
    1  2  8  3  9  3  2  1  0 ------(3)
 3    3 
Solving (2) and (3)
  1
-3 8 2 -3
2 -1 3 2
  1   1 13 26
        1;   2
3  16 24  2 4  9 13 26 13 13 13
    1  2  1
V1 55. Find the value of k , if the straight lines y  3kx  4  0 and (2k 1)x(8k 1)y60 are perpendicular..
Sol. Given that y  3kx  4  0  3kx  y  4  0 ------(1)
 2k  1 x  8k  1 y  6  0 ------(2)
 3k 
slope of (1), m1   3k
1
  2k  1 2k  1
slope of (2), m2   8k  1  8k  1
 
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular
 m1m2  1  If m1 , m2 are slopesof two  ler lines thenm1m2  1
 2k  1 
 3k    1  6k 2  3k  8k  1  6k 2  5k  1  0
 8k  1 
 6k 2  6k  k  1  0  6k  k  1  1 k  1  0   k  1 6k  1  0
1
 k  1  0  or  6k  1  0  k  1 or  k 
6
IPE MATHS IB 252
 
V2 56.If the product of the intercepts made by the straight line x tan   y sec   1 0     on the co-
 2
ordinate axes is equal to sin , find  .
x y
Sol. Given that x tan   y sec   1   1
cot  cos 
x y
This is in the form of + =1
a b
where x - intercept, a = cot  ; y - intercept, b = cos 
Given that, the product of intercepts  sin 
cos  cos2 
 cot  .cos   sin   .cos   sin    1  cot 2   1
sin  sin 2 
 
 cot   1  0      cot   cot 450    450
 2
V2 57. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point (-2, -3) to the straight line 5x2y4 0
Sol. Given that 5 x  2 y  4  0       1
given point  x1 , y1    2, 3

The length of the perpendicular drawn from  2, 3 to (1)
5  2   2  3  4 | ax1  by1  c |

 The lr distancefrom P( x1 , y1 ) totheline ax  by  c  0 is
25  4 a2  b2
10  6  4
 =0
29
V2 58.Find the value of k, if the straight lines 6 x  10 y  3  0 and kx  5 y  8  0 are parallel.

Sol. Given that 6 x  1 0 y  3  0 ......... 1  , k x  5 y  8  0 ... .... ..  2 
6 3 a
slope of (1), m1    slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
10 5 b
k k
slope of (2), m2  
5 5
Given that (1) and (2) are parallel
3 k
 m1 = m 2    k=3
5 5
V2 59.Find the value of p, if the straight lines 3 x  7 y  1  0 and 7 x  py  3  0 are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given that 3 x  7 y  1  0 ------(1), 7 x  py  3  0 ------(2)
3 a
slope of (1), m1   slope of the line ax  by  c  0 is m 
7 b
IPE MATHS IB 253
7 7
slope of (2), m2  
p p
Given that (1) and (2) are perpendicular
 m1m2  1  If m1 , m 2 be the slopes of two non vertical lines are  lr then m1 m 2   1
 3   7 
      1  p3
 7   p 
x y x y
V2 60.If  is the angle between the lines   1,   1 then find the value of sin   a  b  .
a b b a
x y
Sol. Given that   1  bx  ay  ab  0 ------(1)
a b
x y
  1  ax  by  ab  0 ------(2)
b a
Let  be the actu angle between (1) and (2)
 If  is the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

b b  a  a a1b2  a2 b1
sin  and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then sin  
2 2 2 2
b a a b 2
a1  b1
2 2
a2  b2
2
b2  a2 a2  b2
  2  a  b 
b2  a2 a2  b2 a  b2
V2 61.If a portion of a straight line intercepted between the axes of coordinates is bisected at
 2 p, 2q  write the equation of the straight line.
Sol.
x y
Let the equation of the straight line is + =1
a b
 A =(a, 0) ; B =(0, b)
Given that (2p, 2q) bisects AB
 (2p, 2q) = midpoint of AB
a b  x x y  y 
  2 p, 2q    ,  If A x1 , y1  B x2 , y2  aretwopoints, then mid point of AB= 1 2 , 1 2 
2 2  2 2 
 a  4 p, b  4q
x y qx  py
 The equation of the straight line is 4 p  4q  1 
4 pq
 1  qx  py  4 pq
IPE MATHS IB 254
V2 62. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from(4, 1) upon the straight line 3 x  4 y  12  0 .
(x1,y1)
Sol. Given that 3 x  4 y  12  0 ------(1)

ax+by+c=0
(h, k)
Let  x1 , y1    4,1
Let (h, k) be the foot of the perpendicular from (4, 1) on (1)
We know that  h, k  is the foot of the  ler from P  x1 , y1  w .r .t
h  x1 k  y1   ax1  by1  c 
the line ax  by  c  0 then  
a b a 2  b2
h  4 k  1  12  4  12 
  
3 4 9  16
h  4 k  1 20 h  4 k  1 4
     
3 4 25 3 4 5
h4 4 k  1 4
 ; 
3 5 4 5
12 16
h4 ; k 1 
5 5
12 16
h  4 ; k 1
5 5
8 21
h  ; k
5 5
 8 21 
 Foot of the perpendicular =  5 , 5 
 
V3 63.Transform the equation  2  5k  x  31 2k  y   2  k   0 into the form L1   L2  0 and find the point
of concurrency of the family of straight lines.
Sol. Given that  2  5k  x  31  2k  y   2  k   0
 2 x  5 kx  3 y  6 ky  2  k  0
  2 x  3 y  2   k  5 x  6 y  1  0
It represents a family of concurrent straight lines are 2 x  3 y  2  0 ------(1)
 The equation of family of lines passing through the point of

5 x  6 y  1  0 ---(2) intersection of L  0 and L  0 is L   L  0
1 2 1 2
Solving (1) and (2)

x y 1
-3 2 2 -3
-6 -1 5 -6
x y 1 x y 1
    
3  12 10  2 12  15 15 12 3
IPE MATHS IB 255
 x  5, y  4
 Point of concurrency = (5, 4) (1M)
V3 64.Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  20  0 divides the join of the points (2, 3) and (2, 10).
Sol. Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  20  0
 x1 , y1    2,3 ;  x2 , y2    2,10 
We know that the ratio in which the line ax  by  c  0 divides the line
joining of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2    L11 : L22
=   4  9  20  :  4  30  20 
   7  :14
 7 :14  1: 2
V3 65.Prove that the points (1,11), (2,15) and (-3, -5) are collinear and find the equation of the stright line
containing them.
Sol. Let A = (1, 11); B = (2, 15) ; C = (-3, -5)
5  15 20 y2 -y1
slope of BC (m) =   4 slope of the linepassing through x1 ,y1  & x2 ,y2  is
3  2 5 x2 -x1
Equation of BC is y - y 1 = m(x - x1 )
 y  5  4( x  3)  4 x  y  7  0 .................(1)
put A(1,11) in equation (1)  4(1)  11  7  0
 A(1,11) satisfies equation (1)  the points A,B,C are collinear and the equation of the stright line is
4x-y+7=0
V3 66.Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by
4 x  7 y  10  0, x  y  5 and 7 x  4 y  15 .
Sol. Given that 4 x  7 y  10  0 ------(1) , x  y  5  0 ------(2), 7 x  4 y  15  0 ------(3)
4 a
Slope of eq(1)   slope of a line ax  by  c  0 is
7 b
7
Slope of eq(3) 
4
2
4   7 
slope of (1)  slope of  3       1
3
 7  4  1
 Eq(1) and Eq(3) are perpendicular

 (1),(2),(3) forms a right angled triangle
In right angled triangle, the orthocentre is the point of intersection of perpendicular sides.
Solving (1) and (3),
x y 1
-7 10 4 -7
4 -15 7 4
x y 1 x y 1
      x  1, y  2
105  40 70  60 16  49 65 130 65
 Orthocentre = (1, 2)
IPE MATHS IB 256
V3 67.Find the incentre of the triangle whose sides are x  1, y  1, x  y  1
Sol. Given that x  1 ------(1), y  1 ------(2), x  y  1 ------(3)
C (1,0)
L et th e p o in t o f in terse ctio n o f (1 ) & (2 ) is A (1 , 1 ) 3
1
T h e p o in t o f in tersec tio n o f (2 ) an d (3 ) is B (0 ,1 )
T h e p o in t o f in tersec tio n o f (3 ) an d (1 ) is C (1 ,0 ) A (1,1) 2 B (0,1)
a  BC  2 ; b  CA  1 ; c  AB  1
 ax1  bx2  cx3 ay1  by2  cy3 
 Incentre =  a  b  c , a  b  c 
 
 2 1  1 0   11 2 1  11  1 0    2  1 2  1 

 ,    , 
 2 11 2 11 
   2 2 2 2
 
2 1 2 1   1 , 1 
 ,
 2 1 2 2 1 2      2 2 
 
V3 68.If a,b,c are in A.P. then show that ax by  c  0 represents a family of concurrent lines and find the
point of concurrency.
Sol. Given that a,b,c are in A.P.  2b  a  c  c  2b  a ------(1)
Also, ax  by  c  0 ------(2)
from (1) and (2), ax  by  2b  a  0  a  x  1  b  y  2   0
 It represents a family of concurrent lines.It represents the straight lines
 The equation of fam ily of lines pas sin g through the po int of
int er sec tion of L1  0 and L2  0 isL1   L2  0
x 1  0 ; y  2  0  x  1 ; y   2
 Point of concurrency = (1, -2)
V3 69.Find the ratio in which the straight line 2 x  3 y  5 divides the join of the points (0, 0) and (-2, 1).
Sol: Let the given straight line is L  2 x  3 y  5  0
 x1 , y1    0, 0 ;  x2 , y2    2,1
W e know th at the ratio in w hich the line ax  by  c  0 divides the lin e
joining of  x 1 , y 1  and  x 2 , y 2    L11 : L 22
=   0  0  5  :   4  3  5   5 : 6
IPE MATHS IB 257
PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

KEY POINTS:
1. If h2  ab then ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin.
2. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2   1x  m1y    2 x  m2 
 1 2 x 2  1m2 xy  m1 2 xy  m1m2 y 2
 1 2 x 2   1m2  m1 2  xy  m1m2 y 2

After comparing we get a  1 2 , 2h  1m2  m1 2 , b  m1m2
3. The equation of bisector of angles between the lines a1x  b1y  c1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c2  0 are
a1x  b1y  c1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2

a12  b12 a 22  b22
4.
2 2
 
The equation of bisectors of angles between the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is h x  y   a  b  xy
5. If '  ' is the acute angle between the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 then
ab
cos  
(i)
 a  b 2  4h2
2 h2  ab
(ii) tan  
ab
(iii) The above lines are mutually perpendicular  a  b  0
(iv) The above lines are coincide  h2  ab  0
6. The equation of the lines passing through  x1, y1  and
(i) parallel to ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is a  x  x1 2  2h  x  x1  y  y1   b  y  y1 2  0
(ii) perpendicular to ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is b  x  x1 2  2h  x  x1   y  y1   a  y  y1 2  0

7. The area of the triangle formed by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and the line x  my  n  0 is
n2 h2  ab
am2  2hm  b2
8. The product of perpendiculars drawn from a point P  ,   to the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is
a2  2h  b2

 a  b 2  4h2
9. If ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents two pair of lines then
(i)   abc  2fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
(ii) h2  ab,g 2  ac,f 2  bc
IPE MATHS IB 258
10. The point of intersection of the lines represented by ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 is
 hf  bg gh  af 
 ab  h2 , ab  h2 
 
11. If the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 represents a pair of parallel lines then
(i) h2  ab (ii) af 2  bg 2 and
g 2  ac f 2  bc
(iii) distance between these parallel lines  2 a a  b 
2
b a  b
12. Homogenisation: The equation of the line pair of line joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 and the line x  my  n  0 is
2
 x  my   x  my   x  my 
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2gx    2fy    c  0
 n   n   n 
13. The pair of lines of ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 are at right angles.  x 2coeff.  y 2coeff.  0 (or) a  b  0

V1 01.Find the values of k, if the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  2 x  y  1  0 and the line x + 2y = k are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given equation of the curve 2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  2 x  y  1  0 ........(1)
x  2y
equation of the line x  2 y  k   1....(2) (1M)
k
Homogenise the equation(1) with the help of (2) then
2 x 2  2 xy  3 y 2  (2 x  y)(1)  1(1)2  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 259
2
2 2  x  2y   x  2y 
 2 x  2 xy  3 y  (2 x  y )     0 (1M)
 k   k 
2 2  2 x 2  4 xy  xy  2 y 2   x 2  4 y 2  4 xy  2
 2 x  2 xy  3 y     2   0  a  b  a2  b2  2ab
 k   k 
 2k x  2 k xy  3k y  k  2 x  3 xy  2 y   x  4 y  4 xy  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
  2k  2k  1 x   2k  3k  4  xy   3k  2k  4  y  0
2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
Given that above lines are perpendicular  coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y 2  0
 2k2+2k-1 + 3k2-2k-4 = 0  5k 2  5  0  k 2  1  k   1 . (2M)
V1 02. Find the angle between the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 x  2 y  5  0 and the line 3x – y + 1 = 0.
Sol. Given equation of the curve x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 x  2 y  5  0  1
Equation of the line 3 x  y  1  0  y  3 x  1 ....... (2) (1M)
Homogenise equation (1) with the help of (2) then
2
x 2  2 xy  y 2   2 x  2 y 1  5 1  0 (1M)
2 2 2
 x  2 xy  y   2 x  2 y  y  3 x   5  y  3 x   0
2
 x 2  2 xy  y 2  2 xy  6 x 2  2 y 2  6 xy  5 y 2  45 x 2  30 xy  0   a  b   a  b  2ab
2 2
 50 x2  28xy  2 y2  0  25 x 2  14 xy  y 2  0 -------(3)

Compare equation (3) with ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 , we get
a =25, 2h = -14, b =1 (3M)
a b
We know that  be an acute angle between above lines then cos  2
 a  b  4h2
25 1 26 26 13
cos    
2 2
 25 1  14 576  196 772 193
1 13
   cos . (2M)
193
V1 03.Show that the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve x 2  xy  y 2  3 x  3 y  2  0
and the straight line x  y  2  0 are mutually perpendicular..
Sol. Given equation of the curve x 2  xy  y 2  3 x  3 y  2  0 ..........(1)
x y
equation of theline x  y  2  0  x  y  2   1 .............(2) (1M)
2
Homogenise equation (1) with the help of (2) then
2
x2  xy  y2   3x  3y  (1)  2 1  0 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 260
2
2 2  x y  x y
 x  xy  y  3  x  y     2  0
 2   2 
2 3x2  3 y 2
2  x 2  y 2  2 xy  2
 x  xy  y  2 0   a  b   a 2  b 2  2ab
2 2
2 2 3x2 3y2
 x  xy  y    x 2  y 2  2 xy  0
2 2
3 2 3 2
 x  xy  y 0 (3M)
2 2
3  3 
x 2 coeff  y 2coeff   0
2  2
 The pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0represents a pair of
 The lines are perpendicular.. perpendicular lines then coefficient of x 2  coefficient of y 2  0 (2M)
V1 04.Find the condition for the lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the circle x2  y 2  a2 and
the line lx  my  1 to coincide.
Sol. Given equation of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 ..........(1)
equation of straight line is l x  m y  1 .......... (2)
homogenise the equation(1) with help of (2)
2 2
x 2  y 2  a 2 1  x 2  y 2  a 2  lx  my  (2M)
 x  y  a  l x  m y  2lmxy 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a 2 l 2 x 2  a 2 m 2 y 2  2lma 2 xy  x 2  y 2  0
  a l  1 x  2lma xy   a m  1 y  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
here a  a 2 l 2  1, h  a 2 lm , b  a 2 m 2  1
given that lines are coincide
We know that the pair of lines ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  0 reprasentes coincide lines
 h 2  ab
2
  a lm    a l  1 a m  1
2 2 2 2 2
 a 4l 2 m 2  a 4 l 2 m 2  a 2 l 2  a 2 m 2  1  a  l  m   1
2 2 2
(2M)
V1 05. Find the condition for the chord lx+my=1 of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 (whose center is the origin) to
subtend a right angle at the origin.
Sol. Given equation of the circle x 2  y 2  a 2 ..........(1)
equation of straight line is lx  m y  1 ................. (2)
homogenise the equation(1) with help of (2)
2 2
x 2  y 2  a 2 1  x 2  y 2  a 2  lx  my  (2M)
 x  y  a  l x  m y  2lmxy 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 a 2 l 2 x 2  a 2 m 2 y 2  2lma 2 xy  x 2  y 2  0
  a l  1 x  2lma xy   a m  1 y  0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(3M)
IPE MATHS IB 261
here a  a 2 l 2  1, h  a 2 lm , b  a 2 m 2  1
given that lines are perpendicular
We know that the pair of lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 reprasentes perpendicular lines
ab0

2 2 2 2
 
 a l 1  a m 1  0 
 a 2 (l 2  m 2 )  2  0  a 2 (l 2  m 2 )  2 (2M)
2 2
V1 06.Let the equation ax  2hxy  by  0 represent a pair of straight lines.Then the angle  between the
ab
lines given by cos  
(a  b)2  4h2
Sol. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represent the lines
l1 x  m1 y  0  1
l2 x  m2 y  0   2 
  l1 x  m1 y  l2 x  m2 y   ax 2  2hxy  by 2
 l1l2  a, m1m2  b, l1m2  l2 m1  2h (2M)
Let  be the angle between the lines (1) and (2)
We know that  be the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and
a1a 2  b1b2
a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 then cos   (1M)
a12  b12 a 22  b22
l1l2  m1m2 ab a b

cos    
2
l1  m1
2 2
l2  m2
2
l
1
2
 m1 2
 l
2
2
 m2 2
 l12l2 2  m12 m2 2  l 2 m2 2  l2 m12
a b
 (2M)
l12l2 2  m12 m2 2  2l1l2 m1m2  l 2 m2 2  l2 m12  2l1l2 m1m2
2
ab  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 

2 2 2
l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2m1  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
ab
cos   (2M)
(a  b)2  4h2
V1 07.Show that the product of the perpendicular distances from a point  ,   to the pair of
aα2 +2hαβ+bβ2
straight lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 is 2
 a-b +4h 2
Sol. let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represent the lines

l1 x  m1 y  0  1
l2 x  m2 y  0   2 
IPE MATHS IB 262
 l1l2  a , m1m2  b, l1m2  l2 m1  2h (2M)
l1  m1
The length of the perpendicular from  ,   to line(1) is (1M)
l12  m12
ax1  by1  c
The lengthof the perpendicular from  x1 , y1  to the line ax  by  c  0 is
a 2  b2
l2  m2 
The length of the perpendicular from  ,   to line(2) is
l22  m22
l1  m1 l2  m2 

the product of the perpendiculars is (2M)
l12  m12 l22  m22
 l1  m 1  l2  m2   l1l2 2  l1m 2  l2 m1  m1m2  2

 
l1
2
 m1
2
l 2
2
 m2
2
 2 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  m1 m2  l1 m2  l2 m1
2 2
l1l2 2  l1 m 2  l 2 m1  m1 m 2  2


2 2 2 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  m1 m 2  2 l1l 2 m1 m 2  l1 m 2  l 2 m1  2 l1l 2 m1 m 2
2
l1l2 2   l1m 2  l2 m1    m1m2  2  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
 2
2 2
 l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2 m1  a 2  b 2  2ab   a  b 
a 2  2h  b 2
= 2 (2M)
 a  b  4h 2
V1 08.If the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents a pair of distinct (i.e., intersecting) lines, then the combined
equation of the pair of bisectors of the angles between these lines is h  x 2  y 2    a  b  xy
Sol Given the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 reprenents lines y  m1 x ........1
y  m2 x .........  2 
y
B
2   3
2
  1 A
 1
1 2 x
O
 ax 2  2hxy  by 2   y  m1 x  y  m2 x 
2 h a
m1  m2  , m1m2  (2M)
b b
Let y  mx .....  3 be one of the angular bisector (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 263
Let (1),(2),(3) makes an angle 1 ,  2 ,  with positve direction of X-axis.
Let m1  tan 1 , m2  tan  2 , m  tan  (1M)
since  2      1  1 2  2  tan 1   2   tan 2
tan 1  tan  2 2 tan  tan A  tan B 2tanA
  tan  A  B   tan2A =
1  tan 1 tan  2 1  tan 2  1  tan A tan B 1 - tan 2 A
m1  m2 2m
 
1  m1m2 1  m 2
2h y
2
 b  x 2  2h  2xy  2h  2 xy
a
1 1 y2 b a x2  y2 a  b x2  y 2
b x
 h  x 2  y 2    a  b  xy (3M)
V1 09.Show that the area of the triangle formed by the lines ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 and lx  my  n  0 is
n 2 h 2  ab
sq.units.
| am 2  2hlm  bl 2 |
Sol. ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents lines y  m1 x ........ 1
y  m2 x .........  2 
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
ax 2  2hxy  by 2   y  m1 x  y  m2 x 
2 h a
m1  m2  , m1m2  (2M)
b b
given equation of the line lx  my  n  0 ............(3)
solve (1)&(2) we get O=(0,0)
from(1) & (3) lx  mm1 x  n  0   l  mm1  x  n  0

n  m1 n
x and y 
l  mm1 l  m m1
 n m1n 
A , 
 l  mm1 l  mm1 
 n m2 n 
similarly from (2) and (3), we get B  l  mm , l  mm  (2M)
 2 2 
IPE MATHS IB 264
We know that the area of the traingle formed by the vertices
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y 2   x1 y 2  x 2 y1
2
1   n    m2 n    n    m1n 
      
2  l  mm1   l  mm2   l  mm2   l  mm1 
2
1 n 2  m2  m1  1 n 2  m2  m1 
  2 2
2  l  mm1  l  mm2  2 l  lmm2  lmm1  m m1m2
2 2
1 n  m2  m1   4m1m2
 2 2
  a - b  =  a + b  - 4ab
2 l 2  lm  m1  m2   m 2 m1m2
4h 2 4a
n2 
1 b2 b 1 2n 2 h 2  ab

2 2   2h  a  2 bl 2  2hlm  am 2
l  lm    m2
 b  b
n2 h2  ab
 (3M)
am2  2hlm bl2
V1 10.If the equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents a pair of parallel straight lines, then
show that  i  h2  ab  ii  af 2  bg 2 and (iii) the distance between the parallel lines is
g 2  ac f 2  bc
2 2
a  a  b ba  b .
Sol: Let S=0 represent the lines lx  my  n1  0  1 , lx  my  n2  0   2  (1M)
  lx  my  n1  lx  my  n2   ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c
Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side
l 2  a, m 2  b, n 1n2  c, 2lm  2h, l  n1  n2   2 g , m  n1  n2   2 f
2
(1) h 2   lm   l 2 m 2  ab (1M)
2 g l  n1  n2  g l
(ii) 2 f  m n  n  
 1 2 f m
g2 l2 g2 a
Squaring on bothsides      af 2  bg 2 (2M)
f 2 m2 f2 b
c1  c2 n1  n2
(iii) The distance between the parallel lines (1) and (2)  2 2 
a b l 2  m2
n  n2 
2
  n1  n2 2  4 n1 n2 
1
      a - b 2 =  a + b  2 - 4ab
 ab 
ab  
IPE MATHS IB 265
 l 2  n1  n2  2  4 l 2 n1 n2   4g2  4 a c   g2  a c 
  2
     2   (2M)
     
 l a  b   a a  b   a a  b 
 The distance between the parallel lines
n1  n2 c1  c 2
Again the distance between the parallel lines = ax  by  c1  0 and ax  by  c 2  0 is
l 2  m2 a 2  b2
2
n  n2    n1  n2 2  4 n1 n2 
1
      a - b 2 =  a + b  2 - 4ab
 ab 
ab  
 m2  n1  n2 2  4 m2 n1 n2   4 f 2  4 bc   f 2 bc 
      2   (1M)
 2
  
 m a  b   b  a  b   b  a  b 
V1 11. If the second degree equation S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 in the two variables x and y
represents a pair of straight lines, then
i) abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
ii) h2  ab, g 2  ac and f 2  bc
Sol. Since S=0 represents a pair of lines, we can write
S   l1 x  m1 y  n1  l2 x  m2 y  n2   0
Comparing the coefficients of like terms on either side
l1l2  a; m1m2  b; n1n2  c; l1m2  l2 m1  2h
l1n2  l2 n1  2 g ; m1n2  m2n1  2h (2M)
(i) 8fgh =  2 f  2 g  2h    m1n2  m2 n1  l1n2  l2 n1  l1m2  l2 m1 
 2 2 2 2
  2 2 2 2

= l1l2 m1 n2  m2 n1  m1m2 n1 l2  n2 l1  n1n2 l1 m2  l2 m1  2l1l2 m1m2 n1n2  2 2 2 2

2 2
 l1l2  m1n2  m2 n1   2m1m2 n1n2   m1m2  n1l2  n2l1   2l1l2 n1n2 
   
2
n1n2  l1m2  l2 m1   2l1l2 m1m2   2l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
 
2
 a 2 + b 2 =  a + b  - 2ab
 a  4 f 2  2bc   b  4 g 2  2 ac   c  4h 2  2ab   2abc

 8 fgh  4  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  abc 
 abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0 (3M)
2 2
2  l1m2  l2 m1   l1m2  l2 m1 
(ii) h  ab     l1l2 m1m2     0  h2  ab
 2   2 
2 2
2  l1n2  l2 n1   l1n2  l2 n1 
(iii) g  ac     l1l2 n1n2    0  g 2  ac
 2   2 
2
 m n  m2 n1   m1n2  m2 n1 
f 2  bc   1 2   m1m2 .n1n2    0  f 2  bc . (2M)
 2   2 
IPE MATHS IB 266
V1 12.Find the centroid and area of the triangle formed by the lines 12 x 2  20 xy  7 y 2  0 and 2x – 3y + 4 = 0.
Sol. Given pair of lines 12 x 2  20 xy  7 y 2  0
12 x 2  6 xy  14 xy  7 y 2  0  6 x  2 x  y   7 y  2 x  y   0   6 x  7 y  2 x  y   0
 lines are 6 x  7 y  0.......... 1
2 x  y  0.......................  2 
given equation of line 2 x  3 y  4  0 ...........( 3 ) (1M)
solve 1 &  2  : solve 1 &  3  : solve  2  &  3 
x y 1 x y 1
7 0 6 7 1 0 2 1
we get O   0, 0  : :
3 4 2 3 3 4 2 3
x y 1 x y 1
  ;  
28  0 0  24 18  24 4  0 0  8 6  2
  28  0 0  24   4 0 08 
 ,  ;  , 
  18  14  18  14   6 2 6  2 
=  7, 6  =A ;  1, 2  =B (3M)
We know that the centroid of the  le formed by the vertices
 x  x2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
A  x1 , y1  , B  x 2 , y2  , C  x3 , y3  is G   1 , 
 3 3 
 0  7 1 0  6  2   8 8 
 ,  ,  (1M)
 3 3  3 3
1
We know that the area of triangle OAB is   x1 y 2  x 2 y1
2
1 1
=  7  2   1 6  = 8  = 4 sq. units (1M)
2 2
2
V2 13.Show that the straight lines represented by  x  2a   3 y 2  0 and x=a form an equilateral triangle.
2
Sol.
2
Given lines are  x  2a   3 y 2  0   x  2a  
2
 3y  0
 
 ( x  2a  3 y ) x  2a  3 y  0  a - b =  a + b  a - b 
2 2
x  3 y  2a  0 ............. 1
x  3 y  2a  0 .............  2 
and given line is x-a=0..............................(3) (2M)
let 1 be an angle between the lines (1)&(3) then
If  be the angle between the lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0

cos 
11  3  0
2
a1a2  b1b2
and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0thencos 
12   
3 12  02
a  b12 a22  b22
2
1
IPE MATHS IB 267
1 0 1
 
1 3 1 2
1
co s  1   1  60 0 (2M)
2
Let 2 be an angle between the lines (2)&(3) then
11    
3  0
cos  2  1 0 1 1
2   =
2

1   3  1 02
1 3 1  0 4 2
1
cos  2  0
  2  600 (1M)
2  cos 60
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600 3  1800  3  1800  120 0  60 0 (1M)
1   2  3
 The given lines form an equilateral triangle. (1M)
2 2 2 2
V2 14.Show that the pair of stright lines 6 x  5 xy  6 y  0 and 6 x  5 xy  6 y  x  5 y  1  0 forms a square.
Sol. Given pairs of lines 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2   2 x  3 y  3 x  2 y 

2 x  3 y  0 ............ (1), 3 x  2 y  0 .............(2) (1M)
A 3 C
2 4
O 1 B
and the given another equation is 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1  0 represents the lines are
2 x  3 y  n1  0 and 3x  2 y  n2  0
 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1   2 x  3 y  n1  3 x  2 y  n2 
Comparing on bothsides, we get 3n1  2n2  1 , 2n1  3n2  5
By solving, we get n1  1, n2  1
 6 x 2  5 xy  6 y 2  x  5 y  1   2 x  3 y  1 3x  2 y  1
2 x  3 y  1  0 .......(3)
3 x  2 y  1  0 .......(4) (2M)
cleary 1   lr  2  ,  2   lr  3 
 3 lr  4  ,  4  lr 1

and 1 el  3 ,  2 el  4 (1M)
point of intersection of (1) and (2) is (0,0)
The perpendicular distance from origin

1 c
Perpendicular distance from (0,0) to (3)  to the line ax  by  c  0is
94 a  b2
2
IPE MATHS IB 268
1
  OA
13
1 1
Perpendicular distance from (0,0) to (4) =   OB (2M)
49 13
Adjcent sides are perpendicular and O A  O B
 Given pairs of straight lines form a square. (1M)
V2 15.If the equation  x 2  10 xy  12 y 2  5 x  16 y  3  0 represents a pair of straight lines then find 
2 2
Sol. Given equation  x  10 xy  12 y  5 x  16 y  3  0 ---------(1)
Compare equation (1) with ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , we get
5
a   , h  5 , b  12 , g  , f  8 , c  3 (2M)
2
We know that the equation ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents
(1M)
a pair of stright lines then abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
5  25 
   12  3  2  8    5     64   12    3  25   0
2  4 
 36  200  64  75  75  0
 100  200  0
   2 i.e a  2 (4M)
V2 16.Show that the product of the perpendicular distances from the origin to the pair of straight
c
2 2
linesrepresented by ax  2hxy  by  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is 2 .
a  b  4h 2
Sol. ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represent the lines l1 x  m1 y  n1  0.............1
and l2 x  m2 y  n2  0............. 2 
  l1 x  m1 y  n1  l2 x  m2 y  n2   ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c
 l1l2  a ; m1m2  b ; n1n2  c ; l1m2  l2 m1  2h ;
l1n2  l2 n1  2 g ; m1n2  m2 n1  2 f (2M)
The perpendicular distance from (0,0)
n1
c
perpendicular distance from origin to line (1) is 2 2 to the line ax  by  c  0is
l1  m1
a  b2
2
n2
perpendicular distance from origin to line (2) is 2 2 (1M)
l2  m2
n1 n2
it’s product  2 2
.
2 2
l m
1 1 l2  m2
n1n2 c
 
l 1
2
 m1
2
l 2
2
 m2
2
 2 2 2 2
l1 l2  l1 m2  l2 m1  m1 m2
2 2 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 269
c

2 2 2 2 (2M)
 l1l2    mm
1 2 1 2   l1m2    l2m1   2 l1m2  l2m1 
 2l1l2mm
2
c  a 2 + b 2 + 2ab   a + b 

2 2 2
 l1l2  m1m2    l1m2  l2 m1  a 2 + b 2 - 2ab   a - b 
c c
 
2 2 2
 a  b    2h   a  b  4h 2
c
 product of perpendicular distance from origin to the the pair of straight lines is 2
 4h 2
(2M)
a  b
V2 17.Show that the equation 2 x 2  13 xy  7 y 2  x  23 y  6  0 represents a pair of straight lines also find the
angle between them and the co-ordinates of the point of intesection of the lines.
Sol. Given equation 2 x 2  13 xy  7 y 2  x  23 y  6  0 -------(1)
13 1 23
. a=2, h= , b=-7, g  , f  , c=-6 (1M)
2 2 2
Consdier abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2
2 2 2
 23  1  13   23  1  13 
=  2  7  6   2      2   7   6 
 2  2  2   2  2  2 
299  529  7  169 
= 84   2    6   336  299  1058  7  1014 =0
4  4  4  4 
169  1  529 
h2   2 g2   2 f2  2
4   h  ab ; 4   g  ac and 4   f  bc
ab  14  ac  12  bc  42 
 Given equation represents a pair of straight lines . (2M)
 If the equation ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 represents
a pair of stright lines then abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2  0 and
h 2  ab , f 2  bc , g 2  ac
ab
Let acute angle between the lines be  then cos   2
a  b  4 h2
27 5 5 5 1
   
= 2 2
81  169 250 5 10
 2  7    13 10
 1 
  cos 1   (2M)
 10 
We know that the point of indirection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
IPE MATHS IB 270
  13  23   1   1  13   23  
     7         2   
  2  2   2   2  2   2 
 2
, 2
  13   13  
     2 
2  7       
2 7 
    2  
 299  14 13  92   285 105   19 7 
= ,   ,   ,  (2M)
 56  169 56  169   225 225   15 15 
V3 18.Show that the straight lines represented by 3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0 and 3 x  2 y  13  0 form an equilateral
13
triangle of area sq.units .
3
Sol. 3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0  3 x 2  48 xy  23 y 2  0
 9 x 2  12 x 2  12 xy  36 xy  4 y 2  27 y 2  0
  9 x 2  12 xy  4 y 2   12 x 2  36 xy  27 y 2   0
2 2
  3x   2  3x  2 y    2 y    3  4 x  12 xy  9 y   0
2 2
2 2 2 2
  3x  2 y   3  2 x  3 y   0   3x  2 y    3  2x  3 y    0
  3x  2 y   3  2 x  3 y   3 x  2 y  3  2 x  3 y    0  a 2 - b 2 =  a + b  a - b 
 3x  2 y  2 3x  3 3 y  0 ; 3x  2 y  2 3x  3 3 y  0
3  2 3  x  3 
3  2 y  0................... 1
3  2 3  x  3 3  2  y  0...................  2  (2M)
and given line is 3 x  2 y  13........................  3

cos1 
3 2 3 3 3 3  2  2 a1a2  b1b2
2 2 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos 
3 2 3  3 3  2 3   2 2 2
a12  b12 a22  b22
96 36 34 13 13 13 1

    
9  12  12 3  27  4  12 3 9  4 52 13 2 13 13 2 13 2
1
cos 1   1  600 (1M)
2
cos2 
3  2 3 3   3 3  2  2 96 36 34

2 2
3  2 3   3 3  2 3   22 2
9  12  12 3  27  4  12 3  13 
13 13 13 1
   
52 13 2 13 13 2 13 2
IPE MATHS IB 271
1
cos  2    2  600 (2M)
2
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600 3  1800  3  1800  120 0  60 0
1   2   3
 Given lines form an equilateral triangle (1M)
length of altitude  p  perpendicular distance from origin to line 3 x  2 y  13  0
c 13 13
    13
2 2
a b 94 13
2 The area of an equilateral triangle formed by the lineax  by  c  0 with the pair of straight line
Area 
 13  ax2  2hxy  by2  0is
p2
, where P is the length of the lr from theorigan to the lineax  by  c  0
3 3
13
 squnits . (1M)
3
2 2
V3 19.Show that the lines represented by  lx  my   3  mx  ly   0 and lx+my+n=0 forms an equilateral
n2
triangle with area 3  l 2  m 2  sq.units.
2
Sol.  lx  my 
2 2
 3  mx  ly   0   lx  my  
2
 3  mx  ly   0
 
 lx  my  3  mx  ly  lx  my  3  mx  ly   0   a 2 - b 2 =  a + b  a - b 
  lx  my  3  mx  ly    0 and lx  my  3  mx  ly   0 
 lx  my  3mx  3ly  0 and lx  my  3mx  3ly  0
l    
3m x  m  3l y  0  1
l  3m  x   m  3l  y  0   2
Given line is lx  my  n  0   3 (2M)

let 1 be an angle between (1)&(3) then

cos1 
l 
  
3m l  m  3l m
a1a2  b1b2
2 2 and a2 x  b2 y  c2  0 then cos 
 l  3m   m  3l  l 2
m 2
a12  b12 a22  b22
l 2  3lm  m2  3lm

l 2  3m2  2 3lm  m2  3l 2  2 3lm l 2  m2
l 2  m2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2
  
4l 2  4m2 l 2  m2 2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2 2 l 2  m2 
1
cos 1   1  600 (1M)
2
let 2 be an angle between (2)&(3) then
IPE MATHS IB 272
cos  2 
l   
3m l  m  3l m
2 2
l  3m    m  3l  l 2
 m2
l 2  3lm  m2  3lm

l 2  3m2  2 3lm  m2  3l 2  2 3lm l 2  m2
l 2  m2 l 2  m2 l 2  m2 1
   
4l 2  4m 2 l 2  m 2 2 l 2  m2 2
l m 2 2  l 2
 m 2
 2
1
cos 2    2  600 (1M)
2
 1   2  3  1800 , 600  600  3  180 0  3  180  120  60 0
1   2  3 (1M)
 (1)(2)&(3) from an equilateral triangle
n
lenght of the altitude p   le r
distance from origin to the line (3)  (1M)
l 2  m2
2 The area of an equilateral triangle formed by the lineax  by  c  0 with the pair of straight line
1  n  2
Area   2 2
 ax2  2hxy  by2  0is p , where P is the length of the lr fromtheorigan to the lineax  by  c  0
3  l m  3
1  n2  n2
  2   (1M)
3 l 2  m2 
2
3l m 
V3 20.If  ,   is the centroid of the triangle formed by the lines ax2  2hxy  by2  0 & lx  my  1
  2
 
then prove that bl  hm am  hl 3  bl  2hlm  am 2 
2
Sol. Let ax 2  2hxy  by 2  0 represents the lines

l1 x  m1 y  0..............1
l2 x  m2 y  0 ................  2 
 l1l2  a, m1m2  b ; l1m2  l2 m1  2h
given line is lx  my  1  0..........  3 (2M)
Solving (1)&(3)
x y 1
m1 0 l1 m1
m 1 l m
x y 1
 
 m1 l1 l1m  lm1
 m1 l1 
A ,  (1M)
 l1m  lm1 l1m  lm1 
IPE MATHS IB 273
 m2 l2 
similarly the point of intersection of (2) and (3) is B   l m  lm , l m  lm  (1M)
2 2 2 2
  m1  m2 l1 l2 
 0  l m  lm  l m  lm 0  l m  lm  l m  lm 
centroid of OAB is  ,     1 1 2 2
, 1 1 2 2
 (1M)
 3 3 
 
x x x y y y 
The centroid of the triangle formed by the vertices A x1 , y1  , B x2 , y2  , C x3 , y3  is G  1 2 3 , 1 2 3 
 3 3 
 1   m1 m2  1  l1 l2 
     ;      
 3  l1m  lm1 l2 m  lm2    3  l1m  lm1 l2 m  lm2  
1   m  l m  lm2   m2  l1m  lm1   1  l2 m1m  lm1m2  l1m2 m  lm1m2 
  1 2  
3  l1m  lm1  l2 m  lm2   3  l1l2 m2  l1m2lm  l2 m1lm  l 2 m1m2 
1  2l  m m   m  l1m2  l2 m1   1  2lb  m  2h  
  2 1 2 2 
  2 2 
3  am  lm  l1m2  l2 m1   l b  3  am  lm  2h   l  b  
2  bl  hm   2
 
3  am 2  2hlm  bl 2   bl  hm 3  bl 2  2hlm  am 2 
 2
similarly am  hl  3  bl 2  2hlm  am 2 
  2
   (2M)
bl  hm am  hl 3  bl  2hlm  am2 
2
V3 21.Find the value of ‘K’ if the equation 2 x 2  kxy  6 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 represents a pair of straight lines.
Find the point of intesection of the lines and the angle between the straight lines for these value of ‘K’.
Sol. Given equation 2 x 2  kxy  6 y 2  3 x  y  1  0 --------(1)

k 3 1
a=2, h , b  6 , g  , f  , c 1 (1M)
2 2 2
Eq.(1) represents a pair of straight lines  abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch2  0
2
 1  3  k   1  9 k 
  2  6 1  2      2     6     1   0 (1M)
 2  2  2   4  4  4 
3k 2 54 k 2
  12      0   48  3k  2  54  k 2  0   k 2  3k  4  0
4 4 4 4
 k 2  3k  4  0   k  4  k  1  0  k=4 ; or k=-1. (1M)
case(i) if k=4
i.e.2h = 4 ,  h  2
IPE MATHS IB 274
We know that the point of indirection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
 1 3 3 1
  2   2    6   2   2   2    2   2  
    ,      10 2   5 1 
  2  6   4  2 6  4    16 , 16    ,  (1M)
 8 8 
 
 
Let  be an acute angle between two lines then
If  be the angle between the pair of lines
2 6 ab
cos  ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 then cos 
2
 26 16  a  b
2
 4h2
4 1
 
80 5
 1 
  cos 1   (1M)
 5
1
case(ii) if k  1 i.e. 2h  1  h 
2
We know that the point of intersection to the pair of lines
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 is  2
, 2 
 ab  h ab  h 
  1  1   3   3   1  1
      6          2    
  2  2   2  ,  2  2  2
2 2
=  1   1  
     2 
2  6       
2 6 
    2  
 1  36 3  4   35 7   5 1 
= ,  ,  = ,  (1M)
 48  1 48  1   49 49   7 7
Let  be an acute angle between two lines then
If  be the angle between the pair of lines

2 6 ab
cos  ax2  2hxy  by2  2gx  2 fy  c  0 then cos 
2 2
 2 6  1  a  b
2
 4h2
4 4
= 
64  1 65
 4 
  cos 1   (1M)
 65 
IPE MATHS IB 275
V3 22.Find the centroid and the area of the triangle formed by the following lines
i) 2 y 2  xy  6 x 2  0 ; x  y  4  0
ii) 3 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0 ; 2 x  y  6
Sol.
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
Given pair of lines is 2 y 2  xy  6 x 2  0

 6 x 2  xy  2 y 2  0
 6 x 2  4 xy  3 xy  2 y 2  0
 2 x  3 x  2 y   y  3x  2 y   0
  3 x  2 y  2 x  y   0
 3x  2 y  0   (1)
 2x  y  0   (2) (2M)
Given lines is x  y  4  0   (3)
Clearly solving (1) & (2) we set O  0, 0  (1M)
A is Point of intersection of (1) & (3)
x y 1
2 0 3 2
1 4 1 1
x y 1
 
8  0 0  12 3  2
x y 1
 
8 12 1
x  8 , y  12
A  8, 12  (1M)
B = point of intersection of (2) & (3)
x y 1
-1 0 2 -1
1 4 1 1
x y 1
 
4  0 0  8 2  1
x y 1
 
4 8 3
4 8
x ,y
3 3
 4 8 
B ,  (1M)
 3 3 
IPE MATHS IB 276
 4 8 
 O  0, 0  , A   8, 12  , B   3 , 3 
 
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
Centroid of OAB is G x, y   , 
 3 3 
 4 8
 0  8  3 0  12  3 
,
= 3 3

 
 
 24  4 36  8   20 44 
= ,  = ,  (1M)
 3 3 3 3   9 9 
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y2  is x1 y2  x 2 y1
2
1  8   4  1  64 48
 8       12   
2  3   3  2 3 3
1 64  48 1 112 56
   sq. units (1M)
2 3 2 3 3
ii) Given pair of lines is  3 x 2  4 xy  y 2  0
 3 x 2  3xy  xy  y 2  0
 3x  x  y   y  x  y   0
  x  y  3x  y   0
 x  y  0   (1)
 3 x  y  0   (2)
Given line is 2 x  y  6  0   (3)
y
B
2 3
1 A
x
O
Solving (1) & (2), we set O (0,0) (2M)
Solving (1) & (3), we get A
x y 1
-1 0 1 -1
-1 -6 2 -1
x y 1
 
6  0 0  6 1  2
x y 1
 
6 6 1
IPE MATHS IB 277
x  6, y  6
A  6, 6  (1M)
Clearly solving (2) & (3) , we set B
x y 1
-1 0 3 -1
-1 -6 2 -1
x y 1
 
6  0 0  18 3  2
x y 1
 
6 18 1
6 18
x ,y
1 1
B  6, 18 (1M)
O  0, 0  , A  6, 6  , B  6, 18
 x1  x2  x3 y1  y2  y3 
Centroid of OAB is G x, y   , 
 3 3 
 0  6  6 0  6  18   0 12 
 ,   ,  =  0, 4  (1M)
 3 3  3 3 
1
O(0,0), A( x1 , y1 ), B  x 2 , y2  is x1 y2  x 2 y1
2
1 1 1 72
 6  18    6  6   108  36  72   36 square units (1M)
2 2 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 278
3D - GEOMETRY
KEY POINTS:
1. Distance between O  0,0,0  ,P  x, y,z  is OP  x 2  y 2  z 2
2. Distance between A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  is AB   x2  x1 2   y 2  y1 2   z 2  z1 2

3. If a point P divides the line segment joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  in the ratio m:n then
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1 mz 2  nz1 
P , , 
 mn mn mn 
4. The ratio in which the point P  x, y,z  divides the line segment joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  is
x1  x : x  x 2 (or) y1  y : y  y 2 (or) z1  z : z  z 2
5. The line segment joining  x1, y1, z1  and  x2 , y 2 ,z 2  is divided by

i) YZ – plane in the ratio  x1 : x 2
ii) ZX – plane in the ratio  y1 : y 2
iii) XY – plane in the ratio z1 : z 2
6. Three points A  x1, y1, z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  are collinear then
x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2  0
i) AB  BC  AC (or) ii)
x3 y3 z3
7. Centroid of  ABC with vertices A  x1, y1, z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is

 x  x2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
G 1 , , 
 3 3 3 
8. Centroid of the tetrahedron with vertices A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 ,z 3  ,D  x 4 , y 4 , z 4  is
 x  x 2  x3  x 4 y1  y 2  y 3  y 4 z1  z 2  z 3  z 4 
G 1 , , 
 4 4 4 
V1 01. Find the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are (5,4,6),(1,-1,3) and (4,3,2)
Sol: Given vertices of triangle A( x1, y1, z1 )  (5,4,6); B( x2, y2, z2 )  (1, 1,3); C(x3, y3, z3 )  (4,3, 2)
We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,

 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 
 5  1  4 4 1  3 6  3  2   10 11 
G , ,    , 2, 
 3 3 3   3 3
V1 02.Find the coordinates of the vertex’c’of ABC if its centroid is the orgin and the verices A,B are (1,1,1)
and (-2,4,1) respectively
Sol: Given two vertices of triangle A (1,1,1) B (-2,4,1)
IPE MATHS IB 279
Let the third vertex be C(x, y, z)
Given Centriod G= (0,0,0)
We know that the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 z1  z2  z 3 
C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is G  x , y , z    1 , , 
 3 3 3 
 1 2  x 1 4  y 11 z  x 1 y5 z2

 (0, 0, 0)   , ,   0,  0,  0  x  1, y  5, z  2
 3 3 3  3 3 3
Third vertex C = (1,-5,-2)
V1 03.Find the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (2,3,-4),(-3,3,-2),(-1,4,2),(3,5,1)
Sol: Given vertices of tetrahedron are
A( x1, y1, z1 )  (2,3, 4), B( x2, y2, z2 )  (3,3, 2), C( x3, y3, z3 )  (1,4,2), D( x4 y4 z4 )  (3,5,1)
We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,

 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 
 2  3  1  3 3  3  4  5 4  2  2  1   1 15 3 
G=  , , = , , 
 4 4 4  4 4 4 
V1 04.If (3,2,-1),(4,1,1) and (6,2,5) are three vertices and (4,2,2) is the centroid of a tetrahedron, find the
fourth vertex.
Sol: given vertices of tetrahedron are A(3,2,-1), B(4,1,1), C(6,2,5)
Let the fourth vertex be D(x,y,z)
Centroid of tetrahedron G = (4,2,2)
We know that the centroid of a tetrahedron whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  , B x2 , y2 , z2  ,
 x  x  x  x y  y  y  y z z z z 
C  x3 , y3 , z3  , D x4 , y4 , z4  is G x, y, z    1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 , 1 2 3 4 
 4 4 4 
 3  4  6  x 2  1  2  y 1  1  5  z   13  x 5  y 5  z 
  4, 2, 2  =  , ,    4, 2, 2    , , 
4 4 4   4 4 4 
13  x 5 y 5 z
 4,  2,  2  13  x  16, 5  y  8,5  z  8
4 4 4
 x  3, y  3, z  3
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,3)
V1 05.Show that the point A(3,-2,4),B(1,1,1),C(-1,4,-2) are collinear.

Sol: Given points are A(3,-2,4) B(1,1,1) C(-1,4,-2)
 The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 )is
2 2 2
AB   31   2 1   4 1 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 4  9  9  22
2 2 2
BC  1  1  1  4   1  2   4  9  9  22
IPE MATHS IB 280
2 2 2
AC   3  1   2  4   4  2   16  36  36  88  2 22
 AB  BC  AC
 Given points are Collinear..  If A, B, C are collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
V1 06.Show that the points A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4  are collinear (March 2013)
Sol: The given points are A 1, 2, 3 B  7, 0,1 C  2,3, 4 
2 2 2
AB  17  2  0   31 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 36  4  4  44  2 11
2 2 2
BC   7  2   0  3  1  4   81  9  9  99  3 11
2 2 2
CA   2  1   3  2    4  3  9  1  1  11  11
 AB  CA  BC
 Given points are collinear  If A, B, Care collinear iff AB  BC  CAor BC  CA  AB or CA  AB  BC
V1 07.Find the fourth vertex of the parallelogram whose consecutive vertices are (2,4,-1),(3,6,-1)and (4,5,1)
Sol: Given three vertices of parallelogram are A(2,4,-1) B(3,6,-1) and C(4,5,1)
Let the fourth vertex be D(x, y, z)
In Parallelogram,Midpoint of AC  midpoint of BD
 Midpoint of A  x1 , y1 , z1  & B  x2 , y2 , z 2 
 2  4 4  5 1  1   3  x 6  y 1  z   x  x y  y z  z 
 , ,   , ,  1 2 1 2 1 2
 2 2 2   2 2 2  is  2 , 2 , 2 
 
 3  x  6, 6  y  9, z  1  0  x  3, y  3, z  1
Fourth vertex D = (3,3,1)
V2 08.Find the ratio in which YZ-plane divides the line joining A(2,4,5)andB(3,5,-4).Also find the point of
intersection.
Sol: Given points A( x1 , y1 , z1 )  (2, 4, 5) ; B( x2 , y2 , z2 )  (3,5, 4)
YZ-plane divides the line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  and B  x2 , y2 , z2  in the ratio   x1 : x2
= -2 : 3
Let line AB meet plane at P,
P divides AB in the ratio l: m = 2 : 3 externally
 2(3)  3(2) 2(5)  3(4) 2(4)  3(5) 
 point of intersection   2  3 , 2  3 , 23
   0, 2, 23
 
IPE MATHS IB 281
 If P divides the line segment joining A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in the ratio l : m externally

 lx  mx1 ly2  my1 lz2  mz1 
then P   2 , ,
 lm lm l  m 
V2 09.Find x if the distance between (5,-1,7) and (x,5,1)is 9 units.

Sol: Let point A(5,-1,7) B(x,5,1)
Given that AB = 9  AB 2  81
2 2 2
 ( x  5)  (5  1)  (1  7)  81 AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
 ( x  5)2  36  36  81  ( x  5)2  9
 x  5  3  x  5  3  8, x  5  3  2  x  8  or  x  2
V3 10.Show that the points(1,2,3),(2,3,1)and(3,1,2) from an equilateral triangle.
Sol: Let the points A (1,2,3) B(2,3,1) C (3,1,2)
The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ),
2 2 2
AB  1 2   2  3   3 1  1 1  4  6 B( x y z ) is AB   x  x 2   y  y 2   z  z  2
2, 2, 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
BC   2  3   3  1  1  2   1 4 1  6
2 2 2
CA   3  1  1  2    2  3  4 11  6
Clearly AB=BC=CA
 Given points form an equilateral triangle.
V3 11. If H,G,S and I respectively denotes orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre and in-centre of a triangle
formed by the points 1, 2, 3 2,3,1 and  3,1, 2  then find H,G,,S,I
The distance between two points A( x1, y1, z1 ), B( x2, y2, z2 )

2 2 2
Sol: AB   2  1   3  2   1  3  6 is AB   x  x  2   y  y  2   z  z 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
BC   3  2   1  3   2  1  6
2 2 2
CA  1  3   2  1   3  2   6
 AB  BC  CA
 ABC is an equilateral triangle.
We know that orthocentre(H), centroid(G), circumcentre(S) and incentre( I ) of an equiletral triangle are the same
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A x1 , y1 , z1  ,
 1 2  3 2  3 1 3 1 2 
centroid G   3 , 3 , 3    2,2,2 B x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3  is G  x1  x2  x3 , y1  y2  y3 , z1  z2  z3 
   3 3 3 
 H   2, 2, 2  , S   2, 2, 2  , I   2, 2, 2 
IPE MATHS IB 282
V3 12.Show that the points A(-4,9,6) B(-1,6,6) and C(0,7,10) form a right angled isosceles triangle.
Sol: Let the points A  4,9, 6  , B  1, 6, 6  , C  0, 7,10 
2 2 2
AB   4 1  9  6   6 6 AB   x1  x2 
2 2
  y1  y2    z1  z2 
2
 99  3 2
2 2 2
BC   1 0   6  7   6 10  1116  3 2
2 2 2
CA   0  4   7  9  10  6  16  4 16  6
Clearly AB  BC and AB 2  BC 2  CA 2
 Given points form a rightangled isosceles triangle.
V3 13. If the point (1,2,3) is changes to the point (2,3,1) through translation of axes. find the new origin.
Sol: Given  x, y , z   1, 2,3 and  X , Y , Z    2,3,1
We know that the origin is shifted to O '  h, k , l  by translation of axes the co-ordinates
of  x , y , z  changed to  X , Y , Z  then x  X  h, y  Y  k , z  Z  l
  h, k , l    x  X , y  Y , z  Z 
 h, k, l   1 2, 2 3, 31   1,  1, 2 
 O '   1, 1, 2  is the new origin
V 3 14.Find the ratio in which the point P(5,4,-6) divides the line segment joining the points A(3,2,-4) and
B(9,8,-10) . Also,find the harmonic conjugate of P.
Sol: Let the points A  3, 2, 4  B  9,8, 10  and P  5, 4, 6 
P  x, y, z  divides the line segment A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  in the ratio x1  x : x  x2
= 3  5 : 5  9 = 1: 2 internally
Let Q be the harmonic conjugate of P then Q divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2 enternally
If P divides the line segment joining A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) B( x2 , y2 , z2 )in
 1 9   2  3 18   2  2  1  10   2  4  
 , ,  the ratio l : m externally then P   lx2  mx1 , ly2  my1 , lz2  mz1 
 1 2 1 2 1 2   l m l m l m 
 
  3, 4, 2 
 Q  3, 4, 2  is the harmonic conjugate of P  5, 4, 6 
IPE MATHS IB 283
DIRECTION COSINES AND DIRECTION RATIOS

KEY POINTS:
1. Direction Cosines of a line: If a ray makes angles , ,  with the three coordinate axes then
 cos ,cos ,cos   are called direction cosines (d.c’s) denoted by  ,m,n  .
2. If  ,m,n  are direction cosines of a line then  2  m2  n2  1
3. The d.r.’s of the line joining A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  are  x 2  x1, y 2  y1,z 2  z1 
 x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1 
4. The d.c.’s of the line joining A  x1, y1, z1  , B  x 2 , y 2 ,z 2  are   , , 
 AB AB AB 
 a b c 
5. The d.c’s of the line whose d.r.’s are  a,b,c  are   2 , , 
2 2 2 2 2
 a  b  c a  b  c a 2  b2  c2 
6. If  a,b,c  are direction ratios,  ,m,n  are direction cosines of a line then a : b : c   : m : n.
7. Two lines having d.r.’s  a1,b1,c1  ,  a 2 ,b2 ,c2  are
1a 1 b1 c
i) parallel  a  b  c
2 2 2
ii) perpendicular  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c2  0

8. If  is the acute angle between the lines whose direction ratios are  a1,b1,c1   a 2 ,b2 ,c 2  then
a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2
cos  
a12  b12  c12 a 22  b22  c22

V1 01. If a ray makes the angles α,β, γ and δ with four diagonals of a cube then find
cos 2 α + cos 2β + cos 2 γ + cos 2δ .
Sol. Let a be the length of each side of cube.
 
Let one of the vertex of the cube be the origin O and the coordinate axes along the three edges OA, OB and

OC are passing through origin.
The four diagonals are OF , AG, CE and BD .
The coordinates of the vertices of the cube are O(0,0,0) A(a,0,0), B(0,a,0) C(0,0,a) F(a,a,a),
E(a,a,0), G(0,a,a), D(a,0,a).
IPE MATHS IB 284
(1M)
Let  l , m, n  are dc’s of given ray and this ray makes the angles  ,  ,  ,  with the four
diagonals of the cube. (1M)
Dr’s of OF  (a-0,a-0,a-0) Dr's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  are  x 2  x1 , y2  y1 , z 2  z1 
=(a,a,a)
Dc's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y2 , z 2 
 a a a  
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

 DC’s of OF   2
,
2
,
2
 are 

, , 

 3a 3a 3a   x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 2 2 2 
 1 1 1 
 , , 
 3 3 3
Dr’s of AG   0  a, a  0, a  0    a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
AG   , ,     , , 
 DC’s of 2 2
3a2
(1M)
 3a 3a   3 3 3
Dr’s of BD   a, 0, 0  a, a  0    a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of BD   2
, ,    , , 
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3 
Dr’s of CE  (a  0, a  0, 0  a )  (a, a,  a)
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of CE   2
, ,    , ,  (1M)
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3 
Let  ,  ,  ,  be the angles made by the ray (l,m,n) with OF , AG, CE , DB respectively then
 1   1   1   Let  be the angle between the lines whose Dc's are

cos   l    m    n 
 3  3   3   l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos  l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
lmn
 cos  
3
IPE MATHS IB 285
l  m  n l mn l mn
similarly we get, cos   , cos   , cos   (1M)
3 3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2  l  m  n  l  m n  l  m n  l  m n
cos   cos   cos   cos     
3 3 3 3
4l 2  4m 2  4n 2 2
   a  b  c   a 2  b 2  c 2  2ab  2bc  2ca
3
4 l 2  m 2  n 2  4
   If l , m , n are Dc ' s of a line then l 2  m 2  n 2  1
3 3
4
cos2   cos2   cos2   cos2   (2M)
3
V1 02.Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines satisfy the equations l+m+n=0,
l 2 + m 2 - n2 = 0
Sol. Given equations are l  m  n  0  1 , l2  m2  n2  0   2
From equation (1) l  m  n
Substituting in equation (2) (1M)
2
  m  n  m2  n2  0  m2  n2  2mn  m2  n2  0  2m 2  2mn  0  2m  m  n   0
 2m  0 (or) m  n  0  m  0 (or) m  n
Case-(i) put m=0 in (1)  l  n (2M)
l : m : n  n:0: n  1: 0:1
D.r.’s   1, 0,1
 If  a , b , c  are Dr's of a line then its Dc's are

1 1
d.c.’s  (l1 , m1 , n1 )  ( , 0, )  a
,
b
,
c 
2 2  2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
 a b c a b c a b c 
Case(ii) put m=-n in (1) l 0 (1M)

l : m : n  0: n : n  0: 1:1
D.r.’s   0, 1,1
1 1
d.c.’s =  l2 , m2 , n2   (0, , ) (1M)
2 2
We know that  be the angle between the lines whose Dc's are
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2
 1   1   1  1  1
cos      0   0     
 2  2   2  2  2
   60 0 (2M)
V1 03.Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations
3l + m + 5n = 0 and 6mn – 2nl + 5lm = 0
IPE MATHS IB 286
Sol. Given equation are 3l  m  5n  0  1 , 6mn  2nl  5lm  0   2 
From equation (1) m   3l  5 n (1M)
Substituting in equation (2)
 6  3l  5n  n  2nl  5l  3l  5n   0  18 ln  30 n 2  2 nl  15l 2  25nl  0
2 2
  30 n 2  45 nl  15 l 2  0   15  2 n  3 nl  l   0
 2n 2  3nl  l2  0  2n 2  2nl  nl  l 2  0
 2n  n  l   l  n  l   0   n  l  2n  l   0  nl 0 (or) 2n  l  0 (2M)
Case (i) l  n  0  l   n
from (1); 3n  m  5 n  0  m  2 n
l : m : n   n :  2 n : n   1 :  2 :1
D.r.’s   1, 2,1
 If  a , b , c  are Dr's of a line then its D c's are

 1 2 1   
DC’s are  , ,  a b c
 1 4 1 1 4 1 1  4  1   a 2  b2  c 2 , a 2  b2  c 2 , a 2  b 2  c 2 
 
 1 2 1 
= , ,  = (l1 , m1 , n1 ) (1M)
 6 6 6
Case (ii) If 2n  l  0  l  2n
from (1),  6 n  m  5 n  0  m  n
l : m : n  2 n : n : n   2 : 1 : 1
D.r.s   2,1,1
 2 1 1   2 1 1 
DC’s are  , , = , ,   (l2 , m2 , n2 ) (1M)
 4  11 4 1 1 4 1 1   6 6 6
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2
2 2 1 1
 cos     
6 6 6 6
1
  cos 1   (2M)
6
V1 04. Find the angle between the two lines which are connected by the relations l+m+n=0 and
2mn+3nl-5lm=0
Sol: l  m  n  0  l  (m  n)........(1) , 2mn  3nl  5lm  0......(2) (1M)
From (1) and (2), 2mn  3n  m  n   5m  m  n   0  2mn  3mn  3n 2  5m 2  5mn  0
2
m m
 5m 2  4 mn  3n 2  0  5    4    3  0
n n
IPE MATHS IB 287
m
Above equation is quadratic equation in terms of
n
1 m m2
Let roots be n , n
1 2
1 2 m m 3 c
product of the roots n  n  5 If ,  are the roots of ax2  bx  c  0 then product of roots  
a
1 2
m1m2 n1n2
  .......(3) (2M)
3 5
again n    l  m 
from (2), 2m  l  m   3l  l  m   5lm  0  2lm  2m 2  3l 2  3lm  5lm  0
2
 l   l 
 3l 2  10lm  2m 2  0  3    10    2  0
m m
l1 l2
let roots be m , m
1 2
1 2 l l 2 l1l2 m1m2 l1l2 m1m2

product of the roots m  m  3     ......... (4) (2M)
1 2 2 3 2 3
l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
from (3) and (4),  
2 3 5
l1l2 m1m2 n1n2
let    k  l1l2  2k , m1m2  3k , n1n2  5k (1M)
2 3 5
Now l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  2k  3k  5k  0
If two lines whose Dc's  l1 , m1 , n1  & l2 , m2 , n2  are perpedicular then l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  0
 The lines are perpendicular (1M)
V1 05.Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l+m+n=0 and mn-
2nl-2lm=0
Sol. Given that  (1)
l  m  n  0  l   m  n 
and mn  2nl  2lm  0  (2)
Sustituting in ‘l’ value in (2) (1M)
 mn  2n   m  n   2m   m  n   0
 mn  2 nm  2n 2  2 m 2  2mn  0
 2m 2  5mn  2 n 2  0
 2m2  4mn  mn  2n2  0  2m(m  2n)  n(m  2n)  0
 (m  2n)(2m  n)  0
2m  n  0 or m  2n  0
Case(i): If 2m  n (2M)
From (1) l  m  2m
lm
IPE MATHS IB 288
 l : m : n  m : m : 2m
 1:1: 2
Dr’s of 1st line 1,1  2  (1M)
If  a, b, c  are Dr's of a line then its Dc's are
 1 1 2   
Dc’s of the line=  , ,  a b c
 1  1  4 1  1  4 1  1  4   a2  b2  c2 , a2  b2  c2 , a2  b2  c2 
 
 1 1 2 
 , ;  (1M)
 6 6 6
Case(ii): If m  2n
From (1) l    2n   n  n
ln
 l : m : n  n : 2n : n
 1: 2 :1
Dr’s of second line 1, 2,1 (1M)
 1 2 1   
Dc’s of the line   , ,   a b c
 1 1  4 1 1  4 1 1  4  , , 
2 2 2
 a b c a2  b2  c2 a2  b2  c2 
 1 2 1 
= , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6
 1 1 2   1 2 1 
 Dc’s are  , ;  & , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6  6 6 6
V1 06.Find the direction cosines of two lines which are connected by the relations l-5m+3n=0 and
7l 2 +5m2 - 3n2 = 0
Sol: Given that l  5m  3n  0 ...........(1), 7l 2  5m 2  3n 2  0 ...............(2)
From (1) l  5m  3n
Substituting in equation (2) (1M)
2 2 2
 7  5m  3n   5m  3n  0
 2 2

 7 25m  9 n  30 mn  5m  3n  0
2 2
 175m 2  63n 2  210 mn  5m 2  3n 2  0

 180 m 2  210 mn  60n 2  0
 6 m 2  7 mn  2 n 2  0
 6 m 2  3mn  4mn  2n 2  0
 3m  2m  n   2n  2m  n   0
  3m  2n  2m  n   0
 3m  2n  0 or 2m  n  0
3m  2n 2m  n
3m
n (2M)
2
IPE MATHS IB 289
3m
Case(i): If n 
2
 3m  m
From (1) l  5m  3  
 2  2
m 3m
l:m:n  :m: (1M)
2 2
 1: 2 : 3
Dr’s of first line is 1, 2,3
 1 2 3  a b c 
Dc’s of first line   , ,   2 2 2, 2 2 2, 2 2 2
 1 4  9 1 4  9 1 4  9   a  b  c a b c a b c 
 1 2 3 
 , ,  (1M)
 14 14 14 
Case(ii): If 2m  n
From (1) l  5m  3n
 5m  3  2m  m
l : m : n   m : m : 2n
 1:1: 2
Dr’s of second line is  1,1, 2  (1M)
1 1 2  
Dc’s of second line   , ,
a b
  2 2 2, 2 2 2, 2 2 2
c
 11 4 11 4 11 4   a  b  c a b c a b c 
 1 1 2 
 , ,  (1M)
 6 6 6
V2 07.Find the angle between two diagonals of a cube.
Sol: Let a be the length of each side of cube.
Let one of the vertex of the cube be the origin O and the coordinate axes along the
  
three edges OA, OB and OC are passing through origin. The four diagonals are OF , AG, CE and
BD .
The coordinates of the vertices of the cube are O(0,0,0) A(a,0,0), B(0,a,0) C(0,0,a)
F(a,a,a), E(a,a,0), G(0,a,a), D(a,0,a). (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 290
(1M)
Dr’s of OF  (a-0,a-0,a-0) Dr's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  are  x 2  x1 , y2  y1 , z 2  z1 
=(a,a,a)
Dc's of line joining A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x 2 , y2 , z 2 
 a a a  
x2  x1 y 2  y1 z2  z1

DC’s of OF   2
, ,  are  , , 
 3a 3a2 3a2  
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2
 x  x1 
2 
 2 2 2 
 1 1 1 
 , ,  (1M)
 3 3 3
Dr’s of AG   0  a, a  0, a  0   a, a, a 
 a a a   1 1 1 
 DC’s of AG   2
, ,     , ,  (1M)
 3a 3a 2 3a 2   3 3 3
Let  is the angle between the diagonals OF & AG
 l1 , m1 , n1  &  l2 , m2 , n2  then cos   l1l 2  m1m2  n1n2 (1M)
1  1  1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1
 cos            
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1  1 
 cos   ,   cos  
3 3
1 1
Hence the angle between two diagonals of a cube is   cos   (2M)
3  
V3 08.The vertices of triangle are A(1,4,2),B(-2,1,2).C(2,3-4)). Find A, B, C
Sol: Given vertices of traingle are A(1,4,2),B(-2,1,2).C(2,3-4)
 Dr ' s of the line joining the points A  x1 , y1 , z1  ,
Dr’s of AB = (-2-1 , 1-4, 2-2) B  x , y , z  are  x  x , y  y , z  z 
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
= (-3, -3, 0)
Dr’s of BC  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1 )
IPE MATHS IB 291
=(2+2 , 3-1 , -4-2)
=(4, 2, -6)
Dr’s of CA  ( x2  x1 , y2  y1 , z2  z1 )
= (1-2, 4-3, 2+4)
=(-1,1,6)
A be the angle between the lines AB and CA then
  be the angle between two lines whose Dr ' s are  a1 , b1 , c1 
(3)(1)  (3)(1)  0(6) a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2
cos A  and  a2 , b2 , c 2  then cos  
9  9  0 1  1  36 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c 2
2 2
330
  0
1 8 38
 cos A  0  A  cos 1 (0)  A  900 (2M)
B be the angle between the lines AB and BC then
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos B 
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c2
3(4)  3(2)  0(6) 18 18 18 9 3
     
9  9  0 16  4  36 18 56 56 56 28 2 7
3  3 
 cos B   B  cos 1   (2M)
2 7 2 7
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
and C be the angle between the lines CA and BC then cos C  2 2 2 2 2 2
a1  b1  c1 a2  b2  c2
1(4)  1(2)  6(6) 38 38 19
   
1  1  36 16  4  36 38 56 56 28
19  19 
 cos C   C  cos 1   (1M)
28  28 
IPE MATHS IB 292
PLANE
KEY POINTS:
1. Plane: A plane is a surface such that the line joining any two points on the surface lies entirely on it.
2. Equation of the plane in general form is ax  by  cz  d  0
3. The d.r.’s of the normal to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 are a,b,c
x y z
4. Equation of a plane in intercept form is   1
a b c
5. Equation of the plane parallel to ax  by  cz  d  0 is ax  by  cz  k  0
6. Equation of the plane passing through  x1, y1, z1  and parallel to ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
7. Equation of the plane passing through  x1, y1, z1  and perpendicular to the ray having d.r’s  a,b,c  is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0
8. Equation of the plane passing through A  x1, y1,z1  ,B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2  ,C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3  is
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 z 2  z1  0
x 3  x1 y 3  y1 z 3  z1
9. Equation of the plane in normal form is x  my  nz  p where  ,m,n  are the d.c’s of the normal to the
plane and ‘p’ is the perpendicular distance to the plane from the origin.
d
10. Perpendicular distance from  0,0,0  to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a 2  b2  c 2
ax1  by1  cz1  d

11. Perpendicular distance from  x1, y1, z1  to the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is
a 2  b2  c2
d1  d 2
12. Distance between the parallel planes ax  by  cz  d1  0,ax  by  cz  d 2  0 is
a 2  b2  c 2
a1x  b1y  c1z  d1  0  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c 2

13. If '  ' is the angle between the planes a x  b y  c z  d  0  then cos   a 2  b2  c2 a 2  b2  c2
2 2 2 2  1 1 1 2 2 2
14. The planes a1x  b1y  c1z  d1  0, a 2 x  b2 y  c2z  d2  0 are
1a 1 b1 c
(i) parallel  a  b  c
2 2 2
(ii) perpendicular  a1a 2  b1b2  c1c2  0

V1 01.Find the angle between the planes x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0.
Sol Given equation of the planes are x+2y+2z-5=0 and 3x+3y+2z-8=0
a1  1, b1  2, c1  2
Here
a2  3, b2  3, c2  2
IPE MATHS IB 293
We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b 1 y + c1 z + d 1 = 0,
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1 c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a 1
2 2
+ b1 + c1
2
 a 2
2 2
+ b 2 + c2
2

3 6 4 13
 cos  
1  4  4  9  9  4 3 22
 13 
 Anglebetween planes   Cos 1  
 3 22 
V1 02.Find the angle between the planes 2x-y+z=6and x  y  2 z  7 .
Sol: Given equation of the planes are 2x-y+z=6 and x  y  2 z  7
a1  2, b1  1, c1  1
Here
a2  1, b2  1, c2  2
We know that the acute angle between two plane a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0,

a1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1c 2
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z + d 2 = 0 is θ then cosθ =
a
1
2 2
+ b1 + c1
2
 a 2
2 2
+ b 2 + c2
2

2 1 2 3 1
 cos    
 4  1  1 1  1  4 6 2

 Cos  Cos
3

 Angle between the planes  
3
V1 03. Find the equation of the plane whose intercepts on x, y, z axes are 1,2,4 respectively.
Sol: Given intercepts are a=1,b=2,c=4 on x,y,z axes respectively
x y z
We know that the equation of the plane whose x, y,z -intercepts a, b, c is   1
a b c
x y z
    1  4x  2 y  z  4
1 2 4
V1 04. Transform the Equation 4x-4y+2z+5=0 into intercept form.
Sol Given equation of the plane 4x-4y+2z= -5
divide with -5 on both sides
4x 4 y 2z x y z
   1   1
5 5 5  5   5   5 
     
 4  4  2 
IPE MATHS IB 294
LIMITS
KEY POINTS:
I. Standard Limits:
lim x n  a n x n  an
1. 2. lim  n.a n1
x a x a x  a
x m  a m m m n sin x
3. lim  .a 4. lim 1
x a xn  an n x 0 x
tan x
5. lim 1 6. lim cos x  1
x 0 x x 0
1 x
 1
7. lim 1  x  x  e 8. lim 1    e
x 0 x   x
ex  1 ax 1
9. lim 1 10. lim  log a
x 0 x x 0 x
log 1  x  1
11. lim 1 12. lim 0
x 0 x x  x
1
13. lim 0
x  x
II. Indeterminate forms:

0 
, ,0  ,   ,00 ,0 , 0 etc.
0 
III. Left Hand Limit [L.H.L]: If f  x  approaches to '  ' as ' x ' approaches to 'a ' from left, then we say that the
left hand limit of f  x  is '  '
We write this as xlim f x  

a 
IV. Right Hand Limit [R.H.L]: If f  x  approaches to '  ' as 'x' approaches to 'a ' from right, then we say that
the right hand limit of f  x  is '  '
We write this as xlim f x  

a 

 1  x 1 
V1 01.Find lim 
x 0  x
 .
 
 1  x 1   1  x  1  1  x  1 
Sol : lim   = lim   1  x  1   rationlising with 1  x  1

x0 x  x 0 x
    
1  x 1
lim
  a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
= x 0
x  1 x 1 
IPE MATHS IB 295
1 1
 
 1 0 1  2
 3x 1 
V1 02.Find lim  
x0
 1  x 1 
 3x  1   3x  1   1  x  1 
  3 x  1 1  x  1

  
Sol: lim   = lim      lim
x 0  1 x 1 
x0
 1 x 1  x 0
 1 x 1  1 x 1  
 3x  1 
 lim 
x 0
 x  x0
 lim  1 x 1 
ax  1
= (log3)(2) =2 log3 = log9  lim  loge a  log a m  m log a
x 0 x
lim  ex 1 
V1 03.Compute x  0  1  x  1 
 
lim  e x  1  lim e 1   1  x 1   lim  e 1 1 x 1

x
x
 
Sol.        a  b a  b  a2  b2
x  0  1  x  1  = x0  1 x 1   1  x 1  x0
2
1 x  1
2
 
 e 1 
x
1 x 1   lim e 1 lim
x
= lim
x0 1 x 1

 x 
x0
  x0
1 x 1 
ex  1
= 1  
1  0  1  lim
x 0 x
1
 1 2   2
lim a x  1
V1 04.Compute (a  0, b  0, b  1) .
x  0 bx 1
 a x 1   a x 1 
 lim
 x 0  
ax 1 x  x 
lim x  lim  x  
Sol. x 0 b  1 x 0 
b 1   bx  1 
  lim  
 x  x 0  x 
log e a ax  1
  lim  loge a
log e b x 0 x
 log b a
IPE MATHS IB 296
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx 
V1 05.Find
x0 x
lim sin  a  bx   sin  a  bx  2 cos a sin bx

Sol. = lim  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)  2cos A sin B
x0 x x  0 x
sin bx sin x
 2 cos a lim
bx 0 bx
.b  2cos a(b)  as x  0  bx  0  lim x 0 x
1
 2b cos a
lim  cos ax  cos bx 
V1 06.Find
x  0  x2


 ax  bx   ax  bx 
lim  cos ax  cos bx  2sin  sin  C  D C  D
Sol:    2   2  cosC  cos D  2sin sin
  lim
2
x  0 x x 0 x2 2 2
 ab   ab
sin  x sin  x  a  b  a b  sin nx
 2 lim  2 
lim  2   2     lim n
 2  2  x 0 x
x0 x x  0 x
 a 2  b2   b2  a 2 
      a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
 2   2 
lim
V1 07.Find
x
 x2  x  x . 
2
lim  x2  x  x  x2  x  x   lim 
x2  x  x2
Sol:
x 
 x2  x  x   lim
x
 2
x x x  x
 2
x x x   a  b a  b  a2  b2
x 2  x  x2 x
 lim  lim
x  2 x   1   1 
x xx
x  1   1 as x     0 
x   x 

1 1 1
  
1 0 1 1 1 2
Cosx
lim
V1 08.Find x
  
2 x 
 2
  
Cosx  Sin  2  x  
lim  
Sol:

x     lim   sin  90     cos 
2 x  x 2   x    
 2
  2 
IPE MATHS IB 297
   
 sin  x  2  
  lim    sin

x  0       1  sin      sin  lim 1
 0 
2
 x 2  
   
1  cos 2mx
V1 09.Compute lim
x 0 sin 2 nx
1  cos 2mx 2sin 2 mx
Sol: lim  lim  1  cos 2  2sin 2 
x 0 sin 2 nx x 0 sin 2 nx
2
 sin mx  2
lim
 mx   mx  1 .m 2 sin x
 0 mx   2  lim 1
2
 sin nx 
2
2 1. n 2 x 0 x
 nxlim   nx 
 0 nx 
m2
2
n2
11x3  3x  4
lim
V1 10.Find .
x  13x3  5x2  7
 3x 4  3 4
x 3  11  3  3   
 x x   11  x 2  x 3 
lim  lim  
Sol x 
3 5x2 7  x    5 7 
x  13  3  3   13   3
 x x   x x 
11  0  0 11  1 1 1 
   as x  x , 2 , 3 0
13  0  0 13  x x 
sin  x 1
V1 11. Evaluate Lt
x1 x2 1
Sin  x  1 sin  x  1
Sol: lim 2
 lim  a2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
x 1 x 1 x 1  x  1 x  1
 sin  x  1   1 
  lim   lim 
x 10  x  1  x 1 x  1
  
1 1 sin x
 1.   lim 1
2 2 x 0 x
3
1 x  3 1 x
V1 12.Compute lim
x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 298
3
1 x  3 1 x 3
1 x 11 3 1 x
Sol: lim  lim ( add and subtrack by 1)
x 0 x x 0 x
3 3
1  x 1 1  x 1
 lim  lim
x 0 1  x 1 x  0 1 x 1
1 1 1 1
1 x 3  13  lim 1 x 3  1 3 1 13 1 1 31 1 xn  an
= lim  1  1  lim  n .a n  1
x 0 1  x  1 x0 1 x  1 3 3 x a xa
1 1 2
  
3 3 3
lim sin  x  a  tan 2  x  a 
V1 13.Find x  a 2
 x2  a 2 
sin  x  a  Tan 2  x  a 
lim
Sol: 2
x a
x 2
 a2 
 sin  x  a   Tan2  x  a 
  lim  x  a  .lim 2  a  b  a  b   a  b
 x  a  x  a 
2 2
 2
 xa x  a  xa
Tan 2  x  a   x  a
1.lim . sin x
= 2 2  lim 1
x a
x  a  x  a x 0 x
2
 Tan  x  a    x  a
  lim 
 .lim

x a  x  a   xa  x  a 2
0
 1. 2
 0 lim tan x  1
 2a  x 0 x
 x sin a  a sin x 
V1 14.Compute lim  
x a
 xa 
 x sin a  a sin x   x sin a  a sin a  a sin a  a sin x 
Sol: lim    lim   [ Add & subtract with ' a sin a ' ]
x a
 xa  x  a
 xa 
 sin a  x  a   a  sin a  sin x     sin a  sin x  

 lim    lim  sin a  a .  
xa
 x  a  x  a
  xa 
 xa xa 
 2 cos 2 sin 2 
 sin x  sin a   sin a  a lim   CD CD
 sin a  a.lim   xa xa sinC  sin D  2cos sin
x a
 xa    2 2
 
IPE MATHS IB 299
 xa 
sin  
 xa   2 .1
 sin a  2a.limcos   .lim
x a
 2  xa  x  a  2
 
 2 
aa sin x
 sin a  a.cos   .1  lim 1
 2  x 0 x
 sin a  a cos a
lim x2
V1 15.Show that x  2  x  2  1
Sol: x  2  x  2  x  2  0
x2   x  2
 x  2    x  2  xlim  lim  1

2 x  2 x 2  x  2 
lim 2 x 
V1 16.Show that x  0  x  x  1  3
 
2 x 
Sol: lim   x  1
x 0
 x 
2 x   2x 
x  0   x  0  x  x = xlim   x  1  lim   x  1  2  0  1  3
0
 x  x 0  x 
lim 8 x  3x
V1 17.Find x   3 x  2 x .
Sol: As x    x  0
x x
8 x  3x 8 x  3x 11x
lim  lim = lim
x  3 x  2x x  3 x  2 x x  x  11
lim
2 x 2
 7x  4
V1 18.Compute x 2
 2 x  1  x 2 .
 2x  7 x  4  2 x  1 x  4  .  
2
2 x2  8x  x  4 x2
lim  lim  lim
x2
 2 x  1  x 2  x 2
 2 x  1  x 2  x 2
 2 x  1  x  2   x  2
 2 x  1 x  4   x  2 
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
x 2  2 x  1 x  4 
 2 x  1  x  2  
5 2 2 
= lim 
x 2  2 x  1 3
IPE MATHS IB 300
e x  sin x  1
V1 19.Compute Lt
x 0 x
e x  sin x  1 ex 1 sin x
Sol: Lt  Lt  Lt
x 0 x x 0 x x0 x
ex  1 sin x
 1 1  0  lim 1  lim 1
x 0 x x 0 x
e 3 x  e 3
V2 20.Compute lt
x 0 x
e 3 x  e 3 e3 .e x  e3
Sol: lt = lt
x 0 x x 0 x
e3  ex 1 ex 1 ex  1
 lt  e3 lt  e3 .1  e3  lim 1
x0 x x0 x x 0 x
log e 1  5 x 
V2 21.Compute lt
x 0 x
log e 1  5 x  log 1  5 x 
lt  lt 5
Sol: x 0 x x 0 5x
x  0 as 5 x  0
log 1  5 x  loge  1  x
lt  5  1 5  5 lim 1
5 x0 5x x0 x
e3 x  1
V2 22.Compute lt
x 0 x
e3 x  1 e3 x  1
lt  lt 3
Sol: x 0 x x 0 3 x
x  0 as 3 x  0
e3 x  1 ex  1
lt  3  1 3  3  lim 1
3 x0 3x x 0 x
x2
V2 23.Compute xlim .
2 x3  8
x  2 lim  x  2
Sol: lim =  a 3  b3   a  b   a 2  ab  b 2 
x 2 x3  8
x  2
 x  2  x 2  2 x  4
1 1 1
= lim 2
 
x 2 x  2x  4 4  4  4 12
IPE MATHS IB 301
 1 4 
V2 24.Compute xlim  2 .
2 
 x2 x 4
 1 4   1 4 
Sol: lim   2  = lim    a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x  2  x  2 x  4  x2  x  2  x  2 x  2 
 
x24 x2 1 1
 lim  lim  
   x 2  x  2  x  2 2  2 4
x 2 x  2 x  2
1  cos mx
V2 25.Compute lim ,n  0
x 0 1  cos nx
1  cos mx
Sol: lim
x 0 1  cos nx
 mx 
2sin 2  
 lim  2  
x 0  nx  1  cos  2sin2
2 sin 2   2
 2 
2
 mx 
 sin   mx 2
lim 2 .
 mx mx   2 
 2 0  m
2
 2  1.
m2
 42  2
2
 nx  sin x
sin  2 n n  lim 1
 2  nx  1.
x 0 x
 nxlim nx    4
 2 0   2 
 2 
x3
lim 0
V2 26.Show that x 3
x2  9
x3
lim
Sol: Given x 3
x2  9
x 3  lim
 x 3  x 3 
For x 2  9, lim  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x 3
x2  9
x 3
 x  3  x  3
x3 33
 lim  0
x 3 x3 33
IPE MATHS IB 302
tan  x  a 
V2 27. Compute lim
x a x2  a 2
tan  x  a   lim tan  x  a 

Sol: lim x  a  x  a  x  a 
 a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x a x2  a 2
tan  x  a  1 1 1 tan x
 lim lim   lim 1
 x  a  0  x  a x a x  a a  a 2a x 0 x
x 2  sin x
V2 28.Compute lim
x  x2  2
 sin x    sinx  1  
x2 1   1    
x2  x  x  
x 2  sin x  lim   1Lt   2
Sol : lim 2 x  2  0  1 
x  x 2 x 2 1  2  x
 1  2   
 x   x 
1 0 1  1 1  sin x
   1  as x    , 2  0   lim 1
1 0 1  x x  x 0 x
sin ax
V2 29.Compute lim , b  0, a  b
x0 sin bx
sin ax  sin ax bx a 
Sol: lim  lim  . . 
x 0 sin bx x  0
 ax sin bx b 
a sin ax bx

b
lim
ax  0 ax
. lim
bx  0 sin bx
 as x  0, ax  0 and bx  0 
a a sin x
 .1.1   lim 1
b b x 0 x
lim lim
V3 30.Compute x2
 x   x  and x2
 x   x  .
lim
Sol: x2
 x   x  = lim
x2
 2  x  = 2+2=4  x  2   x   2   x  1   x  x
lim
x2
 x  x  = lim
x2
1  x  =1 + 2= 3  x  2   x  1
lim  2 x  3 
V3 31. Find x    2 
 x 1 
 3  3
x2   x2  
lim  2 x  3   lim  x x
 lim 
Sol:  2
x    x  1 
 x 1 x  1  As x  , x   x 
x 1 2 x 1 2
x x
20
  2
1 0
IPE MATHS IB 303
V3 32.Compute xlim

 x 1  x . 
 x 1  x    x 1  x 
Sol: lim
x 
 x  1  x  lim
x    x 1  x  [ rationalize with x 1  x ]
x 1  x
 lim   a  b  a  b   a 2  b2
x
x 1  x
1
1
 lim x
x   1   lim 1
x  1   1 1  0 1 as x    0
x  x 1 1 x
 x
0 0
  0
1 0 1 2
x
V3 33.Show that lim does not exist
x 0 x
 x if x  0
Sol: We know that x 
 x if x  0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim 1  1
x  0 x0 x x0
x
lim f  x   lim  lim  1  1
x0 x 0 x x 0
lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0  x 0
x
 lim does not exist
x 0 x
sin ax
V3 34.Compute lim
x 0 x cos x
sin ax sin ax 1
Sol: lim  lim lim
x 0 x cos x x 0 x x 0 cos x
 sin ax  1 sin x
  lim  a   lim 1
 ax  0 ax
 cos 0  1.a.1  a x 0 x
log e x
V3 35.Evalute lim
x 1 x 1
Sol: Put x  1  y as x  1then x  1  0
 y0
loge x log 1 y  loge  1  x

lim  lim e 1 lim 1
x1 x 1 y0 y x0 x
IPE MATHS IB 304
CONTINUITY
KEY POINTS:
I. Continuity: A function f  x  is said to be continuous iff.
(i) xlim f  x   f  a  (or)

a
(ii) xlim f  x   lim f  x   f  a 

a  x a 
1. If f is not continuous it is said to be discontinuous.

 cos ax  cos bx
 if x  0
x2
f  x  
V1 01.Show that  1  b2  a2  where a and b are real constants, is continuous at x= 0.
if x  0
 2
 ax  bx   ax bx 
cos ax  cos bx 2sin sin  C  D C  D
Sol: lim f  x  lim 2  lim  2   2   c o s C  c o s D   2 s in sin
x0 x 0 x x0 x2
2 2
 ab   ab 
sin  x sin  x
 2   2 
 2lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x
  a b     a b  
 sin   x  a b  sin  x
  2     2    a  b 
 2 Lim .  Lim . 
  ab  x0  a  b    2    ab x0  a  b    2  2M
  2    x    2    x 
  2     2  
2 2
 a b   a b  b  a sin x
 2.1.  .1.  lim  1  a  b a  b  a2  b2 1M
 2   2  2 x 0 x
b2  a2
Given f  0  
2
 lim f  x   f  0 
x 0
 f  x  is continuous at x =0 1M
 sin 2 x
 if x  0
V1 02.Is ‘ f ’ defined by f  x    x continuous at x  0 ?
 1 if x  0
 sin2x  sin x
Sol: lim f  x  lim  .2  1.2  2 (as x  0  2 x  0 ) lim 1
x0 2 x0
 2x  x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 305
 lim f  x   2 2M
x0
Given that f  0   1
lim f  x   f  0 1M
x0
lim f  x   f  a 
x a
 f  x  is not continuous at x  0 1M
Thenf is continuous
V1 03.Check the continuity of ‘ f ’ given by
 x  9  /  x  2 x  3  if 0  x  5 and x  3
2 2
f  x   at the point x  3 .
 1.5 if x  3
x2  9  x  3  x  3 
Sol: lim f  x   lim = lim  a 2  b2   a  b  a  b 
x 3 x 3 x 2  2 x  3 x  3  x  3  x  1
6 3
   1.5 2M
4 2
Given that f  3  1.5
 lim f  x   f  3 
x3
lim f  x   f  a 
x a
 f  x  is continuous at x=3. 2M
Thenf is continuous
V1 04.Check the continuity of the following function at x  2 .
1 2
 2  x  4  if 0  x  2

f  x   0 if x  2
2  8 x 3 if x  2


1 2 1
Sol: lim f  x   lim
x2 x 2 2
 x  4    4  4  0
2
 lim f  x   0 1M
x2
 8  8
lim f  x   lim  2  3    2     2  1  1
x 2 x 2
 x   8
 lim f  x   1 1M
x 2
Given that f  2   0
 lim f  x   lim f  x  1M
x 2 x2
But xlim f  x   0  f  2
2 
IPE MATHS IB 306
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f is left continue at x = 2 1M
Then f is continuous
k 2 x  k if x  1
V2 05.If ‘ f ’ given by   
f x  , is a continuous function on R, then find the
 2 if x  1
values of k.
Sol: lim f  x   2 1M
x 1
lim f  x   lim  k 2 x  k   k 2  k 1M
x 1 x 1
Given that f  x  continuous on R,
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
 lim f  x   lim f  x  xa xa
x 1 x 1 Then f is continuous
 k 2  k  2  k 2  k  2  0   k  2  k  1  0  k  2  or   1 2M
V3 06.Find real constants a,b so that the function f given by
sin x if x  0
 2
x  a if 0  x  1
f  x  
bx  3 if 1  x  3 is continuous on R.
3 if x  3
Sol: L.H.L.= xlim f  x   lim sin x  0

0 x 0
R.H.L. = xlim f  x   lim  x 2  a   0  a  a

0 x 0
 f  x  is continuous on R
L.H.L = R.H.L ,  0  a ,  a  0 2M
L.H.L = xlim f  x   lim  bx  3  3b  3

3 x 3
R.H.L = xlim f  x   lim  3   3

3 x 3
 f  x  is continuous on R.
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
L.H.L. = R.H.L.
3b  3  3  3b  6  b  2 2M
 a  0, b  2
IPE MATHS IB 307
 x2 if x 1
V3 07.Is the function f defined by f  x    continuous on R?
x if x  1
Sol : If x = 1, f 1  12  1 1M
lim f  x   lim x 2  12  1 1M
x 1 x 1
lim f  x   lim x  1 1M
x 1 x 1
 lim f  x   lim f  x   f 1

x 1 x 1
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f continuous at x =1
Hence f  x  continuous on R 1M
x x
V3 08.Show that f , given by f  x   ,  x  0  is continuous on R  0
x
 x if x  0
Sol: We know that x 
  x if x  0
x   x 2x
lim f  x  lim  2 1M
x0 x0 x x
x   x
lim f  x  lim 0 1M
x0 x0 x
 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 0 x 0
 f is discontinuous at x  0 1M
 lim f  x  lim f  x  f  a
xa xa
 f is continuous on R  0 1M
IPE MATHS IB 308
DIFFERENTIATION
KEY POINTS:
f  x  h  f  x 
I. From First principle differentiation of f  x  is f '  x   lim
h0 h
II. Derivatives of some standard functions:

d d
1.
dx
x  1 2.
dx
 
x n  nx n1
d x d
3.
dx
 
e  ex 4.
dx
 
a x  a x log a
d 1 d  1  1
5.  log x   6.  
dx  x  x 2
dx x
d
7.
d  1

dx  x n

 x
n
  n1 8. dx
 x   2 1x
III. Derivatives of Trigonometric functions:
d d
9.  sin x   cos x 10.  cos x    sin x
dx dx
d d
11.  tan x   sec2 x 12.  cot x    cos ec2 x
dx dx
d d
13. sec x   sec x tan x 14.  cos ec x    cos ec x cot x
dx dx
IV. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions:
d 1 d 1
15. dx

sin1 x  
1  x2
16. dx

cos1 x  
1  x2
d 1 d 1
17.
dx

tan1 x  
1  x2
18.
dx

cot 1 x  
1  x2
d 1 d 1
19. dx

sec 1 x   20. dx

cos ec1x  
x x2  1 x x2  1
V. Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions:
d d
21.  sin h x   cos hx 22.  cos hx   sin hx
dx dx
d d
23.  tan hx   sec h2 x 24.  cot hx    cosec h2x
dx dx
d d
25.  cosec hx    cosec hx cot hx 26.  sec hx    sec hx tan hx
dx dx
VI. Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic functions:
d 1 d 1
27. dx

sinh1 x  
1  x2
28. dx

cosh1 x   x2  1
IPE MATHS IB 309
d 1 d 1
29.
dx

tanh1 x 
1  x2
 30.
dx
 
coth 1 x 
1  x2
d 1 d 1
31. 
sech1 x   32. dx

cosec h1 x  
dx x 1  x2 x 1  x2
d
33. f  g  x    f '  g  x   .g'  x 
dx 
34. If u, v are two functions of ‘x’ then
d d d
(i)  u.v   u  v   v  u
dx dx dx
d d
v.  u  u.  v 
(ii) d  u   dx dx
dx  v  v2
35. If y  f  x g  x  then log y  log f  x g  x   log y  g  x  .log f  x 
dy g x   1 
  f x g  x  . .f '  x   log f  x  .g '  x  
dx  f x 
dy
dy g 't
 dt 
36. If x  f  t  , y  g  t  then dx dx f '  t 
dt

2 2 dy 1 y2
V1 01.If 1 x  1 y  a (x  y) then show that  .
dx 1 x2
Sol. Given 1  x 2  1  y 2  a  x  y 
Put x  sin 1 and y  sin  2  1  sin 1 x,  2  sin  1 y (1M)
Now 1  sin 2 1  1  sin 2  2  a  sin 1  sin  2 
 cos 2 1  cos 2  2  a  sin 1  sin  2  1  sin2   cos2 
 cos 1  cos  2  a  sin 1  sin  2   a2  a (1M)
C D C D
 cos C  cos D  2cos   cos  
                 2   2 
 2cos  1 2  cos  1 2   a2cos  1 2  sin  1 2  C D CD
 2   2   2   2  sin C  sin D  2cos   sin  
 2   2 
   2 
cos  1 
 2  a  1   2  cos
  1   2   cot  a   cot (3M)
sin    2  sin
 2 
IPE MATHS IB 310
1   2   1  sin  1 x 
  co t  1  a   1   2  2 cot 1  a   1

2   2  sin y 
1 1 1
 sin x  sin y  2 cot  a  (1M)
Diff. w.r.to x
1 1 dy d 1 d
1 x 2

1  y dx2
0 
dx
 sin1 x 
2
  k  0
1 x dx
1 dy 1 dy 1 y2 1 y2
  
  (1M)
1  y 2 dx 1 x2 dx 1  x2 1  x2
 1  x2  1  x2 
1
V1 02.If y  Tan   for 0  x  1, find dy
2 2
 1  x  1  x  dx
 1  x2  1  x2 
1
Sol. Given y  Tan  
 1  x 2  1  x 2 
1 1 2
Substitute x 2  cos 2    cos x (1M)
2
1
 1  cos 2  1  cos 2 
we get y  Tan  1  cos 2  1  cos 2  (1M)
 
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2  
 Tan 1  
 2 cos 2   2 sin 2   1  cos2 A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
 2  cos  sin    1 cos  1  tan  

 
y  Tan1    Tan  
 2  cos  sin     cos 1  tan   
    1  tan  
 Tan1  tan           tan     tan1  tan   
 4  4 1  tan 4 
 1
y   cos 1  x 2  (3M)
4 2
Differentiating w.r.to ‘ x ’ we get
dy 1 1 d 1
dx
 0 
2 1  x4
 2x 
dx
 cos1 x  
1  x2
x
 (2M)
1  x4
IPE MATHS IB 311
cos x dy
V1 03.If y  x tan x   sin x  , find .
dx
cos x
Sol. y  xtan x   sin x 
cos x
Let y 1  x ta n x and y 2   sin x  Then y  y1  y 2 (1M)
Diff. w.r.to x on both sides
dy d y1 d y 2
   1  (1M)
dx dx dx
y1  x tan x
Applying log on both sides, log y1  log  x tan x 
 log y1  tan x.log x log xn  nlog x

Differentiating with respective ‘ x ’ on both sides
1 dy1 d d
  tan x  log x   log x  tan x  |
  uv   uv |  vu|
y1 dx dx dx
dy1  Tanx  d 1 d
  y1   sec 2 x log x    log x  ,   tan x  sec2 x
dx  x  dx x dx
dy1  tan x 
 xtan x   sec2 x.log x    2 (2M)
dx  x 
cos x
y2   sin x 
cos x
Applying log on both sides, log y 2  log  sin x 
 log y2  cos x.log  sin x  log xn  nlog x

Differentiating with respective ‘ x ’ on both sides
1 dy2 d d
 cos x log  sin x    log  sin x   cos x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y2 dx dx dx
1 dy  1  d 1 d
 y dx  cos x  sin x  cos x   sinx log  sin x 
2
  log x    cos x   sin x
2   dx x dx
dy2
  y2  cos x.cot x  sin x log  sin x  
dx
dy2 cos x
   sin x  cos x.cot x  sin x.log  sin x     3 (2M)
dx
Substituting (2) & (3) in equation (1) we get
dy  tan x  cos x
 x tan x   sec2 x.log x    sin x  cos x.cot x  sin x log  sin x  (1M)
dx  x 
IPE MATHS IB 312
log x
V1 04.Find the derivative of  sin x   xsin x with respective x.
lo g x
Sol. Let y   s in x   x s in x
log x
Now let y1   sin x  ; y2  x sin x then (1M)
y  y1  y2
dy dy1 dy2
  (1M)
dx dx dx
log x
Now y1   sin x 
log x
Taken log on both sides, log y1  log  sin x 
 log y1  log x.log  sin x  log xn  nlog x

Differentiating both sides with respect to x then
d d
 log y1    log x log  sin x  
dx dx
1 dy1 d d
  log x  log  sin x    log  sin x   log x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y1 dx dx dx
1 dy1 1 1 d 1 d
  log x cos x  log  sin x    log x    sin x  cos x
y1 dx sin x x dx x dx
dy1  log  sin x   cos x

  y1  log x cot x     cot x
dx  x  sin x
dy1  log  sin x  

  sin x log x  cot x log x   .................................(2) (2M)
dx  x 
Now y2  xsin x
Taken log on both sides, log y2  log xsin x  log y2  sin x log x log xn  nlog x
d d
Differentiating both sides with respect to x then  log y2    sin x.log x
dx dx
1 dy d d
 y . dx  sin x. dx  log x   log x. dx  sin x 
2 |
 uv  uv|  vu|
2
dy2  1  d 1 d
  y2  sin x.  log x.cos x    log x  ,   sin x   cos x
dx  x  dx x dx
dy2  sin x 
  xsin x   log x.cos x  ...........................(3) (2M)
dx  x 
Substitute (2) and (3) in (1) then
dy log x  1  1 
  sin x   cot x log x  log  sin x    xsin x  sin x  cos x log x  (1M)
dx  x  x 
IPE MATHS IB 313
dy  yx y 1  y x log y 
y x b
V1 05.If x  y  a then show that dx    x y log x  xy x 1  .
 
Sol. Let y1  x y and y 2  y x
Then given equation is y1  y 2  a b
Diff w.r.to x we get
dy1 dy 2 d
  0  1   k  0 (1M)
dx dx dx
Now y 1  x y
Applying log on both sides, log y1  log x y
log y1  y log x log xn  nlog x

Diff w.r.to x
1 dy1 d 1 dy1 d dy
   y log x     y  log x   log x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y1 dx dx y1 dx dx dx
1 d y1 1 dy d 1
 y  d x  y x  lo g x d x   log x 
1 dx x
dy1 y dy  dy y y dy 
  y1   log x   1  x   log x 
dx x dx  dx x dx 
dy1 dy am mn
  x y 1. y  x y .log x ----(2)  n a (2M)
dx dx a
also, y 2  y x
Applying log on both sides, log y2  log y x  x log y log xn  nlog x

differentiate w.r.tox
1 dy2 d 1 dy d d
   x log y    2  x  log y   log y  x  |
 uv  uv|  vu|
y2 dx dx y2 dx dx dx
1 dy 1 dy dy  x dy  d 1
  log x 
2 2
 y dx  x y dx  log y.1  dx  y 2  y dx  log y 
2   dx x
dy x  x dy  dy dy am
2
 dx  y  y dx  log y  
2
 y x 1 . x  y x log y ------(3)  n  amn (2M)
  dx dx a
Substituting (2) and (3) in equation (1)
dy dy
x y 1 . y  x y log x.  y x 1 .x  y x log y  0
dx dx
dy y

dx
 x log x  y x 1 x     y x log y  x y 1 y 
IPE MATHS IB 314
dy   y x log y  x y 1 y 
  (2M)
dx x y log x  y x 1 x
dy
2 2 2 2 2

V1 06.If y  x a  x  a log x  a  x then prove that  dx
 2 a2  x2
Sol.
2 2 2 2 2
Given y  x a  x  a log x  a x  
Differentiating w.r.to x on both sides
dy d  x d d
dx
 a2  x2
dx
x
dx
 
a 2  x2  a 2 .
dx

log x  a2  x2  |
 uv  uv|  vu| (1M)
dy 2x 1 d

dx
 a 2  x 2  x.
2
2 a x 2
 a2 .
2
x a  x 2 dx
x  a 2  x2   (1M)
d

d
dx
 x   1 dx  x   2 1x d
  xn   nxn1
dx
d 1 d
  log x    k  0
dx x dx
dy x2 a2  1 d 2 2 

dx
 a 2  x2   1   a  x  (1M)
a 2  x2 x  a 2  x2  2 a  x dx
2 2

dy 2 2 x2 a2 1 1 
  a  x      2x  
dx a 2  x2 x  a 2  x2 1 2 a  x
2 2

dy 2 2 x2 a2  a2  x2  x 
 dx  a  x     (2M)
a2  x2 x  a 2  x 2  a 2  x 2 
dy 2 2 x2 a2 a 2  x2
 dx  a  x    a2  x2 
a2  x2 a2  x2 a2  x2
dy a2  x2
 dx  a2  x2  a  a a
a2  x2
dy
  a2  x 2  a2  x2  2 a2  x2 (2M)
dx
2  1/2  a cos x  b 
2
V1 07. If a  0, b  0 and 0  x   and f ( x )  ( a  b ) cos  1   then
 a  b cos x 
f 1( x )  (a  b cos x )1
1 / 2  b  a cos x 
Let f  x    a  b  cos  1 
2 2
Sol. 
Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
|
2 1/2  1  b  a cos x 
f  x   a  b
| 2
 cos  a  b cos x 
  
IPE MATHS IB 315
 
 |
2 1/ 2  1  b  a cos x  
 a  b  
2
 a  b cos x  
d
  cos1 x 
1
2
(1M)
 1   b  a cos x   dx 1  x2
   
 
 
| |
1/2  1   a  b cos x b  a cos x   b  a cos x  a  b cos x 
  a2 b2    2   u | vu|  uv|
    v   v2 (1M)
2
  b  acos x  a  b cos x
 1 2 
  a bcos x 
 b  acos x bsin x  a bcos x asin x 

1/2 (a bcos x)
  a b 
2 2   2   d  cos x  sin x (2M)
  a bcos x2  b  acos x2   a  b cos x 
   dx
1/2   a bcos x b2 sin x  absin x cos x  a2 sin x  absin x cos x 

  a2 b2   2 2 2  2 
2 2 2
 a  b cos x  2abcos x b  a cos x  2abcos x  a bcos x 
2
 a  b  a2  2ab  b2
 
 a  b 2 1/ 2   a2  b2  sin x 
2
   a  b cos x  a2  b2 1  cos2 x  (2M)
    
 
2 1/ 2  a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2 sin x 
 a  b2
 1  cos 2   sin 2 
  a  b cos x  a 2  b 2 sin x 
   
1/ 2 1/ 2

a 2
 b2  a 2
 b2 

1
1
 a  b cos x   a  b cos x 
1
f |  x    a  b cos x  (1M)
1
 1 x2 1
V1 08.If  
f x  Tan   , g  x  Tan1x then. Differentiate f  x  with respect to g  x 
 x 
 
1
 1  x2 1 
Sol. Given f  x   Tan 



 x 
Put x  tan  then   Tan1  x 
 1  Tan2  1   sec2  1 
f  x   Tan1    Tan1  
 Tan   Tan  1  tan2   sec2  (1M)
   
IPE MATHS IB 316
 1 1
  
 sec 1  Tan1  cos 1  1 sin
 Tan1   sec  , tan 
 tan   sin  cos cos
 cos 
 1  cos 
 
 Tan1  cos 
 sin 
 cos 
 1 cos  1  2sin2  / 2  2 A A A
 Tan1    Tan   1  cos A  2sin sin A  2sin cos (1M)
 sin   2sin / 2 cos / 2  2 2 2
 sin / 2  1   sin
 Tan1    Tan  tan 2  tan 
 cos / 2    cos
1
 Tan  x 
   tan1  tan   
2 2
1 1 d 1
f 1  x     tan1 x  
2 1 x 2
dx 1  x2
1 1
 f  x 
21 x2 
1 1
g x   T a n 1 x  g  x  (1M)
1  x2
1
f 1
 x 2 1  x 2  1
1
  (1M)
g  x 1 2
1  x2
dy y2 y2
y
V1 09.If y  x then show that   .
dx x(1  log y ) x(1  y log x )
Sol. Given y  x y
Applying log on both sides, log y  log x y  y log x .........(1) log xn  nlog x (1M)

d d
 log y    y log x 
dx dx
1 dy d d d 1
  y  log x   log x  y  
dx
log f  y  
f  y
 
f |  y   uv |  uv |  vu |
 
y dx dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 317
1 dy 1 dy dy  1 log x  y d 1
   y   log x        log x  (1M)
y dx x dx dx  y 1  x dx x
dy 1  y log x  y dy y y y2
      (1M)
dx  y  x
 dx x 1 y log x x 1  y log x 
dy y2
  (from(1)) (1M)
dx x 1  log y 
dy y
V1 10.If x 2/ 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 then  3
dx x
Sol: Given x 2/ 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3
Differentiating w.r to ‘x’
2 23 1 2 23 1 dy d n d n dy d
3
x  y .  0  x  nx
3 dx dx
n1
dx
 
 y   ny n1   k  0
dx dx
(1M)
1 1 1 1
2 2 dy 2 dy 2
 x3  y3. 0  y3.  x3 (1M)
3 3 dx 3 dx 3
1
2 1 1
 x3 3
dy  y  y  3  y m
  3 1  1       3   
am a
 
1
dx 2 3  x  x xm  m x (2M)
y x3 bm  b
3
V2 11. If y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x , then show that y " y  4cos x
Sol. Given y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x
Diff. w.r.t x on both sides
| | | |
y|  a  cos x    b  2 x  sin x   sin x  b  2 x    uv   uv |  vu |
d d d
 y|  a   sin x    b  2x  cos x  sin x  2 dx  cos x    sin x  sin x   cos x k  0
dx dx
1
 y   a sin x   b  2 x  cos x  2 sin x (1M)
Again diff.w.r.t x on both sides
11
 y  a cos x   b  2x  sin x   cos x  2  2cos x
|
  uv   uv |  vu | (1M)
11
 y  a cos x   b  2 x  sin x  4cos x
11
 y   a cos  b  2x  sin x   4cos x (1M)
 y11   y  4 cos x  y11  y  4cos x (1M)
3at 3at 2 dy
V2 12. If x  3
, y  3 . Find
1 t 1 t dx
3at 3at 2
Sol: Given x  , y 
1 t3 1 t3
3at
consider x  ,
1 t3
IPE MATHS IB 318
Differentiating w.r to ‘t’
 3 d d 3 
dx d  3at   1  t  dt  t   t dt 1  t   | | |
  3a    u  vu  uv
dt dt  1  t 3  2    (1M)
 1  t 3   v v2
 
 1  t 3  1  t  0  3t 2  
 3a   d
 3 2    xn   nxn1
 1  t   dx
 3   
dx 1 t  3t 3   1 2t 3 
 3a  3a (2M)
dt  1 t 3 2   1 t 3 2 
   
3at 2
consider y  ,
1 t3
Differentiating w.r to ‘t’
 d d 

dy d 3at 2
  1  t 3   t 2   t 2 1  t 3  
dt dt | | |
   3a    u  vu  uv
3  2    (1M)
dt dt  1  t   1  t 
3
 v v2
 
 1  t 3   2t   t 2  0  3t 2  
 3a   d
 3 2    xn   nxn1
  
1  t  dx
 
dy  2t  t 4 
 3a (2M)
dt  1  t 3 2 
 
 
 2t  t 4 
dy 3a
 1  t 3 2  dy
dy   2t  t 4
  dt   dy dt
dx dx  3  1  2t 3 dx  dx (1M)
1  2t 
dt 3a 
 1  t 3 2  dt
 
1 x  x 
V2 13. If f  x  S in and g  x  Tan1 then show that f ' (x)  g '(x)(  x   ) .
   x
1 x
Sol. Given f  x   Sin
 
IPE MATHS IB 319
1 d  x    d 1 
f 1  x    
1
x 
2 dx      2d 1
 x     dx    sin1 x 
1   dx (1M)
    1  x2

d
1
 f  x 
1

1 d  x 
 
x   dx     

dx
 x   2 1x  a2  a
1 x    2

1    
  d d
 f 1  x 
1
 
1   k  0   x  1
   x 2 x   dx dx
 
    1 1 1
 f 1  x     f  x  1 (2M)
 x 2 x   2   x x   
 x 
g  x   Tan 1   Differentiating w.r.to x on both sides
 x 
1 d x
g1  x   2
x    dx   x d 1

1     tan1 x  (1M)
 dx 1  x2
   x 
d
1 1
 g  x  1 x  
1 d  x  
  
x   dx    x 

dx
 x   2 1x
 2
1  x  x
 d d 
  x dx  x     x    dx   x 
| | |
1 x  u  vu  uv
1
 g  x       
  x  x  2 x    x
2
v v2
 
 x  
x x    x    x    1  d d

1
 g  x       x  1 ,   k  0
  2 x    x 
2
 dx dx
  x    x   x  x   
 g  x 
1
 2

    2 x      x  
  x    x     1 x
 g  x   g  x  2 x     x   x
1

    2 x     x 2
1
g1  x     2
2   x x    (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 320
From (1) & (2) f 1  x   g 1  x  (1M)
3 3
1  2x  1  3x  x  1  4x  4x  dy 1
V2 14. If y  Tan  1 x2   Tan  2 
 Tan  2 4  then show that 
   1 3x   1 6x  x  dx 1  x 2
3 3
1  2x  1  3x  x  1  4x  x 
Sol. Given y  Tan  2   Tan  2   Tan  2 4
 1 x   1 3x   1 6x  x 
Put x  Tan    Tan 1  x  (1M)
3
 2tan 
1 1  3tan  tan   1  4tan  tan2  
y  Tan  2 
 Tan  2   Tan  2 4  (2M)
 1 tan    1 3tan    1 6tan   tan  
2tan A 3tan A  tan3 A 4tan A  tan2 A

tan2A  tan3 A  tan4 A 
1  tan2 A 1  3tan2 A 1  6tan2 A  tan4 A
1 1 1
 y  Tan  tan 2   Tan  tan 3   Tan  tan 4  (1M)
 y  2  3  4  5  4 tan1  tan   
 y    Tan1 x (1M)
Diff w.r.to ‘ x ’ we get
dy 1 d 1
   tan1 x  (2M)
dx 1  x 2 dx 1  x2
1  2 x   2x 
V2 15. Find the derivative of f ( x )  Tan  2  w.r .to
g ( x )  Sin1  2 
 1 x  1 x 
1  2x 
Sol. Given f  x   Tan  2 
1 x 
Put x  Tan    Tan1  x  (1M)
 2Tan 
f  x   Tan 1  2 
 1  Tan  
2tan A
 f  x   Tan 1  tan 2  tan2A 
1  tan2 A
 2 tan1  tan   
 f  x   2Tan 1 x (1M)
Diff. w.r.to ‘ x ’
1 2 d 1
f 1  x  2 2 
f 1 x    tan1 x  (1M)
1 x 1 x2 dx 1  x2
 2x 
g  x   Sin  1  2 
1 x 
IPE MATHS IB 321
Put x  Tan    Tan1  x 
 2Tan 
g  x   Sin  1  2  (1M)
 1  Tan  
2tan A
 g  x   sin 1  sin 2   2 sin2 A  2 sin1  sin   
1  tan A
 g  x   2T a n 1  x 
Differentiating w.r.to x
1 2 d 1
g 1  x   2.
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan 1 x  
1  x2
(1M)
f 1 x 2 /1  x 2
Now g 1 x  1 (2M)
  2 /1  x 2
d2y h 2  ab
2 2
V2 16.If ax  2hxy  by  1 then prove that dx 2 
 hx  by  . (Mar 2008)
3
Sol. Given ax 2  2hxy  by 2  1

Differentiating w.r.to “x” on both sides.
d 2 d d d
a
dx
 x   2h  x. y   b  y 2   1
dx dx dx
 dy  dy d d
a  2x   2h  x  y   2by  0   xn   nxn1  uv|  uv|  vu|   k  0 (1M)
 dx  dx dx dx
dy dy dy
 2ax  2hx  2hy  2by  0  2  ax  hy   2  hx  by   0
dx dx dx
dy   ax  hy 
      1  (1M)
dx hx  by
Again differentiating w.r.to “x” on both sides
d  dy  d  ax  hy 
    (1M)
dx  dx  dx  hx  by 
 d d 
d y 2
  hx  by   ax  hy    ax  hy   hx  by   | | |
  dx dx  u  vu  uv
2 2    
dx   hx  by   v v2
 
  dy   dy  
  hx  by   a  h dx    ax  hy   h  b dx  
      d
  hx  by 
2
   kx   k
  dx
 
IPE MATHS IB 322
 2 dy dy dy 2 dy   dy 2 2 
 hax  h dx  x  aby  hby dx  hax  bax dx  h y  hby dx   dx  h x  bax   y  ab  h  
  2    2 
  hx  by    hx  by  
   
   ax  hy  y  ab  h 2  

hx  by
 h 2
x  bax  
1

   from eq 1 
  2    
  hx  by  
(2M)
 
   ax  hy   h 2 x  bax   y  ab  h 2   hx  by  
  3

  hx  by  
  h 2 ax 2  a 2 bx 2  h 3 xy  habxy  habxy  b 2 ay 2  h 3 xy  h 2 by 2 
  3

  hx  by  
 h 2  ax 2  by 2  hxy  hxy   ab  ax 2  by 2  hxy  hxy  

  3

  hx  by  
 h 2  ax 2  2 hxy  by 2   ab  ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  
 3

  hx  by  

 ax 2
 2 hxy  by 2  h 2  ab 
3 [ Given ax 2  2 hxy  by 2  1 ]
 hx  by 
d2y h 2  ab
 (2M)
dx 2  hx  by 3
d2y
V2 17.If x  a (t  sin t ), y  a(1  cos t ) then find .
dx 2
Sol. Given x  a (t  sin t ), y  a(1  cos t )
Differentiating w.r.to " t " on both sides
d
  co s x    sin x
dx dy dx d d
 a 1 cos t  ;  a   sin t  d  k   0  x  1 (1M)
dt dt  sin x   c o s x dx dx
dx
dy t t
2sin cos
dy dt  a sin t  sin t dy 2 2  cot t sin A 2sin Acos A 1cos A 2sin2 A (1M)
     
dx dx a 1  cos t  1  cos t dx t 2 2 2 2
2sin2
dt 2
IPE MATHS IB 323
Again differentiating w.r to ‘x’
d 2 y d  dy  d  dy  dt d t  dt  t 1  dt
2 =        cot       cos ec2   (1M)
dx dx  dx  dt  dx  dx dt  2  dx  2 2  dx
t
cos ec 2
1 t 1 1 2
cos ec 2  
=2 2 a 1  cos t  2 a  2sin 2 t
2
1 t t 1 t 1
  cos ec2  cos ec2  cos ec4  1
4a 2 2 4a 2 4a sin4 t  cos ec   (1M)
sin 
2
2 3 
1  3a x  x
V2 18.Find derivative of tan  2 2 
 a(a  3x ) 
1  3a 2 x  x 3 
Sol. Let y= tan  2 2 
 a (a  3x ) 
x x
put x  a tan    tan     tan 1   (1M)
a a
 3a3 tan   a 3 tan 3    a 3  3 tan   tan 3   

1 1
 y  tan    y  tan  3  (1M)
 a 3
 3a 3
tan 2
  
 a 1  3 tan 2
  
 3 tan   tan 3   3tan A  tan3 A

 y  tan 1  2   y  tan 1  tan 3  tan3A 
 1  3 tan   1  3tan2 A
1  x 
 y  3  y  3 tan   tan1  tan    (1M)
a
Diff. w.rto ‘x’ we get
dy 1 1
3 2 d 1
dx x a
1   
dx
 tan1 x 
1  x2
a
dy a2 1 dy 3a
 3 2   2 (1M)
dx 2
a x a dx a  x 2
dy
V2 19.If y x  x sin y then find
dx
Sol : Given y x  x sin y
Apply log on both sides
 log  y   log  x 
x sin y
 x log y  sin y  log x  log xn  nlog x (1M)

IPE MATHS IB 324
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
d d d d
 x.  log y   log y.   x    sin y  log x   log x sin y |
 uv  uv|  vu|
dx  dx  dx dx
1 dy 1 dy d 1 d d
 x.  log y. 1  sin y  log x  cos y    log x    x  1   sin x  cos x (1M)
y dx x dx dx x dx dx
x dy dy sin y
  log x  cos y    log y
y dx dx x
 x  y log x  cos y   dy sin y  x log y (1M)
  
 y  dx x
sin y  x log y
dy x y  sin y  x log y 
  
dx x  y log x  cos y  x  x  y log x  cos y   (1M)
y
1` 1 x dy
V2 20.If y  Tan | x | 1 , then find .
1 x dx
1 x
Sol. Given y  Tan
1
1 x
 x  1
cos  1 x
Put x  cos 2  2  cos x   
1
(1M)
2
2
1 1 cos2 1 2sin 
y  Tan  Tan 1  cos2 A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
1 cos2 2cos2 
Tan 2  Tan 1  tan    y   tan  tan   

1 1
 y  Tan (1M)
cos 1 x
 y (1M)
2
Differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
dy 1 1 dy 1 d 1
 
dx 2 1  x 2 

dx 2 1  x 2

dx
 cos1 x  (1M)
1  x2
2 3
dy (1  2 x ) 3 (1  3 x ) 4
V3 21.Find of the function y  5 6

dx (1  6 x ) (1  7 x ) 7
6
2 3
(1  2 x ) 3 (1  3 x ) 4
Sol. Given y  5 6
(1  6 x ) 6 (1  7 x ) 7
IPE MATHS IB 325
 2 3 
 (1  2 x) (1  3x ) 4 
3
log y  log  6 
Apply ‘log’ on both sides, 5 (1M)
 (1  6 x ) 6 (1  7 x) 7 
 
a
 log y  log 1  2 x 
2/ 3
1  3 x 
3/ 4
  log 1  6 x 5/ 6 1  7 x 6/ 7  log    log a  log b (1M)
     b
2/3 3/4 5/6 6/7  lo g  a b   lo g a  lo g b (1M)

 log y  log 1 2x  log 1 3x  log 1 6x  log 1 7x
2 3 5 6 log xn  nlog x (2M)
 log y  log 1  2x   log 1 3x   log 1 6x   log 1  7x 
3 4 6 7
1 dy 2  2  3 3 5  6  6 7 d 1 d
      log x    k   0
y dx 3 1  2 x  4 1  3 x  6 1  6 x  7 1  7 x  dx x dx
dy  4 9 5 6 
 y     (2M)
dx  3 1  2 x  4 1  3 x  1  6 x  1  7 x  
1  b  a sin x 
V3 22.Find derivatives of the sin  a  b sin x  (a  0, b  0)
 
1  b  a sin x 
Sol. Let y= sin  a  b sin x  (a  0, b  0)
 
dy 1 d  b  asinx 
   d 1
dx  b  asinx  dx  a  b sin x    sin1 x 
2
1  dx (1M)
 1  x2
 a  b sin x 
dy 1   a  b sin x  a cos x    b  a sin x  b cos x  

  2 
dx  b  asinx  
2
 a  b sin x  
1  
 a  b sin x 
| ||
 u  vu  uv d
   2   sin x   cos x
v v dx
dy 1  a 2 cos x  ab sin x cos x  b 2 cos x  ab sin x cos x 

  2 
dx 2
 a  b sin x    b  a sin x 
2
  a  b sin x   (3M)
2
 a  b sin x 
IPE MATHS IB 326
1 a2 cos x b2 cos x

  2 
a2 b2 sin2 x  2absin x b2  a2 sin2 x 2absin x   a bsin x  2
2
 a  b  a2  2ab  b2
 a bsin x

 a  b sin x    a 2  b 2  cos x 
 
 a 2  b 2  cos x
  a  b sin x   a 2  b 2 1  sin 2 x  (2M)
2
 a 2
 b 2
  sin 2
x  a 2
 b 2

  a  b sin x 
a 2  b 2 a 2  b 2 cos x
 1  sin 2   cos 2 
 a  b sin x  a 2  b2 cos 2 x
a 2  b 2 cos x

 a  b sin x  cos x
dy a 2  b2
 (1M)
dx  a  b sin x 
   t   dy
V3 23.If x  a  cos t  log  tan  2    , y  a sin t then find
     dx
   t  
Sol : Given x  a  cos t  log  tan  2    , y  a sin t
    
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
 
dx  1 t 1 
 a   sin t  .sec 2 .  d d 1 d
dt t 2 2   cos x  sin x   log x    tan x  sec2 x
 tan dx dx x dx
 2 
 
 
 
 
1 1 
 a  sin t  .
 t t sin 1
 sin 2cos2  tan  sec 
2 2 cos cos
 t 
 cos 
 2 
 
 1   1 
 a   sin t    a   sin t  A A
t t  sin t  sin A  2sin cos
 2sin cos  2 2
 2 2
IPE MATHS IB 327
2 2
dx  a 1  cos t   a sin t  a sin t
dt
 sin t  sin t 1  cos2   sin2  (2M)
 
and Given y  a sin t
dy d
  a cos t   sin x   cos x (1M)
dt dx
dy
dy dt a cos t cos
    cot t cot 
dx dx a sin t (1M)
sin
dt
1t  2
dy 2bt
V3 24.Find of the functions x  a  2  and y  2
dx 1 t  1 t
 1 t2 
Sol. Given x  a  2 
1 t 
Put t  tan 
 1  tan 2   1  tan2 A
x  a 2  = a cos 2 cos2A 
 1  tan   1  tan2 A
Diff with respect to 
dx d
 a  2sin 2   2a sin 2   cos x   sin x (1M)
d dx
2bt
consider y 
1 t2
Put t  tan 
 2 tan   2tan A
y  b 2   b sin 2 sin2A 
 1  tan   1  tan2 A
Diff with respect to 
dy
 b  2 cos 2   2b cos 2 ( 1M)
d
 dy 
dy  dθ  2b cos 2 b cos
 =   cot 2
dx  dx  2a sin 2 a   cot (1M)
  sin
 dθ 
b  cot 2   1  cot 2 A  1
    cot 2 A 
a  2 cot   2cot A
IPE MATHS IB 328
1 
1 
b  t 2 1 1
  
a  2. 1  cot   tan   t
 
 t 
 1  t 2  b  t  1
2
 b   ( 1M)
 2at  2at
1  x2
V3 25.If f ( x )  | x | 1 then find f 1 ( x)
1  x2
1  x2
Sol: Given f ( x ) 
1 x2
Let y  f  x 
1
Let x  cos 2  2  cos  x     cos  x 
2 1 2 1 2
(1M)
2
1  x2
y ............(1)
1  x2
1  cos 2 2 cos 2 
  1  cos2 A  2cos2 A 1  cos2A  2sin2 A
1  cos 2 2 sin 2 
cos
 y  cot 2   cot    cot
sin
 cot 1 y  
1
 cot 1 y  cos 1  x 2  (1M)
2
Diff with respect to x
1 dy 1 1 d 1
  . .  2x d 1
2
1  y dx 2 1  x 2 2  
cot 1 x     cos1 x 
  dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2
1 dy x dy  1 y2 
    x 
1  y 2 dx 1  x4 dx 4
 1 x 
 
 
dy 2
  x  1 x2 2
dx  1 x2   from 1 , y2
 2
 1 y2 
 4  1 x 1 x2
 1 x 
IPE MATHS IB 329
2x

(2M)
1  x  2
1  x4

V1 26.Find the derivative of the following functions from the first principles w.r.to x.
i) cos2 x ii) tan 2x
iii) x 1 iv) sec 3x
v) cos  ax  vi) sin 2x
vii) x sin x viii) logx
ix) ax 2  bx  c x) a x
Sol. (i) cos 2 x
Given f  x  cos2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
From first principle, f |  x   Lt (1M)
h 0 h
cos 2  x  h   cos 2  x 
 lt
h 0 h
1 sin2  x  h  1 sin2 x

 lt 1  sin2   cos2 
h0 h
1  sin 2  x  h   1  sin 2 x sin 2 x  sin 2  x  h 

 lt  lt
h0 h h0 h
sin  x  x  h sin  x  x  h
 lt  sin 2 A  sin 2 B  sin  A  B  sin  A  B  (1M)
h0 h
sin  2 x  h  sin   h  sin   h 

 lt  lt sin  2 x  h  . lt (1M)
h 0 h h0 h0 h
sinh
  lt sin  2 x  h  . lt  sin      sin 
h 0 h 0 h
s in x
  sin 2 x.1   sin 2 x  lt  1
x 0 x
 f 1  x    sin 2 x (1M)
(ii) f  x   tan 2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
tan 2  x  h   tan 2 x
 lt
h0 h
IPE MATHS IB 330
sin  2x  2h  sin 2 x
 sin
tan  2 x  2h   tan 2 x cos  2 x  2h  cos 2 x tan 
 lt  lt cos
h0 h h0 h
cos 2 x sin  2 x  2h   sin 2 x cos  2 x  2h 

 lt (1M)
h 0 h cos 2 x cos  2 x  2h 
sin  2 x  2h  2 x 
 lt  sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin  A  B 
h 0 h cos 2 x cos  2 x  2h 
sin 2h 1
 lt  lt (1M)
h0 h h  0 cos2x cos  2x  2h
1
2  2 sec 2 2 x (1M)
cos 2 2 x
(iii) f  x  x 1
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
1 x  h 1  x 1
 f  x  hlt
0 h
1 x  h 1  x 1 x  h 1  x 1
 f  x  hlt0   rationalising with x  h  1  x  1 
h x  h 1  x 1 
2 2
1
f  x  lt
  
x  h 1  x 1 
  a  b a  b  a2  b2 (1M)
h0
h  x  h 1  x 1
x  h 1 x 1 h 1
 f 1  x  lt  lt  lt
h0
h  x  h 1  x 1 h0
h  x  h 1  x 1 h0 x  h 1  x 1 (1M)
 
1 1
  (1M)
x 1  x 1 2 x 1
(iv) f  x   sec 3x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
1 1
 1
sec  3  x  h    sec3x cos  3x  3h cos3x sec 
f 1  x  lt  lt cos
h 0 h h0 h
IPE MATHS IB 331
 3x  3h  3x   3x  3h  3x 
2sin   sin  
cos3x  cos  3x  3h  2   2 
 lt  lt (1M)
h0 cos3x cos  3x  3h  h h0 h cos3x cos  3x  3h 
CD CD
 cos C  cos D  2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
 3h   3h
 2 sin  3 x   sin
 2  2
 lt
h0 cos 3 x cos  3 x  3 h  h
3h
sin
 3h  1 2 3
 lt 2sin  3x   lt lt  3 
2  cos3x cos  3x  3h 3  m ultiply & divide w ith  (1M)
h 2
h 0 h 0 h  0
  2 
2
3h
sin
1 3 2
 2  sin 3 x   lt
cos 3 x  cos 3 x 2 h  0 3h
2
s in x
 tan 3 x  sec 3 x  3  1  lt  1
x 0 x
 3 sec 3 x tan 3 x (1M)
(v) f  x   cos a x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 ax  ah  ax   ax  ah  ax 
1
cos a x  h  cos ax 2sin   sin  
f  x  lt  lt  2   2  (1M)
h0 h h0 h
C  D  C  D 
 cos C  co s D   2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
 ah   ah  ah
2 sin  ax   sin   sin
 ah
2   2   2 lt sin  ax   lt 2
 lt   h 0
h 0 h h 0
 2  h
ah
sin
 2 sin  ax  0  lt 2 a  a
h0 ah 2 multiply &divide with  (1M)
 2
2
a sin x
 2 sin ax 1    lt 1
 2 x 0 x
IPE MATHS IB 332
asin ax (1M)
(vi) f  x   sin 2 x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
sin 2  x  h   sin 2 x sin  2 x  2 h   sin 2 x
f 1  x   lt 1
 f  x   hlt
h 0 h 0 h
 2x  2h  2x   2x  2h  2x 
2cos   sin   sin C  sin D  2cos  C  D  sin  C  D 
 f 1  x  lt  2   2      (1M)
h0 h  2   2 
2cos  2x  h sin  h sinh

 lt  2 lt cos  2 x  h  lt (1M)
h0 h h 0 h0 h
s in x
 2 cos  2 x  0   1 lt 1  lt  1
x 0 x
 2cos 2x (1M)
(vii) x sin x
let f  x   xsinx
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 ( x  h) sin( x  h)  x sin x 
= hLt
0  
 h 
 x sin  x  h   h sin  x  h   x sin x 

 Lt  
h 0
 h 
 x sin  x  h   sin x   h sin  x  h  

 Lt   
h 0
 h 
  xh x  xhx 
 x.2 cos   sin    h sin  x  h  
 2   2 
 Lt    sin C  sin D  2cos  C  D  sin  C  D 
h 0
 h   2   2  (1M)
   
 
  2x  h  h 
 2 x co s  2 
 s in   h sin  x  h  
 Lt   2 
h 0
 h h 
 
h
sin  
= 2 x Lt cos 2 x  h Lt  2   Lt sin( x  h ) (1M)
h 0 2 h  0 h h 0
IPE MATHS IB 333
 2 x  0  1  sinh
 2 x cos     sin x  lt 1
 2  2  h 0 h
 x cos x  sin x (1M)
(viii) f  x   log x
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
 xh
log   a
1
log  x  h  log x  x  log a  log b  log   (1M)
f  x  lt  lt  b
h0 h h0 h
1/ h
1  xh  h
f 1  x   lt log    lt log 1  
h0 h
 x  h0  x
1/ x
  h x / h  1  h
x/h
lt log   1     lt log  1   log xn  nlog x (1M)

h 0  x   h 0 x
 x
 
x/h
1  h 1 1  h  1/ x
 lt log  1    lt1 log 1  x  as
 1h  0 then  0   lt log  1  x  1 (1M)
x h  0
 x x x0 x  x  x 0
ix) ax 2  bx  c
Given f  x   ax 2  bx  c
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
2
a  x  h   b  x  h   c   ax 2  bx  c 
 lt
h0 h
a  x2  h2  2xh  b  x  h  c   ax2  bx  c 2
 lt   a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2 (1M)
h0 h
ax 2  ah 2  2 axh  bx  bh  c  ax 2  bx  c
 lt
h0 h
h ah  2ax  b 
 lt (1M)
h 0 h
 lt
h 0
 ah  2 ax  b   0  2 ax  b  2 ax  b
 f |  x   2ax  b (1M)
x
x) a x Given f  x   a
f  x  h  f  x 
h 0 h
IPE MATHS IB 334
a xh  a x a x .a h  a x
 lt  lt amn  am .an (1M)
h 0 h h0 h
a x  a h  1 x a h
 1
 lt =  a lt (1M)
h 0 h h 0 h
|
 f  x   a log e a x
 lt
 a 1  log a
x
(1M)
e
x0 x
dy log x
V1 27.If x  e y x y 
, then show that dx 1  log x 2 .
Sol. Given x y  e x  y
Applying log on both sides, log x y  log ex y   x  y log e log xn  nlog x
 y log x   x  y  .1 loge  1
x
 y log x  y  x  y  log x  1  x  y  (1M)
log x  1
Differentiating w.r.t. x on both sides
d d
dy 
dy d  x  log x  1  x   x  log x  1 |
 u  vu  uv
| |
  dx dx   
   (1M)
dx dx  log x  1  dx  log x  1
2
v v2
1
dy
 log x  1  x   log x  1  1 d 1 d d
  x   x 2   log x    k  0   x 1 (1M)

dx  log x  1
2 1 xlog x  dx x dx dx
dy log x

 dx 1  log x  2 (1M)
dy sin 2 (a  y )
V1 28. If sin y  x sin ( a  y ), then show that  (a is not a multiple of  )
dx sin a
Sol. Given sin y  x sin  a  y 
sin y
x  (1M)
sin  a  y
Diff. w.r.to y
| |
dx sin  a  y  sin y   sin y  sin  a  y  
| | |
 u  vu  uv
   
dy sin 2  a  y  v v2
sin  a  y  cos y  sin y cos  a  y  d d

   cos x   sin x   sin x   cos x (1M)
sin 2  a  y  dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 335
dx sin  a  y  y 
   sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin  A  B 
dy sin 2  a  y 
dx sin a
  2 (1M)
dy sin  a  y 
2
dy sin  a  y 
  (1M)
dx sin a
dy
V1 29.Find for the functions, x  a (cos t  t sin t ), y  a (sin t  t cos t ) .
dx
Sol. Given x  a  cos t  t sin t 
Differentiating w.r.to t on both sides
dx

dt
a  cos t   t  sin t   sin t t  
| | | |
  uv   uv |  vu |
dx d d d
 a   sin t  sin t. 1  t  cos t     cos x   sin x  sin x  cos x dx  x 1
dt dx dx
dx dx
 a   sin t  sin t  t cos t    at cos t (1M)
dt dt
y  a  sin t  t cos t 
Differentiating w.r.to “t” on both sides
dy
dt

 a cos t   cos t. 1  t   sin t    |
 uv  uv|  vu|
dy d d
 a  cos t  cos t  t sin t    cos x   sin x   sin x   cos x
dt dx dx
dy
  at sin t (1M)
dt
dy
dy at sin t
 dt   tan t 
sin 
 tan 
 dx dx at cos t cos 
dt
dy
  tan t (2M)
dx
V1 30.If y  a x n  1  b x  n th e n P .T x 2 y ''  n ( n  1) y .
Sol. Given y  ax n 1  bx  n ...........................(1).

Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides
dy d
  n  1 ax n 11    n  bx  n 1   xn   nxn1
dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 336
dy
 a  n  1 x n  bnx  n 1
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. on both sides
d  dy  d
  xn   nxn1
n 1 n 11
   na  n  1 x  bn  n 1 x
dx  dx  dx
d2y
  n  n  1 axn1  bx n 2 
dx2
Multiply with x 2 on both sides
d2 y
 x
2
2
 n  n  1 a.xn1 x2  bxn 2 .x2 
dx
2 11
 x y  n  n  1   ax
n 1  2
 bx  n  2  2   n  n  1  ax n 1  bx  n 
 x2 y11  n  n  1 y ( from (1) )

dy
V1 31.If y  sec  tan x  , Find
dx
Sol. Given y  sec  tan x 
Differentiating w.r.t " x " on both sides
d d d
dx
 y   sec
dx
 
tan x  sec   
tan x .tan tan x  dxd tan x 
dx
 sec x  sec x tan x
d
 sec tan x . tan  tan x 2 1 d
tan x dx
tan x 
dx
 x   2 1x
1 d
 sec tan x.tan  tan x . 2 tan x
sec2 x 
dx
 tan x  sec2 x
sec2 x
 .sec tan x.tan tan x
2 tan x
2
V1 32. Find the derivative of the function f  x   a x .e x
2
Sol. Given f  x   a x .e x
Diff. w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
2 | |
  e
f |  x   a x ex x2
a  x |  uv  uv|  vu|
d d d
  2
f |  x   a x e x 2 x  e x  a x  log a
2
  ex   ex   xn   nxn1   ax   ax .log a
dx dx dx
2
 f
|
 x   a x e x  2 x  log a 
IPE MATHS IB 337
dy e y
V1 33.If x  tan  e  y  , then show that  .
dx 1  x 2
Sol. Given x  tan  e y   tan 1  x   e  y
d d

dx
 tan 1  x     e  y 
dx
1 dy d 1 d y dy

1 x 2
 e  y .
dx

dx
 tan1 x  2
1  x dx
 e   ey
dx
1
dy 1  x 2 e y
  
dx e y 1  x2
V1 34.If f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x), find f 1 ( x )
Sol. Given f ( x)  log(sec x  tan x),
1 d d 1
f 1  x    sec x  tan x    log x 
sec x  tan x dx dx x
1 d d
  sec x. tan x  sec 2 x   secx  = secxtanx  tanx  = sec 2 x
sec x  tan x dx dx
sec  tan x  sec x 

  sec x
sec x  tan x
1 3 2
dy

V2 35. If y  Cot x  , find
dx
.
2
Sol. Put u  cot 1 x 3 so that y  u
dy dy du
Then   ;
dx du dx
dy 1 d n d -1
 2u  .3 x 2   x  = nxn-1  cot -1 x  =
dx 1  x 
6
dx dx 1 + x2
dy 2
co t  1  x 3 
  6 x
dx 1  x6
dy
1

V1 36.If y  log sin  e  then find
x
 dx
.
Sol.
1

Given y  log sin  e 
x

IPE MATHS IB 338
dy 1 |
d 1

dx sin  e 
1 x 
. sin 1  e x   
dx
 logx =
x
dy 1 1 |
 .
 dx sin  e  1  e x 2
1 x  ex  
d
 sin-1x  =
1
  dx 1- x2
dy 1

 dx sin 1 e x . 1  e x 2
 ex  d x
 e  = ex
    dx
dy

e  x
 dx s in  1  e x  . 1  e 2 x
V1 37.If f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0  , then find f |  x 
Sol. Given f  x   x 2 2 x log x  x  0 

| | | |
f |  x   x 2 2 x  log x   x 2 log x  2 x   2 x log x  x 2   uvw = uvw| +uwv| + vwu|
1 d 1 d x
2 x
=x 2  x 2 log x 2 x log 2  2 x log x  2 x    logx =
dx x dx
 a  = a x .loga dxd  xn  = nxn-1
x
= x 2 x  x 2 log x 2 x log 2  2 x log x  2 x 
f |  x   x 2 x 1  x log x log 2  2log x 

dy
V1 38.If y  cos log  cot x   , then find
dx
Sol. Given y  cos log  cot x  
dy | d
  sin  log  cot x    log  cot x     cosx  = -sinx
dx dx
1 | d 1
  sin  log  cot x    cot x    logx =
cot x dx x
 sin  log  cot x   d

   cos ec x  2   cotx  = -cosec2x
cot x dx
cos ec 2 x .sin  log  cot x  


cot x
dy
V1 39.If y  log  cosh 2 x  then find
dx
IPE MATHS IB 339
Sol. Given y  log  cosh 2 x 

dy 1 | d 1
  cosh 2 x    logx =
dx cosh 2 x dx x
1 d
  sin h 2 x  2    coshx  = sinhx
c o sh 2 x dx
sinh 2 x sinhθ
2  2 tanh 2x  tanhθ =
cosh 2 x coshθ
dy
V1 40.Find , if y  sin 1 x
dx
Sol: Given y  sin 1 x
dy 1 d
dx

2
.
dx
 x 
d
 sin -1 x  = 1
1  x dx 1 - x2
d

1
1 x
 1 
. 
2 x

dx
 x  = 2 1x
1 1
 
2 x 1  x  2 x  x2
ax  b
V1 41.Find the derivative of f  x  
cx  d
Sol: Diff w.r.to. ‘x’ we get
ax  b
y  f x  
cx  d
dy  cx  d  a   ax  b  c |
| |
 u  uv - vu d d
 2   = k  = 0  x = 1
dx  cx  d  v v 2
dx dx
acx  ad  acx  bc ad  bc
 2
 2
 cx  d   cx  d 
1  1  dy
V1 42. y  sec  2  find
 2x 1  dx
1  1 
Sol: Given y  sec  2 
 2x 1 
put x  cos 
   cos 1  x 
IPE MATHS IB 340
 1  1  1 
 y  sec 1  2   sec    2cos 2 A -1  cos2A
 2 cos   1   cos 2 
 sec 1  sec 2   2 sec-1  secθ = θ
y  2.cos 1 x
Differentation w.r.to x
dy 2.   1  2 d -1
   
dx
 cos-1x  =
dx 1 x2 1  x2 1- x2
dy
V1 43. If x3  y3  3axy  0, find .
dx
Sol. Given x3  y3  3axy  0
Differentiating w.r.to " x " on both sides
dy  dy  d n d dy
3x 2  3 y 2
dx
 3a  x  y   0
 dx 
 uv =uv| +vu| 
|
dx
 x  = nxn-1 
dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
2 2 dy dy
 3x  3 y  3ax  3ay  0
dx dx
 2 2 dy dy 
 3  x  y dx  ax dx  ay   0
 
dy 2 dy 2 dy ay  x 2
 x  ay    y  ax   0   y  ax     x2  ay    ay  x2  
2

dx dx dx y 2  ax
V1 44.Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
1  cos x
i) Cos 1  4 x3  3x  ii) Tan1
1  cos x
Sol. (i) Let y= cos 1  4 x 3  3x 
Put x  cos     cos1 x

y  cos 1  4 cos 3   3cos    y  cos 1  cos 3   y  3  y  3 cos 1 x
1 d d
Diff. w.r.to x on both sides y  3 cos x
dx dx
dy 1 dy 3 d -1
 dx  3.   
dx
 cos-1x  =
1 x 2 dx 1  x2 1- x2
1  cos x
(ii) tan 1
1  cos x
 1  cos x   2 sin 2 x / 2  A A
Let y  tan 1  
 1  cos x 
 tan 1  
 2 cos 2 x / 2  1- cosA = 2sin2 1 + cosA = 2cos 2
    2 2
IPE MATHS IB 341
 sin x / 2 
 tan 1  
 cos x / 2 
 x sinθ
 tan 1  tan  tanθ =
 2 cosθ
x
 y tan-1  tanθ = θ
2
d d 1
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then  y   .x
dx dx 2
dy 1 d 1 1 d
  . x  .1   x = 1
dx 2 dx 2 2 dx
dy
V1 45.If x=at2, y= 2at find
dx
Sol. Given x=at 2 , ; y = 2at
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get ; Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
dx d n dy d

dt
=a  2t  
dx
 
x = nxn-1 ; 
dt
=2a  1   x =1
dx
dx dy
 =2at ;  =2a
dt dt
dy
dy dt 2a 1
 =
dx dx = 2at = t
dt
V1 46.Differentiate f  x  with respect to g  x  if f  x   e x , g  x   x
Sol. Given f  x   e x , g  x   x
f  x   e x  1 ; g  x   x   2 
d
Diff (1) w.r.to x then f |  x   e x   ex   ex
dx
d
|
Diff (2) w.r.to x then g  x  
2 x
1

dx
 x   2 1x
Now diff. f(x) w.r to ‘g(x)’
f |  x ex
|
  2e x x
g  x 1
2 x
IPE MATHS IB 342
V1 47. Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.to x.
 1  x2 1 
1 1  1  x 
i) Tan   ii) tan  
 x   1 x 
 
1
 1  x2 1 
Sol. (i) Let y= T a n  
 x 
 
Let x  tan     tan 1 x
 1  tan 2   1   sec   1 
y  tan 1    y  tan 1 
 tan    tan  
 secθ = 1+ tan2θ
 
 1  sec  1 
 y  tan  tan   tan  
 
 1 cos  cos   1  1  cos   1 sinθ

 y  tan 1      y  tan   secθ = tanθ =
 cos sin  sin    sin   cosθ cosθ
 2sin 2  / 2  A A A
 y  tan 1   1- cosA = 2sin2 sinA = 2sin cos
 2sin  / 2 cos / 2  2 2 2
 
 y  tan 1  tan 
 2
 1
 y  y  tan 1 x tan-1  tanθ = θ
2 2
d 1 d
Diff. both sides w.r.to x then y tan 1 x
dx 2 dx
dy 1 1 dy 1 d 1
 .
dx 2 1 x2
 
dx 2 1 x2 

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
1  1  x 
(ii) Let y  tan  
 1 x 
Put x  tan     tan 1  x 
 1  tan  
 y  tan 1  
 1  tan  
   1 + tanA π 
 tan 1  tan        tan  + A 
 4  1- tanA  4 
 
     tan 1 x  tan -1  tanθ  = θ
4 4
dy 1 1 d 1
Diff. w.r.to x, we get
dx
 0
1 x 2

1  x2

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
IPE MATHS IB 343
dy
V2 48.If x  3cos t  2cos3 t, y  3sin t  2sin3 t , then find .
dx
Sol. Given x  3cos t  2cos3 t, y  3sin t  2sin3 t
Now, x  3cos t  2 cos 3 t
Diff. w.r.to ‘t’ we get
dx d d
 3sin t  2.3cos 2 t   sin t    xn   nxn1   cos x   sin x
dt dx dx
dx dx
  6sin t cos 2 t  3sin t   3sin t  2 cos 2 t  1
dt dt
dx
  3sin t cos 2t 2cos2 A  1  cos2 A (1M)
dt
also, y  3sin t  2sin 3 t
Diff. w.r.to. ‘t’ we get
dy d d
 3cos t  2.3sin 2 t cos t   xn   nxn1   sin x   cos x
dt dx dx
dy dy
  3cos t  6 cos t sin 2 t   3cos t 1  2sin 2 t 
dt dt
dy
 3cos t cos 2t  1  2 sin 2 A  cos 2 A (1M)
dt
dy dy / dt 3cos t cos2t
   cot t (2M)
dx dx / dt 3sin t cos2t
dy y  x log y  y 
V2 49. If x y  y x then show that dx  x y log x  x .
 
y x
Sol. Given x  y
Applying log on both sides, log x y  log y x  y log x  x log y (1M)
Diff w.r.to x on both sides
d d d d |
y  log x  log x  y  x  log y  log y  x  uv  uv|  vu|
dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 dy d 1 d
 y x  log x. dx  x. y . dx  log y.1   log x    x  1 (2M)
dx x dx
y dy x dy d y  lo g x x  lo g y y
 x  log x. dx  y . dx  log y  d x  1  y   1  x (2M)
 
dy  y log x  x  x log y  y dy y  x log y  y 

     dx  (2M)
dx  y  x x  y log x  x 
IPE MATHS IB 344
dy y 1  log x log y 
V2 50.If x log y  log x then show that dx  x log 2x
Sol. Given x log y  log x
Take ‘log’ on both sides, log  x log y   log  log x  (1M)
 log y.log x  log  log x  log xn  nlog x

d d d
log y.  log x   log x  log y    log  log x    uv|  uv|  vu|
dx dx dx
1  1  dy 1 1 d 1
 log y    log x   .      log x  (2M)
 x  y  dx log x  x  dx x
log x dy 1 log y
   (2M)
y dx x log x x
log x dy 1  log x.log y dy y 1  log x.log y 
    (2M)
y dx x log x dx x(log x) 2
x 1
1  2  dy
V2 51.If y  sin 1  4 x  then find
  dx
 
 2 x 1  1  2.2 x 
1
Given y  sin 1  4 x   sin
Sol : 1   2 x  2  amn  am .an
   
Put tan   2 x    tan 1  2 x  (1M)
1  2 tan   2tan A
  sin  sin 2   2 sin2A 
1
Then y  sin  2 2 sin1  sin   
 1  tan   1  tan A
 y  2 tan 1  2 x  (1M)
Diff. w.rto ‘x’ we get
dy 1 d
  2. .  2x  d 1
dx 2
1   2 x  dx

dx
 tan1 x 
1  x2
dy 2 d x
  .2 x log 2   a   ax loga
dx 1   4 
x
dx
dy 2 x 1.log 2
  am .an  amn (2M)
dx 1  4x
V2 52.If y  log(4 x 2  9) then find y11
Sol : Given y  log(4 x 2  9)
IPE MATHS IB 345
1 8x d 1 d
y|  .4  2 x   2
2
  log x    xn   nxn1 (2M)
4x  9 4x  9 dx x dx
Again diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
y ||

 4x 2
 9  8 1  8 x  8 x  0  |
 u  vu  uv
| |
d d
2     x  1 k   0
 4x2  9 v v2 dx dx
32 x 2  72  64 x 2  32 x 2  72 8 4 x 2  9 
  
2 2 2 (2M)
4x 2
 9 4 x 2
 9 4 x 2
 9
1  2 x  dy
V2 53. If y  sin  2  , then find
1 x  dx
1  2 x 
Sol. Given y  sin  2 
1 x 
put x  tan     tan 1 x
 2 tan   2tanA
 y  sin 1  2
1
  sin  sin 2  sin2A =
 1  tan   1+ tan2 A
 2  2 tan 1 x sin-1  sinθ  = θ

dy 1 2 d 1
dx
 2.
1 x 2

1 x2

dx
 tan-1x =
1+ x2
3 3 x 1
V2 54. If f ( x )  7 x ( x  0), then find f ( x ) .
3
3x
Sol. Given f  x   7 x
d  d x
 f |  x  7x
3
3 x
log 7
dx
 x  3x  
dx
 a   ax .log a
d n
 7 x 3 x log 7  3 x 2  3   x  nx
3
dx
n1
 
3
 7 x 3 x 3  x2  1 log7
dy
V2 55. If x  a cos 3 t , y  a sin 3 t , find .
dx
Sol: Given that x  a cos3 t , y  a sin 3 t
3
Now x  a  cos t 
d d 3
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then , xa  cos t 
dt dt
IPE MATHS IB 346
dx 2 d dx d n d

dt
 a.3 cos t  . cos t   3a cos2 t   sin t 
dt dt

dx
 
x = nxn-1   cosx  = -sinx
dx
dx
  3a cos 2 t sin t  1
dt
Now y  a  sin t 3
Diff b.s. w.r.to t then
d d dy 2 d d
dt dt
3
y  a  sin t    a.3  sin t  .  sin t 
dt dt

dx
 x n  = nx n-1
dy d
  3a sin 2 t  cos t    2    sinx  = cosx
dt dx
dy dy / dt
From (1) and (2),  ;
dx dx / dt
dy 3a sin 2 t cos t

dx 3a cos 2 t sin t
dy sinθ
   tan t tanθ =
dx cosθ
dy
V2 56. y  log  sin  log x   , find
dx
Sol Given y  log  sin  log x  
Diff.w r.to ‘x’ we get
dy 1 | d 1

dx sin  log x 
 sin  log x     logx =
dx x
1
.cos  log x  log x   d  sinx  = cosx
|

sin  log x  dx
cos  log x  1
= sin log x . x
 
dy cot  log x   c o tθ =
c o sθ

dx x sin θ
dy
V2 57.If y  x x then find dx .
Sol. given y = x x
take ‘log’ on both sides we get
log y  log  x x   log y  x log x  logxn = nlogx
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’
IPE MATHS IB 347
1 dy | |
 x  log x   log x  x  |
 uv =uv| +vu|
y dx
1 dy 1 d d 1
  x  log x 1    x =1   logx =
y dx x dx dx x
dy
  y 1  lo g x 
dx
dy
  x x
1  lo g x 
dx
V2 58.If f  x   x e x sin x, then find f 1  x 
Sol. Given f  x  xex sin x

Here u  x   x, v  x   ex , w x   sin x
d d d
f |  x   xe x  sin x   x sin x  e x   e x sin x  x  |
  uvw  = uvw | + uw v | + vw u |
dx dx dx
d d x d
f 1  x  xex cos x  xex sin x  ex sin x 
dx
 sinx  = cosx
dx
 e  = ex   x  = 1
dx
 e x  x cos x  x sin x  sin x 
V2 59.If y  aenx  be  nx then prove that y "  n 2 y .

Sol. Given that y  ae nx  be  nx  1
d d
Diff b.s. w.r.to x then y   ae  be 
nx  nx
dx dx
d nx d
y1  a
dx
 e   b  e  nx 
dx
d ax
y1  a.e nx .n  b.e  nx   n  
dx
 e  = ae ax
1 nx  nx
 y  ane  bne   2 
Again diff. b.s. w.r.to x then
d 1 d d
y  an enx  bn e nx
dx dx dx
d ax
 y11  ane nx .n  bne  nx  n  
dx
 e  = aeax
 y11  an 2 enx  bn 2e  nx
 y11  n 2  ae nx  be  nx   y11  n 2 y  from 1 
IPE MATHS IB 348
dy
V2 60.If y  sin  log x  , find .
dx
Sol. y  sin  log x 
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x
d d d
y  cos  log x   log x    sinx  = cosx
dx dx dx
dy 1 d 1
  cos  log x  .   logx =
dx x dx x
dy 1
  cos  log x 
dx x
dy
V2 61.If y  cos ec 1 (e 2 x 1 ) , find
dx
Sol. Given y  cos ec 1  e 2 x1 
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ , we get
dy 1 d 2 x 1

dx e 2 x 1 2 dx
e  
d
 cosec-1 x  =
-1
e 2 x 1
1 dx x x2 -1
1 d
 2  e2 x 1    eax  =eax
2 x 1 4x2
e e 1 dx
2

e 4 x 1  1
1  cos 2 x dy
V2 62.If y  then Find
1  cos 2 x dx
1  cos 2 x 2sin 2 x
Sol: Given y  1+ cos2A = 2cos2 A 1 - cos2A = 2sin 2 A
1  cos 2 x 2 cos2 x
sinθ
y  Tan 2 x tanθ =
cosθ
dy d n d
dx
 2 tan x  sec2 x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 tanx  = sec 2 x
ax
V2 63.If f ( x )  then find f 1 ( x)
ax
ax
Sol. Given f  x  
ax
IPE MATHS IB 349
d d
a  x a  x  a  x a  x u
|
vu| - uv|
|
f  x  dx dx   =
a  x
2
v v2

 a  x  1   a  x 1 d d
2   x =1 k  = 0
a  x  dx dx
a  x  a  x 2a
 2
 2
a  x a  x 
dy
V2 64. If y  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3  then find
dx
Sol. Given y  sin 1  3 x  4 x 3 
put x  sin     sin 1 x
y  sin 1  3sin   4 sin 3  
-1
 sin  1  sin 3   3  sin3A = 3sinA - 4sin3 A sin  sinθ  = θ
 3 sin  1 x
dy 1 3 d 1
 3.  
dx
 sin-1x  =
dx 1  x2 1 x 2
1- x2
V3 65.If ay 4  ( x  b)5 then show that 5 yy 1 1  ( y 1 ) 2
Sol : Given ay 4  ( x  b)5
5
 y
 x  b4
1
4
a
Differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
5 1
5 1 5
 x  b4  x  b 4
d d
y|  4 1
4 1   xn   nxn1   k  0 (1M)
dx dx
a4 a4
Again differentiate w.r.to " x " on both sides
1 3
5 1 1 5
.  x  b 4  x  b 4
y| |  4 4 1  16 1 
d d
 k   0   x n   nx n 1 (1M)
dx dx
4
a a4
3
 5
  5  x  b  4 
R.H .S  5 yy||  5 
 x  b  4
 16
 1   1  (1M)
 a 4 
  a 4 

IPE MATHS IB 350
2
2 1
    
25   x  b  4   5  x  b  4
    y| 2  L.H .S
 (1M)
16  2   4  1  
4
 a    a4 
V3 66.Show that f ( x) | x | is differentiable at any x  0 and is not differentiable at 0.
 x, if x  0  x, if x  0
Sol: Given f ( x) | x |    x  (1M)
 x, if x  0  x, if x  0
 f(x) is continuous at x=0
f  x  f 0 x0 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt  1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x 0 x xa x a
f  x  f 0 x  0 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt   1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x0 x 0 x 0 x xa xa
 f |  0   f |  0 
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=0
so f(x) is differentiable at any x  0 (1M)
3  x x0
V3 67.Check the differentiability of function f ( x)   at 0
3  x x0
3  x x0
Sol: Given f ( x)   at 0
3  x x0
Right hand derivative at x=0

f  x   f  0 3 x 3 f  x  f  a 
f |  0   lt   lt  1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x 0 x xa xa
Left hand derivative at x=0
f  x   f  0 3 x  3 f  x  f  a
f |  0   lt   lt   1  f |  a   lt  (1M)
x 0 x0 x  0 x xa xa
 f |  0   f |  0  (1M)
 f(x) is not differentiable at x=0 (1M)
V3 68.If f ( x )  1  x  x 2  .....  x100 then find f 1 (1) .
Sol. Given f  x   1  x  x 2  x3 .....  x100
Diff. both sides. w.r.to x .
d n
f 1  x   1  2 x  3 x 2  .....  100 x 99 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
1
 f 1  1  2  3  ..............  100
n  n  1 n  n +1
f 1 1  here n  100 1+ 2+ 3+.........+n =
2 2
IPE MATHS IB 351
1 100 100  1
 f 1   f 1 1  50 101  5050
2
dy ay
then prove that dx 
1
V3 69.If y  e a sin x
1  x2
1
Sol. Given y  e a sin x
dy | d ax
dx
 e a sin x a  sin 1 x  
1
dx
 e  = ae ax
1 d 1
= a.e
a sin 1 x
.
dx
 sin -1 x  =
1 x 2
1 - x2
1
a .e a s i n x
ay
 
1  x2 1  x2
V3 70.Find the derivative of 20log tan x
log  tan x 
Sol: y  f  x   20
dy d d x
dx
 20   log 20.  log  tan x  
log tan x
dx

dx
 a  = ax .loga
log  tan x  1 d d 1
 20 log 20.  tan x    logx =
tan x dx dx x
log  tan x  sec 2 x 

d
 20 log 20.  tanx  = sec2x
tan x dx
V3 71.Find the derivative of f ( x )  e x ( x 2  1) w.r.t x
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x 2  1
diff. w.r.to ‘x’ we get
d 2 d
f |  x   ex
dx
 x  1   x 2  1  e x 
dx
|
 uv =uv| +vu|
d n d x d
 e x  2 x  0    x 2  1 e x  
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
 
e = ex
dx
k  = 0
 e x  2 x  x 2  1  e x  x  1
2 2
 a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
2
 f |  x   e x  x  1
100 dy
V3 72.If y   x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13 then find
dx
100
Sol. Given y   x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13
IPE MATHS IB 352
diff. w.r.to ‘x’, we get
dy 99 d d n
dx
 100  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13  .  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13
dx

dx
 x  = nxn-1
99
 100  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  3 x 2  12 x  12 
99
 300  x3  6 x 2  12 x  13 .  x 2  4 x  4 
dy 99 2
  300  x 3  6 x 2  12 x  13  .  x  2  a2 + 2ab +b2   a +b 
2
dx
V3 73.If f ( x)  log 7 (log x) then find f 1 ( x)
Sol. Given f  x   log 7  log x 
log  log x  loga

f  x  logba =
log 7 logb
1 1 d d 1
f |  x   log x    logx =
log 7 log x dx dx x
1 1 1 1
 
log 7 log x x x log 7 log x
1 dy
V3 74.If y  2 then find
ax  bx  c dx
1
Sol. Given y  2
ax  bx  c
dy 1 d  
 2  ax 2  bx  c   d  1  = -1 2 f |  x 
dx  ax 2  bx  c  dx dx  f  x    f  x  
  2ax  b  d d
 d
2   xn   nxn1   x =1 k  = 0
 ax 2
 bx  c  dx dx dx
1  3 x 
V3 75.If f ( x )  sinh   then find f 1 ( x)
 4 
1  3 x 
Sol. Given f  x   sinh  
 4 
1 d  3x 
f |  x    d 1
 3 x  dx  4   sinh-1x  =
2

1   dx 1+ x2
 4
IPE MATHS IB 353
1 3
   d
9x  4 
2
  kx  = k
1 dx
16
1  3
   3
16  9 x 2  4  
16  9x 2
4
cos x dy
V3 76.If y  then find
sin x  cos x dx
cos x
Sol. Given y 
sin x  cos x
| | |
dy  sin x  cos x  cos x    cos x  sin x  cos x   u  vu -uv
| |
 2   =
dx  sin x  cos x  v v2
dy  sin x  cos x   sin x    cos x  cos x  sin x  d d

 2   sinx = cosx  cosx  = -sinx
dx  sin x  cos x  dx dx
 sin 2 x  sin x cos x  cos2 x  sin x cos x

 2
 sin x  cos x
  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1
 
 sin x  cos x 
2
 sin x  co s x 
2
cos 2θ + sin2θ = 1
IPE MATHS IB 354
ERRORS AND APPROXIMATIONS

KEY POINTS:
1. Let y  f  x  be a differential function. If x is the change in x, y is the corresponding change in y then
i) y  f  x  x   f  x 
ii) dy  f '  x  x
We know that y  dy
2. If y  f  x  be a differentiable function, then f  x  x   f  x   dy, where x is the change in x, dy is the

change in y.
3. If y  f  x  be a differentiable function, then
i) y is called error in y..
y
ii) y is called relative error in y
y
iii)  100 is called percentage error in y..
y

V1 01. Find the approximate value of 82
Sol. Let f  x   x
x = 81, and x  1
approximate value of 82 = f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

1
11 1 d 1x2
 x 2  x 2 x
2

dx
 x = 
2 x 2
1 1 1
 81 2  81 2 1
2
1 1 1
 9  9   9   9  0.056  9.056
2 18
V1 02.Find the approximate value of 3
65 .
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 64, and x  1
approximate value of 3 65  f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

IPE MATHS IB 355
-2
1 1 2 d 1
x 3
 x 3 x
3

dx
 
3
x = x3
3
1 1 2 1
  64   64  3 1  4   4  0.0208  4.0208
3 
3 48
V1 03.The time t, of a complete oscillation of a simple pendulum of length ‘l’ is given by the equation
l
t  2 where ‘g’ is gravational constant. Find approximate percentage error in ‘t’ when the
g
perecentage of error in ‘l’ is 1%.
l l
Sol. Given  100  1 and t  2
l g
Take log on both sides
  l 1/ 2 
 log t  log  2  g  
   
1 l 
 log t  log 2  2 log  g 
 
 
 log  ab  log a  log b log x  n log x
n
1 a
 log t  log 2   log l  log g  log    log a  log b
2  b
t 1  l   g is a c o n s ta n t
 t  0  2  l  0 th e n ch a n g e in lo g g  0
 
t 1 l 1 1
  100    100 = 1 =
t 2 l 2 2
1
 The percentage error in time ‘t’ is
2
V2 04.Find the approximate value of cos  60º 5|  (  10=0.0174 radians)
Sol. Let f  x   cos x

º
|  5  5
x  60º and x  5   60   60  0.0174 radians
 
approximate value of cos 600 5| = f  x + Δx  f  x +f

|
 x Δx
 5 
 cos x    sin x  x   cos 60º  sin 60º    0.0174  d  cosx  = -sinx
 60  dx
1
 0.5  0.8   0.0174  0.5  0.00124  0.4987
12
IPE MATHS IB 356
V2 05.(i) If the increase in the side of a square is 4% . Then find the approximate percentage of increase in
the area of square.
(ii) If the increase in the side of a square is 2% . Then find the approximate
percentage of increase in the area of square.
Sol. Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.
x
Given  100  4
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x
A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2  100 = 2 x 4 = 8
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 8
(ii) Let the side of the square be ‘x’ units.

x
Given  100  2
x
Area of square = x2 i.e. A = x2
logA = logx2
logA = 2logx  loge xn = nloge x
A x 1
2 change in logx = Δx
A x x
A x
 100  2  100 = 2 x 2 = 4
A x
 percentage change in area of a square = 4
V2 06.If the radius of a sphere is increased from 7cm to 7.02cm then find the approximate increase in the
volume of the sphere
Sol. Given radius of sphere r  7 cm
and r  0.02cm
4 3
Volume of sphere  V  = πr
3
4 2 changeinr3 = 3r2Δr
The change in V is V   3r .r
3
2  22 
= 4  7   0.02  = 4  (49)(0.02)  12.32 cm3
7
IPE MATHS IB 357
V2 07.If y  f  x   kx n show that the approximate relative error in y is n times the relative error in x where
n and k are constants.
Sol: Given y  kx n
log y  log kx n
 log y  log k  log x n  log  ab  = loga + logb
 log y  log k  n log x log  xn  = nlogx
1 1
 y  0  n. x
y x
y x
  n.
y x
Relative error in y = n.(relative error in x)
V2 08.The diameter of sphere is measured to be 40cm. If an error of 0.02cm is made in it. Then Find ap-
proximate errors in volume and surface area of the sphere.
Sol. Given diameter of a sphere = 40cm = d
 d  0.02 cm
3
4 3 4 d d
Volume of sphere  V  = πr      Diameter of sphere is d = 2r  r =
3 3 2 2
 3
V d
6
 2  2
V  3d .d =  40   0.02  = 16 cm3
6 2
Surface area of sphere S  4 r 2
2
d
S  4     d 2
2
S   .2d .d  2  40  0.02  = 1.6 cm 2

V3 09.Find the approximate value of 3
7.8
Sol. Let f  x   3 x
x = 8 and x  0.2
approximate value of 3 7.8  f  x + Δx  f  x +f |  x Δx

-2
1 1 2 d 1
x 3
 x 3  x 
3

dx
 
3
x = x3
3
1 1 2 1 1 1
 8 3  8 3  0.2   2     0.2   2   2  0.016  1.984
3 3 4 60
IPE MATHS IB 358
V1 10.Find y and dy if y  x 2  3x  6 . When x = 10, x  0.01 .
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  3 x  6
x = 10 and x  0.01
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
2
  x  x   3  x  x   6   x 2  3 x  6   a +b2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2 xx   x   3x   2 x  x  3 x   23.01 0.01  0.2301
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d n d
 2 x  3 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0
 [2(10)  3](0.01)  (23)(0.01)  0.23
V1 11. Find y and dy if y  x 2  x , at x = 10, x  0.1
Sol. Given f  x   x 2  x
x = 10, x  0.1
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
2
  x  x    x  x     x 2  x   a +b2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
 
2
 2xx   x   x   2 x  x  1 x  = ( 21.1) (0.1)= 2.11
1
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d n d
  2 x  1 x  = (21) (0.1)= 2.1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
dx
k  = 0
1
V1 12.Find y and dy If y  when x = 8, x  0.02
x2
1
Sol. Given f  x  
x2
x = 8; x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
1 1 x 0.02
   
 x  x   2 x  2  x  x  2 x  2  10.02 10 = - 0.0001996
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
1
 2
x  d  1  = -12
 x  2 dx  x  x
IPE MATHS IB 359
0.02
 = - 0.0002
100
V1 13.Find y and dy for y  e x  x , when x = 5, x  0.02
Sol. Given f  x   e x  x
x = 5 and x  0.02
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
=  e x x  x  x    e x  x 
 e5.02  5.02   e5  5   e5  e 0.02  1  0.02
(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d x d n
  e x  1 x   e5  1  0.02  
dx
 e  =ex
dx
 x  = nxn-1
V2 14.Find y and dy if y  cos x, x  600 and x  10

Sol: Given y = f(x) = cos x , x  600 and x  10
(i) Δy = f  x + Δx  - f  x 
 cos  600  10   cos 60 0  cos  610   cos 600
 0.4848  0.5  0.0152 cos610 = 0.4848 cos600 = 0.5

(ii) dy = f |  x  .Δx
d
  sin x.x    sin 600 10    cosx  = -sinx
dx
   0.866  0.0174   0.015 10 = 0.0174c sin600 = 0.866
ROLLE’S THEOREM AND LAGRANGE’S MEAN VALUE THEOREM

V1 15. f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 prove that there is more than one ‘c’ in 1,3 such that f '  c   0
Sol: f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on 1,3
f is differentiable on 1,3
f 1  1  11  2 1  3  0
f  3   3  1 3  2  3  3  0
 f 1  f  3  0  f a   f b 
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem

IPE MATHS IB 360
f ' x    x  1 x  2    x  1 x  3   x  2  x  3
' d
 uvw  u'  vw  u v'  w   uv  w'  x  1
dx
 3 x 2  12 x  11
By Rolle's theorem , f |  c  = 0
 3c 2  12c  11  0
2
  12    12   4  311 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2  3 2a
12  144  132 12  2 3
c c
6 6
1
c  2   1,3 
3
V1 16.Find the value of c in Rolle’s theorm for the function y=f(x) = x2 + 4 on [-3,3]
Sol: f(x) = x2 + 4 as x2 + 4 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [-3,3]
f is differentiable on (-3, 3)
f(3) = (3)2 + 4 = 13 and f(-3) = (-3)2 + 4 = 13
 f  3  f  3
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem  f a  = f b 
d n
f ' ( x)  2 x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
2c = 0  c = 0  (-3, 3)
Thus Rolle’s theorm is verified.
V1 17.Find the value of ‘c’ from Rolle’s theorem for the function f  x   x 2  1 on  1,1
Sol: f is continuous on  1,1
f is differentiable on  1,1
2 2
f  1   1  1  0 and f 1  1  1  0
 f   1  f 1
d n
f '
x  2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
IPE MATHS IB 361
 2c  0
 c  0   1,1
1
V2 18.It is given that Rolle’s theorm holds for the function f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax on [1, 3]with c  2  .
3
Find the values of a and b
Sol: f(x) = x3 + bx2 + ax is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is continuous on [1, 3]
f is differentiable on 1,3
By Roll’s theorem f(a) = f(b)  f 1  f  3

2 2
 13  b 1  a 1  33  b  3  a  3
 a  4b  13  0
 a  4b  13 ....................(1)
d n
f |(x) = 3x2 + 2bx + a 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
3c2 + 2bc + a = 0
2
 1   1 
 3 2    2b  2    4b  13  0 ( From (1) )
 3  3
 1 4  2b 2
 3 4     4b   4b  13  0  a +b = a2 + 2ab +b2
 3 3 3
12 2b
 13    13  0
3 3
 b  6
From (1)  a=-4(-6)-13=111
V2 19.Verify Rolle’s theorem for function f(x) = sin x – sin 2x on [0,]
Sol: Let f(x) = sin x – sin 2x is continuous and differentible on R
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on  0, 
f  0   sin 0  sin 2  0   0
f     sin   sin 2    0
 f (0) = f()

IPE MATHS IB 362
d
f | (x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax
 cos c – 2 cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 c + 2 = 0
 4cos2 c – cos c – 2 = 0
1  1  32 1 33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
cos c   if ax2 +bx +c = 0  x =
2 4  8 2a
 c  Cos 
1 1 33
8
  0, 
Thus Rolle’s theorem is verified.
V2 20.Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function (x2 – 1) (x – 2) on [-1, 2]. Find the point in the interval where
the derivate vanishes.
Sol: f(x) = (x2 – 1) (x – 2) is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is differentiable on (-1,2)
f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
f(-1) = (-1)3 – 2(-1)2 – (-1) + 2 = -1 -2 + 1 + 2 = 0
f(2) = (2)3 – 2(2)2 – 2 + 2 = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 =0
f(-1)=f(2)
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a = f  b
d n
f |
 x   3x 2  4 x  1 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
 3c2 – 4c – 1 = 0
4  16 12 -b ± b2 - 4ac
c  if ax2 +bx+c = 0  x =
6 2a
4  28 2  7
    1, 2 
6 3
V2 21.Verify the conditions of the Lagrange’s mean value theorem for the following functions In each
case find a point c in the interval as stated by the theorem.
i) x2 – 1 on [2, 3] ii) sin x – sin 2x on [0, ] iii) log x on [1, 2]
Sol: i) f(x) = x2 – 1 is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
f is differentiable on (2,3)
IPE MATHS IB 363
d n
f | (x) = 2x 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
| f  b  - f a 
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem f  c  =
b -a
1 f  3   f  2 83 5
f c    2c   2c = 5  c    2,3
32 32 2
Thus Lagrange’s mean value theorem is verified.
ii) f(x) = sin x – sin 2x
f is continuous on [0, ]
f is differentiable on (0, )
d
f |(x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x 
dx
 sin  ax  = acos  ax
| f  b  - f a 
b -a
f    f  0 
f ' c 
 0
 cos c – 2cos 2c = 0
 cos c – 2 (2 cos2 c – 1) = 0  cos2A = 2cos 2 A -1
 cos c – 4 cos2 + 2 = 0 .
 4 cos2 c – cos c – 2 =0
1  33 -b ± b2 - 4ac
 cos c  if ax +bx +c = 0  x =
2
8 2a
1  33
 c = cos-1   0,  
8
iii) f(x) = log x
f is differentiable on 1, 2 
1 d 1
f 1  x =   logx =
x dx x
| f  b  - f a 
b -a
f  2  f 1
 f |(c) =
2 1
1 log 2  log 1
 
c 2 1
IPE MATHS IB 364
1 1
  c  log 2  log2 e
 log 2
c e
V3 22.Verify Rolle’s theroem for the function f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2 on  3, 0
Sol f  x   x  x  3 e  x / 2
f is differentiable on (-3,0)
3
f  3  3  3  3  e 2  0
f  0   0  0  3 e 0  0
 f  3  f  0
 1 
f '  x   1 x  3 e  x / 2  x 1 e  x / 2  x  x  3 e  x / 2  
 2 
d d
'
 uvw = u'  vw +u v'  w+  uv w'
dx
 x = 1
dx
 e ax  = ae ax
2
'  x / 2  2 x  6  2 x  x  3x 
 f  x   e  
 2 
2
' x/2  x  x  6 
  
f x  e  2 
 
 c2  c  6 
 ec /2  0
 2 
 c 2  c  6  0  c 2  3c  2c  6  0  c  c  3  2  c  3  0
  c  2  c  3  0
 c  3  0  c  3   3,0 
 c  2  0  c  2   3, 0 
V3 23.Show that there is no real number ‘k’ for which the equation x 2  3x  k  0 has two distinct roots in
[0, 1]
Sol: Let f  x   x 2  3x  k is polynomial which is continuous and differentiable on R
Let  ,  are two distinct roots of f  x   0 , 0      1
 f    0, f     0
IPE MATHS IB 365
f is continuous on  ,  
f is differentiable on  ,  
 f    f   
 f ( x ) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem f  a =f  b
d n
f '  x   2x  3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
3
 2c  3  0  c    ,  
2
 f(x) has two distinct roots in [0,1] for no real value of k
' f b   f  a 
V3 24.Find c so that f  c   in the following cases
ba
11 13
i) f(x) = x 2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b= ii) f(x) = ex, a = 0, b = 1
7 7
11 13
Sol: i) f(x) = x2 – 3x – 1, a = ,b=
7 7
 13  169 39 169  273  49 153

f(b) = f     1  
49
7 49 7 49
 11  121 33 121  231  49 303

f a   f    1  
 7  49 7 49 49
d n
f | (x) = 2x – 3 
dx
 x  = nxn-1
f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
153 303

49 49  456/49 19
 2c – 3 = 13 11 24/7 =
 7
7 7
19 2 2 1
 2c = 3 = c =
7 7 7 7
x
ii) f(x) = e , a = 0, b = 1
f(b) = f(1) = e1 = e
f(a) = f(0) = e0 = 1
d x
f(x) = ex  f | (x) = ex

dx
 e  =ex
IPE MATHS IB 366
f  b  - f a 
f | c  =
b -a
e 1
ec   ec  e  1  c  loge e 1
1 0

V1 25.State Rolle’s theorem
Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b 
(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b 
(iii) f  a   f  b  then there exists at least one c   a, b  such that f '  c   0
V1 26.State Lagrange’s theorem

Sol: If f :  a, b   R be a function satisfying the following conditions
(i) f is continuous on  a, b 
(ii) f is differentiable on  a, b  then there exists atleast one c   a, b 
| f b   f  a 
such that f  c   .
ba
IPE MATHS IB 367
RATE MEASURE
KEY POINTS:
1. Rectilinear motion: Let a particle move along a straight line OX, started from a fixed point ‘O’. After ‘t’ units
ds
of time, the particle be a P and OP  s, then is called velocity, denoted by ‘v’. The rate of change of
dt
velocity is called acceleration, denoted by ‘a’ (or) ‘f’
 ds   d2s 
i.e., (i) Velocity v   dt  (ii) Acceleration a   2 
at t  dt at t

V1 01.A particle is moving in a straight line so that after t seconds its distance is s(in cms) from a fixed
point on the line is given by s  f (t )  8t  t 3 . find
(i) the velocity at time t=2sec (ii)the initial velocity (iii) acceleration at t = 2sec.
Sol: Given S  8t  t 3
ds d
Velocity  V  =  8  3t 2 ------------(1)   xn   nxn1 (1M)
dt dx
2
(i) Vt  2  8  3  2   20 cm / sec (1M)
(ii) initial Velocity is Vt 0  8  3(0) 2  8cm / sec for initial Velocity,t=0 (1M)
d 2s dV dV
(iii) Accleration is a = =  6t accleration  a 
dt 2 dt dt
2
 a t  2  6  2   12 cm / sec (1M)
V1 02.The distance -time formula for the motion of a particle along a straight line is given
S  t 3  9t 2  24t  18 . Find when and where the velocity is zero.
Sol Given S  t 3  9t 2  24t  18
dS d
Velocity  V  =
dt
 3t 2  18t  24  xn  nxn1
dx
 
Now v = 0
 t 2  6t  8  0  t 2  4t  2t  8  0
 t t  4  2 t  4  0   t  2  t  4   0  t  2, 4 (2M)
S t  2  23  9  2 2   24  2   18  2units (1M)
S t  4  43  9  4 2   24  4   18  2units (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 368
V1 03.A point P is moving on the curve y  2 x 2 .The x co-ordinate of P is increasing at the rate of 4 units per
second. Find the rate at which the y co-ordinate is increasing when the point is at (2,8).
dx
Sol: Given y  2 x 2 ,  4 units / sec (1M)
dt
dy  dx  d n dx
dt
 4x  
 dt 

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
 dy 
  dt   4(2)(4)  32unit / sec (2M)
 (2,8)
V1 04.A container in the shape of an inverted cone has height 12cm and radius 6cm at the top.if it is filled
with water at the rate of 12cm3 / sec ,what is the rate of change in the height of water level when the
tank is filled 8cm?
Sol Let r, h, V are radius,height, volume of cone at time t.
Let AC  h; CD  r
dv
Given OB  6; OA  12;  12cm3 / sec
dt
O B
C D
From figure the triangles AOB and ACD are similar   A O B   A C D 

OB OA 6 12 h
    r  (2M)
CD CA r h 2
2
1 1  h  h3
Volume of cone  V  = πr 2h     h 
3 3  2 12
dV  dh  2 dh d n dx
  3h 2 
dt 12 dt
 12   3h 
12 dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dh 48
  (1M)
dt  h 2
dh 48 dh 3
When h  8 ,  2   cm / sec (1M)
dt  (8) dt 4
V1 05.The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 9 cubic centimeters per second. How fast is the sur-
face area increasing when the length of the edge is 10 centimetres?
Sol: Let x, S,V are side, surface area, volume of cube at time ‘t’
dV
Given  9cm3 / sec , x=10cm (1M)
dt
Volum e of cube  V   x 3
IPE MATHS IB 369
dV dx d n dx
dt
 3x2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dx dx 3
 9  3x 2   ................(1) (1M)
dt dt x 2
Also surface area of cube  S   6 x 2
dS dx d n dx
dt
 12 x
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
 3  36
 12 x  2   (from (1)) (1M)
x  x
dS 36
when x  10cm ,   3.6cm 2 / sec (1M)
dt 10
V1 06. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 8 cm3 / sec . How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 12cm .
Sol: Let x, S,V are side, surface area, volume of cube at time ‘t’
dV
Given  8cm3 / sec , x=12cm (1M)
dt
The volume of the cube is V   x 3
dV dx d n dx
dt
 3x 2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
dx dx 8
 8  3x 2   2 ................(1) (1M)
dt dt 3x
Also surface area of cube  S   6 x 2
dS dx d n dx
dt
 12 x
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
ds  8 

dt
 12 x  2   from 1 
 3x 
ds 32
  (1M)
dt x
ds 32
When x  12cm ,   2.666 cm 2 / sec (1M)
dt 12
V1 07. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and ripples move in circles at the speed of 5cm/sec.At the instant when the
radius of circular ripple is 8cm, how fast is the enclosed area increases?
Sol: Let r,A are radius, area of circle at time t.
dr
Given  5cm / sec, r  8cm (1M)
dt
area of circle  A    r 2 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 370
dA dr d n dx

dt
   2r 
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
dA
When r  8   2 (8)(5)  80 cm2 / sec (1M)
dt
V1 08.A balloon,which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900cubic centi-
meters of gas per second.Find the rate at which the radius of balloon increases when the radius is
15cm.
Sol: Let r,V are radius , volume of sphere at time t.
dV
Given  900cm3 / sec, r  15cm (1M)
dt
4 3
Volume of sphere V   r (1M)
3
dV 4 dr d n dx
    3r 2 
dt 3 dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
4 2 dr dr 1
When r  15cm , 900  .  315   cm / sec (1M)
3 dt dt 
V2 09.Suppose we have a rectangular acuarium with dimensions of length 8m,width 4m and height
3m.Suppose we are filling the tank with water at the rate of 0.4m3 / sec . How fast is the height of
water changing when the water level is 2.5m?
Sol Let l,b,h,V are length,breadth , height , volume of rectangular aquarium at time t.
dV
Given l  8m, b  4m.h  3m ,  0.4m3 / sec (1M)
dt
Volume of rectangular box V   lbh (1M)
dV dh
  lb (1M)
dt dt
dh dh 1
 0.4   8  4   m / sec (1M)
dt dt 80
V2 10.The total cost C(x) in rupees associated with production of x units of an item is given
by C ( x)  0.005x3  0.02 x 2  30 x  500 .Find the marginal cost when 3 units are produced.
Sol Given C  x   0.005x3  0.02 x2  30 x  500
Let M be the marginal cost
d  C  x 
M  marginal cost  m   rate of change of total cos t (1M)
dx
d n
 
 0.015 x 2  0.04 x  30 dx x  nx
n1
(2M)
2
 M x  3  0.015  3   0.04  3   30  30.015 (1M)
IPE MATHS IB 371
V3 11. Find the average rate of change of s = f(t) = 2t2 + 3 between t = 2 and t = 4.
Sol: Given s = f(t) = 2t2 + 3
2
f  4   2  4   3  35
2 (2M)
f  2   2  2   3  11
f  4  f  2 average rate of change of s = f  t2   f  t1 

average rate of change of s  t2  t1
42
35  11
=  12 (2M)
2
V3 12.The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7cm/sec.What is the rate of increase of its circum-
ference.
Sol: Let r,S are radius , surface area of circle at time t.
dr
Given  0.7cm / sec (1M)
dt
circumference of circle  S  =2 r (1M)
ds dr
  2  2  0.7   1.4 cm / sec (2M)
dt dt
V3 13.The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of 1/2 cm/sec.At what rate is the volume of the
bubble increasing when the radius is 1cm?
Sol: Let r,V are radius ,volume of sphere at time t
dr 1
Given  cm / sec, r  1cm (1M)
dt 2
4 3
Volume of sphere V   r (1M)
3
dv dr d n dx

dt
 4 r 2
dt

dt
 x   nxn1
dt
(1M)
dV 2 1 dV
When r  1 ,  4 1     2 cm 3 /sec (1M)
dt 2
  dt
IPE MATHS IB 372
TANGENT AND NORMALS

KEY POINTS:
1. Let y  f  x  be a curve and P be a point on the curve then the slope of tangent to the curve y  f  x  at P is
 dy 
 
 dx P
 dy 
2. If m   dx  then
 P
i) The equation of the tangent at P  x1, y1  to the curve y  f  x  is y  y1  m  x  x1 
1
ii) The equation of the normal at P  x1, y1  to the curve y  f  x  is y  y1   x  x1 
m
 dy
3. Let P  x1, y1  be a point on the curve y  f  x  and let m   dx  then
 P
y1 1  m2
i) The length of the tangent to the curve at P is m
2
ii) The length of the normal to the curve at P is y1 1  m
y1
iii) The length of sub tangent to the curve at P is
m
iv) The length of subnormal to the curve at P is y1m

V1 01.If the tangent at any point P on the curve x m y n  a m n  mn  0  meets the coordinate axes in A and
B then show that AP : BP is a constant.
Sol. Given equation is xm . yn  amn
Differentiating w.r.t.’x’
dy n m1 d dy d n
xm .nyn1
dx
 y .mx
. 0 
dx
 y n   ny n1
dx
 u.v   uv|  vu|  x  nx
|
dx
n1
m n 1 dy m 1 n dy  m.x m 1 . y n my
 x .n. y  m.x . y   m n 1
 (2M)
dx dx n.x . y nx
my1  dy 
Slope of the tangent at P  x1 , y1    nx (=m) slope  m   
1  dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 373
Equation of the tangent at P is y  y1  m  x  x1 
my1
 y  y1    x  x1  (1M)
nx1
 nx1 y  nx1 y1  my1 x  mx1 y1
 m y 1 x  n x1 y   m  n  x1 y1
my1 x nx1 y x y
  1   1 .......1
.x1 
 m  n x1 y1  m  n x1 y1 mn m  n  y1 (1M)
m n
Since (1) meets the coordinates at A and B
 m n   m n 
A   x1,0 B   0, y1  If the line x  y  1 meets theco-ordinate axes then A   a,0 , B   0, b (1M)
 m   n  a b
m n  p  x, y  devides the line joining points

Let P divides AB in the ratio x  x : x  0
m
1 1 1
A  x1 ,y1  & B  x2 ,y 2  intheratio x1  x : x  x2
mn mnm n
=  1:1 = :1 = :1 = n:m
m m m
 P divides AB in the ratio  n : m is constant (2M)
2 2 2
V1 02.If the tangent at any point on the curve x 3  y 3  a 3 intersects the coordinate axes in A and B,
then show that the length AB is a constant.
Sol. Given curve is x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3  1
(1M)
Let P  a cos3  , a sin 3   is a point on the curve.

Diff equation (1) w.r.to x on both sides
2 2
2 3 1 2 3  1 dy d d dy
.x  y 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
3 3 dx dx dx dx
1 / 3 1/ 3
2  13 dy 2  31 dy  x y
 y   x   1 / 3  1 / 3 (2M)
3 dx 3 dx y x
1/ 3
 dy 
 
 a sin 3     sin    dy 
slope  m   
  1/3 slope of tangent
 dx  at P  a cos3   cos   dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 374
Equation of tangent at P is y  y1  m  x  x1  (1M)
sin 
 y  a sin3   
cos 
 x  a cos3    y cos   a sin 3  cos    x sin   a sin  cos3 
2 2
 x sin  y cos  a sin cos3   a sin3  cos  xsin  y cos  asin cos cos   sin  
 x sin  y cos  a sin  cos sin2   cos2   1

x sin  y cos  a sin  cos 
  
a sin  cos  a sin  cos  a sin  cos 
x y
   1   2 (2M)
a cos a sin
The tangent meets the co-ordinate axes at A and B then A   a cos  , 0  and B  0 , a sin  
x y
 If the line   1 meets theco  ordinate axes then A   a,0 , B   0, b
a b
2 2 2 2
Now AB   acos  0   0  asin   AB   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
  a cos    a sin    a 2 cos2   a 2 sin2 
AB  a 2  cos 2   sin 2    a 2 1  a is a constant. sin2   cos2   1

 The length of AB is a constant. (2M)
2
V1 03.Show that the curves y  4  x  1  and y  36  9  x  intersect orthogonally..
2
Sol. Given equation are y 2  4  x  1  1 ; y 2  36  9  x    2 

Solving (1) & (2)
4  x 1  36 9  x  x 1  9  9  x   x  1  81  9 x  10 x  80  x  8
Sub. ' x ' in (1) y  4  8  1  y  36  y  6

2 2
(2M)
 The points of intersection of two curves are P  8, 6  , Q  8, 6 
from (1), y 2  4  x  1
dy dy 2 d n dy
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’, 2 y . dx  4  dx  y 
dx
 y   nyn1
dx
2 1  dy 
Slopes of the tangent at P    m1 slope  m   
6 3  dx at p (2M)
y 2  36  9  x 
dy dy  18 d dy
Diff. w.r.to ‘x’ 2 y. dx   36  dx  y 
dx
 y n   ny n1
dx
IPE MATHS IB 375
18  dy 
Slope of the tangent at P   3  m2 slope  m    (2M)
6  dx at p
1 When m1 .m 2   1
m1m2   3   1 given two lines are perpendicular
3
 (1) & (2) curves intersect orthogonally at P..
Similarly we can prove (1) & (2) intersect orthogonally at Q. (1M)
V1 04.Find the angle between the curves y 2  4 x and x 2  y 2  5
Sol. Given equations are y 2  4 x  1 ; x 2  y 2  5   2 
Solving (1) & (2) x 2  4 x  5  x 2  4 x  5  0
2
 x  5x  x 5  0  x x  5 1 x  5  0
  x  5 x 1  0  x  1 or  5
y 2  4 x ; x  1  y 2  4  y  2 (2M)
x  5 then y 2   2 0 which is false.

Let P  (1, 2), Q  (1, 2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x
dy dy 4 2 d
2 y. 4     xn  nxn1
dx dx 2 y y dx
2  dy 
slope of tangent at P , m1  1 slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x
dy dy x d
2x  2 y 0   xn  nxn1
dx dx y dx
1  dy 
slope of tangent at P, m 2  slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
m1  m2
Let  be the req. angle between the curves with slopes m1, m2 then tan  
1  m1m2
1 3
1
 tan   2  2 3    tan  1  3  (1M)
1 1
1
2 2
 dy 
At Q, m1 
2
 1 slope  m   
2  dx at p
IPE MATHS IB 376
1 1
m2   (1M)
2 2
m1  m2
1  m1m2
 1  1/ 2    tan 1  3  (1M)
 tan   3
11/ 2
V1 05. Find the angle between the curves 2y2 – 9x = 0, 3x2 + 4y = 0 (in the 4th quadrant).
Sol: 2y2 – 9x = 0 ……..(1) , 3x2 + 4y = 0 ……… (2)
2y 2
From (1): x  sub In (2)
9
 4y 4   y3  y3
 
 3  81  + 4y = 0  4y   1   0  y  0    1
or
   27  27
 y  0 or  y  3 (2M)
2y 2
Sub in x 
9
2 2
 x  0  or  x   3  x  0 or  x  2 (1M)
9
P (2, 3)  Q4
From (1):  2y 2  9x
Diff. w.r to x
dy d dy d
 2  2y 
dx
 9 1 
dx
 y n   ny n1
dx
  x  1
dx
dy 9
 
dx 4y
at P(2, -3)
9 3  dy 
 m1   slope  m    (1M)
4  3  4  dx at p
From (2)  4y  3x 2

Diff. w.r to x
dy d
 4.  3  2x   xn  nxn1
dx dx
dy  3 x
 
dx 2
at P(2, -3)
IPE MATHS IB 377
3  dy 
 m2  2   3 slope  m    (1M)
2  dx at p
m1  m2
1  m1m2
3
3
 4
9 9 (2M)
 tan 
9
    tan1  
1 13  13 
4
V1 06.At any point ‘t’ on the curve x = a (t + sin t), y = a (1 – cos t), find the lengths of tangent, normal,
subtangent and subnormal.
Sol. Given x  a  t  sin t   1 and y  a 1  cos t    2
Diff (1), (2) w.r.to t on both sides
dx dy d d
 a 1  cos t  ,  a     sin t     sin x   cos x   cos x   sin x
dt dt dx dx
dx t t dy  
  a 2 cos 2  2a cos 2 ,  a sin t 1  cos  2cos2  
dt 2 2 dt  2
t t
2sin cos
dy dy / dt a sin t 2 2  tan t
m    2  sin
dx dx / dt a 1  cos t  2 t  2 1  cos  2cos  2   tan (2M)
2cos     cos
 2
y 1+m2
Now, Length of the tangent 
m
t t
t2 a  2 sin 2  sec
a 1  cos t  1  tan 2 2
 2  t    sin
t sin 1  cos  2sin2     tan
tan 2  2  cos
2 t
cos
2
t t
2a sin sec
 2 2 t
t  2a sin (2M)
sec 2
2
Length of the normal  y 1  m 2

IPE MATHS IB 378
t
 a 1  cos t  1  tan 2
2
t t t sin t / 2 1
 1  tan 2   sec  sec 
2
= a  2sin sec  2a sin .
2 2 2 cos t / 2 cos
t t sin
Length of the normal  2a sin .tan   tan (1M)
2 2 cos
y a 1  cos t 
Length of the sub tangent = 
m t
tan
2
 t
a  2 sin 2 
 2
t    sin
= sin 1  cos  2sin2     tan
2  2  cos
t
cos
2
t t t
 2a sin cos  a sin 2    a sin t  sin 2  2 sin  cos  (1M)
2 2  2
Length of the sub normal = ym
t 2 t sin t / 2 sin 2  
= a 1  cos t  tan 2  a  2sin    tan 1  cos  2sin  
2 cos t / 2 cos  2
t t
 2a sin 3 .sec (1M)
2 2
V1 07.At a point  x1 , y1  on the curve x 3  y 3  3axy show that the tangent is
x1
2
  2

 ay1 x  y1  ax1 y  ax1 y1
Sol: Let p  x1 , y1  be any point on the curve

Given equation x 3  y 3  3axy ................(1)
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’
dy  dy  d d dy
3x2  3 y 2
dx
 3a  x  y   x n  nxn1
 dx  dx dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
|
 u.v   uv |  vu|
dy dy
x2  y2  ax  ay
dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 379
dy dy
 y2  ax  ay  x 2
dx dx
dy
  y 2  ax    ay  x 2 
dx
dy  ay  x 
2
  2 (2M)
dx  y  ax 
 dy 
 slope of the tangent  m =  
ay1  x1
 2
 2

(1M)
 dx at x1 ,y1  y1  ax1  
y-y 
 ay  x   x  x  Equation the tangent at p  x , y 
1 1
2
1 1
Equation of tangent 1
with slope m is y  y  m  x  x  1 (1M)
 y  ax  1
2
1
1 1
  y-y   y  ax    ay  x   x  x 
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3
 yy1  ayx1  y1  ax1 y1  axy1  ax1 y1  xx1  x1
2 2 3 3
 yy1  ayx1  axy1  xx1  x1  y1  ax1 y1  ax1 y1
 2
  2

 y y1  ax1  x x1  ay1  3ax1 y1  2ax1 y1  from (1) 
 yy  ax   x  x  ay   ax y
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 (3M)
V1 08.Find the value of K so that the length of the sub-normal at any point on the curve xy k  a k 1 is a
constant.
Sol : Let p  x1 , y1  be any point on the curve
Given equation xy k  a k 1 . . . . . .. . . . (1)
dy d n n1 dy
  u v   u v |  vu |   y   ny
|
xky k 1  y k 1  0
dx dx dx
dy  yk  yy k 1  y
    (2M)
dx xky k 1 xky k 1 xk
 dy  y
Slope of the tangent  m      1 (1M)
 dx at p x1k
T h e len gth of th e su b n orm al  y 1 . m
 y1  y1
 y1.
x1k
 y1.
a k 1
 from 1 
k. k
y1
2 k k 2
y1 . y1 y
 k 1
 1 k 1 (2M)
k .a k .a
IPE MATHS IB 380
Length of subnormal is constant at any point on the curve if it is independent of x1 & y1
 k  2  0  k  2 (2M)
V1 09.(i) Define angle between two curves

(ii)Find the angle between the curves xy = 2, and x2 + 4y = 0
Sol : ( i ) Angle between two curves is defined as the angle between the tangents drawn at the point of
intersection of two curves.
(ii )xy = 2………..(1) ,x2 + 4y= 0 ………. (2)
x 2
From (2) y =
4
 x 2  3
But xy = 2  x  4  = 2  x3 = -8  x3   2   x = -2
 
x 2 4
y     1
4 4
P = (-2, -1) (2M)
2
xy = 2  y =
x
dy 2 d  1  1
 2    2
dx x dx  x  x
 dy  2 1  dy 
Slope of equation (1) is m1     slope  m    (2M)
  dx at p
 dx  p 4 2
x2
from equation (2) x2 + 4y = 0  y = 
4
dy 2x x d
   xn  nxn1
dx 4 2 dx
 dy  2
Slope of equation (2) m2     1 (2M)
 dx  p 2
m1  m 2
Let  be the angle between the given curves with slopes m1 and m2 then tan  
1  m1m 2
1
 1
 tan  2 3    tan1 3 (1M)
 1
1   1
2
V2 10.Find the angle between the curves y 2  8 x, 4 x 2  y 2  32
Sol. Given equations of the curves are y 2  8 x , 4 x 2  y 2  32
IPE MATHS IB 381
solving above equations
4 x 2  8 x  32  4 x 2  8 x  32  0  x2  2 x  8  0
 x2  4x  2x  8  0  x  x  4  2  x  4  0
  x  4  x  2   0
x = -4 and x = 2
If x = -4, y 2  8  4  32, not possible
If x  2 , y2  8 2  16
y  4 (2M)
points of intersection of the curves are P   2, 4  Q   2, 4 
y2  8x ; 4 x 2  y 2  32
diff w.r.to x ; diff w.r.to x
dy dy d d dy
2y 8 ; 8x  2 y 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
dx dx dx dx dx
dy 4 dy 8 x 4 x
 ;  
dx y dx 2 y y
 dy  4  dy  4. 2  dy 
m1      1 ; m2      2 slope  m    (4M)
 dx P 4  dx P 4  dx at p
m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
1 2
 tan  3    tan1  3 (1M)
1 2
1 1
V2 11. Show that the curves 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0 and 4x2 + 8y2 = 3 touch each other at  , 
2 2
2 2 2
Sol: Given curves 6x – 5x + 2y = 0 ----------- (1) and 4x + 8y = 3-----------(2)
from (1) 6x2 – 5x + 2y = 0  2y = 5x – 6x2
differentiate w.r.to x
dy dy 5  12x d
2.  5  12x    xn  nxn1
dx dx 2 dx
1
5  12    dy 
 2   5  6  1 slope  m   dx  (3M)
1 1
Slope of equation (1) at p  2 , 2  m   at p
  1
2 2 2
from (2) 4x2 + 8y2 = 3
dy d d dy
8x + 16y. 0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n1
dx dx dx dx
IPE MATHS IB 382
dy
 16y .  8 x  dy   8 x   x
dx dx 16y 2y
1

 11 11  2  1  dy 
At P  ,   m 2 
p ,
Slope of equation (2) at  2 2  1 2 slope  m   dx  (3M)
 2 2 2  at p
2
 m1  m2 If m1  m2 thenthe twolines toucheachother
  1 1
 The given curves touch each other at P  2 , 2  (1M)
1 1 1
V2 12.Show that the equation of tangent at the point  x1 , y1  on the curve x  y  a is xx1 2  yy1 2
a 2
Sol. Given equation is x  y  a
d
1 1
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ 2 x  2 y . dx  0
dy

dx
 x   2 1x
1 dy 1 dy y
    (2M)
2 y dx 2 x dx x
y1  dy 
m= slope at P  x1 , y1    slope  m    (1M)
x1  dx at p
y1 Theequation of the tangent at P  x1 , y1 

Equation of the tangent at P is y  y1    x  x1  (1M)
x1 with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 x1  y  y1    y1  x  x1 
 y x1  y1 x1   y1 x  y1 x1
 x y1  y x1  x1 y1  y1 x1  x1 y1 x1  y1 (2M)
 x y1  y x1  x1 x1 y1  y1 y1 x1
 x y1  y x1  x1 y1  x1  y1 
x y1 y x1 x y
   x1  y1    a
x1 . y1 x1 . y1 x1 y1
 x.x11/ 2  y. y11/ 2  a1/ 2 (1M)

V2 13.Find the lengths of sub tangent,sub normal at a point t on the curve
x  a  cos t  t sin t  , y  a  sin t  t cos t 
Sol : Given Equation of the curves are x  a  cos t  t sin t  .. . . . . .. .(1)
y  a  sin t  t cos t  . . . . . . . . (2)

Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘t’
IPE MATHS IB 383
dx d d
 a   sin t   t cos t  sin t    sin x   cos x  u.v 
|
 uv|  vu|  cos x    sin x
dt dx dx
 at cos t (1M)
Differentiating equation (2) w.r to ‘t’
dy d d
 a  cos t   t   sin t   cos t 1     sin x   cos x  u.v 
|
 uv|  vu|  cos x    sin x
dt dx dx
 a cos t  at sin t  a cos t  at sin t (1M)
dy dy / dt at sin t
    tan t   m  (1M)
dx dx / dt at cos t
y1 a  sin t - t cos t 
Length of sub tangent = 
m tant
1
 a cot t  sin t  t cos t  cot  (2M)
tan
Length of subnormal = y 1 m  a  sin t  t cos t  tan t
 a tan t  sin t  t cos t  (2M)
V2 14.Find the angle between the curves x 2 y  4, y  x 2  4   8 .
Sol : Given curves x 2 y  4 ..... .. .... .(1), y  x 2  4   8 ...........(2)
2 4
from (1) x 
y
substitute x 2 in equation ( 2 )
4 
y.   4   8
y 
4   4  4y 
y.   4   8  y  8
y   y 
 4y  8 4  4  y 1
4 4
x2   4  x  2 (2M)
y 1
Points of intersection are P  2,1 , Q  2,1
2 4
From (1)  x y  4  y 
x2
dy 2 8 d  1  2
  4. 3  3   2  3
dx x x dx  x  x
IPE MATHS IB 384
 dy  8  dy 
Slope m1      1 slope  m    (2M)
 dx  2,1 8  dx at p
From (2) y  x 2  4   8
dy d
y  2 x  0   x2  4  0  xn  nxn1  uv |  uv|  vu|
dx dx
dy
  x2  4   2 xy
dx
dy 2 xy
  2
dx  x  4 
 dy  2  2 1 1  dy 
slope m2     2  slope  m    (2M)
 dx  at P  2  4  2  dx at p
m1  m 2
1  m1m 2
1 
 1    1 
1
 tan    2  2 1
 1  1 3
1   1   1
 2 2
1
  tan 1   (1M)
3
V2 15.Show that the condition for the orthogonality of the curves ax 2  by 2  1 and a1 x 2  b1 y 2  1 is
1 1 1 1
  
a b a1 b1 .
Sol. Given equations are ax 2  by 2  1  1 ; a1 x 2  b1 y 2  1   2 
Let assume that (1) & (2) intersect at P  x1 , y1 

ax12  by12  1  0   3  ; a1 x12  b1 y12  1  0   4 
Solving (3) & (4)
x 12 y 12 1
b 1 a b
b1 1 a1 b1
x12 y12 1 b b 2 a a a1 a1 x12 b b

   x12  1 , y1   2
 1   5  (2M)
b  b1  a1  a ab1  a1b ab1  a1b 1 1 ab
abab 1 a1b y1 a  a1
IPE MATHS IB 385
dy d d n dy d
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. ‘x’ 2ax  2by.
dx
0  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 y   nyn1
dx dx
 k 0
dy ax
 
dx by
 dy  ax1  dy 
Slope equation (1) m1   dx    by slope  m    (1M)
 p 1  dx at p
dy d d dy d
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. ‘x’ 2 a1 x  2 b1 y .
dx
 0  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 
y n  ny n1
dx dx
 k 0
dy ax
  1
dx b1 y
 dy  a1 x1
Sloep of equation (2) m2   dx    b y (1M)
 P 1 1
Since (1) & (2) intersect orthogonally

We know that the two lines are int er sec t orthogonally if m1m2  1
ax1  a1 x1 aa1 x12 x12 bb

  .  1  2
 1  2   1   6  (1M)
by1 b1 y1 bb1 y1 y1 aa1
b1  b bb1 b1  b a1  a
From (5) & (6) a  a   aa  bb  aa
1 1 1 1
b1 b a a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
   1          (1M)
bb1 bb1 aa1 aa1 b b1 a a1 a b a1 b1
3
V3 16.If the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x log x and a point on it is , then find the equations
2
of tangent and normal at that point.
Sol: y = x log x...................(1)
dy d d
 x  log x   log x  x 
dx dx dx
dy 1 d 1 d
 x.  log x.1  1  log x   u . v |  u v |  v u |  log x  dx  x  = 1 (1M)
dx x dx x
3 1 logb a  m  a  bm
Given 1  log x   loge x =  x = e1/2 = e
2 2
1
1 e
 y = e . log e = e log e 2
 e log e = (from(1) )  log e  1
2 2
 e

P=  e ,  (2M)
 2 
IPE MATHS IB 386
Equation of the tangent is y  y1  m  x  x1 
e 3 2 y  e 3x  3 e
y
2

2
x e   
2

2
 2 y  e  3x  3 e  3x – 2y - 2 e = 0 (2M)
1
Equation of the normal is y  y1   x  x1 
m
e 2 2 y  e 2 x  2 e
 y
2
 x e
3
  
2

3
 6 y  3 e  4x  4 e  4x + 6y – 7 e = 0 (2M)
V3 17.Show that the square of the length of subtangent at any point on the curve by2 = (x + a)3 (b  0)
varies with the length of the subnormal at that point.
Sol: Given equation by2 = (x + a)3
Diff w.r.t x
dy 2 d d
2by  3x  a  xn  nxn1 , k  0
dx dx dx
2
dy 3  x  a 
  (=m) (1M)
dx 2by
2
we know that, Length of the sub normal = ym  y.3

x  a  (2M)
2by
y 2by 2by 2
Length of the sub tangent =  y  (2M)
m 2 3 x a 2
3 x  a 
4b 2y 4
2 3 4 3 4
 L.S .T  9 x a 4
  8b y 
8b y
8b
  2 
L .S .N 3 x a 2 27  x  a 
6
27 by
2
  27
2b

 L.S .T   cons tan t
L.S .N
(L.S.T)2  L.S.N (2M)
V3 18.Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = 3x2 – x3, where it meet the X – axis.
Sol: y = 3x2 – x3
Equation of x – axis is y = 0
point of intersection of the curve and x-axis
3x2 – x3 = 0  x2 (3 – x) = 0  x = 0 , x = 3
The curve crosses x-axis O (0,0) and A(3,0) (2M)
2 3
y = 3x – x
IPE MATHS IB 387
dy d
 6x  3x 2  xn  nxn1
dx dx
dy 
At O(0,0), slope of the tangent (m)    = 6  0   3  0 2  0 (2M)
 dx  0,0
Equation of the tangent at  x1 , y1  with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 

 y - 0 = 0 (x – 0)  y=0
 dy   dy 
At A(3,0), Slope of the tangent (m)   slope  m   
  dx at p
 dx  3,0
=6(3) – 3(32)= 18 –27= - 9 (2M)
Equation of the tangent at  x1 , y1  with slope m is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y - 0 = -9(x – 3)
 y = -9x + 27  9x + y = 27 (1M)

V1 19. Show that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve y2 = 4ax is a constant.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y2 = 4ax
Differentiating w.r. to x
dy d dy d
2y
dx
 4a 
dx
 y n    ny n1 
dx
  kx   k
dx
dy 4a 2a
   (1M)
dx 2 y y
 dy  2a
Slope of the tangent is m =    (1M)
 dx  p  x,y  y
2 a = 2a = constant.
 Length of the sub-normal = y m  y . (2M)
y
V1 20. Show that the length of the sub tangent at any point on the curve y = ax (a > 0) is a constant.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = ax
Differentiating w.r.to. x
dy d x
 a x log a  y.log a   a   a x log a (1M)
dx dx
 dy 
Slope of the tangent is m =    y log a (1M)
 dx p x,y
y y 1
 Length of the sub-tangent  m  y log a  log a =constant. (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 388
a  ax ax 
V1 21.Find the lengths of normal and sub normal at a point on the curve y  e  e 
2 
Sol : Given equation of the curves is
x x
a   x e x  e x
y   ea  e a   a cosh   cosh x 
2  a 2
dy  x 1  x d d
 a.sinh   .  sinh     cosh x  sinh x  ( x )  1 (1M)
dx a a a dx dx
 dy  x
slope of tangent at any point m =    sinh  
 dx p x,y  a
2   x
2  x
 Length of normal = y 1+ m  a cosh  a  1  sinh  a 
 x x x
 a cosh   cosh 2  a cosh 2   1  sinh2 x  cosh2 x (2M)
a a a
   x x
Length of sub normal = ym  a cosh  a  .sinh  a  (1M)
   
V1 22. Find the equations of tangent & normal to the curve y  x 2  4 x  2 at (4, 2)
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x 2  4 x  2

dy d d d
 2x  4  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
slope of the tangent = 2(4)-4 = 4 (=m)  slope  m    dx  (1M)
at p
 Equation of the tangent passing through

Equation of the tangnet at P is y - 2 = 4 (x - 4)  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
y-2 = 4x - 16  4x - y - 14 = 0 (2M)
1 1
Slope of the normal =  
m 4
The equation of the normal through  x1 , y1 

1
Equation of the normal at P is y  2   x  4 with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
4 1
m
1
 4y - 8 = -x + 4  x + 4y - 12 = 0 (1M)
x/a
V1 23. Show that at any point (x, y) on the curve y = be , the length of the sub tangent is a constant and
the length of the sub normal is y 2 / a
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = bex/a
IPE MATHS IB 389
dy 1 y d x d
 b.e x / a .    
e  ex   kx   k (1M)
dx a a dx dx
dy y
Slope of tangent at point m =    (1M)
 dx p x,y  a
y y
 Length of the sub-tangent  m   y   a  constant (1M)
 
a
y y2
Length of sub normal = ym  y.  (1M)
a a
V1 24. Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve xy = 10 at (2, 5)
Sol: Equation of the curve is xy = 10
10
xy=10  y 
x
dy 10 d  1  1
   
dx x2 dx  x  x 2
 dy  10 5
slope of tangent at point m =     (1M)
 dx p x,y  4 2
5  Equation of the tangent passing through

Equation of the tangent is y  5    x  2  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
2
 2y-10= -5x+10  5x + 2y - 20 = 0 (2M)
2
Equation of the normal is y  5  ( x  2) 1
5 with slope m is y  y1   x  x1 
m
 5y - 25 = 2x - 4  2x - 5y + 21 = 0 (1M)
4
V1 25. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = 5x at the point (1, 5)
Sol: Given point is p(1, 5) and
y = 5x4
dy d
 20 x 3  xn  nxn1
dx dx
 dy  5
slope of tangent at point m =   = 2 0 1  = 2 0 (1M)
 dx p1,5 

Equation of the tangent at p(1,5) is y - 5 = 20 (x - 1)  x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
1 1 1 1
IPE MATHS IB 390
y-5= 20x - 20  20x -y-15=0 (1M)
1 1
Slope of the normal to the curve at (1, 5) is  m   20

1
Equation of the normal of p(1, 5) is y-5 =  (x-1) with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
20 1
m
1
 20y - 100 = -x + 1  x + 20y = 101 (2M)

V1 26.Show that the tangent at any point  on the curve x  C sec  , y  C tan  is
y sin   x  C cos 
Sol: Given curves are x  C sec .........(1), y  C tan  ...............(2)
The point of intersection of the curves is P  x, y    C sec  , C tan   (1M)
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘ ’
dx d
 c sec  tan    sec   sec tan
d dx
Differentiating equation (2) w.r to ‘ ’
dy d
 c sec 2    tan   sec2 
d dx
dy 1
2
dy c sec  sec cos 1
  d     sin 1
dx dx c sec tan tan sin sin (=m) cos  tan sec  cos (1M)
d cos
 Equation of the tangent is y  c tan   x  c sec   x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
sin 1 1 1 1
 y sin   c sin  tan   x  c sec 

 y sin   x  c sec   c sin  tan 
 y sin   x  c (sec   sin  tan  )
sin   1
 1
 y sin   x  c   sin  sec 
 cos
 cos cos  
 1  sin 2   sin
 y sin   x  c  tan 
 cos
 cos  
 cos2  
 y sin   x  c   1  sin2   cos2 
 cos  
 y sin   x  c cos  (2M)
2 2
V1 27.Find the angle between the curves x  y  2  0 , x  y  10 y  0
Sol: Given equation of the curvers are x  y  2  0 --------(1), x 2  y 2  10 y  0 -------(2)
From (1) , x    y  2 
2
put x value in equation (2), we get  y  2   y 2  10 y  0
2
y 2  4 y  4  y 2  10 y  0   a  b   a 2  2ab  b 2
IPE MATHS IB 391
 2 y2  6 y  4  0  y2  3 y  2  0   y  1 y  2   0
 y  1 or  y  2
If y  1  x  3
If y  2  x  5
 The points of intersection of the curves are P  3,1 , Q  5, 2  (1M)
From (1), x  y  2  0
Diff. w.r. to ‘x’
dy dy d d
1 0 0  1  ( x)  1  (k )  0
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
 the slope of equation (1) is m1 =   = -1 (1M)
 dx P -3,1
From (2) , x 2  y 2  10 y  0
dy dy d d dy
2x  2 y  10  0  xn  nxn1   y n   ny n 1
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy 2 x x
  2 y  10   2 x   
dx dx 2 y  10 5  y
 dy  3 3
 slope of equation (2) is m 2 =     (1M)
 dx  P -3,1 5  1 4
m1  m2
We know that  be the angel between the two curves then tan  
1  m1m2
3
1 
 tan   4  1    tan 1  1 
3 7 7 (1M)
1  
4
V2 28.Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y  x3  4 x 2 at (-1, 3)
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x3  4 x 2

Differentiating equation w.r to ‘x’
dy d
 3x 2  8x  (xn)  nxn1
dx dx
 dy 
m = Slope of the tangent = 312  81 =3 - 8 = - 5 slope  m   
 dx at p (1M)

Equation of the tangent  y - 3 = -5(x+1)  x , y  with slope m is y - y = m  x - x 
1 1 1 1
y-3=-5x-5  5x + y + 2 = 0 (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 392

1
Equation of the normal  y  3  x  1 with slope m is y  y  1  x  x 
5 1
m
1
 5y - 15 = x + 1  x - 5y + 16 = 0 (1M)
4 3
V2 29.Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y  ax at (a,a)
Sol : Given curve is y 4  ax3 ....... (1 )
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘x’
dy d dy d
4 y3
dx
 a  3x 2  
dx
 
y n  ny n 1
dx
 xn  nxn1
dx
dy a  3x 
2
  (1M)
dx 4 y3
 dy  3a  a2  3
Slope m =     (1M)
 dx  a,a 4a3 4

Equation of tangent is y - a   x  a  x1 , y1  with slope m is y - y1 = m  x - x1 
4
 4 y  4a  3x  3a  3 x  4 y  a  0 (1M)

-4
Equation of normal is y - a   x  a  with slope m is y  y  1 x  x
3 1  1
m
 3 y  3a  4 x  4a  4 x  3 y  7a  0 (1M)

V3 30.Find the slope of the normal to the curve x  a cos3  , y  a sin 3  at  
4
3
Sol: x = a cos 
Differentiating equation w.r to ‘ ’
dx d d
 a  3cos 2     sin   = -3a cos2  . sin   xn  nxn1   cos x   sin x
d dx dx
y = a sin3 
Differentiating equation w.r to ‘ ’
dy d n d
 a 3 sin 2   cos = 3a sin2  cos   x = nxn-1   sin x  cos x
d   dx dx
 dy 
 
dy  d  3a sin 2  cos sin  sin
     tan   tan
dx  dx


  3a cos2  sin  cos cos
(2M)
 d 
IPE MATHS IB 393
  
At   , slope of the tangent = - tan = -1 tan  1 (1M)
4 4 4
1
Slope of the normal =  =1. (1M)
m
V3 31. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = x3 - 3x + 2 at the point whose X co-ordinate is 3.
Sol: Equation of the curve is y = x3 - 3x + 2
dy d d d
 3x 2  3  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k (2M)
dx dx dx dx
 dy 
At x = 3, slope of the tangent m =  
 dx  at x=3
= 3(3)2 - 3= 27 - 3 = 24 (2M)
V3 32.Find the points at which the tangent to the curve y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7 is parallel to the x - axis
Sol: Equation of the curve is y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7

dy d d d
 3x 2  6 x  9  xn  nxn1   k   0   kx   k (1M)
dx dx dx dx
The tangent is parallel to x - axis
slope of the tangnet = 0  3x2 - 6x - 9 = 0 tangent parallel to x  axis thenslope m  0
 x2 - 2x - 3 = 0  x 2  3 x  x  3  0
 (x - 3) (x + 1) = 0
 x = 3 or - 1 (1M)
y  x3  3x 2  9 x  7
if x = 3  y = 27 - 27 - 27 + 7 = -20
if x = -1  y = -1-3+9+7=12
The required points are (3, -20), (-1, 12). (2M)
V3 33.Show that the length of the subnormal at any point on the curve xy = a2 varies as the cube of the
ordinate of the points.
a2
Sol: Equation of the curve is xy = a2  y  .......... (1)
x
Differentiating equation (1) w.r to ‘x’
dy  a 2  a 2  y 2 
d  1  1
  4  2 ( from (1)   (2M)
dx  x  x 2
dx x2 a a
2
y
 dy   y2
slope of tangent at any point =   
 dx  p  x,y  a2
IPE MATHS IB 394
 y2 y3
 Length of sub normal = ym  y.  (2M)
a2 a2
V3 34. Find a point on t he gr aph of t he cur ve y = x 3 where the tangent is parallel to chord joining the points
(1, 1) and (3, 27).
Sol: y = x3
dy d
 3x 2   xn  = nxn-1
dx dx
Let A  x1 , y1   1,1 , B  x2 , y2    3, 27 
27  1 y -y
Slope of chord AB=  13 slope = 2 1
3 1 x2 - x1
Given the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points A and B
i.e. Slope of tangent = slope of chord
 3 x 2  13
13 13  3  39
x  
3 3  3 3
3
 39  13 39
y    
 3  9
 13 13 39 
 Point=  , 
 3 9 
IPE MATHS IB 395
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

KEY POINTS:
1. Let ‘f’ be a function defined on a neighborhood of A of a real number ‘a’. Then ‘f’ is said to be
(1) increasing at ‘a’ if (i) x  A, x  a  f  x   f  a  (ii) x  a  f  x   f  a 
(2) decreasing at ‘a’ if (i) x  A, x  a  f  x   f  a  (ii) x  a  f  x   f  a 
2. A function ‘f’ is said to be stationary at ‘a’ if f '  a   0
Further the point  a,f  a   is called stationary point (or) turning point of ‘f’’
3. (i) A differentiable function f  x  is increasing at ‘a’  f '  a   0
(ii) A differentiable function f  x  is decreasing at ‘a’  f '  a   0
4. Let f  x  be a differentiable function in a given interval, f '  x  exists at ‘a’ and if
i) f '  a   0,f "  a   0 then f  a  is a Local Maximum.
ii) f '  a   0,f "  a   0 then f  a  is a Local Minimum

V2 01. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 so that the sum of their squares is minimum.
Sol: Let x, y be the two positive numbers
Given x  y  15  y  15  x .................... (1) (1M)
Let f ( x)  x 2  y 2 = x 2  (15  x )2 .......................(2)
d
f | ( x )  2 x  2(15  x)(1)  2 x  2(15  x)   xn   nxn1
dx
f || ( x)  2(1)-2(0-1)=2+2=4 (2M)
For maximum or minimum f 1  x   0
15
 2 x  2(15  x )  0  2 x  2(15  x )  x  15  x  2 x  15  x  2 (2M)
15
At x  , f || ( x ) = 4>0 (1M)
2
15 15 15
f ( x ) has minimum value at x  , y  15  x =15  
2 2 2
15 15
The numbers are , (1M)
2 2
V2 02. A manufacturer can sell x items at a price of rupees(5-x/100)each.The cost price of x items is Rs.
(x/5+500).Find the number of items that the manufacturer should sell to earn maximum profits.
 x 
Sol: Selling price of x items= x  5  
 100 
x
The cost of x items =  500 (1M)
5
IPE MATHS IB 396
 x  x 
profit = selling price of x items-cost of x items= x  5   -   500  (1M)
 100   5 
x2 x 24 x x2
= 5x    500 =   500
100 5 5 100
24 x x2
Let f ( x)    500.............(1)
5 100
24 2 x 2 d d
f | ( x)  -  f || ( x)    constant  0   xn   nxn1 (1M)
5 100 100 dx dx
For maximum or minimum f 1  x   0 (1M)
24 2 x 2 x 24 24  100
- =0  =  x  x  240 (1M)
5 100 100 5 2 5
2
At x  240 , f || ( x)  <0 (1M)
100
f ( x) has maximum value at x=240
The manufacturer earn maximum profit by selling 240 items (1M)
V2 03.Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be inscribed
in a given cone is half of that of the cone
Sol: Let h be the height and r be the radius of the cone then AO=h, OC=r
Let x be the radius and y be the height of the cylinder then OR=QE=y, QR=x
(1M)
AOC , QEC are similar triangles

OA OC
 
QE EC
h r h( r  x)
 = y ................... (1) (1M)
y rx  r
The curved surface area of cylinder  2 xy
 h(r  x )  2 h(rx  x 2 )
= 2 x  =
 r  r
2 h(rx  x 2 )
Let f ( x)  ..........................(2)
r
IPE MATHS IB 397
2 h(r  2 x ) d n d
f | ( x) 
r
..............................(3) 
dx
 x   nxn1   constant  0
dx
2 h( 2) 4 h d
Clearly f || ( x)  =   x  1 (1M)
r r dx
2 h( r  2 x ) r
 =0  r  2 x =0  2x =r  x = 2
r
r 4 h
At x = , f || ( x)   <0
2 r
r
f ( x ) has max value at x = (2M)
2
 The radius of the cylinder of greatest curved surface area which can be incribed in a given
r
cone is . (1M)
2
V3 04.If the curved surface of right circular cylinder inscribed in a sphere of radius’r’ is maximum, show
that the height of the cylinder is 2 r
Sol: Let h be the height and R be the radius of the cylinder. Let r be the radius of the Sphere
(1M)
From  le OAB .
2 2
h 2 2 2 2 h
   R  r  R  r  ...............  (1) (1M)
2 4
Curved surface area of cylinder (S)=2 Rh
2
 h  2
2 2
 s 2  4 2 R 2 h 2 = 4  r  h  from  1  
 4 
= 4 2 r 2 h 2   2 h 4
let f (h)  4 2 r 2 h 2   2 h 4
d
 f | (h)  4 2 r 2 (2h)   2 (4h3 )   xn   nxn1
dx
 f | | (h)  8 2 r 2 (1)  4 2 (3h 2 )  8 2 r 2  12 2 h 2 (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 398
For maximum or minimum f 1  h  0
 8 2 r 2 h  4 2 h 3  0  8 2 r 2 h  4 2 h 3  2r 2  h 2  h  2r
when h  2r , f ''(h)  8 2 r 2 12 2 (2r 2 )  8 2 r 2  24 2 r 2  16 2 r 2  0 (2M)
f (h) has maximam value at h  2 r
The curved surface area of cylinder is maximum at h  2 r (1M)
V3 05.From a rectangular sheet of dimensions 30cmx80cm.four equal of side xcm.are removed at the
corners,and the sides are then turned up so as to form an open rectangular box.Find the value of
x,so that volume of the box is the greatest.
Sol: Consider a rectangular sheet of length 80cm and bredth 30cm. Let x be the lenght of square removed from
each corner.
(1M)
Now Length of the box (l )  80  2 x

breadth of the box (b)  30  2 x
height of the box ( h)  x
The volume of the rectangular box is V= lbh
 (80  2 x )(30  2 x) x  (1) (1M)
 (2400  160 x  60 x  4 x 2 ) x  2400 x  220x 2  4 x3
Let f ( x )  4 x 3  220 x 2  2400 x  f | ( x)  12 x 2  440 x  2400  f | | ( x)  24 x  440 (1M)
 12 x 2  440 x  2400  0  3 x 2  110 x  600  0
 3 x 2  90 x  20 x  600  0  3 x( x  30)  20( x  30)  0  (3 x  20)( x  30)  0
20
 x  30  0(or )3 x  20  0  x  30 (or) x  3 (2M)
At x  30 , b  30  60  30  0 which is false (1M)

20 || 20
at x  , f ( x) = 24( )  440 =160-440=-280<0
3 3
20
 f ( x) is maximum when x  cm (1M)
3
V3 06.A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. If the perimeter of the window
is 20ft.find the maxmum area.
Sol: Let 2x be the length and y be the breadth of the rectangle.
Let x be the radius of the semi circle.
IPE MATHS IB 399
Given perimeter =20 feet
 2 x  2 y   x  20
 2 y  20   x  2 x ..................(1) (1M)
Area of the window = Area of the rectangle + Area of semicircle

 A re a o f re cta n g le = le n g th  b r ea d th
1 2  r2
Area = 2 xy   x A re a o f s e m i c ir c le =
2 2
1 2  x2 2 2  x2
= x(2 y )   x = x(20   x  2 x )  = 20 x   x  2 x 
2 2 2
 x2
= 20 x   2x2 (1M)
2
 x2
Let f ( x)  20 x   2 x 2 ...............(2)
2
 d n d
 f | ( x)  20  (2 x)  4 x = 20   x  4 x  x  nx n 1   x  1
2 dx dx
 f ''  x     4

 20   x  4 x =0  20=  x  4 x = (  4)x
20
 x ..................(3) (2M)
 4
20
Clearly at x  , f || ( x)    4  0
 4
20
f ( x ) has max. value at x  (1M)
 4
From eq.(2)
2 2
 20   20    20   20 
 Maximum area is f    4  = 20    4      2 
    2  4  4
400  400  400  400(  4)  200  800

   2   
  4 2   4 2    4 2


    4
2
IPE MATHS IB 400
400  1600  200  800 200  800 200(  4) 200

 2
 2
 2  sq. feet (1M)
   4   4   4   4
V3 07.A wire of length ‘l’ is cut into two parts which are bent respectively in the form of a square and a
circle.What are the lengths of the pieces of the wire respectively so that the sum of the areas is
the least
Sol:- Let x be the side of the square and r be the radius of circle
 P erim eter of sq uare =4  sid e

Given 4 x  2 r  l P erim eter of circle=2  r
 4 x  l  2 r  2 r  l  4 x
l  4x
 r ...................(1) (2M)
2
2
sum of areas = x 2   r 2  Area of square =  side  Area of circle = r 2
2 2
2 l  4x 
 x   2 l  4x 
 x 
 2  4
2
Let f ( x)  x 2

l  4x  ................(2) (1M)
4
2(l  4 x )( 4) 2(l  4 x) d d

f | ( x)  2 x  = 2x    constant  0   xn   nxn1
4  dx dx
|| 2 8
(also f ( x)  2  ( 4) = 2  ) (1M)
 
2(l  4 x) 2(l  4 x)
 2x   0  2x  (1M)
 
l
  x  l  4 x   x  4 x  l  (  4)x  l  x    4 ...............(3)
l 8
At x  , clearly f || ( x)  2  >0
 4 
l
 f ( x ) has min value at x  (1M)
 4
4l
required length of square part = 4 x  units
 4
4l  l  4l  4l l
and length of circular part = l  4 x = l  =  units (1M)
 4  4  4
IPE MATHS IB 401
V3 08. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of f (x)  8x3  81x2  42x  8 on  8,2
Sol: f ( x ) = 8 x 3  81x 2  42 x  8
d n d d
f | ( x )  24 x 2  162 x  42 
dx
 x   nxn1   x  1   constant  0
dx dx
f || ( x)  48 x  162 (1M)
 24 x 2  162 x  42  0  4 x 2  27 x  7  0 (1M)
1
 4 x 2  28 x  x  7  0  ( x  7) (4 x  1) =0  x  7 =0(or) (4 x  1) =0  x  7 (or) x  4 (1M)
1
 -7, are in [-8,2]
4
f(-8)= 8(8)3  81(8) 2  42( 8)  8 =-4096+5184+336-8 =1416
f(-7) = -2744+3969+294-8 =1511
1
f   = f  0.25  =0.125+5.0625-10.5-8 =-13.3125
4
f(2) = 8(2)3  81(2) 2  42(2)  8 =64+324-84-8=296 (2M)
 maximum value= 1511 1 (1M)
minimum value= -13.3125 (1M)
V3 09.Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the function
f ( x)  x  sin 2 x in 0,  
Sol: f ( x)  x  sin 2 x
d
f | ( x )  1  2 cos 2x   sin x  cos x (1M)
dx
1 2 4
 1  2 cos 2x =0  cos 2 x   2  2 x  3 , 3
 2  2
x , crictical points are 0, , , (2M)
3 3 3 3
f (0)  0  sin 0  0  0  0
   2  3
f     sin  
3 3 3 3 2
 2  2 4 2 3
f   sin  
 3  3 3 3 2
f       sin 2   (2M)
IPE MATHS IB 402
     2  
absolute maximum of f  max  f  0  , f  3  , f  3  , f     (1M)
     
    2  
absolute manimum of f  min  f  0  , f  , f  , f    0 (1M)
 3  3  
V3 10.Find the maximum area of the rectangle that can be formed with fixed perimeter 20.
Sol: Let x and y denote the length and the breadth of a rectangle respectively.
Given that the perimeter of the rectangle is 20.
i.e., 2(x + y) = 20  Perimeter of rectangle=2 l  b
i.e., x + y = 10 ......(1) (1M)

Let A denote the area of rectangle. Then A = xy.....(2)  Area of rectangle = length  breadth (1M)
from Eq(1), y = 10 - x ......(3)
from (3) and (2), we have
A = x(10 - x)= 10x -x2 ......(4) (1M)
Differentiating (4) w.r.t x we get
dA d d
 10  2 x   x  1   xn   nxn1 ......(5)
dx dx dx
dA
For maximum or minimum 0
dx
The stationary point is a root of 10 - 2x = 0.
 x = 5 is the stationary point. (2M)
Differentiating (5) w.r.t. x, we get
d2A d
2
 2  0  f ( x) maximum if f | | ( x)  0   constant  0 (1M)
dx dx
Therefore by second derivative test the area A is maximized at x = 5
From eq.(3), y = 10 - 5 = 5,
and the maximum area is A = 5(5) = 25 sq.units (1M)

Jr. Maths - Ipe - Ia & Ib - 2018-19

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IPE STUDY MATERIAL

7. SURJECTION (OR) : f : A  B is onto if  b  B  a  A  f  a   b or

FUNCTION  f  a   b, b  B is called inverse function.

Function Domain Range

f : A  B is onto function then every b  B  a  A  b  f  a  -----------(2) (3M)

V1 03. Let f : A  B be a bijection. Then show that fof 1  I B and f 1of  I A

f 1of  a   I A  a   f 1of  I A (1M)

 fof 1 : B  B, I B : B  B having same domain. (1M)

fof 1  b  IB  b  fof 1  IB (2M)

a  A , I B of  a   I B  f  a   ; IBof  a  f  a  IBof  f -------(2)

(i)  gof  x  g  f  x   g  4x 1

 16x2  1 8x  2  16x2  8x  3 (1M)

(iii) fof  x   f  f  x    f  4x 1  4  4x 1 1  f  x  4x 1  16 x  4  1  16 x  5 (1M)

g 1   q, a  ,  r , b  ,  p, c  , f 1   a,1 ,  c, 2  ,  b,3 then (1M)

 ho  gof  a    hog  of  a   ho  gof    hog  of (2M)

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (VSAQ)

f (x) define when  x 1 5  x  0, x  1,5

( , 1]  [1, ) and (  ,1)  (2,  )

 x   , 0   Domain of ‘f’ is  , 0 

 x  2 and 1  x  0 ,  x-1<0 and x  0

 x   3,3  0 (or)  3, 0    0, 3

vii) f  x   log( x 2  4 x  3)  log f ( x )  f ( x )  0

x   ,1   3,    Domain of ‘f’ is R  1,3

 ( , 5   5,  )  Domain of f= ( , 5   5,  )

f(x) define when  x  1 x  1 x  3  0 , x  3,  1, 1

V1 12.If f   1, 2 ,  2, 3 ,  3, 1 then find i) 2 f ii) 2 f iii) f 2 iv) f

iii) f 2  1, 4 ,  2,9 ,  3,1 iv) f  1, 2   

ii) f  g   4,5, 4  ,  6, 4, 5    4, 9  ,  6, 9 

2 f  4 g   4,10 16 ,  6, 8  20  2 f  4g   4, 6 ,  6,12

iv) f  4   4,5  4  ,  5, 6  4  ,  6, 4  4    4, 9  ,  5,10  ,  6, 0 

V1 16.Find the range of the following real number functions

Sol: i) y  f  x   log 4  x 2  Range of log f ( x ) is R

4  x2  e y , e y  0y  R  Range of ‘f’ is R

V1 17.If f  x   2; g  x   x 2 ; h  x   2 x , for all x  R , then find  fo  goh  x  

Sol:  fo  goh  x     fog  h  x   = fog  2 x   f  g  2 x    f  4 x   2

V1 18.Find the inverse of the following functions

iii) f :  o,    R defined by f  x   log 2 x

iii) Given that f :  0,    R and f  x   log 2 x = y

x  f 1  y  ——(i) and y  log 2 x  x  2 y ——(ii)

V1 20.If A   2, 1,0,1,2 and f : A  B is a surjection defined by f  x   x2  x  1 then find ‘B’

f  A  3,1,1,3, 7 i.e, B  1,3, 7 A

ii) Given that f  x   9  x 2  R

 x   3, 3 is the domain

iii) Given that f  x   x  1  x ,

V1 24.If f : R  R , g : R  R defined by f  x   3x  2, g  x   x 2  1 ,then find

iii)  fog  2   f  g (2)   f  (2) 2  1  f (5)  3(5)  2  13

if f   x    f  x  x  A then f is called odd function.

b)It is onto; b  B  a  A such that f  a   b

Eg : A  1, 2,3 , B  p, q, r , h  (1, r ), (2, p), (3, q )  h : A  B is a bijective function

V1 26.If f : N  N is defined as f  x   2 x  3 , is ' f ' onto? Explain with reason.

Range of f  f  N    f 1 , f  2  , f  3 ....

and P  m  is true  P  m + 1 is true, then P  n  is true, for all n  N .

2. principle of complete Induction : For n  N , let P  n  be a statement in terms of n. If

7. Sum of the first n even positive integers = 2 + 4 + 6 + ......... + 2n = n  n + 1 = n 2 + n

8 A.P. Series : a +  a + d  +  a + 2d  + .........

9 G.P. Series : a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + .......

10 Arithmetica - Geometric series (A.G.P.) : a +  a + d  .r +  a + 2d  .r 2 + ..... +  a +  n -1 d  .r n-1

i) n th term of the series = t n =  a +  n - 1 d  .r n-1

ii) Sum of n terms = Sn = 1- r + 2

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (LAQ)

Step-I: To prove that S  n  is true for n=1.