Sex Education - Grade 10, 3rd Quarter

Reviewer
By: Anthony Barraquio

Topics
1. Female Reproductive System
2. Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Sex vs. Gender
 Sex – biological attributes
 Gender – social construct

HIV/AIDS
People living with HIV People acquiring HIV Deaths from HIV-
related causes

Total 39 million (33.1 – 45.7 1.3 million (1 – 1.7 630 thousand (480 –
million) million) 880 thousand)

Adults (15+ years) 37.5 million (31.8 – 1.2 million (0.9 – 1.6 540 thousand (410 –
43.6 million) million) 770 thousand)

Women (15+ years) 20 million (16.9 – 23.4 540 thousand (400 – 230 thousand (170 –
million) 740 thousand) 340 thousand)

Men (15+ years) 17.4 million (14.7 – 640 thousand (490 – 310 thousand (230 –
20.4 million) 850 thousand) 440 thousand)

Children (<15 years) 1.5 million (1.2 – 2.1 130 thousand (90 – 210 84 thousand (56 – 120
million) thousand) thousand)
Two Basic Methods of Reproduction
Asexual
 Reproducing with one parent organism – no mixing of genetic materials
 Advantages: quick and easy; no need to find or convince a partner
 Disadvantage: no genetic variability
Sexual
 The union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote
 Advantage: genetic variability which allows adaptation and evolution
 Sexual reproduction produces new individuals
o Gametes (sperm & egg) formed by testes and ovaries
o Fertilization produces one cell (a zygote) with one set of chromosomes from each parent
o Creates genetic variation
 Gonads produce gametes & secrete sex hormones
 Reproductive systems
o Gonads, ducts, glands & supporting structures
o Gynecology is study of female reproductive system
o Urology is study of urinary & male reproductive system
 Every cell in the body that has a nucleus has 46 chromosomes.
 Sex cells have half the number of chromosomes, 23.
 During fertilization, egg (23 chromosomes) + sperm (23 chromosome) = zygote (46
chromosomes)

Reproductive System
 The reproductive systems in both the male and female consist of primary and secondary sex
organs and sex glands.
 The primary function of the reproductive systems is to perpetuate the species through sexual or
germ cell fertilization and reproduction.
Parts
 Mammary gland  Colon
 Fallopian tube  Fimbria
 Ovary  Uterus
 Cervix  Bladder
 Urethra  Vagina
 Clitoris  Vulva

Colon
 NOT a part of the female reproductive system
 The colon’s importance in the female reproductive system is to remove waste from feces

Fallopian Tubes
 Also known as oviducts, uterine tubes, and salpinges.
 Two very fine tubes leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus.
 BOTH tubes are tied in a process known as tubal ligation to prevent pregnancy.
 If only one tube is ligated, the other ovary can still release the eggs into the uterus.

Parts of the Fallopian Tubes

1. Fimbriae – grabs eggs released by the ovary
2. Infundibular – where the egg goes after being attracted by the Fimbria
 3. Ampulla/Ampullary – where the egg stays and waits for the chosen sperm for up to three days
4. Isthmic – other part of the site of fertilization and site of an ectopic pregnancy (zygote staying in
the isthmus, which may rupture the fallopian tube)
5. Interstitial – connects the isthmic and the uterus and where the protective layer of the egg is
removed after three days of staying at the site of fertilization and where the egg turns into “a
blob of cells”

Fimbriae/Fimbrial (s. Fimbria)

 Finger-like structure
 Creates a rhythmic pattern to attract the egg.
 Fringe of tissue near the ovary leading to the oviducts.
 When ovulation is about to occur, the sex hormones (progesterone) activate the fimbria, causing
the fimbria to hit the ovary in a gentle, sweeping motion.

Ampullary
 Site of fertilization (usually between the Ampullary and Isthmic which is also known as the
Ampullary-isthmic region) and where the fertilized egg stays for around 3 days (longest stay)
before moving on to the uterus
 While the egg is staying in the site of fertilization, it is already ongoing mitosis or the separation
and duplication of cells

Addendum: Cryptic Pregnancies

 Pregnant person produces normal hormones, resulting in menstruation during pregnancy.
 More common for first-time mothers.
 Pregnant person does not find out about pregnancy until a late trimester or even during labor.
 Smaller bump

Addendum: Oxytocin
 Hormone that causes the breasts to enlarge during pregnancy.

Ovary
 Most important part of the female reproductive system.
o Vagina can be the main organ but not for reproduction, only sex
 Part of the vertebrae of the female reproductive system. Normally, a female will have two
ovaries, each performing two major functions
o Exocrine function – egg production (outwards)
o Endocrine system – secreting hormones (inwards)
 A corpus luteum is a mass of cells that forms in an ovary. It is a temporary organ that appears
every menstrual cycle and disappears if fertilization does not occur. It also produces the
hormone progesterone during early pregnancy. The role of the corpus luteum depends on
whether or not fertilization occurs.
o Corpus luteum excretes hormones through the blood stream and affects the uterus
when reached in preparation for possible pregnancy
Uterus
 Main function is to accept a fertilized ovum
o Ovum (egg)
o Ova (eggs)
 Egg becomes implanted into the endometrium
o Has 3 layers (inner to outer)
 Endometrium
 Myometrium
 Perimetrium
 During the 3 days of the egg in the tube, it has a protective layer protecting it from detection of
the immune system which can release white blood cells
 Implants itself in the endometrium to prevent getting exterminated by the WBCs.
 Fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth

Addendum: Implantation
 Cravings – caused by the zygote implanting into the endometrium which causes a hormonal
imbalance. It can be transmitted to other people through bodily fluids which contain abnormal
hormones (e.g. kissing).
 Implantation – happens when zygote sheds it cell blob, and is vulnerable to the immune system.
 Pica – a form of craving in which a person eats things not usually considered food (e.g. shit,
frogs, or sand). Caused by sex hormones (progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone). Causes
tantrums if not achieved.
 The only animals which require assistance when giving birth are humans & bulldogs.
 Sugary products such as carbohydrates makes the fetus grow larger, making labor harder.
 Before 2020, scientists thought that the fastest sperm will be the one to fertilize the egg.
However, during the 4th quarter of 2020, it was revealed that there is a predetermined sperm in
the entry of the uterus.
Cervix
 Opening from the vagina into the womb, which allows menstrual blood out and sperm in.
 Boundary of uterus from vagina.
 A fertile person will have cervix full of mucus to prevent contaminants from entering the uterus.
 Looks like a donut when observed from the vulva.
 Acidic to kill bacteria and other foreign bodies.

Roles of the Cervical Mucus

 Traps foreign bodies.
 Expelled when zygote moves in, thins out the walls of the cervix, creating holes, which allows
the sperm in.
 Expelled mucus is known as white menstruation.
 There is a microscopic hole that is created when the mucus is about to be shed.
 Too much mucus will prevent sperm from entering.
 Prevents vaginitis, which produces a foul odor even when the person is not sexually active,
similar to STIs.
 If vaginitis persists, the infection can be treated with antibiotics inserted inside the vaginal canal
(by around half a finger).

Colors of the Cervix

 Black or purple – the cervix is infected
 Flesh-colored or pink – normal

Addendum: Pubic Lice

 A species of lice that live in the skin covered by pubic hair.

Bladder & Urethra

 Second major hole of a woman
 The bladder is a pouch or other flexible enclosure with waterproof or gas-proof walls.
 In human females, the urethra is around an inch to an inch and a half long or 2.5 to 4
centimeters and opens in the vulva between the clitoris and the vaginal opening.
 The bladder stays below the baby during pregnancy, which the baby can potentially kick
Vagina
 During live birth, the vagina provides the route to deliver the fetus from the uterus to its
independent life outside the body of its mother.
 It is also known as birth canal during live birth, vaginal canal if not birthing

Addendum: Scenarios
 A mother whose vagina is infected with an STI is about to give birth.
 The baby safe because it is isolated in the placenta
 To extract the baby, make vertical incision known as a horizontal cesarean section or a bikini cut.

Addendum: Horizontal Cesarean Section

 Known as a bikini cut because the scar can easily be concealed with bikini.
 If a mother requires another cesarean section, cut along the scar.
 A person can only have three cesarean sections.

Vulva
 External genitalia organs are collectively known as the vulva.
 In humans, it consists of the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, opening of the urethra, and the
opening of the vagina.
 When the placenta breaks, the water breaks.
 Parts:
o Labia majora
o Labia minora
 o Urethral opening
o Vaginal opening
o Clitoris
o Prepuce
o Mon pubis
o 8 glands

Clitoris
 Visible knob-like portion located near the anterior junction of the labia minora above the
opening of the vagina. It has no urethra in and only exists for sexual pleasure.
 It covered by prepuce, which is homologous to the foreskin and is sometimes circumcised.
 In some cases, the clitoris is elongated, giving it a phallic appearance. Surgery to reduce its
length, removes sexual pleasure permanently.
 Spotted hyenas have a pseudo-phallus, a clitoris with a urethra.

Mammary Gland

 Produces milk and is located in the breast.

 Modified sweat glands.
 The raised nipple is surrounded by dark, circular patch of skin known as the areola.
  Each breast consists of 15 to 20 glandular lobes covered in fat, which gives the breast its shape.
 Accessory organ of the female reproductive system
 Oxytocin makes mammary gland larger when pregnant
 Nipple is clogged during the pregnancy but the clog is usually removed due to the saliva and
sucking of the baby
 There was a folklore where the father of the baby sucks the milk out of the mammary
glands of the mother if the baby is not able to
 Another folklore is called “Panunundo” where the father and the mother have sex for
the mother to be able to give birth if the pregnancy has already exceeded 9 months.
 Scientific basis is that when the sperm reaches the uterus that has a baby, the
uterus will contract and push the baby out.
 In medicine, you need a 1-year gap before getting pregnant after giving birth. If
it cannot be helped, 2 months will do because after 2 months, the woman
usually gets her period again.

Male Reproductive System

 Functions: to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
 Testosterone – hormone that controls the development of physical traits of men.
 Semen – mixture of sperm cells and fluids. One drop has 5-10 million sperm!

Parts – Gonads, Ducts, Sex Glands & Supporting Structures

 Testes – sperm  Seminal
production vesicle –
semen
 Scrotum –  Prostate –
thermoregulation for semen
testes
 Epididymis – sperm  Urethra –
maturation urine
 Ductus/vas deferens –  Penis
sperm duct

Scrotum
 External part along with the penis
 A sac of skin that holds and protects the testes.
 Dartos Muscle – A loose connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle.

Scrotal Thermoregulation
 Optimal for sperm development is 3 degrees below the average body temperature or around 91
degrees Fahrenheit.
 When too cold, the dartos muscle contracts, causing the skin of the scrotum to contract as well,
making it firm and wrinkled, reducing the overall size of the scrotum.
 When too warm, the dartos muscle loosens, causing the skin of the scrotum to loosen as well,
increasing the overall size of the scrotum.
Testes (s. Testis)


 Male gonads
 Paired, ovoid gamete-producing organs found suspended by the spermatic cords from the body
and enclosed in the scrotum
 Descend from the abdomen before birth
 Involved in creating testosterone and androgens.
 Composed of the seminiferous tubules and the epididymis.
 Paired oval glands measuring 2 in. By 1in.
 Surrounded by dense white capsule
 Septa form 200 - 300 compartments called lobules
 Each is filled with 2 or 3 seminiferous tubules where sperm are formed

Ducts
 System for conveying sperm to outside of body

Epididymis
 found along borders of each testis
 highly coiled (6-7 m.)
 lined with pseudostratified epithelium
 smooth muscle in walls
 sperm become mobile here
 a comma-shaped structure in the scrotum between the seminiferous tubules and vas deferens
where the sperm cells continue to develop.

Vas deferens/ductus
 a tube composed of muscle which emerges from the epididymis, which ascends along the
posterior side of the testes to become associated with testes blood vessels.
 Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra.
  From the epididymis, sperm moves through the vas deferens up to the ampulla of the ampulla
of the ductus deferens.
 Can be severed in a process called vasectomy.
 Sphincter – stops urine after ejaculating.
 Ejaculatory duct – each of your two testicles has a vas deferens that joins with each of your
seminal vesicle ducts to form your ejaculatory ducts, which gives pressure.

Urethra
 Passageway of urine and sperm that extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of
the penis.
 Passes sperm to outside of body
 Secretions from glands added to sperm to form semen
 Also carries urine

Seminiferous tubules
 Creates sperm in a process
known as spermatogenesis;
the development of 400
million spermatocysts into
sperm cells through meiosis
in a day or 1500 cells per
second.
 Unlike female egg
maturation, which occurs in
cycles and ceases at
menopause, sperm
production is continuous,
reducing gradually with age.
 Seminiferous tubules contain
o Sperm forming cells
o Sertoli cells
(supporting cells)
o Interstitial cells in
between tubules
secrete testosterone
Sperm

Sertoli cells
 extend from basement membrane to lumen
 form blood-testis barrier
 support developing sperm cells
 produce fluid & control release of sperm into lumen
 secrete inhibin which slows sperm production

Difference in Semen & Sperm

 Semen – aka seminal fluid
 Sperm is only ~5-10% of semen
 The rest is fructose/sugar, fatty acids, and proteins to nourish the sperm.

Sperm Count
 A man will produce ~525 billion sperm in his lifetime and ~1 billion/month
 ~200 – 500 million sperm in an ejaculation
 Amount matters (thousands to millions).
 Should be an alternate pattern for fertility.
 It should have enough sperm.

Spermatogenesis
Each of four spermatids
develop into a sperm
 Second meiosis division
give four spermatids, each
with 23 stranded
chromosomes

First meiosis division give

two secondary
spermatocytes, each with
23 chromosomes that
become doubly stranded.

Primary spermatocyte with

2n = 46 chromosomes

Spermatogonium with 2n =
46 chromosomes multiply
through mitosis

Sperm Morphology
 Adapted for reaching and fertilizing the
egg

 Head contains DNA and the acrosome

with enzymes for penetrating the egg

 Midpiece contains mitochondria to form

ATP for energy
  Tail is flagellum used for locomotion

Sperm Abnormalities

The Fertilizable Lifespan of Gametes

 In most species, both sperm and egg cells (oocyte) have a short fertilizable lifespan.
 Once they are delivered into the female tract, the clock starts ticking.
 Mating or insemination must coincide closely with ovulation.
 If sperm are deposited many days before the oocyte reaches the oviduct, there is little chance
they will survive to fertilize.
 A human sperm can live up to 72 hours, while human oocytes can only live for 24 hours.

Possibility of Fertilization if Sperm is Present

 5 days before ovulation 4% chance of conception
 4 days before ovulation 15% chance of conception
  3 days before ovulation 4% chance of conception
 2 days before ovulation 35% chance of conception
 1 day before ovulation 32% chance of conception
 Day of ovulation 35% chance of conception
 1 day after ovulation <1% of chance of conception
Hormonal Control of Male Physiology
 Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin
releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH &
LH
 FSH causes Sertoli cells to secrete ABP
and inhibin
 LH causes interstitial cells to secrete
testosterone
 ABP & testosterone stimulate
spermatogenesis
 Control is Negative FB by testosterone
and inhibin.
Accessory Glands
 Seminal vesicle – Secrete 60% of clear, alkaline seminal fluid, with fructose sugar, ATP and
prostaglandins for normal sperm nutrition & function. Chemicals for coagulation of semen
 Prostate gland – Secretes 30% of milky, slightly acidic seminal fluid with an antibiotic to kill
bacteria.
 Cowper’s/bulbourethral gland – produces 10% of semen and secretes a thick and clear mucus
that lubricates and neutralizes any acidic urine in the urethra known as precum.
Penis
 The “shaft” which allows for
copulation in humans and others
and hardens when blood is
pumped to it.
 Corona – bottom part of the
glans penis which separates it
from the rest of the penis.
 Glans penis – tip of the penis.
 Urethral orifice/meatus – at the
end
 intromittent/copulatory organ
for the transfer of sperm to the
female
 High concentration of nerve cells
 Erection – reflex act by
vasodilation of arteries
supplying erectile tissues
with blood
 vein constriction prevents
outflow of blood
 The urethra runs the length of
the penis from the bladder. The
flaccid penis fills with blood
during arousal, causing an
erection and allowing for the
function of
copulation/intercourse.

Foreskin & Circumcision

 This foreskin may be circumcised/ removed for hygiene or religious reasons. It covers the
glans/head that is filled with nerve endings.
 Removal of prepuce or foreskin
 10 days after birth or 1st month of the baby
 During Puberty
  Possibly lowers UTIs, cancer & sexually transmitted disease

Semen
 Mixture of sperms and seminal fluid
 60% from seminal vesicles, 30% from prostate
 Slightly alkaline, milky appearance and sticky
 Contains nutrients, clotting proteins & an antibiotic to protect the sperms
 Typical ejaculate is 2.5 to 5 ml in volume
 Normal sperm count is 50 to 150 million/mL
o Actions of many sperm are needed for one to enter
o If less than 20 million/mL sterile

Erection
 Sexual stimulation
 Parasympathetic nervous system reflex
 Dilation of the arterioles supplying the penis
 Blood enters the penis compressing the veins so that the blood is trapped
 Blood sinuses of penis engorge with blood

Emission
 Muscle contractions close sphincter at base of bladder
 Fluids propelled through ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, & ejaculatory ducts into bulb of
penis
 Prostatic fluid secreted into urethra

Ejaculation
 Sympathetic nervous system reflex
 Skeletal muscles squeeze semen out through urethra

Ejaculatory Process
 The ejaculatory process refers to the sequence of events leading to and including ejaculation in
males. It involves the coordinated activity of several physiological and anatomical components.
Here is a general overview of the ejaculatory process
1. Arousal Phase
 Sexual arousal is typically triggered by physical or psychological stimulation.
 The brain releases neurotransmitters like dopamine, which stimulate the release of nitric
oxide, leading to the relaxation of smooth muscles in the blood vessels of the penis.
2. Erection
 Increased blood flow to the erectile tissues of the penis results in an erection.
 The erectile tissues, called the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, fill with blood,
causing the penis to become rigid.
3. Plateau Phase
 This phase represents a high level of sexual arousal that is sustained.
 Muscles in the genital area contract to further increase blood flow to the penis.
4. Emission
  Sperm and other fluids are transported to the urethra through the vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, and prostate gland.
 The bladder neck closes to prevent the backward flow of urine into the urethra.
5. Ejaculation
 The rhythmic contractions of muscles in the pelvic region, particularly the pelvic floor
muscles, propel semen through the urethra and out of the penis.
 Semen is composed of sperm and fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
6. Orgasm
 The climax of sexual pleasure occurs during the ejaculation phase.
 It is often accompanied by intense physical and emotional sensations.
7. Resolution Phase
 After ejaculation, the body undergoes a refractory period during which it is less responsive
to further sexual stimulation.
 The penis returns to its flaccid state, and the body gradually returns to its normal, non-
aroused state.