| Problems 79

tance, how far is city C from city A? (b) Relative to city 15. A vector has an x-component of 225.0 units and a
A, in what direction is city C? (c) Why is the answer y-component of 40.0 units. Find the magnitude and
only approximately correct? direction of the vector.
7. A plane flies from base camp to lake A, a distance 16. A quarterback takes the ball from the line of scrim-
of 280 km at a direction of 20.0° north of east. After mage, runs backwards for 10.0 yards, then runs side-
dropping off supplies, the plane flies to lake B, which ways parallel to the line of scrimmage for 15.0 yards.
is 190 km and 30.0° west of north from lake A. Graphi- At this point, he throws a 50.0-yard forward pass
cally determine the distance and direction from lake B straight downfield, perpendicular to the line of scrim-
to the base camp. mage. What is the magnitude of the football’s resultant
S displacement?
8. A force F1 of magnitude 6.00
17. The eye of a hurricane passes over Grand Bahama
units acts on an object at the
Island in a direction 60.0° north of west with a speed
origin in a direction u 5 30.0° S F2 S
F1 of 41.0 km/h. Three hours later the course of the hur-
above the positive x-axis (Fig.
S
u ricane suddenly shifts due north, and its speed slows to
P3.8). A second force F2 of mag-
25.0 km/h. How far from Grand Bahama is the hurri-
nitude 5.00 units acts on the
cane 4.50 h after it passes over the island?
object in the direction of the Figure P3.8
positive y-axis. Find graphically 18. A map suggests that Atlanta is 730 miles in a direction
the magnitude and direction of the resultant force 5.00° north of east from Dallas. The same map shows
S S
F1 1 F2. that Chicago is 560 miles in a direction 21.0° west of
north from Atlanta. Figure P3.18 shows the location of
9. A man in a maze makes three consecutive displace- these three cities. Modeling the Earth as flat, use this
ments. His first displacement is 8.00 m westward, and information to find the displacement from Dallas to
the second is 13.0 m northward. At the end of his third Chicago.
displacement he is back to where he started. Use the
graphical method to find the magnitude and direction
of his third displacement.

3.2 Components of a Vector Chicago

21.0
10. A person walks 25.0° north of east for 3.10 km. How far
560 mi
due north and how far due east would she have to walk
to arrive at the same location? 730 mi Atlanta
S
11. The magnitude of vector A is 35.0 units and points Dallas 5.00
in the direction 325° counterclockwise from the posi-
tive x-axis. Calculate the x- and y-components of this
vector. Figure P3.18

12. A figure skater glides along a circular path of radius

5.00 m. If she coasts around one half of the circle, 19. A commuter airplane starts from an airport and takes
find (a) the magnitude of the displacement vector and the route shown in Figure P3.19. The plane first flies to
(b) what distance she skated. (c) What is the magnitude city A, located 175 km away in a direction 30.0° north
of the displacement if she skates all the way around the of east. Next, it flies for 150 km 20.0° west of north, to
circle? city B. Finally, the plane flies 190 km due west, to city
C. Find the location of city C relative to the location of
13. A girl delivering newspapers covers her route by trav-
the starting point.
eling 3.00 blocks west, 4.00 blocks north, and then
6.00 blocks east. (a) What is her resultant displace-
ment? (b) What is the total distance she travels? y (km) N
C 250 B
14. A hiker starts at his camp and moves the follow- S
c W E
ing distances while exploring his surroundings: 75.0 m 200 20.0°
S
b S
north, 2.50 3 102 m east, 125 m at an angle 30.0° north S 150
R
of east, and 1.50 3 102 m south. (a) Find his resul- 100 110°
tant displacement from camp. (Take east as the posi- S
a A
50
tive x-direction and north as the positive y-direction.) 30.0°
(b) Would changes in the order in which the hiker x (km)
O 50 100 150 200
makes the given displacements alter his final position?
Explain. Figure P3.19

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80 CHAPTER 3 | Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion

20. The helicopter view in Figure P3.20 shows two people the equations for the x- and y
pulling on a stubborn mule. Find (a) the single force y-components of the veloc- v0  18.0 m/s
S

that is equivalent to the two forces shown and (b) the
force a third person would have to exert on the mule to
make the net force equal to zero. The forces are mea-
sured in units of newtons (N).
F 2  80.0 N
21. A novice golfer on the green
takes three strokes to sink the
ball. The successive displace- W
ments of the ball are 4.00 m
to the north, 2.00 m north-
east, and 1.00 m at 30.0° west
of south (Fig. P3.21). Starting
at the same initial point, an
expert golfer could make the
hole in what single displacement?
3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
in Two Dimensions
3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions
22. One of the fastest
recorded pitches in
major-league baseball,
thrown by Tim Lin-
cecum in 2009, was
ity of the stone with time.
(d) Write the equations for
the position of the stone
S
with time, using the coor- h  50.0 m g
dinates in Figure P3.23.
(e) How long after being
y released does the stone
strike the beach below the x
O
cliff? (f) With what speed
and angle of impact does S
v
the stone land?
F 1  120 N
Figure P3.23
75.0 60.0 24. A rock is thrown
x upward from the level ground in such a way that the
maximum height of its flight is equal to its horizontal
range R. (a) At what angle u is the rock thrown? (b) In
terms of the original range R, what is the range R max
the rock can attain if it is launched at the same speed
but at the optimal angle for maximum range? (c)
Figure P3.20
Would your answer to part (a) be different if the rock
is thrown with the same speed on a different planet?
Explain.
N 2.00 m 1.00 m
25. The best leaper in the animal kingdom is the puma,
E
which can jump to a height of 3.7 m when leaving the
S 30.0 ground at an angle of 45°. With what speed must the
4.00 m animal leave the ground to reach that height?
26. The record distance in the sport of throwing cow-
pats is 81.1 m. This record toss was set by Steve Urner of
Figure P3.21
the United States in 1981. Assuming the initial launch
angle was 45° and neglecting air resistance, determine
(a) the initial speed of the projectile and (b) the total
time the projectile was in flight. (c) Qualitatively, how
would the answers change if the launch angle were
greater than 45°? Explain.
27. A place-kicker must kick a football from a point
36.0 m (about 40 yards) from the goal. Half the crowd
hopes the ball will clear the crossbar, which is 3.05 m
high. When kicked, the ball leaves the ground with a
speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 53.0° to the horizon-
Michael Zagaris/Getty Images

tal. (a) By how much does the ball clear or fall short of
clocked at 101.0 mi/h
clearing the crossbar? (b) Does the ball approach the
(Fig. P3.22). If a pitch
crossbar while still rising or while falling?
were thrown horizon-
tally with this velocity, 28. From the window of a building, a ball is tossed
how far would the ball from a height y 0 above the ground with an initial veloc-
fall vertically by the ity of 8.00 m/s and angle of 20.0° below the horizon-
Figure P3.22 Tim Lincecum
time it reached home throws a baseball. tal. It strikes the ground 3.00 s later. (a) If the base
plate, 60.5 ft away? of the building is taken to be the origin of the coor-
23. A student stands at the edge of a cliff and throws dinates, with upward the positive y-direction, what are
a stone horizontally over the edge with a speed of the initial coordinates of the ball? (b) With the posi-
18.0 m/s. The cliff is 50.0 m above a flat, horizontal tive x-direction chosen to be out the window, find the
beach as shown in Figure P3.23. (a) What are the coor- x- and y-components of the initial velocity. (c) Find the
dinates of the initial position of the stone? (b) What equations for the x- and y-components of the position
are the components of the initial velocity? (c) Write as functions of time. (d) How far horizontally from the

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

base of the building does the ball strike the ground?
(e) Find the height from which the ball was thrown.
(f) How long does it take the ball to reach a point
10.0 m below the level of launching?
29. A brick is thrown upward from the top of a building
at an angle of 25° to the horizontal and with an initial
speed of 15 m/s. If the brick is in flight for 3.0 s, how
tall is the building?
30. An artillery shell is fired with an initial velocity of
300 m/s at 55.0° above the horizontal. To clear an
avalanche, it explodes on a mountainside 42.0 s after
firing. What are the x- and y-coordinates of the shell
where it explodes, relative to its firing point?
31. A car is parked on a cliff overlooking the ocean on an
incline that makes an angle of 24.0° below the horizon-
tal. The negligent driver leaves the car in neutral, and
the emergency brakes are defective. The car rolls from
rest down the incline with a constant acceleration of
4.00 m/s2 for a distance of 50.0 m to the edge of the
cliff, which is 30.0 m above the ocean. Find (a) the car’s
position relative to the base of the cliff when
the car lands in the ocean and (b) the length of time
the car is in the air.
32. A fireman d 5 50.0 m away from a burning building
directs a stream of water from a ground-level fire hose
at an angle of ui 5 30.0° above the horizontal as shown
in Figure P3.32. If the speed of the stream as it leaves
the hose is vi 5 40.0 m/s, at what height will the stream
of water strike the building?
S
vi
ui
Figure P3.32
33. A projectile is launched with an initial speed of
60.0 m/s at an angle of 30.0° above the horizontal. The
projectile lands on a hillside 4.00 s later. Neglect air
friction. (a) What is the projectile’s velocity at the high-
est point of its trajectory? (b) What is the straight-line
distance from where the projectile was launched to
where it hits its target?
34. A playground is on the flat roof of a city school, 6.00 m
above the street below (Fig. P3.34). The vertical wall of
the building is h 5 7.00 m high, to form a 1-m-high
railing around the playground. A ball has fallen to the
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
| Problems 81
street below, and a passerby returns it by launching it
at an angle of u 5 53.0° above the horizontal at a point
d 5 24.0 m from the base of the building wall. The
ball takes 2.20 s to reach a point vertically above the
wall. (a) Find the speed at which the ball was launched.
(b) Find the vertical distance by which the ball clears
the wall. (c) Find the horizontal distance from the wall
to the point on the roof where the ball lands.
h
u
d
Figure P3.34
3.5 Relative Velocity
35. A jet airliner moving initially at 3.00 3 102 mi/h
due east enters a region where the wind is blowing
1.00 3 102 mi/h in a direction 30.0° north of east.
(a) Find the components of the velocity of the jet air-
liner relative to the air, S v JA. (b) Find the components
of the velocity of the air relative to Earth, S v AE. (c) Write
an equation analogous to Equation 3.16 for the veloci-
ties S
v JA, S
v AE, and S
v JE. (d) What are the speed and direc-
tion of the aircraft relative to the ground?
36. A car travels due east with a speed of 50.0 km/h.
Raindrops are falling at a constant speed vertically
with respect to the Earth. The traces of the rain on the
side windows of the car make an angle of 60.0° with
the vertical. Find the velocity of the rain with respect
h
to (a) the car and (b) the Earth.
37. A bolt drops from the ceiling of a moving
d
train car that is accelerating northward at a rate of
2.50 m/s2. (a) What is the acceleration of the bolt rela-
tive to the train car? (b) What is the acceleration of the
bolt relative to the Earth? (c) Describe the trajectory of
the bolt as seen by an observer fixed on the Earth.
38. A Coast Guard cutter detects an unidentified ship at
a distance of 20.0 km in the direction 15.0° east of
north. The ship is traveling at 26.0 km/h on a course at
40.0° east of north. The Coast Guard wishes to send a
speedboat to intercept and investigate the vessel. (a) If
the speedboat travels at 50.0 km/h, in what direction
should it head? Express the direction as a compass
bearing with respect to due north. (b) Find the time
required for the cutter to intercept the ship.
39. An airplane maintains a speed of 630 km/h relative
to the air it is flying through, as it makes a trip to a