VECTOR

S
CHAPTER 1-PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
SCALAR VECTOR
(magnitude only)
QUANTITIES (magnitude
QUANTITIES and direction)

• TEMPERATU • FORCE
RE
• MASS • WEIGH
• DISTANCE • T
DISPLACEME
• SPEE NT
• VELOCIT
• D
AREA Y
• WORK • ACCELERATION
• ENERGY • MOMENTUM
• PRESSURE • ELECTRIC FIELD
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION

EXAMPLE: The ship sails 70.0 km east.

Given: d = 70 km east

Solution:

Scale: 1 cm = 10.0 km

Length of the arrow that will represent displacement:

d = 70.0 km(1 cm/10 km)= 7 cm
SYSTEM OF VECTORS
A group or set of forces is called system of forces. The force
system may be classified as

 Coplanar Force System  Non-Coplanar Force System

( same plane) (different plane)
Collinear force system. Non collinear force system.
The forces which are acting The forces which are not acting along
along a straight line are called a straight line are called non collinear
as collinear forces force
Concurrent force system. Non-concurrent force system .
Lines of action intersect at the same The forces that do not meet at one
point point of intersection while acting on the
same object.
Parallel force system. If the
line of action of forces forming the
system are parallel.These parallel
forces can either be in the same
direction or in opposite directions.
Non-parallel force system.
It is a particular case of non
concurrent force system where the
line of action does not form a
parallel system
GRAPHICAL ADDITION OF VECTORS
Vector addition is commutative and associative.

COMMUTATIVE ASSOCIATIVE:
:
GRAPHICAL SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
To subtract vectors graphically, reverse
the direction of B, thus forming –B .
Then add A and –B. R = A + (-B).
GRAPHICAL METHOD
Example 1: You take a two-day hiking. On the first day
you travel 20.0 km east. On the second day, you travel
another 20.0 km east. In what direction and how far
from your starting position are you now located?
Given: d1 = 20.0 km east; d2 = 20.0 km east
Required: dR = resultant displacement vector
Solution: Scale: 1cm = 5.00 km

Vector
Diagram:

dr= 40.0 km due East

DIRECTION OF A VECTOR

A= 20.0 N due South

A= 20.0 N downward
A= 20.0 N to the –y-axis

B= 40.0 N due East

B= 40.0 N to the right
B= 40.0 N to the +x-axis

C= 10.0 N 60 deg North of East

C= 10.0 N 60 deg counterclockwise
from +x-axis
C= 10.0 N East 60 deg North
C= 10.0 N 120 deg clockwise from –x-axis
C= 10.0 N 30 deg from –y-axis
GRAPHICAL METHOD
CLOSE POLYGON
METHOD Solution: Scale: 10 N = 1 cm
Example 2: Given in the figure, four
concurrent vector quantities, find the
resultant vector using close polygon
method.

R= 38.5 N, 48 deg N of E
GRAPHICAL METHOD
PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
Example 3:
A displacement vector D1 of length 6.0m makes angle of
35.0 deg with displacement vector D2 of length 10.0m Find
the magnitude of the vector difference (D1-D2) and the
angle it makes with vector A, using (a) parallelogram
method (b) triangle method.
 RECITATION
The three finalists in a contestant are bought to the center of the large,
flat field. Each is given a meter stick, a compass, a shovel, a protractor
and the following three displacements:

72.4 m, 32 deg East of North

57.3 m, 36 deg South of West
17.8 m straight South

The three displacements lead to the point where the keys to a new
Porsche are buried. What is the displacement from the starting point.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

PROBLEM 1
A particle is being acted on by the following forces:
F1=4.0N east, F2=6.0N northeast and F3=8.0N south.
Find the resultant using parallelogram method.
a) (F1+F2)+F3 c) (2F1-F2)+1/2(F3)
b) (F1+F3)+F2
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

PROBLEM 2
A commuter airplane starts from an airport and takes the route by
the following destinations. The plane first flies to city A, located
175 km away in a direction 30 degrees North of East. Next, it flies
150 km 20 degrees West of North to city B. Finally, the plane flies
190 km due West to city C. Find the location of city C relative to
the location of the starting point. Use polygon method.
RESOLUTION OF VECTORS BY ANALYTICAL
METHOD
RIGHT TRIANGLE
PYTHAGOREAN TRIGONOMETRIC
THEOREM FUNCTIONS
ANALYTICAL METHOD
LAW OF COSINE LAW OF
SINE
ANALYTICAL METHOD
Example 1:

A car travels 9.00 km East and then 6.00 km 30 deg North of

East. Find the displacement of the car by applying the law of
cosines and law of sine.

Solution:
 ANALYTICAL METHOD

Example 2:
A commercial ship is heading due North at 12.0 km/hr but
drifts westward with the tide at 5.0 km/hr. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the ship.
RECITATION
A plane is heading 34 deg West of South. After 240
miles the pilot changes his direction to 78 deg West
of South. After he travelled 480 miles further, find
the distance and bearing from its starting point.
COMPONENT METHOD

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM (3D)

TWO-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM (2D)
 COMPONENT METHOD

Example 1:
A vector force A has a magnitude of 150
N and is oriented 25.0 deg clockwise
from vertical. Vector force B has a
magnitude of 110 N and points 40.0 deg
below horizontal. Find the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force vector
C by means of component method.
COMPONENT METHOD

Example 2:
Two tugboats are towing as
barge. Each exerts a force of
5.0 tons and the angle
between two ropes is 30 deg.
Find the resultant force
exerted on the barge.
RECITATION:
DETERMINE THE RESULTANT FORCE OF THE
THREE CONCURRENT FORCES SHOWN.
RECITATION:
DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RESULTANT
FORCE AND ITS DIRECTION, MEASURED
COUNTERCLOCKWISE FROM THE POSITIVE X- AXIS.
RECITATION:
EQUILIBRANT FORCE
Equilibrant Force.
An equilibrant force is a force
which brings a body into
mechanical equilibrium.
Therefore, an equilibrant force
is equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction to the
resultant of all the other forces
acting on a body.
EQUILIBRANT FORCE
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A force of 100 N is directed west, a second force
of magnitude 200 N is directed 30 o north of
east. Find the magnitude and direction of a
third force that, when added to the first two,
gives a resultant whose magnitude is zero.
RECITATION:

Determine the magnitude and direction theta of F1 so that

the resultant force is directed vertically upward and has a
magnitude of 800N.
FORCE SYSTEM IN SPACE
(3-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM)
A. COMPONENTS
PROBLEM NO. 1

DETERMINE THE
MAGNITUDE OF THE
RESULTANT OF THE
GIVEN CONCURRENT
FORCE SYSTEM IN SPACE
AS SHOWN:
A= 100lb (3, -2, 1)
B= 250 lb (-3, -2, 3)
C= 150 lb (-4, 5, -3)
PROBLEM NO. 1
A SHIP NAMED PRINCESS IS HEADED TOWARD
EAST AT THE THRUST SPEED OF 7.00 KNOTS. A
STRONG WIND PRESSURE CAUSES THE SHIP
TO DEVIATE TO THE NORTH AT 1.00 KNOT. THE
SEA CURRENT IS FLOWING TO THE
SOUTHWEST AT 4.00 KNOTS. DETERMINE THE
VELOCITY OF THE SHIP RELATIVE TO THE
EARTH’S SURFACE. USE GRAPHICAL METHOD.
PROBLEM NO. 2

THE DISPLACEMENT FROM MICHAEL’S TO JANE

HOUSE IS 3.0 km EAST. MICHAEL TELLS JANE
THAT HE WANTS TO MEET HER AT A SCHOOL
GROUND THAT IS 5.0 km 70deg SOUTH OF EAST
FROM HIS HOUSE. USING THE METHOD OF
TRIGONOMETRY, FIND THE DISPLACEMENT OF
THE SCHOOL GROUND FROM JANE’S HOUSE.
PROBLEM NO. 3

FIND THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO

VECTOR FORCES WHOSE
MAGNITUDES ARE F AND 3F AND
THE MAGNITUDE OF WHOSE
RESULTANT IS 3F.
PROBLEM NO. 4

CARL WAS OBSERVING AN ANT THAT CRAWLED ALONG

A TABLETOP. WITH A PIECE OF CHALK, HE FOLLOWED
THE PATH. HE DETERMINED THE ANT’S
DISPLACEMENTS BY USING A RULER AND
PROTRACTOR. THE DISPLACEMENTS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
2 cm EAST; 3.5 cm, 32deg NORTH OF EAST; AND 2.3 cm,
22deg WEST OF NORTH. DETERMINE ANTS’
DISPLACEMENT USING COMPONENT METHOD.
PROBLEM NO. 5

A VECTOR FORCE OF 30 kN IS DIRECTED

TOWARDS THE RIGHT AND ANOTHER
VECTOR FORCE OF 40 kN 55deg CLOCKWISE
FROM +X-AXIS. WHAT MUST BE THE
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF A THIRD
VECTOR FORCE IF THE SYSTEM OF THREE
VECTOR FORCES IS TO HAVE A ZERO
RESULTANT.
PROBLEM NO. 6

THE RESULTANT OF THE

CONCURRENT FORCES
SHOWN IN FIG 1.1 IS 100 kN
WITH θ OF 60deg SOUTH OF
EAST. DETERMINE THE
MAGNITUDE AND
DIRECTION OF THE
UNKNOWN FORCE.
PROBLEM NO. 7

GIVEN THE SET OF FORCES IN

FIG 1.2, CALCULATE THE:
A) RESULTANT FORCE
B) EQUILIBRANT FORCE