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Electromagnetic radiations

● The oscillating electrical/magnetic field are electromagnetic

radiations. Experimentally, the direction of oscillations of
electrical and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.
Electromagnetic radiations

E = Electric field,
B = Magnetic field

The direction of propagation is given by :

Cross product of electric and magnetic field
→ →
(E) × (B)
Characteristics of waves

Wave length (λ):

The distance between two neighbouring troughs or crests is

known as wavelength. It is denoted by λ and is expressed in
cm, m, nanometers (1nm=10–9m) or Angstrom (1Å=10–10m).
Characteristics of waves

Frequency 𝛎 :

The number of waves passing through a point in space in a unit time.

Its units are s-1 or Hertz (Hz), Cycles per second etc.
Characteristics of waves

Amplitude:
It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough of a wave and is
denoted by a. It determines the intensity or brightness of the beam
of light.
Characteristics of waves

Wave number ⊽ :
It is defined as number of wavelengths per cm. It is denoted by ⊽
and is expressed in cm–1.
Planck’s Quantum Theory

According to Planck’s quantum theory,

❏ Different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in

discrete quantities only. The smallest amount of energy that
can be emitted or absorbed in the form of electromagnetic
radiation is known as quantum.

❏ The energy of the radiation absorbed or emitted is directly

proportional to the frequency of the radiation.
Planck’s Quantum Theory

● Energy of photon is proportional to Frequency

E∝ν

● The constant of proportionality is called Planck’s constant

represented by “h”
E=hν

c =speed of light
λ =wavelength
h =planck’s constant
Quantisation

Quantisation has been compared to standing on a staircase.

A person can stand on any step of a staircase, but it is not
possible for him/her to stand in between the two steps.
The energy can take any one of the values from the following
set, but cannot take on any values between them.
Bohr’s Atomic model
Bohr’s Atomic Model

Bohr model of the atom was proposed by Neil Bohr in 1913 to

overcome the drawback of Rutherford’s model of atom.
Neils Bohr was the first to explain quantitatively the general
features of the structure of hydrogen atom and its spectrum
. He used planck’s concept of quantisation of energy.
Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model

➢ The electrons in the atom can move around the nucleus in a

circular path of fixed radius and energy. These paths are
called orbits, stationary states or allowed energy states.
These orbits are arranged concentrically around the
nucleus.
Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model

➢ Electron revolves around the nucleus due to the centripetal

force provided by the electrostatic force of attraction
(kZe2/r2).
Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model

➢ Energy is emitted or absorbed when an electron jump from

one orbit to another. The amount of energy emitted or
absorbed is given by the difference of energies of the two
energy levels concerned, i.e. ,
Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model

➢ Only those orbits are permitted in which the angular

momentum of the electron is a whole number multiple of
h/2π.

This means that, like energy, angular momentum of the

electrons in an atom is also quantized.
Calculation of radius of Bohr’s Orbit

According to Bohr’s postulate :

Centripetal force = Coulombic force

‘m’ = mass of electron

‘e’ = charge of electron

‘Z’ = atomic number

‘v’ = velocity of electron

‘r’ = radius of the orbit in which electron is revolving.

Calculation of radius of Bohr’s Orbit

Now, according to Bohr’s postulate :

Substituting in eq. (i), we get

Calculation of radius of Bohr’s Orbit

Putting the values in above equation,

Calculation of velocity of electron in Bohr’s Orbit

From Bohr’s postulate we know,

We also know,

Putting value of r in eq. (i) and solving we get,

Calculation of velocity of electron in Bohr’s Orbit

Putting value of K, e and h in above equation we get,

Energy of electron in Bohr’s Orbit

The total energy of an electron revolving in a particular orbit is

T.E. = K.E. + P.E.
where : P.E. = Potential energy , K.E. = Kinetic energy , T.E. = Total energy

● Kinetic energy
Energy of electron in Bohr’s Orbit

● Potential energy

● Total energy
Energy of electron in Bohr’s Orbit
Energy of electron in Bohr’s Orbit
Bohr’s Atomic Model
Bohr’s Atomic Model
According to Bohr model, angular momentum of an electron in the 3rd
orbit is:

D
According to Bohr model, angular momentum of an electron in the 3rd
orbit is:

D
Solution:
According to Bohr’s theory, which of the following correctly represents the
variation of energy and radius of an electron in nth orbit of H-atom?

A E ∝ n2 , r ∝ n2

B E ∝ 1/n2 , r ∝ 1/n2

C E ∝ n2 , r ∝ 1/n2

D E ∝ 1/n2 , r ∝ n2
According to Bohr’s theory, which of the following correctly represents the
variation of energy and radius of an electron in nth orbit of H-atom?

A E ∝ n2 , r ∝ n2

B E ∝ 1/n2 , r ∝ 1/n2

C E ∝ n2 , r ∝ 1/n2

D E ∝ 1/n2 , r ∝ n2
Solution:

According to Bohr’s theory

The energy of electron in 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom is

A -1311.8 kJ mol-1

B -82.0 kJ mol-1

C -145.7 kJ mol-1

D -327.9 kJ mol-1
The energy of electron in 3rd orbit of hydrogen atom is

A -1311.8 kJ mol-1

B -82.0 kJ mol-1

C -145.7 kJ mol-1

D -327.9 kJ mol-1
Solution:
Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that of Bohr orbit of
hydrogen atom?

A n = 2, Li2+

B n = 2, Be3+

C n = 2, He+

D n = 3, Li3+
Which hydrogen like species will have same radius as that of Bohr orbit of
hydrogen atom?

A n = 2, Li2+

B n = 2, Be3+

C n = 2, He+

D n = 3, Li3+
Solution:

For Hydrogen atom rn= ao

For radius equal to hydrogen atom n2/ Z must be equal to 1.
n=2 and Be3+(Z=4) satisfies it.
What is likely to be orbit number for a circular orbit of diameter 20 nm of
the hydrogen atom :

A 10

B 14

C 12

D 16
What is likely to be orbit number for a circular orbit of diameter 20 nm of
the hydrogen atom :

A 10

B 14

C 12

D 16
Solution:
The angular momentum of an electron in a given orbit is J, Its kinetic
energy will be :

D
The angular momentum of an electron in a given orbit is J, Its kinetic
energy will be :

D
Solution:
The energy of an electron moving in nth Bohr’s orbit of an element is given

by eV/atom (Z = atomic number). The graph of E vs. Z2

(keeping “n” constant) will be:

A B

C D
The energy of an electron moving in nth Bohr’s orbit of an element is given

by eV/atom (Z = atomic number). The graph of E vs. Z2

(keeping “n” constant) will be:

A B

C D
Solution:
The velocity of an electron in excited state of H-atom is 1.093 × 106 m/s.
What is the circumference of this orbit?

A 3.32 × 10-10 m

B 6.64 × 10-10 m

C 13.30 × 10-10 m

D 13.28 × 10-8 m
The velocity of an electron in excited state of H-atom is 1.093 × 106 m/s.
What is the circumference of this orbit?

A 3.32 × 10-10 m

B 6.64 × 10-10 m

C 13.30 × 10-10 m

D 13.28 × 10-8 m
Solution:
The ratio of the radius difference between 4th and 3rd orbit of H-atom and
that of Li2+ ion is:

A 1:1

B 3:1

C 3:4

D 9:1
The ratio of the radius difference between 4th and 3rd orbit of H-atom and
that of Li2+ ion is:

A 1:1

B 3:1

C 3:4

D 9:1
Solution:
For a hypothetical hydrogen like atom, the potential energy of the system

is given by where r is the distance between the two particles.

If Bohr’s model of quantization of angular momentum is applicable then

velocity of particle is given by:

D
For a hypothetical hydrogen like atom, the potential energy of the system

is given by where r is the distance between the two particles.

If Bohr’s model of quantization of angular momentum is applicable then

velocity of particle is given by:

D
Solution:
A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that P.E.

where k is a constant and r is the distance of the particle from origin.

Assuming Bohr’s model of quantization of angular momentum and

circular orbit, r is directly proportional to:

A n2

B n

D None of these
A small particle of mass m moves in such a way that P.E.

where k is a constant and r is the distance of the particle from origin.

Assuming Bohr’s model of quantization of angular momentum and

circular orbit, r is directly proportional to:

A n2

B n

D None of these
Solution:
Limitations of Bohr’s atomic model

● He could not explain the line spectra of atoms containing more than
one electron.

● He could not explain the presence of multispectra lines.

● Bohr could not explain the de broglie’s concept of dual nature of

matter.

● Bohr could not explain splitting of spectral lines in presence of electrical

field (Stark effect) and magnetic field (Zeeman effect)

● He could not explain Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

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XXXX
 JEE 2024

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