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Reference/ Notes:
Design of Short Concrete Column
A. Input Data
a. Material Properties, f’c, fy
b. Geometry, b, h
c. Loads, DL, LL, EL
B. Analysis and Design
Design requirements:
Design strength: Pn Pu and Mn Mu
Minimum eccentricity, e = 0.6 + .03h
Figure 1. Column Subject to Eccentric Compression
a. Calculate factored axial load, Pu and factored moment, Mu.
To determine PDL and PLL, two methods can be considered;
1. Using Tributary Area, we can determine the gravity axial forces to
be carried by the columns.
Load on Column = xy * floor load
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Reference/ Notes:
e.g.
2. Using Beam Reaction Method SLABS
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Reference/ Notes:
Note: PEL can be determined from ETABS seismic output.
PDL and PLL can also be determined from ETABS output.
b. Select a trial column width (b) and column depth (h) in the direction of
moment.
To Calculate Mu,
Figure 1. The equivalent Eccentricity e = M/P
Minimum eccentricity, e = 0.6 +.03h
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Reference/ Notes
Figure 3. Example of PCA design chart, is shown above, which is available
in ACI Handbook. The vertical axis is Pn /Ag and the horizontal axis
is Mn /Agh, where h is the dimension of column in the direction of
moment. The chart is arranged based on the ratio, which is the ratio of the
distance between center of longitudinal reinforcements to h.
c. Calculate gross area, Ag and ratio, = distance between rebar/h.
d. Calculate ratio, Pu/Ag and Mu/Agh.
e. Select reinforcement ratio,from PCA design chart based on concrete
strength, fc', steel yield strength, fy, and the ratio,
f. Calculate area of column reinforcement, A s, and select rebar number and
size.
g. Design column ties.
Ash= 0.3 (s) (hc)(f’c/fyh)((Ag/Ach)-1) ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
Ash= 0.09 (s) (hc)(f’c/fyh)
h. Calculate
Pn =0.80[0.85f’c(Ag-Ast)+Astfy] ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
where is strength reduction factor.
For rectangular column
Compare to computedPu.
For spiral column
(ACI-318-02, 05)
i. Calculate n = Pn e. Compare to computed Mu.
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Limitations
1. Ast shall not be less than .01*A g and Ast shall not be more
than .08*Ag. Reference/ Notes
2. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within the ACI 318 Sec. 10.9.1
rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties.
3. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than ACI 318 Sec. 10.9.2
1.5*db nor 40 mm.
4. Use at least 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at ACI 318 Sec. 7.6.3
least 12 mm in size 36mm and bundled longitudinal bars.
5. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following: ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
a. 6*db (longitudinal bar diameter)
b. One quarter of least dimension of column
14−h x ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
c. So =4 + ; hx, legs of overlapping hoops, shall not
3
exceed 350 mm
6. Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of
the tie with an included angle of not more than 135deg and no bar
shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from
such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located
around the perimeter of a circle, complete circular tie is allowed.
7. Clear spacing of ties shall not exceed 75 mm, nor less than 25 mm.
8. For spiral column, the minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6. ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
9. For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10
mm in diameter. ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
10. Anchorage spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1.5 extra turns
of spiral bar ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
11. Splices of spiral reinforcement shall be lap splice of 48db but not less
than 300mm or welded. ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
Column Transverse Reinforcement
Beam-Column Joint Shear
Once the transverse reinforcement is selected, the shear strength should be
checked. The three different procedures are summarized below.
1. Ve shall not be taken less than the shear obtained by the building frame
analysis considering the governing load combinations (defined as V code).
2. Ve can be determine using capacity design approach (see figure 1-a). ACI 318 Sec. 21.6.4
Probable moment strength (Mpr) is calculated using strength reduction
factor Ø = 1.0 and yield stress equal to 1.25fy. M pr is to be taken equal
to the maximum associated with the anticipated range of axial forces.
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Reference/ Notes
Note:
This approach is conservative because barring some unforeseeable
accidental loading, no higher shear can be developed in column. For
some column, the shear obtained by this approach is much higher than
can reasonably be accommodated by transverse reinforcement, and
much higher than the anticipated shear.
ACI 318 Sec. [Link]
3. Column design shear can be taken equal to the shear determined from
joint strengths based on Mpr of beams connected into the joint. The
concept behind this is that the column shears need not to be taken
greater than the shear that develops when the beams develop their
probable moment. Below is the procedure in order to apply the
approach.
1. Determine the column shear (Vcol) as defined in procedure “a”.Vcol
might be reasonable estimate of the true shear forces if the
frame was proportioned with strengths exactly corresponding to
design requirements. It is reasonable to anticipate shear forces
equal to Mpr/ Mu x Vcol.
2. The design shear strength for column is Ø(V c + Vs) Ve, where Ø
= 0.75. Vc must be set to zero for any load combination for which
column has low axial load ( <Agf’f/20) and high seismic demand
(Ve=Vu/2).
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Reference/ Notes
How to Use “Himay”
1. Open the text file (output of ETABS) in Excel.
2. Text Import Wizard will appear. Click Next.
3. Follow the instruction as said in Text Import Wizard. Click Next.
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4. Choose General Column Date Format. Click Finish. Reference/ Notes
5. Once the text file is converted to excel, we can start doing the “himay”
a. First, delete the cells, prior to column forces.
b. Change sheet name to COLUMN
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c. In View Menu, click Macros, then click View Macros
4. Choose Macro for column (highlighted). Click Run.
5. As an output,
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Reference/ Notes:
How to Use PCALOADS v.2.8 1. Avoid deleting
and inserting new
1. Rename all the himay files to DL for deadload, LL for liveload, cells.
EL for earthquake load. Keep the files active when using the PCALOADS.
2. Do not change
the existing
filename of the
worksheet.
3. If you wish to
change the
filename, kindly
ask for assistance.
4. Be sure that
the level (column
F) is arranged
2. Open PCALOADS v.2.8. from top to
bottom level
3. Input Floor levels and Column designations on Column F & G of the
worksheet you wish to sort.
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5. Check rho and live load reduction. Reference/ Notes:
6. Hit the FINAL RUN button.
6. Wait until the programs stop sorting. In the
spreadsheet
7. Copy the sorted factored loads paste it on notepad and save it as text file. named
“Summary”, the
factored loads will
be display.
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Using PCA COL
1. In the Input Menu, fill up the general information. Set the units as Metric.
2. Then, input the material properties.
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3. Set the section based on the initial assumptions.
4. Input the preliminary reinforcement which is 4% ratio of rebar to concrete at
lower levels.
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5. Apply loadings. You may input the load as service load or import the loads as
Factored (use text file format).
6. In Solve Menu, execute the program to find the result. If the result shows the
points go beyond the interaction diagram, it means the assumed section and
reinforcements are inadequate. Choose the result file to view the report. Note:
Points represent the factored loads.
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7. Adjust the assumed section and reinforcements. Rerun the program to show the
result.
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Slenderness in Column
In calculating klu/r, the radius of gyration, r, is equal to 0.25 times the diameter of
a round column and 0.289 times the dimension of a rectangular column in the
direction considered.
klu M 1b
For columns braced against sidesway, if <34−12 , slenderness may be
r M 2b
neglected.
klu
For unbraced columns, if <22 , slenderness may be neglected.
r
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