REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY:

BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

A. Steps in determining the Tension Steel III. a > t B. Steps in Determining Mu of a T-Beam Solve for z:
Area As of a T-Beam with given Mu with given As. Ac = A f + bw z
b 0.85 fc' (see Steps I for values of Ac and Af)
I. Assume that the entire flange is in compression I. Assume steel yields (fs = fy) and compute the
t 1 C1 t/2 0.85 fc' area of compression concrete, Ac Verify if steel yields:
and solve for Mu1: z
a
d 2 C2 a = t + z = _____
Compression force in concrete: d' d-t/2 d'-z/2 C=T c = a / b1 = ______ fs = 600(d-c)/c = _____
C = 0.85 fc' b f t As T1 = As 1 fy T2 = As 2 fy
0.85 fc' Ac = As fy

M
Mu1 = f C(d - t/2) bw Ac = _____ If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
Mu1 Mu2
If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
Mu1 = f 0.85 fc' bf t(d - t/2) Area of compression flange, Af = bf t

O
Mu = Mu1 + Mu2
Mu1 = _____________ If Ac < Af, a < t, proceed to Step II Mu1 = f C1 (d - t / 2)
Mu1 = the same value in Step 1

.C
If Ac > Af, a > t, proceed to Step III
Mu1 = f 0.85 fc' A f (d - t / 2)
If Mu1 > Mu, then a < t, proceed to Step II Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
Mu2 = f C2 (d'-a/2) Mu2 = f C2 (d' - z / 2)

M
If Mu1 < Mu, then a > t, proceed to Step III
II. a < t
Mu2 = f 0.85 fc' bw z (d' - z / 2)
Mu2 = f 0.85 fc' bw z (d'-z/2) b 0.85 fc'

U
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
II. a < t
b 0.85 fc' z = _______ d d-a/2 Mu = Mu1 + Mu2

R
t a C =0.85 fc' ab
d T=C T = As fy

FO
d-a/2

As fy = C1 + C2 ACI/NSCP Coefficients for Continuous

T = As fy Solve for a:
As fy = 0.85 fc' b t + 0.85 fc' bw z
Beams and Slabs

KS
Solve for a: As = _______ Ac = bf x a
Mu = f C (d-a/2) a = ____ Requirements:

Mu = f 0.85 fc' ab (d-a/2) Solve fo r min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As Mu = f As fy (d-a/2) 1. Two or more spans
bw d

O
2. Loads are uniformly distributed
a = _______
If As > r min , design is OK! Verify if steel yields(this may not be necessary) 3. Beams or slabs are prismatic
bw d

O
T=C c = a / b1 fs = 600 (d-c) / c 4. L - S < 20%S
As fy = 0.85 fc' ab
If As < r min , use r = r min(seldom) If fs > fy, steel yields (correct assumption)
5. 1.7 wll < 3.0

FB
As = _______ bw d 1.4 wdl

Solve for r max and compare with

As As = r min b w d If fs < fy, steel does not yield (seldom happen)
w (kN/m)
bf d
PD
If As < r max , design is OK! Solve for Asmax .
bf d III. a > t L1 L2 L3 L4

If As > r max , beam needs compression a = b1

600 d
bf d steel (seldom happen) 600 + fy
T

b 0.85 fc' wL1 /2 wL/2 wL/2 1.15wL/2

As max = 0.75 A sb C1 t/2
Solve fo r min = 1.4 / fy and compare with As
t 1 0.85 fc'
a
SI

bw d d z 2 C2
0.85 fc' ( b f t + (a-t) bw d' d-t/2 d'-z/2
V-D
If As > r min , design is OK! As max = 0.75
fy
bw d -wL/2 -wL/2 -wL4 /2
VI

-1.15wL/2
As T1 = As 1 fy T2= As 2 fy
If As < r min , use r = r min (seldom) If As < As max , value is OK bw Mu1 Mu2 2
wL1 /14
2
wL2 /16
2
wL3 /16
2
wL4 /11
bw d
If As > As max , the beam needs 2 2 2
As = r min b w d
-wL /10 -wL /11 -wL /11 2
compression steel (seldom happens) 2
-wL1 /16
2
-wL /11
2
-wL /11
2
-wL /10
-wL4 /24

Note:
L = the average span between adjacent
spans in shear and negative moment

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 9/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 10/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

COLUMNS ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN

2. SPIRAL COLUMNS
Classification of column as to: P
Minimum spiral steel ratio : rs
ex
A. REINFORCEMENT Dc D
ey
1. TIED COLUMNS rs = 0.45 [ (D/Dc)2 - 1 ] fc'/fy x

M
Pu S = spacing of spiral ties
Applied Axial Load:
rs = 4 A sp (Dc - db ) y

O
s longitudinal bars
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL s 2
s s Dc P P P

.C
P P
where:
Resisting Axial Load:

M
ex ey
Asp = area of the spiral reinforcement
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] Applied Axial Load: rs = spiral steel ratio

U
Mx = Pey
P
Dc = core diameter (mm) P
Pu = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

R
f = 0.70 for tied column Note: My = Pex My = Pex
rg

FO
= gross steel area
To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res.
= As/Ag 3. COMPOSITE COLUMN
Resisting Axial Load: A. Compression plus Uniaxial
ACI Code specs: As = total steel area
db = bar diameter
Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] Bending

KS
1. rg = 0.01 - 0.08 Steel
2. Minimum side cover = 40 mm Section
3. Minimum vertical bars
f = 0.75 for spiral column emin = 0.10 h for rectangular section

O
emin = 0.05 D for circular section
4 - 16mm dia. - for rec. section To be safe, Pu act. < Pu res.

O
6 - 16mm dia. - for round section where:
4. Minimum lateral tie bar dia. ACI Code specs: h = column dimension parallel to

FB
10mm dia.- for < 32 db main bar eccentricity (mm)
12mm dia.- for > 32 db main bar 1. rg= 0.01 - 0.06 B. SLENDERNESS
D = column diameter (mm)
5. Spacing of lateral ties (use the smallest) 2. minimum diameter = 250 mm 1. Short Column
3. min. vertical bars = 6-16 mm
PD
a. 16 vert. bar diameter Klu/r < 34 - 12 M1/M2
4. minimum spiral = 10 mm
b. 48 lateral tie bar diameter 5. clear distance between vertical bars 2. Slender Column
a) 1.5 times bar diameter 1. e = 0 Pu
c. least column dimension Klu/r > 34 - 12 M1/M2
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate
6. Minimum side dimension of 6. spacing of spirals c.g.
T

column = 200 mm a) not more that 75 mm C. SECTION

b)not less than 25 mm
SI

7. Clear distance between longitudinal bars c) not less than 1.5 times coarse aggregate 1. Square/rectangular
a) 1.5 times bar diameter d) not more than one-sixth
b) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate 2. Round/Circular
VI

Axially Load:
8. Minimum covering of ties 7. Spacing of spiral tie:
a) 40 mm for interior columns D. LOAD
b) 50 mm for exterior columns Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
c) 1.5 times max. size of coarse aggregate 4A sp 1. Axially Loaded
s =
9. When there are more than four vertical bars, rs Dc 2. Eccentrically loaded
additional ties shall be provided so that every
longitudinal bar will be held firmly in position. No a. Uniaxial bending Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)]
bar can be located at a greater distance than 150 mm b. Biaxial bending
clear in either side from a laterally supported bar.

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 11/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 12/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

Compression plus Uniaxial Bending: ACI Moment Magnifier Method

2. e = e min Pu Pn
e e Pu Factored Design Moment:
c.g.
emin As As'
pc Mc = dbM 2b + ds M2s

where:
Axially loaded (Neglect the effect of moment) pc
e
Pn b = bending

M
s = sidesway
Pu = f 0.80 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] d = moment magnification factor
b
As As'

O
Moment Magnifiers
0.85fc'

.C
Pu = f 0.85 Ag [0.85fc'(1- rg )+ rg fy)] d T1 T2 Cm
where:
db = > 1.0
C1' C2' Pn - nominal load cap.of column at 1 - Pu

M
0.85fc'
C ex and ey f Pc
es1 Pno - nominal load cap.of column at
3. e min < e < eb T es2 e=0
C'

U
C Cm
es'1 es'2 Pnx - nominal load cap.of ds = > 1.0
Pu ec ey and ex 1 - S Pu

R
a
e
c
Pny - nominal load cap.of column at fS Pc
Eccentrically loaded d-c c e & e =0

FO
c.g.
Consider effect of moment es
emin es'
Failure by crushing of concrete
SLENDER COLUMNS
d'

KS
fs' = fy Cm = 0.60 + 0.40 M1/M2 > 0.40
d-c c A. Columns braced against sidesway
fs < fy
4. e = e b (for braced without transversed loads)
Gross Steel Ratio: 1. When Klu/r < 34 -12 M1 /M 2 , column is short.

O
Pu rg = (As + As') / Ag 2. When Klu/r > 34 -12 M 1 /M 2 , column is slender. Cm = 1.0 (for all other cases)
e
Ag = bh B. Unbraced Columns M1 /M 2 = smaller end moment

O
Eccentrically loaded
c.g. 1. When Klu/r < 22, column is short. bigger end moment
eb Consider effect of moment Mn = Pn (e)
where: = + for single curvature

FB
2. When Klu/r > 22, column is slender.
fs' = fy Mu = f Mn = - for double curvature
fs = fy
Effective length factor, k
Mn = nominal moment
PD
5. e b < e Condition Value of k
Mu = ultimate moment pinned at both ends 1.0
Pu
e
Eccentrically loaded
fixed at both ends
fixed at one end, pinned at the other
0.5
0.7 Pc =
p 2 EI EI =
Ec Ig / 2.5
c.g. Consider effect of moment SHORT ECCENTRICALLY LOADED fixed at one end, free at the other 2.0 (Klu) 2 1 +bd
T

eb k 1.0 for braced frames, no sidesway

Failure initiated by yielding ROUND COLUMNS k > 1.0 for unbraced frames, with sidesway
where:
SI

of tension steel k = 1.0 for compression members in frames braced against

sidesway unless a theoretical analysis shows that a
fs = fy Column Interaction Eqtn: (Homogenous Mat'l.) lesser value can be used.
Ec = 4700 fc' (MPa)
Ig = bh3 /12
VI

6. e b <<< e fa + fbx + fby < 1.0 For slender columns (to consider PD - effect factored axial dead load
Fa Fbx Fby or secondary moment) bd =
factored axial total load
Pu Very large moment and 1. When Mu(A) < Pu(15 + 0.03h), Klu/r = slenderness ratio
e negligible axial load Bresler's Eqtn: (Reinf. Conc.-Composite Mat'l.)
c.g. Column behaves like a use Mu = Pu (15 + 0.03 h) r = 0.30h for rectangular
eb beam
Pn Pn Pn
+ + < 1.0 2. When Mu(A) > Pu(15 + 0.03h), = 0.25D for round column
Pnx Pny Pno
use Mu = Mu(A) Pu = Pdl + Pll

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 13/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 14/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA

A. BEARING ON SOIL D. TWO -WAY OR PUNCHING SHEAR For top bars:

FOOTINGS
q = P / Af Applied Punching Shear Force: Ld is multiplied by a factor 1.4
Types of Footing:
2 2
Vp = qu [ L - (c + d) ]
1. Spread Footing (Isolated Footing) To be safe, q < q all For 35 mmØ and smaller bars
2. Wall Footing Resisting Shear force of Concrete:
where:
3. Combined Footing 0.02 Ab fy
Ld =

M
4. Mat and Raft Foundation q = bearing stress on soil (MPa) Vp = vpc (Ap)
q all = allow. bearing stress on soil (MPa) fc'
5. Footing on Piles

O
P = column load Resisting Shear stress of Concrete in Punching:
Minimum Ld = 300 mm
SPREAD FOOTING vpc = f [ 1 + 2 / bc ] 1/6 fc' < f1/3 fc'

.C
Af = area of soil in contact with bearing
stress of soil (mm 2) For 45 mmØ bars
Modes of failure:

M
B. BENDING OR FLEXURE To be safe, Vp < vpc
1. Bearing of soil 25 A b fy
Applied Moment: Ld =
2. Bending or Flexure

U
where: fc'
2
3. One-way Shear or Beam Shear Mu = qu ( Lx ) / 2 L = side dimension of footing (m)

R
4. Two-way Shear of Punching Shear c = column dimension (mm) Minimum Ld = 300 mm
Resisting Moment of steel: qu = net upward soil bearing stress or pressure (MPa)

FO
For 55 mmØ bars
SPREAD FOOTING (ISOLATED FOOTING) Mu = f As fs (d-a/2) 1.4 PDL + 1.7 PLL
qu = 40 fy
Af Ld =

KS
P Resisting Moment of Concrete: fc'
Ap = 4 (c + d) d
Mu = f r fy bd2 [ 1 - 0.59 r fy / fc'] Minimum Ld = 300 mm

O
To be safe, Mu act < Mu resist. CHECK DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

O
B. STEEL IN COMPRESSION

FB
C. ONE -WAY OR BEAM SHEAR
d 0.02 Ab fy 0.02 Ab fy
t
Applied Ultimate Shear:
Ldreqd = Ld =
q fc' fc'
PD
Vu act = qu ( H z )
c+d Minimum Ld = 0.04 dbfy or 300 mm
Vu act - critical shear force 'd" from the
c.s.for bending
face of support
DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS
d/2
T

H c+d c
c.s.for punching shear Resisting Ultimate Shear Force of concrete A. STEEL IN TENSION
SI

d/2
c.s.for beam shear
f Vc = f 1/6 fc' bd
0.02 Ab fy
VI

Ld =
dz where: fc'
x
f = capacity or strength reduction
L factor
= 0.85 for shear and torsion Minimum Ld = 0.06 dbfy or 300 mm

Vc = nominal shear force capacity

of concrete
b,d = beam dimensions (mm)

CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION To be safe, Vu act < Vc 15/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 16/20