RRL

[1]

In this study, piezoelectric-cantilever-type energy harvesters were attached to a motor and spun around
with different rotational speeds. A mass was placed on the tip of the cantilevers, which were mounted
pointing inward toward the center axis of the motor. Pointing a cantilever tip inward and increasing the
distance from the center axis of the motor decreased the natural resonance frequency significantly and
thus enabled higher harvested energy levels with lower rotational frequencies. Motion of the cantilever
was also controlled by altering the movement space of the tip mass. This created another possibility to
control the cantilever dynamics and prevent overstressing of the piezoelectric material. Restricting the
movement of the tip mass can also be used to harvest energy over a wider frequency range and prevent
the harvester from getting trapped into a stagnant position. The highest calculated raw power of 579.2
µW at 7.4 Hz rotational frequency was measured from a cantilever with outer dimensions of 25 mm ×
100 mm. Results suggest that an energy harvesting system with multiple cantilevers could be designed to
replace batteries in condition sensors monitoring revolving machinery.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting from mechanical stress has been widely studied over the last decade, as
electronic devices have surrounded our daily lives. The goal has been to replace or make more sensor
solutions that could either be used solely with harvested energy or with prolonged battery life. Many
piezoelectric energy harvesters have been studied from vibrating sources, where a mass is used to tune a
cantilever type harvester to a certain frequency. Mass tuning to lower the resonance can vastly improve
the harvester efficiency, but the corresponding stress build-up in the piezoelectric material increases the
risk of fatigue failure.

In this work, several piezoelectric cantilever-type energy harvesters were realized and measured from a
rotating source. Pointing the tip mass inward decreases the harvesting beam resonance frequency and
enhances the harvested energy significantly. Furthermore, restricting the movement of the tip mass can
be used to harvest energy from a wider frequency range and reduce bouncing as well as avoiding getting
trapped into a stagnant position. Correct balance of the piezoelectric material and steel
thickness/length/width, tip mass and restricting the movement can be designed when the rotation
frequency range of a system is known. The highest recorded continuous power was 579.2 µW at 7.4 Hz
rotational frequency from one piezoelectric bimorph-type cantilever. Results suggest that a possible
multibeam structure could replace batteries in the condition sensors monitoring of revolving machinery
when rotational speeds are known, and an energy harvesting system can be designed accordingly
together with optimal energy harvesting electronics. Further improvements could be made where the
beam movement is restricted by other beams and tip masses, which could collide and force each other
away from a stagnant position. This would enable the harvester to operate over a wider frequency
range.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7449

[8]

Cantilever Piezoelectric Film

Cantilever-beam-type PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) piezoelectric film sensors are commonly utilized for
vibration signal detection due to their simple structures and ease of processing. Traditional cantilevered
PVDF piezoelectric film sensors are susceptible to the influence of the second-order vibration mode and
have a low lateral stress distribution at the free end, which limit their measurement bandwidth and
sensitivity. This study is on the design of a dual-cantilever PVDF piezoelectric film sensor based on the
principle of cantilevered piezoelectric film sensors. The results of the experiments indicate that,
compared to a typical single-arm piezoelectric cantilever beam vibration sensor, the developed sensor
has a longer second-order natural frequency that ranges from 112 Hz to 453 Hz, while the first-order
natural frequency is maintained at around 12 Hz. This leads to a better ratio of the second-order natural
frequency to the first-order natural frequency and a wider frequency response range. At the same time,
the sensitivity is increased by a factor of 3.48.

Piezoelectric cantilever beams are crucial sensitive components that convert vibrational signals into
electrical signals. They possess notable characteristics such as a rapid frequency response, a high
strength, and low natural frequencies [10,11,12]. PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride) is a high-performance
polymer with exceptional piezoelectric characteristics, such as a high piezoelectric coupling coefficient,
good chemical stability, and a wide frequency response range [13,14,15]. Compared with piezoelectric
ceramic materials, the advantages of PVDF are that it is highly flexible and less likely to fracture [16]. As a
result, it can more easily adapt to cantilever beam construction, making it a typical sensitive measuring
element in vibration sensors [17].

In recent years, many researchers have made improvements to the structure of piezoelectric cantilever
beams in order to measure mechanical vibrations in specific environments. Li, Y. et al. [18] designed a
circular-structured piezoelectric film cantilever beam to reduce the dimensions of the structure and
increase the charge output.

In this study, we performed integrated mathematical modeling of cantilever-beam-type piezoelectric film

sensing and designed a dual-arm piezoelectric thin film sensor. Finite element simulations were
performed to validate the design, followed by fabrication and experimental testing. There was ample
agreement between the measured, simulated, and computed results. The results of the experiment
demonstrate that the proposed dual-arm structure vibration sensor largely retains its first-order natural
frequency (around 12 Hz) in contrast to the conventional single-arm structure vibration sensor.

Pero feel nako napa kay makuha daghan diri about cantilevers.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/11/2108

[9]

Polyvinylidene fluoride

There was a fast development of various piezoelectric materials in the past two decades due to their
numerous applications. Piezoelectric materials made up of natural quartz crystals were used in ultrasonic
detectors in the early days. Later, the modern synthetic piezoelectric materials known as ferroelectric
ceramics, such as Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), were developed, which were capable of exhibiting
piezoelectricity several times greater than natural crystals. Later, the declination of ceramics began as
they contained large amounts of lead content, which was considered harmful to both humans and the
environment. Finally, a new era in the history of piezoelectric materials boomed with the outbreak of
polymer materials. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a piezoelectric polymer material that has drawn the
attention of researchers, from the family of fluoropolymers and has paved a new path in the field of
polymer science and technology. PVDF has earned the renown of being an excellent piezoelectric
material due to its unique and versatile exhibition of piezoelectric and dielectric properties.
Furthermore, PVDF can exhibit incredible thermal stability and mechanical strength with flexible
processing and low cost compared with the other piezoelectric crystals and ceramics. Thus, the main
objective of this review is to present a detailed description of PVDF concerning its uniqueness as a
piezoelectric material and versatile properties, followed by various advanced fabrication techniques and
their impact on doping various nanofillers with respective applications. Though PVDF is renowned for its
significant applications such as sensors, actuators, energy harvesting and biomedical devices, a tabular
chart has been specially framed in one-liners which highlights the real-time experimental outcomes
where PVDF can be specified as a futuristic polymer for multifunctional applications.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pat.5914

[10]

energy harvesting by Au-nanoparticles interfaced poly(vinylidenefluoride) electrospun fibers

The development of self-powered flexible electronics by harvesting green energy from local environment
is anattractive technique now a day. Among the available techniques (such as, solar, thermal, wind, hydro
and so on)mechanical energy harvesting is suitable choice for low-power electronics of micro to milli
watts level for its easy ofabundance. Nanogenerator (NG) is a new type of device based on piezoelectric
materials that could harvestmechanical vibrations during, human walking, running, talking and so on.
From materials point of view, incontrast to the several inorganic and semiconducting materials,
ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) and its co-polymers are highly suitable for flexible
electronics owing to their excellent properties offlexibility, light weight, chemical resistivity, large area
processing feasibility and environmental friendly (leadfree). It is a semi-crystalline polymer that exhibits
primarily four crystalline polymorph such as, ….. and phases.

https://www.academia.edu/87759813/
Improved_mechanical_energy_harvesting_by_Au_nanoparticles_interfaced_poly_vinylidene_fluoride_el
ectrospun_fibers?uc-g-sw=37599655

[12]

This study is focused more on piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH’s). The term “energy harvesting”
refers to the process of transforming other forms of energy in the environment into electrical energy.
The piezoelectric and related ceramic actuators mainly concentrate on improving the materials of the
actuator, the shape, design, structure, and their applications. Piezoelectric actuators have developed a
new field of electronic and structural ceramics. Due to its versatile advantage and the vast applications of
piezoelectric materials, a systematic literature review has been carried out in this study based explicitly
on energy harvesting in engineering structures. Energy harvesting using lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as a
piezoelectric material has become very common in the last five years. Piezoelectric materials are simple,
low cost, lightweight, and easy-to-control smart material for structural actuation application. It is known
for its adaptability in a vast range of applications in different structures; piezoelectric materials can easily
be molded into various forms such as patches, thin films, cylinders, and fibers. The piezoelectric material
which is commonly used in automotive and aerospace engineering nowadays are: Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT), Lead Titanate (LT), Sodium Potassium Niobate (SPN), Lead Magnesium Niobate (PMN),
and Leadmetaniobate (LMN). Of the five listed types of piezoelectric material above, Lead Zirconate
Titanate (PZT) is one of the most frequently studied ferroelectric materials due to its vast array of
applications as a pyroelectric material which is widely used for the repair of the structure

Cantilever beam configuration is the most common for PEH’s with either one or more layers termed as
unimorph and bimorph (Figure 3a,b), respectively, due to the high mechanical strain during vibration and
the relatively simple construction. The fundamental flexural modes of a cantilever have a much lower
resonance frequency than the piezoelectric element’s other vibration modes. Because of these
advantages, the majority of PEH’s use this configuration. Figure 3a shows a cantilever constructed with a
thin layer of piezoelectric ceramics, bonded to a non-piezoelectric layer (usually a metal acting as a
conductor for the produced charge), and one end fixed to use the structure’s flexural mode. Since only
one active layer (the piezoelectric layer) is included in the structure, it is referred to as a “unimorph.”
Figure 3b shows two thin layers of piezoelectric ceramic bonded to the same metal sheet to create a
cantilever that maximizes the unit’s power output. Since two active layers are used, this configuration is
referred to as a “bimorph” structure. The bimorph configuration doubles the energy capacity of PEH
without significantly increasing the unit volume, and hence bimorph piezoelectric cantilevers are more
widely used in PEH studies [33].

Based on the present investigations, the following conclusions have been made,

 Piezoelectric energy harvesters use the direct piezoelectric effect to generate electrical energy
under the influence of mechanical stress. Some of the recent trends and techniques in self-
powered devices have been utilizing them.
 The performance of the piezoelectric energy harvesters depends on numerous factors such as
the materials selected, type of configuration, mechanical constraints of materials and structure,
and the design of the additional circuitry.
 A recent trend in piezoelectric energy harvesters has been studied, and the focus of research,
techniques used, and their limitations have been tabulated.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8234936/

[16]

The aerodynamic forces and vortex characteristics of an H-type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
become complicated because of dynamic stall, particularly in the three-dimensional impact on the blade
spanwise direction. This study focused on the evaluation of the aerodynamic performance and vortex
characteristics of an H-type VAWT in the spanwise direction by numerical simulations and wind tunnel
experiments. Pressure acting on the blade surface was obtained from multiport pressure measurement
devices by wind tunnel.

Mura mag unnecessary ra ni…

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-021-1435-2

[17]

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/6/3/85

[18]

The drag based Savonius wind turbine (SWT) has shown immense potential for renewable power
generation in built-up areas under complex urban wind conditions. While a series of studies have been
conducted on improving SWT's efficiency, optimal performance has yet to be achieved using traditional
design approaches such as experimental and/or computational fluid dynamics methods.

However, the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is better suited to urban applications than the horizontal
axis wind turbine (HAWT), because the VAWT is omnidirectional, effective at low wind speeds, and can
be installed in space-constrained areas [[7], [8], [9]]. Among vertical-axis wind turbines, the Savonius
type wind turbine is gaining popularity, despite its low efficiency due to its higher starting torque [10].
The Darrieus type wind turbine, although it has a higher power coefficient (Cp), is less desirable because
of its greater sensitivity to approaching turbulent winds [[11], [12], [13]]. Darrieus turbines are more
expensive because of their more complex design and despite their smaller initial torque [14,15]. Thanks
to its higher reliability and capacity for self-starting, the Savonius wind turbine (SWT) is preferable over
the HAWT and DWT. SWTs can operate effectively in built-up areas, including on top of buildings, in
highway dividers, and near railroad tracks [3,16,17]. Wind energy systems based on the SWT are efficient
for generating electricity in isolated settlements. The Savonius wind turbine has a wide range of
potential and developing applications, including installation on city highways, between two tall buildings
or other infrastructure, and/or alongside railway tracks [18]. Despite achieving notable performance
improvement, the full potential of the SWT has yet to be reached.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023028797

[19]

Nope

[21]

Advancements in piezoelectric wind energy harvesting: A review

This paper highlights the advancement in wind energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials to
produce sustainable power generation. It is a highly encouraging, fascinating, and challenging method to
capture energy from piezoelectric materials. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the principal
characteristic groups that affect energy harvesting performance and to provide recommendations for
further improvement. Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEH) can provide electricity for low-power
electronic devices, which additionally possess the potential to boost self-powered, autonomous devices.
The objective of this article is to provide recommendations for wind energy harvester modeling
techniques. After establishing the fundamental idea of Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvesters (PWEHs), it
is next examined how well these devices function structurally and where their research stands in relation
to various phenomena, including vortex-induced vibration, flutter, and galloping. A cantilever beam
connected with a tip body is the typical component of a galloping piezoelectric harvester for wind energy
collection. Wind energy has been turned into mechanical vibrations and ultimately into electrical power
via the flutter phenomena. Fluttering-based wind energy harvesters are a new technology that provides
an effective replacement for conventional wind turbines. The future development trend for PWEHs has
been anticipated. The most current developments in strategies and approaches for wind energy
harvesting using piezoelectric materials are also discussed in this paper. First, this paper highlights
various piezoelectric energy harvesting materials, then it shows various wind energy harvesters’ design.
After that this paper displays various types of wind energy harvesters and their applications.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123024000306

[26]

Nope

[27]

Performance enhancement of Savonius wind turbine by blade shape and twisted angle modifications

Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) is the main type of wind energy where the turbine is rotating
horizontally, and this type of wind turbines has a big scale of components. The other type wind turbine is
vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) where the turbine is rotating vertically. It includes two main type
according to the main working mechanism; lift type as called Darrius turbine and drag type as known
Savonius turbine.3 In present work, Savonius turbine is studied to increase the output power. The
Classical Savonius turbine consists of two semi-circular bucket blades for both concave and convex
curves. This turbine designed in 1922 by Sirgurd Johannes4 as shown in Figure 2. Enhancing the
performance of Savonius turbine is conducted to increase the power output by modifying the blade
shape and twisting blade. The Savonius rotor is self-starting, has multiple blades, produce less noise and
is independent of wind direction. The shape of blades will be changedto achieve high power coefficient,
which results in better performance of the turbine. Several researchers tried to improve the power
coefficient by either adding extra sets to the conventional rotor or modifying the blade shape as listed by
Zemamou et al.

Contradictory, it found that the two stages and

three stages of Savonius rotor are better than single

by 61.11% and 27.78%; respectively.11 The investigate of Holownia and Alexander13 found that the

power coefficient had positive effect on the aspect

ratio increasing while the maximum power coefficient

occur at aspect ratio 4.8. It was concluded that the

overlap ratio of 0.242 is the best value which will

result in maximum torque coefficient of the rotor14

for this shape and wind speed. Moreover, it was

shown that the zero overlap of three blades have a

better performance than the three blades which have

an overlap.15,16 Many researchers tried to optimize

the shape of classical Savonius blades.

About nis Savonius Blades basin napa kkay laing makit an diri ng link nga mas importante pa hahaha

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
348464047_Performance_enhancement_of_Savonius_wind_turbine_by_blade_shape_and_twisted_ang
le_modifications

[28]

Effect of Capped Vents on Torque Distribution of a Semicircular-Bladed Savonius Wind Rotor

The present study primarily focuses on the performance evaluation of a conventional semicircular-
bladed Savonius rotor with capped vents (CVs) or nozzle chamfered vents. The rotor blades having vent
ratios of 7%, 14%, and 21% are tested in a wind tunnel, and subsequently, their performances are
compared with a rotor without CVs under identical test conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations have also been carried out to compliment the surprising experimental results and also to
analyze the flow physics around the rotor blades. From the understanding of torque distribution, it has
been noticed that the performance of the rotor with CV deteriorates compared with the conventional
semicircular-bladed rotor. The vents are found to decrease the positive torque and increase the negative
torque by disturbing the pressure distribution of the conventional semicircular-bladed Savonius rotor.

https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/energyresources/article-abstract/141/10/101201/726685/Effect-
of-Capped-Vents-on-Torque-Distribution-of-a

[30]
The cleanest renewable energy source on earth is wind energy. Wind turbines are one of the popular
and significant mechanisms to harness energy from wind. They are mainly two types: Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine (HAWT) and the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). The VAWT also comprises of two types
based on the pressure difference through the blade: Savonius and Darrieus.

Savonius type turbine has many pros over others, such as structural simplicity, low-speed wind self-start
and operation capabilities, good animal vision, and a noiseless low-frequency noise [3]. Experimental
analysis of shear-stress transport (SST) rotor geometrical parameters verified that the power coefficient
was up to 24.12% compared to the ideal traditional Savonius turbine. Another significant benefit of the
Savonius wind turbine is that it does not require a yaw structure to regulate its direction concerning the
wind conditions [4]. Differential evolution reverse optimization system optimizes SSWT's space and size
which also demonstrates an outstanding output parameter restoration [5,6]. Still, at low wind speeds, it
can also self-start. Compared to other wind turbines, the Savonius wind turbine cannot produce as much
wind energy as it does, making it less powerful.

The Savonius wind turbine operates as the simplest turbine because of the different strengths of each
rotor. The wind-filled concave portion absorbed the air and induced the rotor blades to spin, whereas
the convex part encounters the air to discharge around the shaft laterally. When moving towards the
wind, the blade's curvature has a lower drag force than the other one, as shown in Fig. 1 [10]. Thus, the
concave blade drives the rotor with greater drag force would force.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123021000384

[31]

Energy harvesting has become a fascinating topic of research. As the world moves towards reducing its
dependency on fossil fuels, new and innovative techniques of energy harvesting have been tested and
developed. The use of piezoelectric materials to harvest the ambient vibrations from the surroundings is
one method that has seen a dramatic rise in use for power harvesting. Remote sensors can be powered
by these piezoelectric materials and could potentially act as a continuous source of energy.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
349145239_Mechanisms_and_applications_of_vibration_energy_harvesting_in_solid_rocket_motors
[32]

Piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) promote the construction of a smarter world through powering
electric devices with energy scavenged from environmental vibrations by means of piezoelectric effect.
To enable the piezoelectric effect, piezoelectric materials are usually attached to mechanical structures
(e.g. flexible beams) that can deform due to mechanical vibration and produce strain in piezoelectric
material. The mechanical structure for energy harvesting in nature is a Compliant Mechanism (CM).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424721002065

[33]

Nope

[41]

Nope

[42]

Nope

[43]

Investigation of Performance Enhancements of Savonius Wind Turbines through Additional Designs

This study examines the literature on improving the low performance of Savonius wind turbines, which
are a type of vertical axis wind turbine. The literature studies on improving the performance of Savonius
turbines have been summarized into two categories: interior structural design and exterior additional
design. Due to the extensive nature of studies focusing on interior design changes, this research
primarily focuses on performance studies related to exterior design modifications of Savonius wind
turbines, particularly in recent years.

Savonius wind turbines have a simple shape obtained by cutting a cylinder in half in the middle and
shifting its axes symmetrically, as shown in Figure 1. As can be seen in the figure, one part of the cylinder
forms the concave blade, and the other part forms the convex blade. Since the torque on the concave
blade is greater than the torque on the convex blade, the turbine starts to rotate in the direction of the
incoming wind. Since Savonius wind turbines can receive wind from all directions during operation, there
is also no need for an additional system to rotate the Savonius wind turbines against the wind.

Due to the fact that the turbine blades of the vertical axis Savonius wind turbine produce both negative
and positive torque during operation, they have a lower power coefficient (Cp) than the horizontal axis
turbines. Given the advantages of Savonius wind turbines, such as low cost and simple construction,
there has been ongoing development and innovation in order to enhance their low power coefficients.

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/5/1473

[46]

A Comprehensive Review of Savonius Rotor Blade Profile Classifications and Performance Comparisons

Murag okay ra sad ni siya pero di lang ko ka access sa file

https://www.scribd.com/document/386549645/savonius-blade-profile-pdf

[47]

Numerical Analysis of Double Stack Blade Savonius Wind Turbine with Secondary Blades
In this work, the performance of the Savonius vertical axis wind turbine with secondary blades was
investigated numerically. The impacts of two geometric parameters of the secondary blades, including
the height of secondary blades (h) and the distance between the main and the secondary blades (b) on
the output torque were analyzed. Numerical simulations were performed by a commercial CFD code,
ANSYS FLUENT 18.2. Numerical results show that employing secondary blades has a constructive impact
on the output torque compared to the case without secondary blades. Moreover, the studied geometric
parameters of the secondary blades have a significant impact on the performance of the proposed
turbine. It can be seen that by increasing the height of secondary blades, the angular position of the
maximum torque is shifted. At b = 2.5 mm, the difference between the models is more comparable.
Models h = 6 and 12 mm have the highest output torque, although with a slight difference between
them. Model h = 12 mm has the highest output torque. At b = 7.5 mm, the difference between the
models is more comparable than b = 2.5 mm. Model h = 12 mm has the highest output torque and
models h = 3 and 6 mm are in the next levels. Obtained results in the second section demonstrate that
by growing the distance between the secondary and the main blades, in the case of h = 3 mm, the
produced torque declines. Furthermore, by increasing the distance between the secondary and the main
blades from b = 0 mm to b = 2.5 mm and b = 7.5 mm, the amount of torque produced decreases by
17.33 and 26.66%, respectively. Moreover, by augmenting the distance between the secondary and main
blades from b = 2.5 mm to b = 7.5 mm (200% growth), the produced torque decreases by 11.3%.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1149/1/012006