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CHANNEL PLAN FORMS/PATTERN
Straight Channel
Water moves parallel to the channel banks
Sinuosity varies from 1 – 1.05
Meandering Channel
Follow the sinuous path
Braided Channel
Channels flows in more than one sub-channels, because the
natural topography does not match the hydraulics
conditions of a river.
SINUOSITY
• The meander ratio or sinuosity index is the ratio of
actual length, Lm, along a meandering river to the
straight distance, S, between the end points (AB).
Meander
Belt
STRAIGHT CHANNEL
MEANDERING CHANNEL
BRAIDED CHANNEL
EARTHEN CHANNEL DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Non-alluvial soil
The soil which is formed by the disintegration of rock formation is known as
non-alluvial soil.
It is found in the mountains regions of a river. The soil is hard an
impermeable in nature. This is not fertile
TYPES OF CANAL SECTIONS
Sediment Discharge, Qs
Sediment size, d
Slope of canal
and velocity
Secondary factors:
Acceleration due to gravity, g
Shear stress
Viscosity
Temperature
Determining
(1) depth,
Empirical
Semi-empirical
Rational
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES
Empirical Approaches (Regime Theories):
The stable channel is said to be in state of regime if the flow is such that
silting and scouring need no special attention
CONCEPT OF CHANNEL IN REGIME
Channel in Regime (Stable Channel)
Lindley (1919): When an artificial channel is constructed in
alluvium to carry silty water, its bed and banks would silt or scour
until the depth, slope and width attain a state of balance, to
which he designated as channel in regime.
Vc = mKDN
KENNEDY REGIME THEORY
Vc = mKDN
Where
Vc = Critical velocity i.e. non silting and non scouring velocity
It depends on the nature and the charge (Parts/million) of the silt. It has a
greater value for coarser silt (value varies 1.1 – 1.2 for canals having
coarser sediment than UBDC and 0.8 – 0.9 for finer sediments)
Vc = 0.55 D0.64
Design the canal using Kennedy’s method for the following data:
Q = 80 m3/sec
S = 1:5500
Solution:
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Q = 80 m3/sec
S = 1:5500 = 0.00018 m/m
m=1
Assume D = 2.5 m
1
D
V = 0.55 D0.64 = 0.989 m/sec 1.5
1.803
A = 80.918 m2 B
n = 0.0225
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
A = B D+ 1.5D2
B = 28.617 m
P = 32.223 m
R = A/ P = 2.511 m
C = 52.479
V=0.59B0.355
B=3.8D1.61
V=1.434log10B
S=1/(2log10Qx1000)
DESIGN OF EARTHEN CHANNEL
Lacey’s Regime Theory (1930):
The material may range from very fine sand to gravel, pebbles
and boulders of small size.
According to Lacey, there is only one longitudinal slope at which
the channel will carry a particular discharge with a particular
silt grade.
Perimeter: P 4.75 Q
V 0.63 fR
1/ 2
Velocity:
V 10.8 R 2 / 3 S 1/ 3
LACEY’S REGIME THEORY
Perimeter: P 2.67 Q
Slope:
S 0.0005423 f 5/ 3
/ Q1/ 6
Velocity:
V 1.154 fR
1/ 2
V 16 R 2 / 3 S 1/ 3
Lacey’s Regime Theory
Drawbacks:
The silt grade and silt charge are not clearly defined.
LACEY’S REGIME THEORY
Steps involved for the design of Earthen
Canals:
Given: Values of discharge Q, sand size d in mm, side slope zH:lV, (if
not given assume 1/2H: 1V, 1H:1V, 1.5H:1V etc)
Estimate:
wetted perimeter as:
P 4.75 Q
From the known sediment size, d50, in mm, find Lacey’s silt factor
f 1.76 d50
LACEY’S REGIME THEORY
5
3
0.0003 f
Find out the slope of the channel by: S 1
6
Q
Solve the equation for velocity and determine the hydraulic
radius, R,
V 0.63 fR
1/ 2
V 10.8 R 2 / 3 S 1/ 3
Find out the area of cross-section (A) and wetted perimeter (P) in
terms of depth of flow (D) and bed width (B)
Solve the equation for Area (A) and (P) simultaneously and
develop a quadratic equation in terms of bed width (B) or depth
of flow (D)
LACEY’S REGIME THEORY
Example Problems:
V 0.63 fR
1/ 2
V 0.63 fR
1/ 2
Hydraulic Radius (R) = 1.63 m
V 10.8 R 2 / 3 S 1/ 3
Velocity (v) = 0.863 m
R A/ P
Depth of flow (D) = 1.76m B 2 1 z D P
2
D
b b 2 4ac
2a
B P 2 1 z2 D
A PD 2 D 2
1 z zD
2 2
B A zD 2 / D
Quadratic equation
z 2 1 z D
2 2
PD A 0
a z 2 1 z 2 , b P, c A
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN REGIME THEORY
Further development in regime theory are:
However, silt carrying unlined channels are still designed according to Lacey
regime theory.
Simon and Albertson Method
Channel Type
Coefficient 1
2 3 4 5
K1 3.50 2.60 2.20 1.75 1.70
K2 0.52 0.44 0.37 0.23 0.34
K3 13.9 16.0 17.9 16.0
K4 0.33 0.54 0.87
m 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.29
Design a canal with sand bed, and cohesive sides, for discharge of
100 cusecs using Albertson and Simon method
RATIONAL METHOD
Design of unlined channels by rational method involves problem of
sediment transport.
Canal sections will be stable if velocity, slope and cross section are
such that all sediment entering in canal is swept away from the
section.
RATIONAL METHOD
Bed load transport formulae are:
Meyer - Peter Formula
Duboys Formula
Above formulae in combination with Manning and other formula are used to
design channel by rational method
RATIONAL METHOD
There does not exist a generalized, comprehensive and well defined
procedure for designed based on the above theoretical approach, due to
lack of explicit relationship between various parameters such as slope,
area, sediment transport, capacity, shape etc.
It is, therefore, essential to follow field experience. However, problem can be
tackled in many ways and what follows can be considered as one possible
method.
Mayer-Peter Formula
RATIONAL METHOD
Bed Load Function-Duboys Formula
It is one of the oldest method in use.
The bed is assumed to move in layers of thickness, d, the same as that of
particles, due to force exerted by the fluid.
The velocity of the layers is assumed to vary linearly by equal increments
from zero to maximum.
qs
1/ 3
d 1/ 4 Ref. Irrigation and hydraulic
V 0.2 1/ 3
y5/9 Structures, Theory, Design and
q S Practice By Dr Iqbal Ali
N 4 / 3 1 c (Chapter 4)
S
EXAMPLE
Design an unlined earthen channel to carry a discharge of 60 cfs with a bed
load 100 PPM. Mean diameter of bed material is 0.25 mm
Solution
qs
100 10 -6
q
Assume Depth of flow, y D 2.5 ft
S c 0.00025 d 0.8 / ym 0.00025 0.25 0.8 / 2.5 0.0001
Assuming, N 0.0225, and using eq below
qs 0.11 2 Ny1/ 3 S 3 / 2 S c
1
S
3/ 4
q d
0.1162.4 0.02252.5 S 3 / 2 0.0001
2 1/ 3
6
100 10 1
S
3/ 4
0.25
4 0.0001
0.272 10 S 3/ 2
S
S 9.75 10 4
EXAMPLE
Now using eq. below
1/ 3
q d 1/ 4
V 0.2 s 1/ 3
y5/9
q 4/3 Sc
N 1
S
V 0.2 100 10
6 1/ 3 0.251/ 4
1/ 3
2 .5 5/9
0.0001
0.0225 4 / 3 1 4
9.75 10
V 1.75 ft / s
A BD 0.5 D 2
D 2.5 ft
A Q / V 60 / 1.75 34.1 ft 2
B 12.4 ft
Assuming 0.5 : 1 side slope and
S 9.75 10 4
OTHER METHODS FOR DESIGN OF UNLINED CHANNELS
Permissible Velocity
Permissible velocity is defined as the mean velocity at or below which
bottom and sides of channels are not eroded.
Size of particles
Depth of flow
Curvature of channel
PERMISSIBLE VELOCITY METHOD
Maximum permissible velocities for different materials are given in
the table. The values listed in the table are for straight channels having flow
depth of about 3 .50 ft.
o RSo ySo
TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD
Critical Tractive Force
The force at which channel material begins to move from stationery
condition is called critical tractive force.
Distribution of Tractive Force
Distribution of tractive force or shear stress over channel perimeter is not
uniform. For trapezoidal channels, unit tractive force at channel bottom
may be assumed equal to (γ y So) and at channel sides equal to 0.75 γ y So
s 0.75yS
Reduction Factor for Channel Sides
Reduction factor (tractive force ratio) for critical tractive force on channel
sides is:
i.e K=Tractive force on side slope/Critical Tractive force
TRACTIVE FORCE METHOD
Critical shear stress for cohesive and non cohesive materials is given
in the figures. These values are for straight channels and should be
reduced for sinuous channels as below:
Side Slope
Side slope of canal should be so selected that they remain stable
under all operating conditions. Side slope ranges from vertical to 1:3
for lined canals to 1:1/2 to 1:3 for unlined canals, depending on site
conditions.
Canal System
Canal or conveyance system is a network of canals constructed to convey
water from source to field for irrigation purposes.
CANAL CLASSIFICATION
Canals may be classified into different types such as:
Lift Canal
Branch Canal
Distributary Canal
Minor Canal
Water Course
CANAL CLASSIFICATION
Based on Lining
Lined Canal
Unlined Canal
Based on Silt
Silt Carrying Canal
Based on Purpose
Link Canal
Feeder Canal
Based on Flow
Perennial Canal
Non-perennial Canal
CANAL CLASSIFICATION
Definitions
Permanent Canals: Permanent canals are those which are fed by a
permanent source of supply such as ice fed rivers or reservoirs.
Perennial Canals: perennial canals are permanent canals which get
continuous supplies from rivers throughout the year.
Non-Perennial Canals: Non-perennial canals are permanent canals which
irrigate for a part of year, usually during the summer season and at the
beginning and end of the of winter season.
Inundation Canals: Inundation canal is one which the supply depends upon
the periodic rise of water level in the river from which it takes off.
Irrigation Canals: An irrigation canal carries water to the irrigation field.
Link Canals: Links canals are constructed for transporting the waters of the
rivers to the canal systems. Qadirabad-Balloki Link Canal
Carrier Canals: A carrier canal in addition to supplying irrigation water, also
carries water for another canal e.g. UCC
Feeder Canal: This feed two or more canals e.g. LCC
COMPARISON OF KENNEDY AND LACEYS’ THEORY
2. Relation between ‘V’ & ‘D’. 2. Relation between ‘V’ & ‘R’.
3. Critical velocity ratio ‘m’ is 3. Silt factor ‘f’ is introduced to make
introduced to make the equation the equation applicable to diff.
applicable to diff. channels with diff. channels with diff. silt grades.
silt grades.
4., kutter’s equation is used for finding 4. This theory given an equation for
the mean velocity. finding the mean velocity.
5. This theory gives no equation for 5. This theory gives an equation for
bed slope. bed slope.
6.In this theory, the design is based on 6. This theory does not involve trial and
trial and error method. error method.
CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS
Classification based on soil through which constructed:
Alluvial Canal: The canals constructed through alluvial channels is called
alluvial canal. The bed and banks of canal comprise the same material
as is transported by them. The alluvial bed is readily scoured or silted.
The canal usually take supply from reservoir, barrage or weir etc.
Non-Alluvial Canal: The canal constructed through hard soils or
disintegrated or fresh rocks are termed as non alluvial canals. Such
canals are stable and are designed for higher velocity which the soil can
withstand without erosion consistent with ground slope. Manning’s
Chezy’ s and Kutter Formula are used in design.
CLASSIFICATION OF CANALS
Classification based on source of supply:
Feeder Canal: It is the canal located outside the command area meant
primarily to convey water from one source of supply or system to another
or within the same system.
Hydel Canal: It is canal on which power house is set up for hydel power
generation. A hydel channel can serves are irrigation canal as well.