Depar

tmentofComput
erSci
enceandEngi
neer
ing

Academi
cYear2023-
24
I
V.B.
TechISemest
er
ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPER WRI
TING
(Common to CSE, CIC, AIDS)
(
20AOE9901)

Pr
epar
edBy

Facul
tyofEngl
i
sh Depar
tmentofHBS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

ANNAMACHARYAI
NSTI
TUTEOFTECHNOLOGYANDSCI
ENCES:
:
TIRUPATI

(
Aut
onomous)

ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING

(
20AOE9901)

UNI
T-1

Pl
anningandPreparat
ion–Wordor
der–Breaki
nguplongsent
ences,St
ructuri
ng
Par
agraphsandSentences–Bei
ngConci
seandRemov
ingRedundancy–Av oidi
ng
Ambigui
tyandVagueness.

*
PLANNI
NGANDPREPARATI
ON:

Defi
nition:Aresearchpaperi sanessayinwhi chyouexplai
nwhaty ouhav
el ear
ned
aft
erexpl or
ingyourtopi
ci ndepth.Inaresearchpaper,y
oui ncl
udeinfor
mationfrom
sourcessuchasbooks, articl
es,i
nterv
iews,andInt
ernetsit
es.Youalsousey ourown
i
deas, knowledge,andopinions.Mostofyourpaper(asar ul
eoft humb,atl
east80%)
mustbei nyourownwor ds.

MainIdeas:Yourpapershoul
dfocusonacent r
alissuet
hatinterestsy ou.Limi
tyour
topi
csot hatyoucancov eri
tinapaperoftheassignedlength.Or ganizethepaper
aroundthepoint
st hatar
emostimportantinyouropini
on.Statey ourmai nideasin
yourownwor dsanduseinfor
mationf
rom yoursourcest
osuppor tthem.

Par
aphrasi
ngandSummar i
zing:I
ncorporat
eideasandfactsf
rom yoursour
cesby
par
aphrasi
ngandsummar i
zing.Writ
et heideasinyourownway ,usi
ngdiffer
ent
wordsandsent
encest
ruct
uresandleavi
ngoutunnecessar
ydet
ail
s.

Quot
ati
ons:Usequotat
ionswhentheaut
hor'
swor dsareespecial
l
ywel
lchosenor
memorabl
e.Wheny ouquoteevenashortphrase,copytheexactwor
ds,encl
ose
t
hem i
nquotati
onmarks,andci
tet
henameoftheauthororspeaker.

Document ati
on:Wheny ougivefact
s,paraphraseandsummar i
zei deas,orquote
someoneel se'swords,y
oumustdocumenty oursour
ces.Asarule,any t
hingthati
s
notcommonknowl edgemustbecited.Thepur poseofdocument ationistogi v
e
credittotheauthorandtoal
lowyourreaderstolookupyoursources.Yourpaperis
strongerbecauseyoucanprovet
hattheinfor
mat i
oncamef r
om rel
iablesources.

St
epsi
nthePr
ocess

ChooseaTopi
c:Sel
ectatopi
ccoveredinthecourseorassignedbythei
nst
ruct
or.
Di
scusswi
thyouri
nst
ruct
oranyquesti
onsaboutanappr
opriatetopi
c.

DoLibrar
yResearch:Thecollegeli
brar
yhast hebestr esourcest odoy ourr
esearch.
Lookforavari
etyofsour ces,suchasbooks,periodicals,andI nter
netsit
es.Books
gi
veabr oadperspecti
ve,whi l
erecentar
ti
clesprov i
deup- to-dateinformati
on.You

2
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

cansear
chforart
icl
esf
rom manynewspaper
s,magazi
nes,
andschol
arl
yjour
nal
sin
thel
i
brar
y'sr
esear
chdatabases.

NarrowYourTopi c:Asy oudor esearch,youmayf or

m aquesti
onthatyouwantt o
answerorfindthatal otofi
nformationisav ail
abl
eaboutaparti
cul
araspectofyour
topi
c.Forexampl e,ifyoustart
edwi ththet opicdefor
est
ati
on,youmightnarr
ow it
downt othedef orestat
ionoftheBr azil
ianAmazon,ory oumi ghttr
ytoanswera
questi
on:Canloggingbedonei nasust ainableway?

ReadAct i
vel
yandMakeNot es:Asyouready oursour
ces,highl
ightandmakenotes
i
nt hemargin(oncopies)
.Wri
tesummar i
esoft hemai npointsiny ourownwords,
noti
ngt hesourceofeachsummar y
.Ifyoucopygr oupsofwor ds,putthem i
n
quotat
ionmarkssothatyouwil
lrememberthatyoucopiedthem.

Pl
an:Decidehowt oorganizeyourpaperandmakeanout
li
net
hatwi
l
lhel
pyoust
ay
ontopi
candpresentyourideasinalogi
calor
der
.

Writ
eand Rev ise:Donotexpectt
owr i
teafi
nishedpaperallatonce.Fi
rst
,getyour
i
deasdownonpaperi naroughdraf
t.Readitoverandrev
ise,try
ingtoimprovethe
contentandorganizati
on.Asksomeoneelsetor eadi
tandgi v
ey oufeedback.Edi
t
yourpaperforsentencestr
uct
ureandwordchoice.

DocumentYourSour ces:Inadditiontociti
ngyoursourcesinthetextofy ourpaper,
thelastpagewi l
lbeal istofsour ces.Uset hedocument ati
onst ylethaty our
i
nstructorassigns.Fourcommonst yl
esar eModer nLanguageAssoci ati
on( MLA),
Amer i
canPsy chologicalAssociation(APA),ChicagoManualofSt yl
e( CMS) ,and
CouncilofScienceEdi tor
s( CSE).Youcanpi ckupaf r
eeTer m PaperHandbookf or
anyoft hesest y
lesatt heWr it
ingCent er
,andy oucandownl oadt hem f r
om t he
Writ
ingCent erwebsi t
e.

Proof
read:Readov erthewholepapersl owlyandcar ef
ull
y,checkingf orerrorsin
grammar,punctuat
ion,
capi
tal
izati
on,andspelling.Makesur
ey ourpaperfoll
owst he
assi
gnedf ormat
.Usethespel
lingcheckeront hecomputer,butdonotdependoni t
.
Thespell
ingcheckerdoesnotcatchmi sspell
ingsofsimil
ar-soundingwor ds,andit
fr
equentl
ysuggeststhewrongwor dasacor recti
on.Thegrammarcheckeri sev en
l
essreli
able.Rememberyoumaket hedecisionsandnotthecomput er
.

*
WORDORDER:

1.Exampl
e:Li
nki
ngv
erb

Subj
ect+v
erb+subj
ectcompl
ement

Thesunwasbr
ight
.

2.Exampl
e:Tr
ansi
ti
vev
erb

3
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

subj
ect+v
erb+di
rectobj
ect

Thebi
gmanki
ckedt
her
oundbal
l
.

3.Exampl
e:I
ndi
rectobj
ect

subj
ect+v
erb+i
ndi
rectobj
ect+di
rectobj
ect

Thegener
ousmanf
edt
hedogabone.

Shesangt
hecr
owdaqui
etsong.

Ot
herExampl
es

1. Whent hesubj
ectofasentenceiscomposedoft
wo ormor
enounsor
pr
onounsconnect
edby“and,
”useapl
ural
ver
b.

Sheandherf
ri
endsar
eatt
hef
air
.

2. Whent woormor
esi
ngul
arnounsorpr
onounsar
econnect
edby“
or”or“
nor
”,
useasi
ngul
arver
b.

Thebookort
hepeni
sint
hedr
awer
.

3. Whenacompoundsubj ectcontai
nsbothasingularandapl ur
alnounor
pr
onounjoi
nedby“
or”or“
nor
,”t
heverbshoul
dagreewi
ththepartoft
hesubj
ectthat
i
snearert
hever
b.

Theboyorhi
sfr
iendsr
unev
eryday
.

Hi
sfr
iendsort
heboyr
unsev
eryday
.

4. “ Doesn't
”isacont ract
ionof“ doesnot ”andshouldbeusedonl ywitha
si
ngularsubj
ect.“
Don't
”isacontracti
onof“ donot”andshoul
dbeusedonl ywi
tha
plur
alsubj
ect.Theexcept
iontothisrul
eappear sint
hecaseofthefi
rstper
sonand
secondpersonpronouns“I”and“you.
”Wi t
ht hesepr
onouns,t
hecont
racti
on“don'
t
”
shouldbeused.

Hedoesn'
tl
ikei
t.

Theydon'
tl
ikei
t.

5. Donotbemi sl
edbyaphrasethatcomesbet
weent hesubj
ectandthev
erb.
Thev
erbagr
eeswi
tht
hesubj
ect
,notwit
hanounorpronouninthephr
ase.

Oneoft
heboxesi
sopen

4
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Thepeopl
ewhol
i
stent
othatmusi
car
efew.

Thet
eam capt
ain,
aswel
lashi
spl
ayer
s,i
sanxi
ous.

Thebook,
incl
udi
ngal
lthechapt
ersi
nthef
ir
stsect
ion,
isbor
ing.

Thewomanwi
thal
lthedogswal
ksdownmyst
reet
.

6. The wor ds “
each,
”“ each one,
”“ei
ther,
”“nei
ther,
”“ev
eryone,
”“ev
ery
body,
”
“any
body,
”“any
one,
”“nobody,”“
somebody,
”“ someone,”and“noone”aresi
ngul
ar
andrequi
reasi
ngul
arver
b.

Eachoft
hesehotdogsi
sjui
cy.

Ev
ery
bodyknowsMr
.Jones.

Ei
theri
scor
rect
.

7. Nouns such as “
civ
ics,
”“mat
hemat
ics,
”“dol
l
ars,
”“measl
es,
”and “
news”
r
equi
resi
ngul
arv
erbs.

Thenewsi
sonatsi
x.

Not
e:theworddoll
arsisaspecialcase.Whental
ki
ngaboutanamountofmoney,i
t
r
equi
resasingul
arverb,butwhenrefer
ri
ngtothedol
lar
sthemsel
ves,
aplur
alv
erbis
r
equi
red.

Tent
housandRupeesi
sal
otofmoney
.

8. Nounssuchas“ scissor
s,”“
tweezer
s,”“
trouser
s,”and“
shear
s”r
equi
repl
ural
ver
bs.(
Ther
ear
etwopartstothesethi
ngs.
)

Thesesci
ssor
sar
edul
l
.

Thoset
rouser
sar
emadeofwool
.

9. I nsentencesbegi
nni
ngwit
h" t
her
eis"or"ther
eare,
"thesubj
ectf
oll
owst
he
ver
b.Si
nce"
there"i
snott
hesubj
ect,
thever
bagreeswithwhatf
oll
ows.

Ther
ear
emanyquest
ions.

Ther
eisaquest
ion.

10. Collect
ivenounsar
ewordsthatimplymoret hanonepersonbutthatare
consi
der
edsingul
arandt
akeasi
ngul
arverb,
suchas:group,
team,
committ
ee,class,
andfami
ly.

Thet
eam r
unsdur
ingpr
act
ice.

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DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Thecommi
tt
eedeci
deshowt
opr
oceed.

Thef
ami
l
yhasal
onghi
stor
y.

Myf
ami
l
yhasnev
erbeenabl
etoagr
ee.

Thecr
ewi
spr
epar
ingt
odockt
heshi
p.

11. Expressi
onssuchas“wi
th,
”“toget
herwi
th,
”“i
ncl
udi
ng,
”“accompani
edby,
”“i
n
addi
ti
onto,
”or“aswell
”donotchangethenumberofthesubj
ect.I
fthesubj
ecti
s
si
ngul
ar,
thever
bistoo.

ThePr
esi
dent
,accompani
edbyhi
swi
fe,
ist
rav
eli
ngt
oIndi
a.

Al
loft
hebooks,
incl
udi
ngy
our
s,ar
eint
hatbox.

*
*BREAKI
NGUPLONGSENTENCES:

Goodacademi cwri
ti
ngismarkedbyclari
tyandcomprehensi
bil
i
ty.Thati
swhyusing
l
ongsent encesisoftendi
scouraged.Never
-endi
ngsentencesnotonlymaket he
paperdull
,butal
soleadtomist
akes.Tobesafe,usesent
encesthatareshor
tandto
-t
he-poi
nt.

Adv
ant
agesofshor
tsent
ences:

Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nreasonsf
orusi
ngshor
tsent
ences.

1.Fewermi stakes:Whenusi ngl

ongsent ences,youcouldendupmaki ngmor e
mistakes.Thisisespeciall
ytruefornon-nati
vespeakersofEngl i
sh.Abet ter
approachistobr eakupy ouri
deasanddi vi
dethem amongsev eralsentences.
Thiswillmakey ourpoi
ntsmor epronouncedandl eav
ey ourwr
iti
nger r
or-fr
ee.

2.Easi
ercor r
ecti
on:Revi
sing yourworki sveryimpor
tant
.When y ou have
shor
tersentences,edi
ti
ngbecomeseasi er
.Error
scanbei dent
if
iedquickl
y
andthetextcorr
ectedwithoutmuchdi
ff
icul
ty.

3.Bet
terreadabi
li
ty:
Whendeal ingwi t
hacomplicatedtopi
ciny ourt
hesispaper,
wri
ti
ngshor tsentenceshelps.Ideasareexpressedbetterandmor eclearl
y
whenthesentencesar ebr
ief,whichpr
omotesunderstandingfort
hereader.

Keepi
tshor
tandsweet
:

Evengoodwr i
terscanl oset hei
rwaywi thi
nal ongsentence.Ashor tsentenceis
botheasiertowrit
eandmor eef f
ect
ive.I
taddressest
heissuerightawayandmakes
i
tstandout .Shortersentencesalsoquickenthenarr
ati
vepace,maki ngy ourpaper
i
nterest
ingforreaders.

Sinceaclusterofshortsent
enceswil
lhaveacl ust
erofful
lst
ops,t
her
eaderi
s
forcedt
opauseatt heendofeachsent
ence.Thi
smakesitsimpl
erf
ort
her
eadert
o
underst
andthepointsy
ouaretry
ingt
omake.

6
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
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(
20AOE9901)

Exampl
e:

‘
Thelect
ureraskedustouseshor
tsent
encesbecausehef
earsl
ongersent
ences
wi
lll
eadt oerror
sinourwri
ti
ngandhedoesnotwantust oconv
eythewr ong
i
mpressi
ontothereader
.’

Thesamesent
encecoul
dhav
ebeenwr
it
tenas:

‘
Thelect
ureraskedust ouseshor
tsent
ences.Hefear
sthatusi
nglongersent
ences
wi
lllead t
o error
si n ourwri
ti
ng.He does notwantus to conveythe wrong
i
mpressi
ont othereader
.’

The l
ongersentence may be conf
using forthe reader
.Butt
he ener
gy and
for
cef
ulnessoft
heshort
ersent
encesgiv
elif
et ot
heidea.

Concl
usi
on…

Keepy ourwri
ti
ngter
seandcrisp.Avoi
dusingl
ongsentencesi
nordert
oenhance
readingcompr
ehensi
on.Keept
hissimpleti
pinmindandy ouwi
l
lbeamazedatthe
diff
erencei
tmakestothef
lowofyourpaper
.

Youcanshor
tenl
ongsent
encesby
:

1.Separ
ati
ngi ndependentclauses:
Lookforconj
unct i
onsli
ke"and"inyoursentencesandseei
fthepar
taf
tert
he"
and"
coul
dbewr it
tenasani ndiv
idualsentence.

2.El
iminat
ingextr
aclauses:
Removesentencestart
ssuchas"i
nmyopi ni
on"
,"asamat
teroff
act
","
asf
arasIam
concer
ned".Theyaddnothingt
oyoursent
ence.

3.Cut
ti
ngoutgl
uewords:
Gluewor
dsaret
he200orsomostcommonwordsintheEngli
shlanguage.They
'r
e
grammati
cal
l
ycorr
ect
,butof
tenmakey
oursent
encesunnecessar
il
ylong.

4.Lookf
orr
epet
it
ionandr
edundancy
:

Havey
oucall
edsomet
hinga"t
ruefact
"?Fi
ndpl
aceswhereyou'
verepeat
edthe
samei
deathr
eeti
mesorusedunnecessar
ywor
dsthatyoucaneasil
yremov
e.

Howt
oCutGl
ueWor
dsf
rom YourSent
ences:

Inev erysent ence,ther

ear e"
wor ki
ng"wordsand"glue"words.Wor ki
ngwor dsare
wor dst hatar eessenti
altothemeani ngofy oursentence.Thi
nksubj ect
s,verbs,
objects.Gl uewor ds,ontheotherhand,ar
ewor dsthatholdyoursentencetoget
her
andhel pi tmakesense.They '
renotnecessar ytoconv eyyourmeani ng—ifyou
rewr i
tey oursentencewi t
houtgluewordsandhav ethesamewor kingwor ds,i
twill
sti
llmakesense.

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 ENGLI
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(
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Veryl
ongsentencesareoftenover
stuf
fedwit
hgluewords.Theseextrawordsmake
thesentencedi
ff
icul
ttoreadandneedlessl
ycomplex.I
fy oureducethenumberof
gluewordsinyoursentences,y
oucanmakey oursent
encesshorterandeasi
erto
under
stand.

Anexampl
eofasent
encewi
thal
otofgl
uewor
ds:

 I
tdoesn'
tmatt
erwhatki
ndofcof feeIbuy,wher
ei t
'sf
rom,ori
fit'
sorgani
cor
not
,Ineedt
ohavecream becauseIreal
lydon'
tli
kehowt hebi
tt
ernessmakes
mefeel.

Thi
ssentencei
slongandcompl
icat
ed.Ther
ear
elot
sofext
rawor
dsandt
hought
sin
i
t.Her
e'swhati
tlooksl
iker
ewr
it
ten:

 Iaddcr
eam t
omycof
feebecauset
hebi
tt
ert
ast
emakesmef
eel
unwel
l
.

Thissecondsent encesay sexactl

yt hesamet hi
ng(thatt
henarr
atoraddscream to
theircoff
eetogetr idofthebittertaste)butitdoessoi nhal
fthewords,makingit
clearerandeasi
erf orthereadertounder stand.Ify
ouhav ever
ylongsentences,t
ry
rewriti
ngthem t
or emov egluewords.

STRUCTURI
NGPARAGRAPHSANDSENTENCES:

Whati
sapar
agr
aph?

Paragraphsarecompr isedofsentences,butnotrandom sentences.Apar agr

aphisa
groupofsent encesor ganizedaroundacent raltopic.Infact,thecardinalrul
eof
paragraphwr i
tingist ofocusononei dea.A soli
dlywr i
ttenparagrapht akesits
readersonacl earpath,wit
houtdetours.Masterthepar agr
aph,andyou’llbeony our
wayt owrit
ing“gold-
star”essays,
term papers,
andst ori
es.

Howdoy
ouwr
it
eapar
agr
aph?

Abasicparagr aphstruct
ureusuallyconsist
soffi
vesentences:thetopi
csentence,
thr
eesupporti
ngsent ences,andaconcludingsent
ence.Butthesecret
stopar
agraph
wri
tinglayi
nf ouressenti
alelements,whichwhenusedcor r
ectl
y,canmakeanokay
paragr
aphintoagr eatparagraph.

1.Uni
ty:Uni tyinapar agraphbegi nswi t
hthet opi
csentence.Ever
ypar agraphhas
onesingl
e,controll
i
ngideat hatisexpr essedi nitstopi
csentence,whichist y
pical
ly
thefi
rstsentenceoft hepar agraph.Apar agraphisuni f
iedaroundthismai nidea,
wit
hthesuppor tingsentencespr ov i
dingdet ailanddiscussi
on.Inordert owr i
tea
goodtopicsentence,thinkabouty ourt hemeandal lt
hepointsyouwantt omake.
Deci
dewhi chpointdri
vesther est,andt henwr i
teitasyourtopi
csentence.

2.Or
der:Or
derr
efer
stot
hewayy
ouor
gani
zey
oursuppor
ti
ngsent
ences.Whet
her

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 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

youchoosechronologi
calorder
,orderofi
mportance,
oranotherlogicalpr
esent at
ion
ofdetail
,asoli
dpar agraphalwayshasadef i
nit
eor gani
zati
on.Inawel l-
ordered
paragr
aph,t
her eaderfol
lowsalongeasil
y,ai
dedbyt hepatter
ny ou’veestabli
shed.
Orderhel
psthereadergraspyourmeaningandavoidconfusi
on.

3.Coher ence:Coher enceist hequal i

tythatmakesy ourwr i
ti
ngunder standable.
Sentenceswi thi
napar agraphneedt oconnectt oeachot herandwor kt ogetherasa
whole.Oneoft hebestway st oachievecoherencyist ouset ransi
ti
onwor ds.These
wordscr eatebr i
dgesf r
om onesent encetothenext .Youcanuset ransi
tionwor ds
thatshow or der( f
ir
st,second,thir
d);spati
alrelati
onships( above,below)orl ogi c
(fur
ther
mor e,inadditi
on,infact)
.Also,i
nwr i
ti
ngapar agr
aph,usi ngaconsistentverb
tenseandpoi ntofv i
ewar eimportanti
ngredi
entsf orcoherency .

4:Compl et
eness.Compl eteness means a par agraph i s well
-dev
eloped.I fall
sentencesclearl
yandsuf f
ici
entl
ysuppor tthemai ni dea,theny ourparagraphi s
compl et
e.Ifther
earenotenoughsent encesorenoughi nfor
mat i
ontopr ov
ey our
thesi
s,thent heparagraphi sincomplete.Usual l
yt hreesuppor t
ingsent ences,in
additi
ontoat opi
csentenceandconcl udingsent ence,areneededf orapar agraphto
becompl et
e.Theconcl udi
ngsent enceorl astsent enceoft heparagraphshoul d
summar izeyourmai
ni deabyr ei
nforci
ngy ourtopicsentence.

BEI
NGCONCI
SEANDREMOVI
NGREDUNDANCY:

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Therewillsometi
mesbeast rongtendencyformostofust ocl
utterupourwr i
ti
ng,
wit
hahostofunnecessar ywor dsorphrasesinthetext
.Thi
sisespeci
all
ytr
uewhen
wri
tingtoasetwor dcountperhaps,i
nwhi chsometimesali
tt
le"
padding"wi
llassist
.
I
tdoesn' tchanget henegati
v eimpactt hattheclutt
erofredundantwordsand
phrasesareli
kel
ytohaveont hequali
tyofourwr i
ti
ng.

Redundancy ,defi
nedint hedicti
onaryasthe"
superfl
uousr epeti
ti
onorov erl
appingof
words" ,i
sbestav oi
dedi nanyl i
neofcommuni cationbetweenwr i
terandr eader,
what evertheform ofwr it
ing.Embell
ishi
ngone'
swor kwithwordscanaddal i
terar
y
qualitytoatext,buttr
yingt oohardmaybeaki nto" notseeingthewoodbecauseof
thetrees".Don'tpayanexcessi veamountofatt
entiont ounnecessarydetai
ls.Focus
ont hesubst anceofwhaty ou'r
etryi
ngtosaythroughwr iti
ng,fi
rstandf or
emostof
all
.

Av
oidi
ngr
edundancy

Repetit
ion,unnecessar
ywords,useofmeaninglessjar
gon,anduseofpompousor
over-t
he-topsentencesandphrasesar ethemai nculpri
tsbehindredundancyin
writ
ing.Belowaresomeexampl es,wit
hcleanversi
onsthat"t
ight
en"t
hewr it
ingand
conveyt hesameinformat
ionmoreclear
lyandconcisel
y:

 Redundant
:Ther
ewer
ethr
eeast
ronaut
sthatwentoneachandev
eryApol
l
o

9
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

spacemi
ssi
ont
othemoon.

Cl
earandconci
se:
Ther
ewer
ethr
eeast
ronaut
sonev
eryApol
l
omoonmi
ssi
on.

Redundant
: Allthi
ngs being equal
,the leader
s ofthe Student
s Union
Associ
ati
onwil
lconsi
dertheargument,andmaket hei
rfi
naldeci
sionbyvote
onWednesdaynextweekatanopenmeet ing.

Clearandconci
se:TheSt
udentsUni
onwi
l
lannouncet
her
esul
tsoft
hev
oteat
nextWednesday'
sopenmeeting.

Clearandconci
sewrit
ingsav
esbot
ht hewri
terandhis/
herreader
sagreatdealof
ti
me( andpati
ence)
.Itmakesthedocumentmor e"pal
atabl
e"andst
rai
ghttot he
point
.

Therearecommonl yusedphrasesthatdonot hi
ngbutcl
utt
erupasent
ence–and
subsequent
ly,
theenti
retext
.Unlessnecessar
y,avoi
dphr
asesli
ke:

 AsIwast
ryi
ngt
osay
..
.

 Att
hispoi
nti
nti
me.
..

 Fort
hemostpar
t.
..

 Fort
hepur
poseof
..
.

 I
namannerofspeaki
ng.
..

 I
nthef
inal
anal
ysi
s..
.

 Asf
arasIam concer
ned.
..

 Bet
hatasi
tmay
..
.

Part
icul
arlyintheareaofacademi corresearchpaperwri
ti
ng,theabovephrasesar
e
bestavoided.Theyconvoluteyoursentences.Theymaybet empting,yes;t
heymay
soundfancy ;butst
riv
etoachiev e"snappy"andconcisewrit
ingbydoingawaywi t
h
them.Alwayskeept hewri
tingsimple.

Lessi
smor
e

Alwayscheckanddoubl
e-checkt
oseeiftherei
sneedl
essr
epeti
ti
on,orift
her
eare
anyredundantwor
ds,phr
ases,orexpr
essionst
hatcanberemoved.Lessismor
e,
anddon'tsayi
nthr
eesent
enceswhatyoucansayinone.

Anot
hercommonmi st
akeistoresorttor epeti
ti
onasameansofemphasi zi
nga
poi
nt.Wordsofemphasissureareessential,butdon'
t"over-
emphasi
ze"i
nsucha
waythaty
ouareunderest
imat
ingyourreaders'comprehensi
onandabil
i
ty.

"
Abov
eal
l
,ther
eis,
ofcour
se,
absol
utel
ynoneedi
ndeedt
odecor
atey
oursent
ence

10
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

wit
hwordsandphrasesofemphasi
sif
,wi
thoutthem,t
he
sent
enceundeni
abl
yisi
ndeedequall
ycapabl
eofstr
essingy
ourpoi
nt.
"

AVOI
DINGAMBI
GUI
TYANDVAGUENESS:

Ambiguit
ymeans“mult
ipl
emeani
ng.
”Awordorpassagethatcanbeunderst
oodor
i
nter
pretedinmoret
hanonewayisambi
guous.Forexampl
e:Yousee,manyhands
makelightwor
k.

Note:Thi ssentenceisambi
guousbecauseoft hewor ds“li
ght
”and“work.
”Iti
s
unclearwhet
herlighti
sanounoradjecti
ve,andwhetherworkisanounorver
b.So,
readersar
eleftt
owonderwhethert
he“ l
i
ghtisworki
ng,”ort
he“worki
sli
ght.
”

Ei
ghtSt
rat
egi
es:

1.Sy
nony
my:
Findacl
earsy
nony
mtor
epl
acet
heambi
guouswor
d.

Thedoct
ormadet
hem wel
l
.--
->Thedoct
ormadet
hem ski
l
lful
l
y.

2.Expansi
on:
Addi
ngawor
dort
wot
othesent
encecanr
emov
eambi
gui
ty.

Hef
ini
shedt
her
acel
astThur
sday
.--
->Hef
ini
shedt
her
aceonl
astThur
sday
.

3.Rearr
angement:Usethesameelementsinadi ff
erentor
der
.Rear r
angement
usual
lyi
nvolv
estwonounsandanadject
ive.Thesent
enceisambiguousbecause
theadj
ect
ivecoul
dmodif
yoneorbot
hofthenouns.

Theyar
echewi
ngt
obaccoandgar
li
c.

or

Theyar
echewi
nggar
li
candt
obacco

Sinceit’
salreadyknownt hatchewingappliestotobacco,wear eonlyuncer
tainast o
whethert hegar l
i
ci salsochewabl e.So,byl i
sti
nggar l
i
cf ir
stwei denti
fyt hatthe
“chewing”modi fi
esbot hnouns.Ot her
wise,wecangr oupt headjecti
ve,“chewing”
withthenoun“ tobacco”aft
er“garl
i
c,”toclari
fythatt
hegar l
i
ci snotchewable:

Theyar
eeat
inggar
li
candchewi
ngt
obacco.

4.Capi
tal
i
zat
ion:
Capi
tal
let
ter
sar
esomet
imesusef
ult
omakesent
encescl
ear
.

Youshoul
dcal
lyouruncl
eGeor
ge.

Youshoul
dcal
lyourUncl
eGeor
ge.

Thefi
rsti
sambiguousbecauseiti
suncl
earift
heper
soncal
l
ingt
heuncl
eis
namedGeorgeori
ftheuncl
e’snameisGeor
ge.

5.Punctuat
ion:Commas,and ot
hermar
ks ofpunct
uat
ion,can be used t
o
cor
rectwrit
tenambi
gui
ty.

11
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

f
orei
gnst
udypr
ogr
ams-
-f
orei
gn-
studypr
ogr
ams.

Intheaboveexampl
e,weencount
erambi
gui
tyastheresultofsuccessi
vemodi
fi
ers.
Foranin-dept
hexpl
anat
ion,seet
heheadi
ng“Successiv
eModi f
ier
s”attheendof
thi
shandout.

6.Spel
li
ng:Wor dst
hatsharethesamespel
li
ngbutdif
fer
entmeaningi
nEnglish
aref
requentl
ythesourceforambi
gui
tyi
nspeech.However
,spel
l
ingwil
lrar
ely
removewrit
tenambiguit
y.

Thegov
ernorwenthunt
ingbearl
astweek.

7.Alt
ernati
onofCont ext:I ncl earwri
ti
ng,thecont
extrest
ri
ctsmeaningof
wordsandst r
uctures.Ther efore,ambi
guit
ycanberemediedbymakingthe
contextsuf
fi
cient
lyr estr
ict
ive.Incl
udespeci
fi
cdet
ail
stonarr
owthepossibl
e
meaningsoftheambi guousstatement.

8.UseofGr
ammat
ical
Signal
s:

GenderSi
gnal
s(hi
s,her
,it
s):

Thepuppysatbyt
hegi
rlwi
tht
hecont
ent
edl
ook

Thepuppybyt
hegi
rlwi
th(
her
/i
ts)cont
ent
edl
ook

Per
son-
thi
ngSi
gnal
s(who,
whi
ch)
:

Thedogoft
henei
ghbourt
hatbot
her
edhi
m

Thedogoft
henei
ghbour(
who/
whi
ch)bot
her
edhi
m

NumberSi
gnal
s(was-
singul
ar,
wer
e-pl
ural
):

Oneoft
hef
reshmangi
rl
swhoseemeddowncast

Oneoft
hef
reshmangi
rl
swho(
was/
wer
e)downcast

Coor
dinat
ionSi
gnal
s:

12
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Acarwhi
chst
oodbehi
ndt
hegar
aget
hatwasi
nneedofpai
nt

Acarwhi
chst
oodbehi
ndt
hegar
age(
and)whi
chwasi
nneedofpai
nt

Successi
veModi
fi
ers:

Whent ryi
ngt oavoidambi gui
tyiny
ourwrit
ing,i
tisi
mportanttokeepinmind
thatsuccessivemodi fi
ersshoul
dalway
sbeconsi der
edanaut omati
cdanger
signal
.Successivemodi fi
ersaremorethanoneadject
ivebeforeanoun.The
mor emodi f
iers(adjecti
ves)youhavebeforeanoun,themor echancey ou
haveofambi guit
y.

Smal
lbusi
nessman(
Ist
hebusi
nesssmal
l
,ort
heman?
)

Ol
dcarl
aw(
Ist
hel
awol
d,ort
hecar
?)

Gr
aycat
’sey
e(I
sthecatgr
ay,
ort
hecat
’sey
e?)

*
***
*

13
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

UNI
T-2

Cl
ari
fyi
ngWhoDi
dWhat
,Hi
ghl
i
ght
ingYourFi
ndi
ngs,
Hedgi
ngandCr
it
ici
zi
ng,
Par
aphr
asi
ngandPl
agi
ari
sm,
Sect
ionsofaPaper
,Abst
ract
s,I
ntr
oduct
ion.

Cl
ari
fyi
ngWhoDi
dWhat
:

Checky
ourj
our
nal
’
sst
yle-f
ir
stper
sonorpassi
ve
Checky
ourj
our
nal
’
s‘gui
del
i
nest
oaut
hor
s’t
oseewhet
hery
ouar
eper
mit
ted
ousewe.I
t fyoucanuse‘
we’
theni
tisr
elat
ivel
yeasyf
ory
out
odi
sti
ngui
shbet
ween
y
ourwor
kandot
her
s.Somej
our
nal
s,par
ti
cul
arl
ythoser
egar
dingPhy
sics,t
endt
o
optf
orani
mper
sonalf
ormi
nthebel
i
eft
hatsci
encei
sindependentoft
heper
son
wr
it
ingabouti
t.Thi
sent
ail
sadopt
ingal
owerpr
ofi
l
eandusi
ngt
hepassi
vef
orm.
I
fyourj
our
nali
nsi
stsont
hepassi
vef
orm,y
ouneedt
obeext
remel
ycar
eful
.
Themosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntt
orememberi
sthatYOUknow whi
chy
ourwor
kisand
whi
chsomeoneel
sei
s.Butt
her
eader
sdonot
!Youmustmakei
tcl
earf
orTHEM.
Howt
ofor
mthepassi
veandwhent
ousei
t
Act
ive:
1.Weper
for
medt
wot
est
s.
akecar
2.Bl ri
edoutoner
epl
i
cat
ion.
Passi
v i
e(s/was/wi
l
lbeet
c.+pastpar
ti
cipl
e):
1.Twot swer
est eper
for
med(
byus)
.
2.
Oner
epl
i
cat
ionwascar
ri
edoutbyBl
ake.
EXAMPLE:
S1.Bi
l
ingualchi
l
drenhav
ebeendemonst
rat
ed/ar
ebel
i
evedt
oadaptbet
ter
t
onewsi
tuat
ionst
hanmonol
i
ngual
chi
l
dren.
S2.I
thasbeendemonst
rat
ed/I
tisbel
i
evedt
hatbi
l
ingual
chi
l
drenadapt.
..
Theadv
ant
ageofS1ov
erS2i
sthatt
hesubj
ectoft
hesent bi
ence( l
i
ngualchi
l
dren)i
s
att
heheadoft
hephr
ase,
wher
easi
tisdel
ayedi
nS2.
Not
ethati
nfor
malEngl
i
shwr
it
i oucannotusesomeone,oneorpeopl
ngy etor
efer
ei
thert
oapar
ti
cul
arper
sonoragener
icper
son.Thi
smeanst
haty
oucannotr
epl
ace
S1andS2wi
thS3orS4:
S3.*
Someone/Onehasdemonst
rat
edt
hat.
..
S4.*
Peopl
ebel
i
evet
hat.
..

14
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Ensur
eyouuset
her
ightt
ensest
odi
ff
erent
iat
eyourwor
kfr
om ot
her
s,par
ti
cul
arl
y
wheny
ourj
our
nal
prohi
bit
stheuseofwe

■ usi
ngf
igur
es,t
abl
esandr
efer
encesdoesnotnecessar
il
yhel
pther
eadert
o
under
standwhosewor
kyouar
etal
ki
ngabout
.Ther
eaderst
il
lhast
omakeanef
for
t
■mi
stakesandi
nconsi
stencyi
ntenseusagecancompl
etel
yconf
uset
her
eader
.If
suchmi
stakesar
emadef
requent
lyi
tcoul
dbecomequi
tei
rr
it
ati
ngf
ort
her
efer
eeor
r
eader
■y
oucanst
il
lkeepy
ourj
our ngwe-f
nalhappybynotusi orsomer
easont
heyr
aise
l
essobj
ect
ionsi
fyouuseour
!
■ eachsent
enceshoul
dbeal
ogi
calpr
ogr
essi
onf
rom t
hepr
evi
ousone.I
fyou
ment
ionsomeoneel
se’
swor
kandt
heny
ourwor
kinconsecut
ivesent
ences,t
he
connect
ionbet
weent
het
womustbecl
eart
other
eader
.Iti
snotenoughj
ustt
ouse
t
wodi
ff
erentt
enses.

Forj
our
nal
sthatal
l
ow per
sonalf
orms,usewet
odi
sti
ngui
shy
our
sel
ffr
om ot
her
aut
hor
s
Thesi
mpl
estwayt
o makeadi
sti
nct
ion bet
ween y
ourr
esul
tsand ot
her
aut
hor
’si
stousewe-pr
ovi
dedt
haty
ourj
our
nalal
l
owsy
out
odot
his. maki
ng
cont
rast
sbet
weenwhaty
oudi
dandwhatot
her
sdi
dismuchsi
mpl
erwheny
ouuse
we.Howev
er,y
oudon’
twantt
obegi
neachsent
encewi
thwe,ast
hiswoul
dbe
monot
onousf
ory
ourr
eader
s.Soy
oucanuseami
xtur
eofact
iv wef
e( ound)and
passi
v i
e(twasf
ound)
.

Onl
yuset
hepassi
vet
odescr
ibey
ourwor
kify
ouhav
ecl
ear
lyest
abl
i
shedt
hat
nowy
ouar
etal
ki
ngabouty
ourwor
k.Youcandot
hi ngweori
sbyusi nourst
udyat
t
hebegi
nni
ngofapar
agr
aph-t
hisal
ert
sther
eadert
haty
ouar
egoi
ngt
odi
scuss
y
ourwor
k,soev
eni
fyout
henuset
hepassi
vet
her
eaderst
il
lknowst
hati
tisy
our
wor
k.
I
fyout
heni
ntr
oducesomeoneel
se’
swor
k,makesur
ethatt
henextt
imey
out
alk
abouty
ourownwor
kagai
nyoubegi
nthesent
encewi
thweori
nourst
udy
.

Donotusewet
oexpl
ainy
ourt
houghtpr
ocess

15
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Thi
sresul
tinani
ncr
easei
nthenumberofwor
dsy
ouwi
l
lneedt
ouse-but
cl
ari
tyi
smor
eimpor
tantt
hanconci
seness.
I
tisov
er-
str
essedhowi
mpor
tanti
tist
omakesuchdi
ff
erent
iat
ionsbet
ween
ourwor
kandt
hatofot
her
s.Lackofsuchadi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
soneoft
hemost
commonandser
iousmi
stakesmadei
nresear
chpaper
s.I
tisi
mper
ati
vet
haty
ou
checkt
hroughev
erysent
encei
nwhi
chy
our
epor
taf
indi
ng,andmakei
t100%cl
ear
t
other
eaderwhoi
sresponsi
blef
ort
hef
indi
ng.

Ensur
ethatr
eader
sunder
standwhaty
oumeanwheny
ouwr
it
e
Anot
herpr
obl
em ar
iseswheni
nconsecut
ivesent
encesy
oudescr
ibey
our
r
esul
tsi
nrel
ati
ont
other
esul
tsoft
woormor
eaut
hor
s.I
fther
eisapossi
bil
i
tyof
ambi
gui
tyi
tisal
way
sbestt
ospeci
fyt
heaut
horagai
n.

Useshor
tpar
agr
aphs
Thr
oughoutt
heDi
scussi
on,andsomet
imesdur
ingy
ourI
ntr
oduct
ion,y
ouwi
l
l
needt
oswi
tchf
rom y
ourwor
ktoot
heraut
hor
s’wor
k.Eacht
imey
oubegi
nanew
ar
eaofcompar
ison,begi
nanew par
agr
aph.Thi
smakesi
tmucheasi
erf
ort
he
r
eadert
ofol
l
ow.Al
soconsi
derusi
ngonepar
agr
apht
odescr
ibeot
heraut
hor
s’wor
k
andanew par
agr
apht
odescr
ibey
ourown.Const
ant
lyswi
tchi
ngwi
thi
nthesame
par
agr
aphf
rom y
ourwor
ktoot
heraut
hor
s’canbequi
tehar
dforr
eader
stof
oll
ow.

Makel
ogi
cal
connect
ionsbet
weenot
heraut
hor
s’f
indi
ngsandy
our
s
Wheny
ouwr
it
ethev
ari
oussect
ionsofy
ourpapery
ouknow whyy
ouar
e
r
efer
ri
ngt
oot
heraut
hor
s,butt
her
eaderdoesn’
t.Youneedt
omaket
heconnect
ions
cl
ear
.

Hi
ghl
i
ght
ingYourFi
ndi
ngs:

Ensur
ethatr
efer
eescanf
indandunder
standt
hei
mpor
tanceofy
ourcont
ri
but
ion

Thewayt
otal
kabouty
ourf
indi
ngshasacr
uci
ali
mpactonwhet
hert
he
r
efer
eeswi
l
lrecommendt
haty
ourpaperbeaccept
edf
orpubl
i
cat
ion.
When:
-t
her
esear
chi
sinsuf
fi
cientt
opr
ovi
desubst
ant
ial
newi
nsi
ght
.

16
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

-t
he dat
aset
s pot
ent
ial
l
y notpr
ovi
ding v
aluabl
einf
ormat
ion f
ort
he sci
ent
if
ic
communi
ty.
-
Mosti
mpor
tant
lyt
her
esul
tsar
emer
elydescr
ipt
ive,andar
einsuf
fi
cientt
osuppor
t
t
hecr
it
ical
concl
usi
ons
Consequent
ly,t
her
e’snoal
ter
nat
ivebutt
odecl
i
net
hepaperf
orpubl
i
cat
ioni
nThe
Jour
nal
.

Hel
pyourf
indi
ngst
ost
andoutv
isual
l
yont
hepagebybegi
nni
nganewpar
agr
aph
Tobeabl
etor
eady
ourkeyf
indi
ngsandt
ounder
standt
hecont
ri
but
ionof
y
ourpaper
,reader
sneedt
obeabl
etoeasi
l
yfi
ndt
hesekeyf
indi
ngsont
hepage.I
f
y
ourkeyf
indi
ngsar
ebur
iedi
nthemi
ddl
eofapar
agr
aph,t
her
eisl
esschancet
hat
r
eader
swi
l
lseet
hem andr
eadt
hem.Reader
stendt
oconcent
rat
eatt
hebegi
nni
ng
andendi
ngofpar
agr
aphs,
rat
hert
hant
hemi
ddl
e.
Sowheny
ouhav
esomet
hingi
mpor
tantt
osay
,begi
nanewpar
agr
aph.Thati
s
t
hekeyf
indi
ngpar
agr
aph(
KFP)
.AKFPshoul
d,i
fpossi
ble,
beal
i
ttl
eshor
tert
hant
he
pr
evi
ousandf
oll
owi
ngpar
agr
aphs.Thi
swi
l
lhel
pitt
ost
andoutf
rom t
hepage.
A KFPshoul
donl
yfocusony
ourkeyf
indi
ngs.Ther
eshoul
dbeno(
ormi
nimal
)
backgr
ound i
nfor
mat
ion orci
tat
ions f
rom t
he l
i
ter
atur
e.The backgr
ound and
ci
tat
ionsshoul
dbeputi
nanot
herpar
agr
aph.

Makey
oursent
encesshor
tert
hannor
mal
Reader
s’ey
es t
end t
o be at
tract
ed mostt
othe whi
te space bet
ween
sent
encesandt
othecapi
tall
ett
ert
hatbegi
nseachsent
ence(
tryt
est
ingt
hisoutf
or
y
our
sel
f).Thi
smeanst
hatshor
tersent
encesar
enot
icedmor
e,andofcour
set
hey
ar
egener
all
yeasi
ert
ofol
l
owandunder
stand.
Thi
svi
sual
fact
ori
scr
it
ical
tot
hei
mpactofy
ourpaper
.
I
tisv
erysi
mil
art
oagoodor
alpr
esent
ati
on.Whenpr
esent
ershav
esomet
hing
i
mpor
tantt
osay
,theysl
ow downt
hespeedoft
hei
rvoi
ce,speakal
i
ttl
elouderor
mor
eemphat
ical
l
y,usemuchshor
tersent
ences,andusepar
ti
cul
aradv
erbs(
e.g.
i
mpor
tant
ly,i
nter
est
ingl
y,r
emar
kabl
y)t
oat
tractat
tent
ion.Pr
esent
ersdot
hist
o(i
)
at
tractt
heaudi
ence’
sat
tent
ion,(
ii
)tounder
li
net
hei
mpor
tanceofwhatt
heyar
e
say
ing,
(ii
i
)tohel
ptheaudi
enceunder
standwhati
sbei
ngsai
d.

Pr
esenty
ourkeyf
indi
ngsi
nav
eryshor
tsent
enceandl
i
stt
hei
mpl
i
cat
ions

17
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

I
tiscr
uci
alt
hatt
her
efer
ee(
andr
eader
s)ar
ecl
ear
lyal
ert
edt
oyourkeyf
indi
ngs,
andt
hatt
heycl
ear
lysee(
li
ter
all
yont
hepage)t
heusesandi
mpl
i
cat
ions.

Consi
derusi
ngbul
l
etsandheadi
ngs.
Wet
endt
onot
icebul
l
ets(
bul
l
etedornumber
ed)mor
ethanbl
ocksoft
ext
.So
i
fyourj
our
nal
’
sst
ylegui
deal
l
ows,occasi
onal
l
yusebul
l
etst
osummar
izei
mpor
tant
poi
nts.
Youneedt
ofol
l
ow cer
tai
nconv
ent
ionswhenusi
ngbul
l
ets.Themosti
mpor
tanti
s
t
hateachbul
l
etbegi
nswi
tht
hesamegr
ammat
ical
par
t.
Yourdeci
si
onaboutwhet
hert
ousest
andar
dbul
l
etsornumber
edbul
l
etswi
l
l
dependonwhet
hery
ouwi
l
lref
ert
otheel
ement
sint
hebul
l
etsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
ext
.
I
fyouhav
eal
i
stoft
hreeormor
ebul
l
ets,andy
ouneedt
oref
ert
othem,t
heni
tis
easi
ert
onumbert
hem.
Formor
e on t
he use ofbul
l
ets,see t
he compani
on v
olume Engl
i
sh f
or
Resear
ch:
Somej
our
nal
sdonotf
orcey
ouonl
ytouset
hest
andar
dmai
nheadi
ngs(
Int
roduct
ion,
Met
hodset
c.)
.Youcanal
sousesubheadi
ngst
odi
recty
ourr
eader
s’at
tent
iont
o
i
mpor
tantaspect
sofy
ourwor
k.

Uset
abl
esandf
igur
est
oat
tractat
tent
ion
Anot
herv
isualwayofat
tract
ing at
tent
ion i
sto pl
acet
abl
esand f
igur
es
st
rat
egi
cal
l
ythr
oughoutt
hepaper
.Ther
eader
s’ey
eswi
l
linev
itabl
ybeat
tr
act
edt
o
anynon-
text
uali
nfor
mat
ion,
suchasgr
aphsandt
abl
es.Thenextt
hingt
hei
rey
eswi
l
l
f
ocus on wi
l
lpr
obabl
ybe t
he l
egend t
othe f
igur
es,and t
hen t
he par
agr
aph
i
mmedi
atel
yfol
l
owi
ngt
hel
egend.Souset
hispar
agr
apht
omakeani
mpor
tantpoi
nt.
Ofcour
set
abl
esar
eal
sot
heper
fectwayt
osummar
izekeyf
indi
ngs.Checkt
he
maxi
mum numberoff
igur
esandt
abl
est
haty
ourj
our
nalal
l
ows,andkeept
hem as
r
elev
antandconci
seaspossi
ble.

Si
gnalt
other
eadert
haty
ouar
eaboutt
osaysomet
hingi
mpor
tantbyusi
ngmor
e
dy
nami
clanguage
Youcanat
tractr
eader
s’at
tent
ionnotonl
ythr
oughv
isualt
echni
ques,
butal
so
byt
hewor
dsy
ouuse.
Thef
oll
owi
ngadv
erbs,
usedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofasent
ence,
areef
fect
ivei
nsi
gnal
l
ing

18
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
oreader
sthaty
ouar
enowgoi
ngt
otel
lthem somet
hingi
mpor
tant
:
i
mpor
tant
ly,
int
ri
gui
ngl
yint
erest
ingl
ysur
pri
singl
y,i
ncr
edi
bly
,remar
kabl
y,si
gni
fi
cant
ly,
unf
ort
unat
ely
Youcanal
souseadj
ect
ivest
hataddaposi
ti
vef
eel
i
ngt
owhaty
ouar
esay
ing,
f
orexampl
e:adv
anced,at
tract
ive,conv
inci
ng,cut
ti
ng-
edge,ef
fect
ive,f
avor
abl
e,
i
mpor
tant
,nov
el,pr
oduct
ive,pr
ofi
tabl
e,successf
ul,super
ior
,undeni
abl
e,and
v
aluabl
e.Youcanmaket
hem ev
enst
rongerbyaddi
ngext
remel
yorv
eryi
nfr
ontof
t
hem,buty
oumayf
indt
hatt
heyhav
ejustasmuchormor
eimpactwi
thoutt
hese
ext
rawor
ds.
I
nanycase,y
oushoul
donl
yuset
heseadv
erbsandadj
ect
ivesonceort
wice,
ot
her
wiset
heyl
oset
hei
rimpactory
oumaybeconsi
der
edasbei
ngar
rogant
.Ify
ou
hav
esomet
hingl
essi
mpor
tantt
osay
,youcoul
dpr
obabl
yjustuseal
i
nkwor
dsuch
as:
•i
naddi
ti
on-t
oaddanaddi
ti
onal
comment
,benef
itorf
eat
ure
•howev
er-t
osi
gnalt
haty
ounow hav
esomet
hingt
osayt
hatqual
i
fieswhaty
ou
hav
ejustsai
d
•i
ncont
rast-t
ohi
ghl
i
ghtt
hatwhaty
ouar
egoi
ngt
osaynextgoesagai
nstwhaty
ou
hav
ejustsai
d.

Onl
yusespeci
fi
cter
mswhendescr
ibi
ngy
ourkeyf
indi
ngs
Reader
sar
emor
eint
erest
ed i
nreadi
ng speci
fi
cst
han gener
alconcept
s.
Par
ti
cul
arl
ywheny
ougi
vey
ourkeyf
indi
ngs,
youneedt
ouset
hemostconcr
eteand
speci
fi
cwor
dsandphr
asespossi
ble.I
fyoudon’
t,y
ouar
eindangerofl
osi
ngt
he
at
tent
ionoft
her
eader
.

Av
oidf
latphr
aseswhendi
scussi
ngkeyf
indi
ngs
Thewayy
ouwr
it
eaphr
aseshoul
dref
lectt
hei
mpor
tanceofwhaty
ouar
e
say
ing.
Ther
eisnot
hingi
nitt
hatsay
stot
her
eader‘
Hey
,thi
sisr
eal
l
yimpor
tant
.Iti
s
akeyf
indi
ngt
hatIr
eal
l
ywantt
odr
awy
ourat
tent
iont
o-pl
easet
akenot
eoft
his’
.
-
spl
i
tti
ngt
hel
ongsent
encei
ntot
woshor
tersent
ences.
-
maki
ngacompar
isonwi
thpr
evi
ousmet
hods.
-
Usi
ngcl
ear
erl
anguaget
ohi
ghl
i
ghtt
hei
mpl
i
cat
ionsoft
hepr
e-t
reat
ment
.

Beexpl
i
citabouty
ourf
indi
ngs,
sot
hatev
enanon-
exper
tcanunder
standt
hem

19
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Yourpapermaynotonl
yber
eadbypeopl
ewor
kingi
nexact
lyt
hesamef
iel
d
as y
ou.I
n or
dert
o acqui
ref
undi
ng t
o cont
inue wor
king i
nresear
ch,some
r
esear
cher
shav
etochangef
rom t
hei
rfi
eldi
ntoamor
efi
nanci
all
yret
ri
but
ivef
iel
d.
Thi
smeanst
hatsomepeopl
ewhoar
enotcompl
etel
yfami
l
iarwi
thy
ourf
iel
dmay
needt
oready
ourpaper
.Secondl
y,woundsmakef
rui
tsuscept
ibl
etoi
nfect
ion.
Thel
ongsent
encehasbeendi
vi
dedi
ntot
woshor
tersent
ences.Muchoft
he
r
edundancy has been r
emov
ed al
ong wi
th abst
ractnouns t
hatadd no v
alue
(
tendency
,pr
ocess,phenomenon,st
rat
egyet
c.)
.Reader
scannow under
standt
hat
t
her
ear
etwokeyf
indi
ngs(
fi
rst
ly,
secondl
y).Thesamekeyt
ermshav
ebeenused,
i.
e.
j
ustwound,r
athert
hanwoundandl
esi
on(
whi
chbot
hhav
ethesamemeani
ng,but
r
eader
smayt
hinkt
heyar
eusedt
omeandi
ff
erentt
hings)
.
Fr
iendl
yst
yleshoul
dbeadopt
edi
nev
erysent
enceoft
hepaper
.Inf
act
,you
mi
ghtbecr
it
ici
zedf
orbei
ng‘
tooi
nfor
mal
’ornotsuf
fi
cient
ly‘
sci
ent
if
ic’i
fyouused
t
hisst
ylet
hroughouty
ourpaper
.Howev
er,
wheny
ouar
esay
ingsomet
hingofcr
it
ical
i
mpor
tance,t
heni
thel
pst
ousesuchadi
rectst
yle.Thi
swi
l
lmakey
ourmessage
100% cl
eart
oev
ery
one–t
other
efer
ee,t
otheexper
treader
,andt
othei
nexper
t
r
eader
.

Conv
inci
ngr
eader
stobel
i
evey
ouri
nter
pret
ati
onofy
ourdat
a
Dat
acanof
tenbei
nter
pret
edi
nmor
ethanoneway
.Oner
easonf
orapaper
bei
ngi
nit
ial
l
yrej
ect
edi
sthatt
her
efer
eemayi
nter
prety
ourdat
ainadi
ff
erentway
f
rom howy
ouhav
eint
erpr
etedy
ourdat
a.Ther
efer
eemayt
henr
equestt
haty
out
o
dof
urt
herexper
iment
s/r
esear
chj
ustt
ocheckwhosei
nter
pret
ati
oni
scor
rect
.In
somecases,suchext
raexper
iment
smaybeusef
ul,butt
heywi
l
ldel
ayy
ourpaper
bei
ngpubl
i
shed.
Onewayt
oav
oidt
her
efer
eemaki
ngsuchr
equest
sist
opr
edi
ctwhatt
hese
r
equest
sar
eli
kel
ytobe.Theny
oudeal
wit
hthem al
readyi
nyouri
nit
ial
manuscr
ipti
n
awayt
haty
ourr
efer
eeswi
l
lbewi
l
li
ngt
odi
gest
.

Showy
ourpapert
oanon-
exper
tandgethi
m /hert
ounder
li
ney
ourkeyf
indi
ngs

Agr
eatwayofdi
scov
eri
nghowexpl
i
city
ouhav
ebeeni
npr
esent
ingy
ourkey
f
indi
ngsi
stoshowanon-
exper
tyourpaper
.Askt
hem t
ounder
li
newher
etheyt
hink
y
ouhav
eint
roducedanddi
scussedy
ourkeyf
indi
ngs.Thi
staskshoul
dbepossi
ble

20
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

ev
enf
orsomeonewhoknowsnot
hingabouty
ourt
opi
c.I
ftheyf
ailt
ounder
li
ney
our
keyf
indi
ngs,
theny
ouknowt
haty
ouneedt
ohi
ghl
i
ghty
ourkeyf
indi
ngsev
enmor
e.I
f
y
ouwantt
obemor
ethor
ough,y
oucoul
dgett
hesameper
sonal
sot
ofi
ndpl
aces
wher
eyoudi
scusst
hei
mpl
i
cat
ionsandl
i
mit
ati
onsofy
ourr
esear
ch.

Bewar
eofov
erst
ati
ngy
ourpr
oject
’sachi
evement
sandsi
gni
fi
cance

Thi
schapt
erhasbeenal
labouthi
ghl
i
ght
ingy
ourf
indi
ngssot
hatr
eader
scan
bot
hphy
sical
l
yseet
hem ont
hepageandal
soappr
eci
atet
hei
rsi
gni
fi
cance.Butno
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esear
ch,st
udyorpr
ojecti
sper
fect
.Youneedt
obeexpl
i
citnotj
ustaboutt
he
st
rengt
hsofy
ourwor
k,butal
sot
heweaknessandpot
ent
ialf
orbi
as(
e.g.i
nyour
sel
ect
ionandsampl
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ngpr
ocedur
es)
.

Par
ti
cul
arl
yint
he Di
scussi
on y
ou shoul
d pur
posi
vel
y of
fer al
ter
nat
ive
expl
anat
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ntoaccountanypot
ent
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onsi
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met
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ogyandi
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nter
pret
ati
onofy
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ts.Suchi
nsi
ght
sint
othesear
eas
wi
l
lbeseenbyt
her
efer
eeandr
eader
sasasi
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hequal
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tyofy
ourr
esear
ch.

Ont
heot
herhand,i
fitseemsy
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erst
ati
ngt
hemeani
ngofwhaty
ou
hav
efound,t
her
efer
eemaysuspecty
ouofr
esear
chbi
as.Thi
smaymeant
haty
our
paperwi
l
lbei
nit
ial
l
yrej
ect
ed.

Hedgi
ngandCr
it
ici
zi
ng:
Whyandwhent
ohedge
Hedgi
ngent
ail
sant
ici
pat
ingpossi
bleopposi
ti
onbyy
ourr
efer
eesandr
eader
s
bynotsay
ingt
hingst
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ti
vel
yordi
rect
ly.Ahedgewasor
igi
nal
l
yaf
enceor
boundar
ydel
i
mit
inganar
eaofl
and–i
twast
husaf
orm ofpr
otect
ionf
rom out
sider
s.
Today
,hedgehasamet
aphor
icalmeani
ng– y
oupr
otecty
our
sel
fagai
nstsome
adv
erser
isk.I
nyourcase,
ther
iski
scr
it
ici
sm byr
efer
eesandot
herr
esear
cher
s.The
i
deai
sthaty
ouexpr
essy
our
sel
fwi
thhonest
y,pr
eci
sionandcaut
ion,andy
ouar
e
di
plomat
ici
nanycr
it
ici
smsy
oumakeofot
heraut
hor
s.
I
fyoul
ear
nhowt
ohedge,
itmayhel
pyouont
hewayt
ogai
ningaccept
ancei
n
y
ourf
iel
d.Ont
heot
herhand,i
fyouseem t
obet
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eofy
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sel
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ght
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i
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ether
efer
eeandpot
ent
ial
reader
s.
Hedgi
ngdoesnotmeant
haty
oushoul
dbev
ague.I
nfact
,youmustbe
pr
eci
seaspossi
ble.I
tissi
mpl
ythaty
ouexpr
esst
hispr
eci
sioni
nanopen-
minded

21
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

wayt
hatencour
agesot
heraut
hor
sei
thert
o agr
eewi
thy
ourhy
pot
hesesort
o
post
ulat
ethei
rown.

Hi
ghl
i
ght
ingandhedgi
ng
Hi
ghl
i
ght
ingmeans,
forexampl
e:
-
hel
pingt
her
eadert
oseey
ourf
indi
ngsont
hepagesofy
ourmanuscr
ipt(
e.g.not
hi
dingkey
•f
indi
ngsi
nthemi
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eofal
ongpar
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aph)usi
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tersent
enceswhengi
vi
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i
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tanti
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mat
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edy
nami
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indi
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alki
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andar
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Toni
ngdownv
erbs
Ther
ear
esomev
erbst
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eav
enor
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ordoubt
,forexampl
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e,
means,
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mani
fest
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Toni
ngdownadj
ect
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Some adj
ect
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eav
eryst
rong t
one.Her
e ar
e some
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nnov
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nal
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i
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remel
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gni
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cant
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ital/f
undament
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i
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cer
tai
nty
:cl
ear
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y),obv
ious(
ly)
,ev
ident
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y),concl
usi
ve(
ly)
,def
ini
te(
ly)
,undeni
abl
e,
undeni
abl
y,undoubt
edl
y
Wheny
ouar
eref
err
ingt
oyourownwor
k,y
ouneedt
obecar
efulhow y
ouuset
he
abov
eadj
ect
ivesandadv
erbs.Youmi
ghtr
iskbei
ngaccusedofbei
ngt
oosur
eof
y
our
sel
f.

Toni
ngdownst
rongcl
aimsbyi
nser
ti
ngadv
erbs
Di
ff
erentadv
erbshav
edi
ff
erentl
evel
sofpower
,whi
ch i
ndi
cat
edi
ff
erent
l
evel
sofconf
idence.I
fyouar
etal
ki
ngabouthowv
isi
blesomet
hingi
sorhoweasyi
t
i
stodet
ect
.
Uset
headv
erbsi
gni
fi
cant
lywi
sel
y.I
tisof
tenassoci
atedwi
thst
ati
sti
csandsi
mpl
y

22
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

meanst
hatsomet
hingi
sunl
i
kel
ytohav
eoccur
redbychance.Soi
tdoesnothav
e
t
hegener
almeani
ngofbei
ngi
mpor
tantornot
ewor
thy
.
Somet
imes,y
ouneedt
otal
kaboutt
hel
evelofcompl
etenessofanoper
ati
on
oract
ivi
ty.I
nsuchcasesy
oucanuseadv
erbssuchaspar
ti
all
y,i
npar
t,t
osome
ext
ent
,andt
oacer
tai
next
ent
.Agai
n,t
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erat
herv
agueexpr
essi
ons,
ifpossi
ble
y
oushoul
dtr
ytoquant
if
ythem.

Toni
ngdownt
hel
evel
ofpr
obabi
l
ity
Anot
herwayt
ohedgey
ourcl
aimsi
stogi
ver
eader
sani
ndi
cat
ionofhowl
i
kel
y
y
ourf
indi
ngsar
ecor
rect
.Ther
ear
emanyway
sofexpr
essi
ngt
hiski
ndofpr
obabi
l
ity
.
Theper
cent
agepr
obabi
l
iti
esi
ntheexampl
ebel
ow shoul
donl
ybeseenasv
ery
gener
ali
ndi
cat
ors.
modal
ver
bs
Xmust/cannotpl
ayar
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nY.(
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Smoki
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.(100%-t
hisdoesnotmeant
hatsmoki
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way
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t
ocancer
,butonl
ythati
thasbeenpr
ovedt
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ncer
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ngi
s
t
hecauseofcancer
)

Ant
ici
pat
ingal
ter
nat
ivei
nter
pret
ati
onsofy
ourdat
a
I
fyouwantt
her
efer
eeandr
eader
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ourspeci
fi
cint
erpr
etat
ionof
y
ourdat
a,y
ouwi
l
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econv
inci
ngi
fyoual
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ovi
deal
ter
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ivei
nter
pret
ati
ons.
Basi
cal
l
yyouar
eant
ici
pat
inganyobj
ect
ionst
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heymi
ghthav
e-y
ouar
epl
ayi
ng
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hedev
il
’sadv
ocat
ewi
thy
our
sel
f.

Tel
l
ingt
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eaderf
rom whatst
andpoi
nty
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sht
hem t
ovi
ewy
ourdat
a
Rat
hert
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onssuchasi
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iew andwebel
i
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ch
cl
ear
lyexpr
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iew,
youcant
ellt
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eaderf
rom whi
chst
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nty
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wantt
hem t
oint
erpr
etorj
udgey
ourdat
a.
Usef
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erbsi
nsuchcont
ext ei
sar mpl
y,i
ndi
cat
e,suggest
,poi
ntt
owar
d,hi
ntatet
c.

Sav
ing y
ourown f
ace:r
eveal
i
ng and obscur
ing y
ouri
dent
it
yas t
he aut
hori
n
humani
stsubj
ect
s
I
nnat
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ences,aut
hor
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tenadoptanobj
ect
ivest
ancebywr
it
ingi
nan
i
mper
sonalf
ashi
on.Wr
it
ersi
nsoci
alandpol
i
ticalsci
ences,ont
heot
herhand,t
end

23
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
ohav
eamor
eper
sonalconst
ruct
ionofr
eal
i
tyandt
husmayuset
hef
ir
stper
sont
o
per
suadet
her
eadert
owar
dst
hei
ropi
nion.

Sav
ingot
heraut
hor
’sf
aces:
putt
hei
rresear
chi
naposi
ti
vel
i
ght
I
tisf
inet
oquest
ionot
herpeopl
e’
sfi
ndi
ngsandconcl
usi
ons.Ev
ent
hemost
r
eput
abl
e paper
s somet
imes i
ncl
ude poorr
esear
ch.Butwhen y
ou do make
cr
it
ici
sms,ensur
ethaty
oual
way
sdosoi
naconst
ruct
ivewayt
hatst
il
lmanagest
o
putt
heor
igi
nalr
esear
chi
naposi
ti
vel
i
ght
.Int
hiswayy
ousav
etheor
igi
nalaut
hor
’s
f
ace,
i.
e.t
hei
rreput
ati
onandposi
ti
oni
ntheacademi
cwor
ld.

Don’
tov
erhedge
I
tisofcour
sepossi
blet
oov
erhedge,andbecomev
agueandunsur
e.Thi
sis
notagoodappr
oach.Pr
ofessorTonyLegget
t,Nobelpr
izewi
nneri
nPhy
sics,spent
manyofhi
sear
lyacademi
cyear
sinJapan,andhast
hesecomment
saboutt
he
Japanesest
yleofwr
it
ing.

Hedgi
ng
El
i
sabet
tasai
d:
I
nIt
ali
anweusehedgi
ngdev
icest
oo,butt
hepr
obl
em i
sthatt
heydonot
al
way
shav
eadi
rectequi
val
enti
nEngl
i
sh.Forexampl
e,i
nIt
ali
anwhenwear
e
expr
essi
ngdoubtaboutsomet
hingwecanuset
hesubj
unct
ivemood.Buti
nEngl
i
sh
t
hesubj
unct
ivei
sgener
all
ythesameast
hei
ndi
cat
ive,t
hust
hesenseofdoubtt
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essi
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onguei
scompl
etel
ylostwhent
ransl
atedi
ntoEngl
i
sh.I
n
f
actt
her
efer
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epor
tst
hatIr
ecei
vedf
ormyf
ir
stpaper
scomment
edt
hatIneeded
t
obemor
e‘humbl
e’andl
ess‘
presumpt
uous’
.
Thi
smeansIhav
ehadt
olear
ntohedgewhenIwr
it
einEngl
i
sh.I
nit
ial
l
ythi
s
wasqui
tehar
d.Howev
er,Ihav
enow r
eal
i
zedt
hatbasi
cal
l
yal
lIhav
etodoi
sto
pr
ecedeanyst
rongst
atementwi
thaf
ewsof
tint
roduct
orywor
dst
hatIhav
elear
ned
byr
eadi
ngot
herar
cheol
ogi
cal
paper
sinmyf
iel
d.I
tisact
ual
l
yeasi
ert
hani
tlooks!

Par
aphr
asi
ngandPl
agi
ari
sm:
Whatt
heexper
tssay
Pl
agi
ari
sm i
sunaccept
abl
eunderanyci
rcumst
ancesbut
,despi
tet
hisuni
ver
sal

24
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

di
sappr
oval
,i
tisoneoft
hemor
ecommonf
aul
tswi
thst
udentpaper
s.I
nsomecases,
i
tisacaseofdownr
ightdi
shonest
ybr
oughtuponbyl
azi
ness,butmor
eof
teni
tis
l
ackofexper
ienceashowt
opr
oper
lyusemat
eri
alt
akenf
rom anot
hersour
ce.…
Pl
agi
ari
sm i
npr
ofessi
onalwor
kmayr
esul
tindi
smi
ssalf
rom anacademi
cposi
ti
on,
bei
ngbar
redf
rom publ
i
shi
ngi
napar
ti
cul
arj
our
nalorf
rom r
ecei
vi
ngf
undsf
rom a
par
ti
cul
argr
ant
ingagency
,orev
enal
awsui
tandcr
imi
nalpr
osecut
ion.
Dr
.Ronal
dK.Gr
atz
,Associ
atePr
ofessor,
i
ntheDepar
tmentofBi
ologi
calSci
ences,
Mi
chi
ganTechnol
ogi
cal
Uni
ver
sit
y
(
USA)
,aut
horof“
Usi
ngAnot
her
’sWor
dsandI
deas”
Pl
agi
ari
sm i
snotdi
ff
icul
ttospot
Pl
agi
ari
sm i
sver
yeasyt
oident
if
y,par
ti
cul
arl
yinpaper
swr
it
tenbynon-
nat
ive
speaker
s.Af
terr
evi
singal
otofr
esear
chpaper
sfr
om PhDst
udent
s.Somet
imesi
tis
sai
dapar
agr
apht
hatcont
ainsaconsi
der
abl
enumberofmi
stakesi
ntheEngl
i
sh
(
grammar
,vocabul
ary
,spel
l
inget
c.)andt
hensuddenl
yther
eisasent
encewr
it
teni
n
per
fectEngl
i
sh!Thi
simmedi
atel
ymakessuspi
cious,soGoogl
i
ngt
hesent
enceand
v
eryf
requent
lydi
scov
eredt
hati
tcomesf
rom apubl
i
shedpaper
.
Youcancopygener
icphr
ases
I
tisper
fect
lynor
malt
ocopyphr
asesf
rom ot
herpeopl
e’
spaper
s.Howev
er,t
hese
phr
asesmustbegener
ic.I
nfact
,suchphr
asesshoul
dhel
pyout
oimpr
ovey
our
Engl
i
sh-

Howt
oquot
edi
rect
lyf
rom ot
herpaper
s
I
fyouuseanyoft
hepar
tsofWood’
stextt
hatar
enoti
nit
ali
cswi
thoutany
acknowl
edgementy
ouar
ecommi
tt
ingpl
agi
ari
sm.
Let
’si
magi
ney
ouwant
edt
oquot
efr
om t
hel
astl
i
neofWood’
spaper
,whi
ch
concl
udesasf
oll
ows:
Theowner
sofi
nter
nat
ionalsci
ent
if
icEngl
i
shshoul
dbei
nter
nat
ionalsci
ent
ist
snot
Engl
i
shmenorAmer
icans.
Youcanci
tet
heexactphr
aseorsent
enceusedbyput
ti
ngi
tinquot
ati
onsmar
ks.
Thenr
efer
encet
heaut
hor
.
Asnot
edbyWood[
1997]
:“Theowner
sofi
nter
nat
ionalsci
ent
if
icEngl
i
shshoul
dbe
i
nter
nat
ional
sci
ent
ist
snotEngl
i
shmenorAmer
icans”
.
Asanal
ter
nat
ivet
oAsnot
edbyWood[
1997]y
oucoul
dsay
:
Wood[
1997]concl
udes:,
AsWood[
1997]st
ates:,
AsWoodst
atesi
nhi
s1997paper
:

25
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

,
I
nhi
sConcl
usi
ons,
Wood[
1997]wr
it
es:
Howy
oumaket
her
efer
encet
oWood’
spaperwi
l
lobv
iousl
ydependony
our
j
our
nal
’
sst
yle.Put
ti
ngquot
ati
onmar
ks(
“…”
)ar
oundanunal
ter
edsent
enceand
gi
vi
ngt
hepr
operci
tat
ionf
ort
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hewor
kdoesnott
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l
yconst
it
ute
pl
agi
ari
sm.Buti
tmayi
ndi
cat
etosuper
visor
sandr
efer
eest
haty
ouhav
enotact
ual
l
y
under
stoodwhaty
ouhav
ewr
it
ten–i
tisnoty
ourownwor
k.

Howt
oquot
efr
om anot
herpaperbypar
aphr
asi
ng
Rat
hert
hanquot
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aphr
asesent
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Buty
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il
lref
erence,ot
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twoul
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concl
usi
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Letusnowcompar
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ons.
wood’
sor
igi
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sion par
aphr
asedv
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(
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s bel
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nter
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if
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sh I
nter
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if
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ust…nat
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s
Youmaybet
hinki
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hatpar
aphr
asi
ngi
sapoi
ntl
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cisepar
ti
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yif
y
ouquot
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efer
encet
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heconcept
scont
ainedar
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y
our
s.Howev
eri
tisout
li
nedabov
egener
all
yconsi
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obegoodpr
act
icei
nthe
i
nter
nat
ionalcommuni
ty.I
naddi
ti
on,t
obeabl
etopar
aphr
asemeanst
haty
our
eal
l
y
hav
etounder
standt
heor
igi
nal
sent
ence,
whi
chi
scl
ear
lybenef
ici
alf
ory
ou?
Not
eal
sot
haty
oumaywi
sht
opar
aphr
asey
ourownwr
it
ingwi
thi
nthesamepaper
,
i
.e.t
onotr
epeati
ntheConcl
usi
onst
hesamephr
asesy
ouhav
eusedi
ntheAbst
ract
Par
aphr
asi
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hewor
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hir
daut
hor
Anot
hercasei
swher
eyouwantsayt
hesamet
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hor(
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i
nS1)
,regar
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indi
ngt
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ongt
oWoodbutt
oat
hir
daut
hor
’swor
k
(
Hinds,i
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chWoodr
efer
sto.I
nthi
scaseWoodi
sdi
scussi
ngt
hel
i
ter
atur
e,
r
athert
hanhi
sownper
sonal
ideas.
S1.Mor
egener
all
yHi
ndshasputf
orwar
dawi
del
ydi
scussedposi
ti
ont
hat
Japanesehasadi
ff
erentexpect
ati
onast
othedegr
eeofi
nvol
vementoft
her
eader
compar
edt
oEngl
i
sh,
wit
hJapanesegi
vi
ngmor
eresponsi
bil
i
tyt
other
eader
,Engl
i
sh
t
othewr
it
er.

26
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Youcoul
dpar
aphr
aseS1asf
oll
ows:
S2.Many aut
hor
s,f
orexampl
e Hi
nds,hav
e pr
oposed t
hatt
he l
evelof
expect
edr
eaderi
nvol
vementi
nJapanesewr
it
ingi
shi
ghert
hani
nEngl
i
sh.
S3.I
tisgener
all
yaccept
edt
hatJapanesewr
it
ersexpectt
hei
rreader
stobe
mor
einv
olv
edt
handoEngl
i
shwr
it
ers.
S2r
etai
nst
henameoft
heaut
horment
ionedbyWood.S3i
sst
rongerandsuggest
s
t
hatwhatHi
nds or
igi
nal
l
y pr
oposed has now become gener
all
y accept
ed (
an
al
ter
nat
iveexpr
essi
oni
siti
swel
lknownt
hat
).Thi
siscommonl
ythecase.I
nfact
,
Wood’
sar
ti
clewaspubl
i
shedi
n1997,si
ncet
hensev
eralot
herpaper
sandbooks
hav
ebeenpubl
i
shedont
het
opi
c,whi
chhav
erei
nfor
cedwhatHi
ndspr
oposed.
Howt
ocheckwhet
hery
ouhav
einadv
ert
ent
lycommi
tt
edpl
agi
ari
sm
Tocheckwhet
hery
ouhav
einadv
ert
ent
lypl
agi
ari
zedy
ourownorot
herpeopl
e’
swor
k,
seei
fyourj
our
nalof
fer
sCr
ossCheck.Thi
sisaser
viceof
fer
edbyCr
ossRef.
It
checksy
ourpaperagai
nstt
housandsofot
her
stoseewhet
hert
hesamephr
ase
appear
sinsomeoneel
se’
swor
k.

SECTI
ONSOFAPAPER:
Ar
esear
cht
ypi
cal
l
ycont
ain:
 Ti
tl
epage.
 Abst
ract
.
 I
ntr
oduct
ion.
 Resul
ts.
 Di
scussi
ons.
 Ref
erences.
ABSTRACT

Whati
sanabst
ract
?Howl
ongshoul
ditbe?
Ther
ear
efourmai
nty
pesofabst
ract
s,al
lofwhi
chsummar
izet
hehi
ghl
i
ght
s
ofy
ourr
esear
chandal
lofwhi
chwi
l
lbej
udgedi
nisol
ati
onf
rom t
heaccompany
ing
paper(
ift
her
eisone)
.Abst
ract
sar
esomet
imescal
l
edSummar
ies.
Abst
ract
sar
efoundbef
oreaf
ullar
ti
clei
naj
our
nal
,st
andal
onei
ndat
abasesof
abst
ract
s,andi
nconf
erencepr
ogr
ams.
Unst
ruct
uredabst
ract
Asi
ngl
epar
agr
aphofbet
ween100–250wor
dscont
aini
ngav
erybr
iefsummar
yof

27
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

eachoft
hemai
nsect
ionsofy
ourpaper
St
ruct
uredabst
ract
Thesameas(
1)butdi
vi
dedi
ntosev
eral
shor
tsect
ions.
Ext
endedabst
ract
Ami
nipaperor
gani
zedi
nthesamewayasaf
ullpaper(
e.g.I
ntr
oduct
ion,Met
hods,
Di
scussi
on…)
,butsubst
ant
ial
l
yshor
ter(
two t
ofourpages)
.Dependi
ng ont
he
j
our
nal
,conf
erenceorcompet
it
ion,
theext
endedabst
ractmayormaynoti
ncl
udean
abst
ract–f
orexampl
e,i
tmaybegi
ndi
rect
lywi
thani
ntr
oduct
ion
Conf
erenceabst
ract
Nor
mal
l
yast
andal
oneabst
ract(
somet
imesupt
o500wor
ds)
,desi
gnedt
ohel
p
conf
erenceor
gani
zer
sto deci
dewhet
hert
heywoul
dli
key
ou t
o makean or
al
pr
esent
ati
onatt
hei
rconf
erence.I
tmaybeofanyoft
het
hreef
ormsabov
e.
Thet
ypeofabst
racty
ouchooseandt
hef
ormatt
ousewi
l
ldependont
hej
our
nalor
conf
erence.Makesur
eyour
ead t
hei
rinst
ruct
ionst
o aut
hor
sbef
orey
oubegi
n
wr
it
ing.Whenshoul
dIwr
it
etheAbst
ract
?
Wr
it
ear
oughdr
aftoft
heabst
ractbef
orey
oust
artwr
it
ingt
hepaperi
tsel
f.
Thi
smayhel
pyout
odeci
dewhatt
oincl
udei
nthepaperandhowt
ost
ruct
urei
t.But
exper
iencedwr
it
ersal
way
swr
it
etheAbst
ract(
andof
tent
heI
ntr
oduct
iont
oo)l
ast
,
i
.e.whent
heyhav
efi
nishedt
her
estoft
hepaper
.Thi
sref
lect
sther
esear
chpr
ocess
i
tsel
f-t
hef
ir
stt
hingy
ouwr
it
eabouti
swhaty
ouf
ound,t
henhow t
hiscanbe
i
nter
pret
ed.
I
nanycase,
andaswi
tht
hewhol
epaper
,youmusthav
eacl
eari
deaofy
ouri
ntended
audi
ence.
Howshoul
dIst
ruct
uremyAbst
ract
?
AnAbst
ractgener
all
yanswer
satl
eastt
hef
ir
stt
hreeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions,
and
gener
all
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.Youcanuset
heanswer
stot
hesequest
ionst
o
st
ruct
urey
ourAbst
ract
.
Whydi
- dIcar
ryoutt
hispr
oject
?Whyam Iwr
it
ingt
hispaper
?
-
Whatdi
dIdo,
andhow?
-
Whatwer
emyr
esul
ts?Whatwasnewcompar
edt
opr
evi
ousr
esear
ch?
-
Whatar
ethe i
mpl
i
cat
ions ofmy f
indi
ngs? Whatar
e my concl
usi
ons and/
or
r
ecommendat
ions?
Howev
erchemi
sts,phy
sici
sts,bi
ologi
sts et
c.who ar
e pr
esent
ing some new
i
nst
rument
ati
onmaywantt
ofocusnotonwhatt
heyf
ound,
butonwhatt
hebenef
it
s

28
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

oft
hei
rappar
atusar
eandhowwel
li
tper
for
ms.
Todeci
dewhatt
oincl
udei
tmayhel
pyout
ogot
hroughy
ourpaperandhi
ghl
i
ght
whaty
ouconsi
dert
obet
hemosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntsi
neachsect
ion.Theor
deri
n
whi
chy
ouanswert
hequest
ionsabov
ecanmakeav
erydi
ff
erenti
mpr
essi
onon
r
eader
s.
For
mal
,nat
ural
andappl
i
edsci
ences:
Howmuchbackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion?
Al
thought
hest
yleofanabst
ractmaydi
ff
erf
rom di
sci
pli
net
odi
sci
pli
neand
f
rom j
our
nalt
ojour
nal
,thest
ruct
ureandi
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedi
squi
tesi
mil
ar.The
ai
misal
way
stot
ellr
eader
sal
ltheyneedt
oknow t
ohel
pthem deci
dewhet
hert
o
buy/r
eadt
hepaper
.
Cont
extset
ti
ngshoul
dnev
ert
akeupmor
ethan25%oft
hewhol
eabst
ract
,as
i
tpr
obabl
ycont
ainsi
nfor
mat
iont
hatt
her
eaderal
readyknows.Yourr
eader
swant
new i
nfor
mat
ion,notol
dinf
ormat
ion.Remembert
hatt
her
eadermaybear
efer
ee
whohast
oreadhundr
edsofabst
ract
stodeci
dewhi
cht
oincl
udef
oraconf
erence
ori
naj
our
nal
.He/Shewant
stoknow i
mmedi
atel
ywhatt
het
opi
cisandwi
l
lbe
negat
ivel
yaf
fect
edi
ffor
cedt
owai
tsev
erall
i
nesbef
oreunder
standi
ngt
his.Of
cour
se,
youcan(
andshoul
d)gi
vemor
ebackgr
ounddet
ail
sint
heI
ntr
oduct
ion.
Soci
alandbehav
ior
alsci
ences.
Bel
owi
saser
iesofi
nst
ruct
ionsf
orwr
it
inganabst
ract
1.Begi
ntheabst
ractwi
thoneort
wosent
encessay
ingwhaty
oudi
dpl
usonekey
r
esul
t,i
.e.begi
nwi
thi
nfor
mat
iont
hatt
her
eaderdoesNOTal
readyknow
2.I
ntr
oducet
hebackgr
oundbyconnect
ingi
nsomewayt
owhaty
ousai
diny
our
i
ntr
oduct
orysent
ence.
3.Uset
hebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion(
whi
cht
her
eadermayornotal
readyknow)t
o
j
ust
if
ywhaty
oudi
d,andout
li
ney
ourmet
hodol
ogy(
andmat
eri
alswher
eappr
opr
iat
e)
4.Pr
ovi
desomemor
einf
ormat
ionony
ourr
esul
ts
5.Tel
lther
eadert
hei
mpl
i
cat
ionsofy
ourr
esul
ts
Iam ahi
stor
ian.Wedon’
tnecessar
il
yget‘
resul
ts’orf
oll
owaspeci
fi
cmet
hodol
ogy
.
Whatshoul
dIdo?
I
fyou anal
yze hi
stor
y abst
ract
s,and ot
herabst
ract
sfr
om humani
sti
c
di
sci
pli
nes,
theyst
il
lhav
east
ruct
uret
hati
ssi
mil
art
oasci
ent
if
icabst
ract
.
Youhav
eapr
imar
yobj
ect
ive(
e.g.at
heor
yorper
spect
ivet
haty
ouwoul
dli
ke
t
oshar
e,t
est
,anal
yzeorquest
ion)
,adesi
gnt
oyourr
esear
ch,somemet
hodsand

29
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

pr
ocedur
est
haty
ouused,someout
comesf
rom y
ourr
esear
cht
hatsuppor
tyour
t
heor
y/per
spect
ive,andsomeconcl
usi
onsori
mpl
i
cat
ionsder
ivedf
rom t
hese
out
comes.
Abst
ract
sfr
om soci
alandbehav
ior
alsci
encest
endt
odev
otemor
espacet
o
backgr
oundi
ssuesandcont
extset
ti
ng.The‘
thesi
s’i
sof
tenf
ormul
atedasaser
ies
ofquest
ionst
hati
nfor
mther
eaderaboutwhati
ssueswi
l
lbedeal
twi
thi
nthepaper
.
I
nanycasey
ourabst
ractshoul
dincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion
 y
ourai
m andi
tsi
mpor
tance
 y
ourcont
ri
but
ionandi
tsv
alue
 whaty
oul
ookedat
 y
ourconcl
usi
onsandi
mpl
i
cat
ions
1.Backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion-t
her
etendst
obemor
econt
extset
ti
ngi
nhumani
sti
c
t
hani
nsci
ent
if
icabst
ract
s,andt
hismayt
akeupev
en50%oft
het
ext
2.Gapi
ntheknowl
edge-her
etheaut
horchal
l
engest
heaccept
edv
iewont
het
opi
c.
Usi
ngt
hequest
ionf
ormat
,theaut
hort
ell
sther
eaderwhatar
easoft
het
opi
che
pl
anst
oaddr
ess.
3.Met
hodol
ogyandr
esul
ts-t
heaut
horpr
ovi
dessomebr
iefi
nfor
mat
ionont
hedat
a
heusedt
ogethi
sfi
ndi
ngs
4.Concl
usi
ons
5.I
mpl
i
cat
ions-hav
ingi
mpl
i
cat
ionsi
nsomewayj
ust
if
ieswhyt
heaut
hordi
dhi
s
wor
k,i
tgi
vest
hewor
krel
evance,i
tshowst
hatt
hewor
kmakesar
ealcont
ri
but
ion
andwasnotj
ustcar
ri
edoutf
ort
heaut
hor
’sownper
sonal
int
erest
Iam wr
it
ingar
evi
ew.Howshoul
dIst
ruct
uremyAbst
ract
?
Aswi
thal
labst
ract
sofal
ldi
sci
pli
nes,
wheny
ouar
ewr
it
ingar
evi
ewy
ouneed
t
otel
laudi
encewhaty
ourpr
imar
yobj
ect
ivei
s.Gi
vent
haty
ouwi
l
lnothav
espacet
o
r
evi
ew ev
erypaperi
nthe l
i
ter
atur
e,y
ou shoul
dthen expl
ainy
ourr
easons f
or
sel
ect
ingcer
tai
npaper
s.Your‘
resul
ts’ar
eyourf
indi
ngsdr
awnf
rom anal
yzi
ngt
he
l
i
ter
atur
e.
Fi
nal
l
y,f
ory
ourr
evi
ew t
ohav
ear
ealpur
posey
ouwi
l
lwantt
ost
atey
our
concl
usi
onsandwhati
mpl
i
cat
ionst
heyhav
eforf
urt
herr
esear
chi
nyourf
iel
d.
So onceagai
nyourst
ruct
urei
s:ai
m,met
hodol
ogy(
sel
ect
ion pr
ocess)
,resul
ts,
concl
usi
ons,
andi
mpl
i
cat
ions.
Howshoul
dIbegi
nmyAbst
ract
?

30
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Wheny
our
eadanadv
ert
isementf
orapr
oducti
tnev
erbegi
nsTheobj
ect
iveof
t
hisadv
ert
isementi
stoconv
incey
out
obuy…I
nst
eadadv
ert
iser
sgost
rai
ghtt
othe
poi
nt.Abst
ract
sar
eli
keadv
ert
isement
sfory
ourpaper
.
Youwanty
ourabst
ractt
ost
andoutsot
hatt
her
ewi
l
lbeabet
terchance
someonewi
l
lnot
icei
tandr
eadi
t.I
fyoubegi
nyourabst
ractwi
thcommonl
yused
phr
ases(
bybot
hnat
iveandnonnat
iveEngl
i
shspeaker
s)suchasThi
spaperdeal
s
wi
th… Theai
m oft
hispaper… Thi
sar
ti
cleexpl
ores… Wer
epor
t… y
ouar
enot
di
ff
erent
iat
ingy
our
sel
ffr
om t
heot
her
s.I
nfact
,somej
our
nal
sadv
iseagai
nstusi
ng
suchexpr
essi
ons.
Whatst
yleshoul
dIuse:
per
sonal
ori
mper
sonal
?
Ther
ear
efourpossi
blest
ylesf
orwr
it
ingabst
ract
sandpaper
s:
st
yle1
If
oundt
hatx=y
.
st
yle2
Wef
oundt
hatx=y
.
st
yle3
I
twasf
oundt
hatx=y
.
st
yle4
Theaut
hor
sfoundt
hatx=y
.
Thest
yley
ouusewi
l
ldependony
ourdi
sci
pli
neandont
her
equi
rement
sof
t
hej
our
nal
.Usi
ngt
hef
ir
stper
sonsi
ngul
ar(
Sty
le1)
,isgener
all
yonl
yfoundi
n
humani
sti
cfi
eldswher
etheaut
hor
’sopi
nionsar
eof
tenout
li
ned.
Whatt
ensesshoul
dIuse?
Themostcommonl
yusedt
ensesi
nabst
ract
sar
ethepr
esentsi
mpl
e(we
show)andt
hepastsi
mpl
e(weshowed)
.
Youcanuset
hepr
esentper
fectandt
hepr
esentper
fectcont
inuouswheny
ou
descr
ibeasi
tuat
iont
hatbegani
nthepastandi
sst
il
ltr
uenow.Thi
sist
ypi
calwhen
y
ouar
egi
vi
ngt
hecont
ext/backgr
ound.
I
nthel
astf
ewy
ear
sther
ehasbeenconsi
der
abl
eint
eresti
n…
Si
nce2010at
tent
ionhasf
ocusedon…
Todat
e,t
her
ehasnotbeenanadequat
eanal
yti
cal
model
…
Not
e:t
heunder
li
nedpar
tshi
ghl
i
ghtt
hepast
-t
o-pr
esentt
imef
rame.Forexampl
e,i
n
t
hel
astf
ewy
ear
smeansasi
tuat
ionoract
iont
hatbeganaf
ewy
ear
sagoandi
sst
il
l
t
ruet
oday
.Todat
emeanssof
ari
nthehi
stor
yoft
hispar
ti
cul
arbr
anchofst
udy
.

31
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

HowdoIwr
it
east
ruct
uredabst
ract
?
St
ruct
uredabst
ract
s,whi
chl
ookl
i
kemi
ni-
paper
s,ar
ebecomi
ngmor
eand
mor
epopul
ar.Theyar
ety
pical
l
yfoundi
nmedi
cine,butal
soi
neconomi
cs,nat
ural
sci
encesandot
herar
eas.Mostaut
hor
sagr
eet
hatt
hest
ruct
uredf
ormathel
pst
hem
t
owr
it
ecl
ear
erabst
ract
s.St
ruct
uredabst
ract
sal
sof
orcet
heaut
hort
oansweral
l
t
hequest
ions(
incl
udi
ngl
i
mit
ati
onst
othei
rresear
ch)t
hatr
efer
eesandr
eader
sar
e
l
i
kel
ytoask.
I
naddi
ti
on,t
heyar
emuchmor
ereadabl
easr
efer
ees(
fort
hei
rpeerr
evi
ews)
andr
eader
scanf
indexact
lywhatt
heywantqui
ckl
y.
As wi
th al
labst
ract
s,i
tisv
eryi
mpor
tantt
haty
ou f
oll
ow t
he j
our
nal
’
s
i
nst
ruct
ionst
oaut
hor
swhi
chwi
l
ltel
lyouwhatsect
ionst
oincl
udei
nyourabst
ract
andwhatst
ylet
oadopt
.
HowdoIwr
it
eanabst
ractf
oraconf
erence?
Anabst
ractf
oraj
our
nal
hast
ober
elev
antt
othespeci
ali
zat
ionoft
hatj
our
nal
.
Li
kewi
se,anabst
ractf
oraconf
erencemustr
eal
l
yfi
ttheconf
erencet
heme.Thi
s
poi
nti
sabsol
utel
yessent
ial
.Occasi
onal
l
yint
her
usht
oor
gani
zet
heconf
erencet
he
edi
tor
ialboar
d mayi
nit
ial
l
yaccepty
ourabst
racton t
he basi
sthati
tsounds
i
nter
est
ing.
Thenaf
ew mont
hsl
aterwheny
ousendt
hem y
ourf
ullv
ersi
on,t
heedi
tor
s
mayr
eal
i
zet
hati
tdoesnotact
ual
l
yfi
tthet
heme.Soi
fitdoesn’
tfi
t,chooseanot
her
conf
erence.
Tryt
oensur
ethaty
ourabst
ractwi
l
lnotj
ustbeent
ici
ngf
ort
heedi
tor
ial
boar
dbutal
sot
hati
twi
l
lbesui
tabl
eforpubl
i
shi
ngi
ntheconf
erencehandbook/
pr
oceedi
ngs.
Yourt
it
leshoul
dbei
nter
est
ingbutnott
ooobscur
eort
oocol
l
oqui
al/wi
tt
y.I
t
canbel
ess‘
techni
cal
’thanat
it
lef
oraj
our
nal
,andmanyof
tencont
aint
wopar
ts
-t
he f
ir
stpar
tist
echni
cal
,and t
he second par
tcont
ains a mor
einf
ormal
i
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hef
ir
stpar
t.Orv
icev
ersa-t
hef
ir
stpar
tismor
efun,andt
he
secondmor
eser
ious.
I
ftheconf
erencet
haty
oupl
ant
ogot
oisnoti
nit
sfi
rstedi
ti
on,y
oucanl
ook
atabst
ract
sfr
om t
hepr
evi
ousedi
ti
onst
oseet
hei
rst
yleandt
one.I
nanycase,t
he
r
ulesf
orwr
it
ingt
heabst
racti
tsel
far
ethesameasf
oraj
our
nal
,thoughy
ourst
yle
maybesl
i
ght
lymor
einf
ormal
.
How doIwr
it
eanabst
ractf
orawor
kinpr
ogr
esst
hatwi
l
lbepr
esent
edata
conf
erence?

32
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

Conf
erencesar
egener
all
ypl
annedupt
otwoy
ear
sinadv
ance.Wheny
ou
answert
hecal
lforpaper
s,y
ourr
esear
chmaynoty
etbecompl
ete,butnev
ert
hel
ess
y
out
hinkt
hatt
heconf
erencewoul
dbeagoodwayt
ogetf
eedbackony
ourpr
ogr
ess.
Howshoul
dIsel
ectmykeywor
ds?
Howof
tenshoul
dIr
epeatt
hem?
Ther
eisal
otofmy
ster
yar
oundhow Googl
eandot
hersear
chengi
nesuse
keywor
dswheni
ndexi
ngwebsi
tesandar
ti
cles.I
nanycasei
tmakessenset
ohav
e
keywor
dsi
nyourabst
ract(
andt
it
let
oo)becausei
tfor
cesy
ou,
theaut
hor
,todeci
de
whatwor
dsi
nyourpaperr
eal
l
yar
eimpor
tant
.Thekeywor
dsar
eal
sot
hewor
dst
hat
r
eader
sar
elooki
ngf
ori
nthei
rini
ti
alsear
chandt
henwhent
heyact
ual
l
yscany
our
abst
ract
.
Gener
alconsensusseemst
obet
onotr
epeatt
hekeywor
dsmor
ethan,
thr
ee
t
imesi
ntheabst
ract
.Thi
scanbet
edi
ousf
ort
her
eader
.Mor
eimpor
tant
ly,
‘key
wor
d
spammi
ng’
mayl
eadt
othewebpagebei
ngr
eject
edbyt
hesear
chengi
ne.
Shoul
dIment
ionanyl
i
mit
ati
onsi
nmyr
esear
ch?
Youshoul
dcer
tai
nlyment
iont
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofy
ourr
esear
chatsomepoi
nti
n
t
hepaper
.Howev
er,gi
vent
hatanAbst
racti
sdesi
gnedt
o‘sel
l
’yourr
esear
ch,y
ou
mi
ghtdeci
denott
oment
iont
hel
i
mit
ati
onsunt
ilt
heDi
scussi
on.
Whatshoul
dInotment
ioni
nmyAbst
ract
?
Youshoul
dtr
ytoav
oid:
-
backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
hati
stoogener
ali
stf
ory
ourr
eader
s.
-
clai
mst
hatar
enotsuppor
tedi
nthepaper.
-
ter
mst
hatar
etoot
echni
cal
ort
oogener
ic-t
hiswi
l
ldependony
ouraudi
ence.
-
def
ini
ti
onsofkeyt
erms.
-
mat
hemat
ical
equat
ions.
-
gener
icquant
if
icat
ion(
e.g.many
,sev
eral
,few,awi
dev
ari
ety
)andt
heov
eruseor
unj
ust
if
ieduseofsubj
ect
iveadj
ect
ives(
e.g.i
nnov
ati
ve,
int
erest
ing,
fundament
al)
.
-
unnecessar
ydet
ail
sthatwoul
dbebet
terl
ocat
edi
nyourI
ntr
oduct
ion,suchast
he
nameofy
ouri
nst
it
ute,
placenamest
hatr
eader
swi
l
lnothav
ehear
dof
-
ref
erencest
oot
herpaper
s.Howev
er,i
fyourwhol
epaperi
sbasedonanext
endi
ng
orr
efut
ingaf
indi
nggi
venbyonespeci
fi
caut
hor
,theny
ouwi
l
lneedt
oment
iont
his
aut
hor
’sname.
HowcanIensur
ethatmyAbst
racthasmaxi
mum i
mpact
?
Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nway
stodot
his.Fi
rst
ly,putt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nthebest

33
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

possi
bleor
der
.Secondl
y,hi
ghl
i
ghtt
hei
mpor
tanceofwhaty
ouar
esay
ing.Andt
hir
dly
,
beasconci
seaspossi
ble.
Whatar
esomeoft
het
ypi
cal
char
act
eri
sti
csofpoorabst
ract
s?
Thepr
obl
emsar
e:
-
iti
snotsel
f-
suf
fi
ci
ent
.Ifr
eader
sreadt
hisabst
racti
nisol
ati
onf
rom t
hepaper
,they
woul
dhav
enoi
deaaboutwhatt
heaut
horact
ual
l
ydi
dinhi
s/herr
esear
ch,
norwhat
wasf
ound
-
itl
ooksl
i
ket
hebegi
nni
ngofanI
ntr
oduct
ionnotanAbst
ract
.Apar
tfr
om t
hel
astl
i
ne
i
tisal
lbackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion.Thi
sinf
ormat
ioni
sint
erest
ingandr
elev
antt
othe
t
opi
coft
hepaper
.Buti
tisnotnewi
nfor
mat
ion.Basi
cal
l
y,i
ttel
l
sther
eadernot
hing
aboutwhatcont
ri
but
iont
heaut
horhasmadet
othi
sfi
eldofst
udy
.
-i
tcont
ainsar
efer
encet
oanot
heraut
hor
swor
k,Hanna.Thi
sisnotcommoni
nan
Abst
ract
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Howshoul
dIst
ruct
uret
heI
ntr
oduct
ion?
AnI
ntr
oduct
iongener
all
yanswer
sthef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.Youcanuset
heanswer
s
t
othesequest
ionst
ost
ruct
urey
ourI
ntr
oduct
ion.
 Whati
sthepr
obl
em?
 Ar
ether
eanyexi
sti
ngsol
uti
ons(
i.
e.i
nthel
i
ter
atur
e)?
 Whi
chsol
uti
oni
sthebest
?
 Whati
sit
smai
nli
mit
ati
on?(
i.
e.Whatgapam Ihopi
ngt
ofi
l
l?)
 WhatdoIhopet
oachi
eve?
 Hav
eIachi
evedwhatIsetoutt
odo?
Howshoul
dIbegi
nmyI
ntr
oduct
ion?
Yourai
mist
oincl
udeonl
yenoughbackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
oal
l
ow y
our
r
eadert
ounder
standwhyy
ouar
easki
ngt
hequest
ionsy
ouar
e,i
nwhatcont
extt
hey
appear
,andwhyy
ourhy
pot
heses,pr
edi
cti
onsorexpect
edr
esul
tsar
ereasonabl
e.I
t
i
sli
keapr
evi
ewt
other
estoft
hepaper
.Thusnear
lyev
eryI
ntr
oduct
ion,i
rr
espect
ive
oft
hedi
sci
pli
ne,
woul
dincor
por
atet
hosepar
tsmar
kedwi
thanast
eri
sk(
*).
FUNCTI
ON:
def
ini
ti
onoft
het
opi
cpl
usbackgr
ound
AUTHORSTEXT:
AnXYZbat
ter
yisabat
ter
ythat.
..Theel
ect
rodesi
nanXYZ

34
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
elephonebat
ter
yar
emadeofacomposi
teofgol
dandsi
l
ver
,coat
edwi
thal
ayerof
pl
ati
num.Thegol
dandsi
l
verpr
ovi
dest
ruct
uralsuppor
t,whi
l
ethepl
ati
num pr
ovi
des
r
esi
l
ience.
Thi
sint
roduct
oryphr
ase maynotbe necessar
yiny
ourpaper
.Her
ethe
def
ini
ti
onoft
heXYZbat
ter
yindi
cat
est
other
eadert
hatt
hisi
sthebackgr
oundt
opi
c
(
i.
e.t
he gener
alcont
ext
)oft
he paper
.Thi
sist
he pl
ace t
oincl
ude not
ati
ons,
t
echni
cal
def
ini
ti
ons,
andexpl
anat
ionsofkeywor
ds.
Howshoul
dIst
ruct
uret
her
estoft
heI
ntr
oduct
ion?
TheI
ntr
oduct
ionout
li
nedt
hepr
evi
oussubsect
ioncont
inuesasf
oll
ows:
Funct
ion:
Sur
veyofper
ti
nentl
i
ter
atur
e
AUTHORSTEXT:
Mor
erecentr
esear
chhasoccur
redi
nthef
iel
dofl
apt
opandj
Pudbat
ter
ies.Ev
ans[
15]st
udi
edt
hel
i
fet
imei
n5Gj
Pudbat
ter
ies.Smi
th[
16]and
Jones[
18]f
oundt
hat.
..Howev
ert
hei
rfi
ndi
ngsf
ail
edt
oaccountf
or.
..
sur
veyofper
ti
nentl
i
ter
atur
e
Thi
spar
trev
iewst
hel
i
ter
atur
eint
heaut
hor
’spr
eci
sef
iel
d.Asi
nthepr
evi
ous
par
t,i
tof
tendr
awsat
tent
iont
opr
obl
emst
hathav
est
il
lnotbeensol
ved.Forexampl
e,
y
oumayt
hinkapar
ti
cul
arst
udydi
dnoti
nvest
igat
esomenecessar
yaspectoft
he
ar
ea,
orhowt
heaut
hor
sfai
l
edt
onot
icesomepr
obl
em wi
tht
hei
rresul
ts.
Youonl
yneedt
odescr
ibewhati
snecessar
yfort
hespeci
fi
cpur
posesofy
our
paper
.Muchoft
hisl
i
ter
atur
ewi
l
lthenbeusedf
orcompar
ati
vepur
posesi
nthe
Di
scussi
on.
Thel
engt
hoft
hel
i
ter
atur
erev
iewr
angesf
rom apar
agr
apht
osev
eral
pages.
Whatt
ypi
cal
phr
asesshoul
dIav
oidi
nmyI
ntr
oduct
ion?
Ref
ereeshav
etor
eadal
otofpaper
s.Whi
l
ethi
scanbeav
eryr
ewar
dingt
ask,
i
tcanal
sobequi
tet
edi
ouswhenmanyAbst
ract
sandI
ntr
oduct
ionsseem t
obegi
nin
t
hesameway
.Thus,
somewr
it
ingexper
tsadv
iseav
oidi
ngst
ockphr
ases(
i.
e.t
ypi
cal
phr
asest
hatev
ery
oneuses)att
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hei
ntr
oduct
ion.Forexampl
e:
Recentadv
ances i
n..
.The l
astf
ew y
ear
s hav
e seen .
..I
nst
ead t
hey
r
ecommendedbegi
nni
ngi
namor
edi
rectway
.
HowdoesanI
ntr
oduct
iondi
ff
erf
rom anAbst
ract
?
Ther
eissomeov
erl
apbet
weenanAbst
ractandt
heI
ntr
oduct
ion.Howev
er,a
f
requentpr
obl
em i
sthataut
hor
smaycutandpast
efr
om t
hei
rAbst
racti
ntot
hei
r
I
ntr
oduct
ion,
whi
chcanbev
eryr
epet
it
ivef
orr
eader
s.
Bel
owar
ethef
ir
stt
wosent
encesf
rom t
heAbst
ractandI
ntr
oduct
ionf
rom a

35
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

paper(
or‘
Let
ter
’asi
tiscal
l
edi
nthej
our
nalwher
ethi
sst
udyappear
ed)
ent
it
ledFr
agment
ati
onofRodsbyCascadi
ngCr
acks:
WhySpaghet
tiDoesNot
Br
eaki
nHal
fbyBasi
l
eAudol
yandSébast
ienNeuki
rch.Thesesent
ences
hi
ghl
i
ghtt
hedi
sti
nctway
sthatanAbst
ractandI
ntr
oduct
ionshoul
dbewr
it
ten.
Abst
ract:
Whent
hinbr
it
tl
erodssuchasdr
yspaghet
tipast
aar
ebentbey
ondt
hei
r
l
i
mitcur
vat
ure,t
heyof
tenbr
eaki
ntomor
ethant
wopi
eces,t
ypi
cal
l
ythr
eeorf
our
.
Wi
tht
heai
m ofunder
standi
ngt
hesemul
ti
plebr
eaki
ngs,
west
udyt
hedy
nami
csofa
bentr
odt
hati
ssuddenl
yrel
easedatoneend.
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Thephy
sicalpr
ocessoff
ragment
ati
oni
srel
evantt
osev
eralar
easof
sci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.Becausedi
ff
erentphy
sicalphenomenaar
eatwor
kdur
ing
t
hef
ragment
ati
onofasol
i
dbody
,ithasmai
nlybeenst
udi
edf
rom ast
ati
sti
cal
v
iewpoi
nt.
TheAbst
racti
mmedi
atel
ytel
l
sther
eader
sthespeci
fi
ctopi
coft
hepaperand
t
henwhatt
heaut
hor
’sgoali
s(cor
respondi
ngt
oPoi
nts2,
3and7i
nthest
ruct
ureof
anI
ntr
oduct
ion.I
nst
ead,t
heI
ntr
oduct
ionset
sthecont
exti
nver
ygener
alt
erms
(
Poi
nt2)
.
Theconcl
udi
ngsent
enceoft
heAbst
racti
s:
Abst
r Asi
act: mpl
eexper
imentsuppor
ti
ngt
hecl
aimi
spr
esent
ed.
Thi
sei
ght
-wor
dsent
encei
sexpandedconsi
der
abl
yint
heI
ntr
oduct
ion,by
descr
ibi
ngmor
eaboutwhatt
heexper
imentconsi
stedi
n,andt
her
esul
titgav
e.Not
e:
t
het
extr
epor
tedbel
owi
sther
estoft
heI
ntr
oduct
ioni
nit
sent
ir
ety
.
Suggest
ionst
ousesi
mil
arcompar
isonbet
weenAbst
ractandI
ntr
oduct
ion.
-howt
heyar
est
ruct
ureddi
ff
erent
ly.
-whatel
ement
sfr
om t
heAbst
ractt
heI
ntr
oduct
ionexpandson.
-
Howsent
encesf
rom t
heAbst
ractar
epar
aphr
asedi
ntheI
ntr
oduct
ion
-whati
nfor
mat
ioni
scov
eredi
ntheAbst
ractbutnoti
ntheI
ntr
oduct
ion,andv
ice
v
ersa.
-t
her
elat
ivewor
dcount
s.Thi
swi
l
lgi
vey
ouani
deaoft
hepr
opor
ti
onat
elengt
hof
t
hei
ntr
oduct
ioncompar
edt
otheAbst
ract
.
Whatt
ensesshoul
dIuse?
Thepr
esentsi
mpl
eisgener
all
yusedt
obegi
ntheI
ntr
oduct
ioni
nor
dert
o
descr
ibet
hegener
albackgr
oundcont
ext
,i.
e.whati
sknownal
ready
.
S1.Thephy
sicalpr
ocessoff
ragment
ati
oni
srel
evantt
osev
eralar
easof
sci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.

36
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

S2.Per
sist
encei
sanat
tri
but
eval
uedbymany
.
Thepr
esentper
fecti
sthenusedt
oshow how t
hepr
obl
em hasbeenappr
oached
f
rom t
hepastunt
ilt
hepr
esentday
.
S3. Because di
ff
erent phy
sical phenomena ar
e at wor
k dur
ing t
he
f
ragment
ati
onofasol
i
dbody
,ithasmai
nlybeenst
udi
edf
rom ast
ati
sti
calv
iewpoi
nt.
S4.Per
sist
encehasmostof
tenbeenst
udi
edi
nter
msofcul
tur
aldi
ff
erences.
Dur
ingt
her
evi
ewoft
hel
i
ter
atur
esev
eral
tensesar
eused.
Att
heendoft
heI
ntr
oduct
ion,t
hepr
esentsi
mpl
eisusedagai
nwhent
he
aut
hor
sst
atewhatt
heywi
l
ldoi
nther
estoft
hei
rpaper(
weexpl
ain,
Ihy
pot
hesi
ze)
.
Howshoul
dIout
li
net
hest
ruct
ureofmypaper
?
Checkwi
thy
ourj
our
nal
’
sinst
ruct
ionst
oaut
hor
swi
thr
egar
dtowhet
heran
out
li
neoft
hest
ruct
urei
srequi
red.I
fiti
s,ori
fyounot
icet
hatal
lthepaper
sint
he
j
our
nalhav
eone,t
heny
ourai
m shoul
dbet
odescr
ibet
hisst
ruct
ureasconci
sel
yas
possi
bleanddel
eti
ngunnecessar
ysent
ences.Somej
our
nal
sandr
evi
ewer
sadv
ise
t
hatt
her
eisnoneedt
ohav
eani
nit
ialsent
ence.Si
mpl
ybegi
nni
nganewpar
agr
aph
att
heendoft
heI
ntr
oduct
ioni
senought
oal
ertt
her
eadert
haty
ouar
enowgoi
ngt
o
t
alkaboutt
hest
ruct
ure.

37
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Uni
t–I
II

Rev
iewofLi
ter
atur
e,Met
hods,
Resul
ts,
Discussi
on,
Concl
usi
ons-TheFi
nal
Check

Rev
iewofLi
ter
atur
e:

Al
i
ter
atur
erev
iew i
sanaccountofwhathasbeenpubl
i
shedonat
opi
cby
accr
edi
tedschol
arsandr
esear
cher
s.Occasi
onal
l
yyouwi
l
lbeaskedt
owr
it
eoneas
asepar
ateassi
gnmentbutmor
eof
teni
tispar
toft
hei
ntr
oduct
iont
oanessay
,
r
esear
chr
epor
t,ort
hesi
s.I
nwr
it
ingt
hel
i
ter
atur
erev
iew,y
ourpur
posei
stoconv
ey
t
oyourr
eaderwhatknowl
edgeandi
deashav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedonat
opi
c,andwhat
t
hei
rst
rengt
hsandweaknessesar
e.Asapi
eceofwr
it
ing,
thel
i
ter
atur
erev
iewmust
bedef
inedbyagui
dingconcept(
e.g.
,yourr
esear
chobj
ect
ive,t
hepr
obl
em ori
ssue
y
ouar
edi
scussi
ngory
ourar
gument
ati
vet
hesi
s).I
tisnotj
ustadescr
ipt
ivel
i
stoft
he
mat
eri
alav
ail
abl
e,orasetofsummar
ies.

Whati
sal
i
ter
atur
erev
iew?

Al
i
ter
atur
erev
iewi
sasur
veyofschol
arl
ysour
cesonaspeci
fi
ctopi
c.I
tpr
ovi
desan
ov
erv
iew ofcur
rentknowl
edge,al
l
owi
ngy
out
oident
if
yrel
evantt
heor
ies,met
hods,
andgapsi
ntheexi
sti
ngr
esear
ch.

Ther
ear
efi
vekeyst
epst
owr
it
ingal
i
ter
atur
erev
iew:

1.Sear
chf
orr
elev
antl
i
ter
atur
e
2.Ev
aluat
esour
ces
3.I
dent
if
ythemes,
debat
esandgaps
4.Out
li
net
hest
ruct
ure
5.Wr
it
eyourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew

Agoodl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew doesn’
tjustsummar
izesour
ces—i
tanal
yzes,
synt
hesi
zes,
andcr
it
ical
l
yev
aluat
est
ogi
veacl
earpi
ctur
eoft
hest
ateofknowl
edgeont
he
subj
ect
.

When y
ou wr
it
eat
hesi
s,di
sser
tat
ion,orr
esear
ch paper
,you wi
l
lli
kel
yhav
eto
conductal
i
ter
atur
erev
iew t
osi
tuat
eyourr
esear
chwi
thi
nexi
sti
ngknowl
edge.The
l
i
ter
atur
erev
iewgi
vesy
ouachancet
o:

38
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

 Demonst
rat
eyourf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
tht
het
opi
candi
tsschol
arl
ycont
ext
 Dev
elopat
heor
eti
cal
framewor
kandmet
hodol
ogyf
ory
ourr
esear
ch
 Posi
ti
ony
ourwor
kinr
elat
iont
oot
herr
esear
cher
sandt
heor
ist
s
 Showhowy
ourr
esear
chaddr
essesagaporcont
ri
but
est
oadebat
e
 Ev
aluat
ethecur
rentst
ateofr
esear
chanddemonst
rat
eyourknowl
edgeoft
he
schol
arl
ydebat
esar
oundy
ourt
opi
c.

Wr
it
ingl
i
ter
atur
erev
iewsi
sapar
ti
cul
arl
yimpor
tantski
l
lify
ouwantt
oappl
yfor
gr
aduat
eschool
orpur
sueacar
eeri
nresear
ch.

St
ep1–Sear
chf
orr
elev
antl
i
ter
atur
e

Bef
orey
oubegi
nsear
chi
ngf
orl
i
ter
atur
e,y
ouneedacl
ear
lydef
inedt
opi
c.

I
fyouar
ewr
it
ingt
hel
i
ter
atur
erev
iew sect
ionofadi
sser
tat
ionorr
esear
ch
paper
,youwi
l
lsear
chf
orl
i
ter
atur
erel
atedt
oyourr
esear
chpr
obl
em andquest
ions.

Makeal
i
stofkey
wor
ds

St
artbycr
eat
ingal
i
stofkey
wor
dsr
elat
edt
oyourr
esear
chquest
ion.I
ncl
udeeachof
t
hekeyconcept
sorv
ari
abl
esy
ou’
rei
nter
est
edi
n,andl
i
stanysy
nony
msandr
elat
ed
t
erms.Youcanaddt
othi
sli
stasy
oudi
scov
ernewkey
wor
dsi
nthepr
ocessofy
our
l
i
ter
atur
esear
ch.

Key
wor
dsexampl
e

 Soci
almedi
a,Facebook,
Inst
agr
am,
Twi
tt
er,
Snapchat
,Ti
kTok
 Bodyi
mage,
sel
f-
per
cept
ion,
sel
f-
est
eem,
ment
alheal
th
 Gener
ati
onZ,
teenager
s,adol
escent
s,y
out
h

Usey
ourkey
wor
dst
obegi
nsear
chi
ngf
orsour
ces.Someusef
uldat
abasest
osear
ch
f
orj
our
nal
sandar
ti
cl
esi
ncl
ude:

 Youruni
ver
sit
y’sl
i
brar
ycat
alogue
 Googl
eSchol
ar
 JSTOR
 EBSCO
 Pr
ojectMuse(
humani
ti
esandsoci
alsci
ences)

39
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

 Medl
i
ne(
li
fesci
encesandbi
omedi
cine)
 EconLi
t(economi
cs)
 I
nspec(
phy
sics,
engi
neer
ingandcomput
ersci
ence)

You can al
so usebool
ean oper
ator
s (ht
tps:
//www.
scr
ibbr
.com/
wor
king-
wit
h-
sour
ces/
bool
ean-
oper
ator
s/)t
ohel
pnar
rowdowny
oursear
ch.

Makesur
etor
eadt
heabst
ractt
ofi
ndoutwhet
heranar
ti
clei
srel
evantt
o
y
ourquest
ion.Wheny
ouf
indausef
ulbookorar
ti
cle,
youcancheckt
hebi
bli
ogr
aphy
t
ofi
ndot
herr
elev
antsour
ces.

St
ep2–Ev
aluat
eandsel
ectsour
ces

Youl
i
kel
ywon’
tbeabl
etor
eadabsol
utel
yev
ery
thi
ngt
hathasbeenwr
it
tenony
our
t
opi
c,soi
twi
l
lbenecessar
ytoev
aluat
ewhi
chsour
cesar
emostr
elev
antt
oyour
r
esear
chquest
ion.

Foreachpubl
i
cat
ion,
asky
our
sel
f:

 Whatquest
ionorpr
obl
em i
stheaut
horaddr
essi
ng?
 Whatar
ethekeyconcept
sandhowar
etheydef
ined?
 Whatar
ethekeyt
heor
ies,
model
s,andmet
hods?
 Does t
he r
esear
ch use est
abl
i
shed f
ramewor
ks ort
ake an i
nnov
ati
ve
appr
oach?
 Whatar
ether
esul
tsandconcl
usi
onsoft
hest
udy
?
 Howdoest
hepubl
i
cat
ionr
elat
etoot
herl
i
ter
atur
eint
hef
iel
d?Doesi
tconf
ir
m,
addt
o,orchal
l
engeest
abl
i
shedknowl
edge?
 Whatar
ethest
rengt
hsandweaknessesoft
her
esear
ch?

Makesur
ethesour
cesy
ouusear
ecr
edi
ble,andmakesur
eyour
eadanyl
andmar
k
st
udi
esandmaj
ort
heor
iesi
nyourf
iel
dofr
esear
ch.

Takenot
esandci
tey
oursour
ces

Asy
our
ead,
youshoul
dal
sobegi
nthewr
it
ingpr
ocess.Takenot
est
haty
oucanl
ater
i
ncor
por
atei
ntot
het
extofy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew.

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
okeept
rackofy
oursour
ceswi
thci
tat
ionst
oav
oidpl
agi
ari
sm.

40
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

I
tcanbehel
pfult
omakeanannot
atedbi
bli
ogr
aphy
,wher
eyoucompi
l
eful
lci
tat
ion
i
nfor
mat
ionandwr
it
eapar
agr
aphofsummar
yandanal
ysi
sforeachsour
ce.Thi
s
hel
psy
our
ememberwhaty
our
eadandsav
est
imel
ateri
nthepr
ocess.

St
ep3–I
dent
if
ythemes,
debat
es,
andgaps

Tobegi
nor
gani
zi
ngy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew’
sar
gumentandst
ruct
ure,besur
eyou
under
standt
heconnect
ionsandr
elat
ionshi
psbet
weent
hesour
cesy
ou’
ver
ead.
Basedony
ourr
eadi
ngandnot
es,
youcanl
ookf
or:

 Tr
endsandpat
ter
ns(
int
heor
y,met
hodorr
esul
ts)
:docer
tai
nappr
oaches
becomemor
eorl
esspopul
arov
ert
ime?
 Themes:
whatquest
ionsorconcept
srecuracr
osst
hel
i
ter
atur
e?
 Debat
es,
conf
li
ctsandcont
radi
cti
ons:
wher
edosour
cesdi
sagr
ee?
 Pi
vot
alpubl
i
cat
ions:
aret
her
eanyi
nfl
uent
ialt
heor
iesorst
udi
est
hatchanged
t
hedi
rect
ionoft
hef
iel
d?
 Gaps:
whati
smi
ssi
ngf
rom t
hel
i
ter
atur
e?Ar
ether
eweaknessest
hatneedt
o
beaddr
essed?

Thi
sst
epwi
l
lhel
pyouwor
koutt
hest
ruct
ureofy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew and(
if
appl
i
cabl
e)showhowy
ourownr
esear
chwi
l
lcont
ri
but
etoexi
sti
ngknowl
edge.

St
ep4–Out
li
ney
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew’
sst
ruct
ure

Ther
e ar
e v
ari
ous appr
oaches t
o or
gani
zi
ng t
he body of a l
i
ter
atur
e
r
evi
ew.Dependi
ngont
hel
engt
hofy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew,
youcancombi
nesev
eralof
t
hesest
rat
egi
es(
forex
ampl
e,y
ourov
eral
lst
ruct
uremi
ghtbet
hemat
ic,buteach
t
hemei
sdi
scussedchr
onol
ogi
cal
l
y).

Chr
onol
ogi
cal

Thesi
mpl
estappr
oachi
stot
racet
hedev
elopmentoft
het
opi
cov
ert
ime.Howev
er,
i
fyouchooset
hisst
rat
egy
,becar
efult
oav
oidsi
mpl
yli
sti
ngandsummar
izi
ng
sour
cesi
nor
der
.

Tr
yto anal
yze pat
ter
ns,t
urni
ng poi
ntsand keydebat
est
hathav
e shaped t
he
di
rect
ionoft
hef
iel
d.Gi
vey
ouri
nter
pret
ati
onofhowandwhycer
tai
ndev
elopment
s
occur
red.

41
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

Themat
ic

I
fyouhav
efoundsomer
ecur
ri
ngcent
ralt
hemes,y
oucanor
gani
zey
ourl
i
ter
atur
e
r
evi
ewi
ntosubsect
ionst
hataddr
essdi
ff
erentaspect
soft
het
opi
c.

Forexampl
e,i
fyouar
erev
iewi
ngl
i
ter
atur
eabouti
nequal
i
tiesi
nmi
grantheal
th
out
comes,keyt
hemesmi
ghti
ncl
udeheal
thcar
epol
i
cy,l
anguagebar
ri
ers,cul
tur
al
at
ti
tudes,
legal
stat
us,
andeconomi
caccess.

Met
hodol
oy

I
fyoudr
aw y
oursour
cesf
rom di
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nesorf
iel
dst
hatuseav
ari
ety
ofr
esear
chmet
hods,y
oumi
ghtwantt
ocompar
ether
esul
tsandconcl
usi
onst
hat
emer
gef
rom di
ff
erentappr
oaches.Forexampl
e:

 Lookatwhatr
esul
tshav
eemer
gedi
nqual
i
tat
ivev
ersusquant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch
 Di
scusshow t
het
opi
chasbeenappr
oachedbyempi
ri
calv
ersust
heor
eti
cal
schol
arshi
p
 Di
vi
det
hel
i
ter
atur
eint
osoci
ologi
cal
,hi
stor
ical
,andcul
tur
alsour
ces

Theor
eti
cal

Al
i
ter
atur
erev
iew i
sof
tent
hef
oundat
ionf
orat
heor
eti
calf
ramewor
k.You
canusei
ttodi
scussv
ari
oust
heor
ies,
model
s,anddef
ini
ti
onsofkeyconcept
s.

Youmi
ghtar
guef
ort
her
elev
anceofaspeci
fi
ctheor
eti
calappr
oach,or
combi
nev
ari
oust
heor
eti
cal
concept
stocr
eat
eaf
ramewor
kfory
ourr
esear
ch.

Li
ke any ot
heracademi
c t
ext
,your l
i
ter
atur
e r
evi
ew shoul
d hav
e
ani
ntr
oduct
ion,
amai
nbody
,andaconcl
usi
on.Whaty
oui
ncl
udei
neachdependson
t
heobj
ect
iveofy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

The i
ntr
oduct
ion shoul
d cl
ear
lyest
abl
i
sh t
he f
ocus and pur
pose oft
he
l
i
ter
atur
erev
iew.

Body

Dependi
ngont
hel
engt
hofy
ourl
i
ter
atur
erev
iew,
youmi
ghtwantt
odi
vi
det
he

42
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

bodyi
ntosubsect
ions.Youcanuseasubheadi
ngf
oreacht
heme,t
imeper
iod,or
met
hodol
ogi
cal
appr
oach.

Asy
ouwr
it
e,y
oucanf
oll
owt
heset
ips:

 Summar
izeand sy
nthesi
ze:
giv
e an ov
erv
iew oft
he mai
n poi
nts ofeach
sour
ceandcombi
net
hem i
ntoacoher
entwhol
e
 Anal
yzeandi
nter
pret
:don’
tjustpar
aphr
aseot
herr
esear
cher
s—addy
ourown
i
nter
pret
ati
onswher
e possi
ble,di
scussi
ng t
he si
gni
fi
cance off
indi
ngsi
n
r
elat
iont
othel
i
ter
atur
easawhol
e
 Cr
it
ical
l
yev
aluat
e:ment
iont
hest
rengt
hsandweaknessesofy
oursour
ces
 Wr
it
einwel
l
-st
ruct
uredpar
agr
aphs:
uset
ransi
ti
onwor
dsandt
opi
c
sent
encest
odr
awconnect
ions,
compar
isonsandcont
rast
s

Concl
usi
on

I
ntheconcl
usi
on,y
oushoul
dsummar
izet
hekeyf
indi
ngsy
ouhav
e
t
akenf
rom t
hel
i
ter
atur
eandemphasi
zet
hei
rsi
gni
fi
cance.

Usageoft
ensei
nLi
ter
atur
erev
iew:

Thepr
esentsi
mpl
eorpr
esentper
fectar
egener
all
yusedt
oint
roducet
he
l
i
ter
atur
erev
iew.
Youmustuset
hepastsi
mpl
ewhen:

•They
earofpubl
i
cat
ioni
sst
atedwi
thi
nthemai
nsent
ence(
i.
e.,notj
usti
n
br
acket
s)

•You ment
ion speci
fi
c pi
eces of r
esear
ch (
e.g.
,you t
alk about i
nit
ial
appr
oachesandmet
hodst
hathav
esubsequent
lypr
obabl
ybeenabandoned)

•Youst
atet
heexactdat
ewhensomet
hingwaswr
it
ten,
prov
edet
c.

Theadv
erbi
alsoft
imel
i
kesi
nce,unt
ilnow,asy
et,sof
arar
ety
pical
l
yusedwi
th
t
hepr
esentper
fectbecauset
heyi
ndi
cat
esomet
hingt
hatbegani
nthepast(
i.
e.,
whenr
esear
chf
ir
stbegani
nthi
sar
ea)and cont
inuesi
ntot
hepr
esent
.They
r
epr
esentunf
ini
shedsi
tuat
ions.
Uset
hepr
esentsi
mpl
etodi
scusspr
evi
ousl
ypubl
i
shedl
aws,
theor
ems,
def
ini
ti
ons,
pr
oof
s,l
emmaset
c.Suchpubl
i
shedwor
kisgener
all
yconsi
der
edt
obeest
abl
i
shed

43
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

knowl
edgeandt
heuseoft
hepr
esentsi
mpl
eref
lect
sthi
s.

Thet em st
heor atest
hatt
hehi
ghestdegr
eeofsepar
ati
oni
sachi
evedwhen…

emma asser
The l tst
hat
,foranygi
ven st
rat
egyofPl
ayer1,t
her
eisa
cor
respondi
ng…
Redundancyi
sof
tenhi
ghi
nther
evi
ewoft
hel
i
ter
atur
e.

Or
igi
nal
ver
sion;

Longsent
encesar
eknownt
obechar
act
eri
sti
cofpoorr
eadabi
l
ity
.

Rev
isedv
ersi
on:

Longsent
encesar
eachar
act
eri
sti
cofpoorr
eadabi
l
ity
.

Howev
er,
ify
oual
way
sref
ert
othel
i
ter
atur
eint
hiswayy
ouwi
l
lcr
eat
easer
iesof
unnecessar
il
ylongsent
enceswi
thconsi
der
abl
eredundancy
.Thi
smakesi
thar
dfor
t
her
eadert
oimmedi
atel
yident
if
ythekeypoi
ntsoft
hel
i
ter
atur
e.

Somet
imesi
ntheLi
ter
atur
eRev
iew y
ouwanty
ourr
eader
stonot
ethest
rong
f
ea-t
uresofy
ourwor
kandt
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofpr
evi
ouswor
ksbyot
heraut
hor
s.I
f
whaty
oupr
oposehasnev
erbeendonebef
ore,y
oucanbegi
nyoursent
enceas
i
ndi
cat
edbyt
hewor
dsi
nit
ali
csbel
ow.

Asf
arasweknow,
ther
ear
enost
udi
eson…

To[
thebestof
]ourknowl
edge,
thel
i
ter
atur
ehasnotdi
scussed…

Whatkeyski
l
lsar
eneededwhenwr
it
ingt
heMet
hods?

Thi
ssect
ionhassev
eraldi
ff
erentnamesi
ncl
udi
ng:‘
Met
hods’
,‘
Met
hodsand
Mat
eri
als’
,‘Exper
iment
al’
,‘Met
hodDescr
ipt
ionandVal
i
dat
ion’
.Inmostj
our
nal
s
t
he Met
hods sect
ion f
oll
ows t
he Li
ter
atur
e Rev
iew,i
n ot
her
sitf
oll
ows t
he
Concl
usi
ons.

Thesecr
etofwr
it
ingt
hissect
ioni
stobeabl
etodescr
ibet
hemat
eri
alsy
ou
usedi
nyourexper
iment
sand/
ort
hemet
hodsy
ouusedt
ocar
ryouty
ourr
esear
ch,
i
nawayt
hati
ssuf
fi
ci
ent
lydet
ail
edt
oenabl
eot
her
siny
ourf
iel
dtoeasi
l
yfol
l
ow
y
ourmet
hodand,i
fdesi
red,ev
enr
epl
i
cat
eyourwor
k.Akeyski
l
list
omakesur
e

44
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
he descr
ipt
ions ar
e compl
ete and y
etar
e al
so as conci
se as possi
ble,f
or
exampl
ebyr
efer
ri
ngt
oot
herwor
ksi
nthel
i
ter
atur
e,i
ncl
udi
ngy
ourown,
thatmake
useoft
hesameorsi
mil
armet
hods.

Anot
herkeyski
l
list
owr
it
eext
remel
ycl
ear
ly,wi
thgener
all
ynotmor
ethan
t
wost
epsdescr
ibedi
nonesent
ence,andi
nal
ogi
calor
der
.Thi
swi
l
lthenenabl
e
y
ourr
eader
stoeasi
l
yfol
l
owy
ourdescr
ipt
ion.

Resear
cher
sgener
all
yagr
eet
hatt
heMet
hodst
heeasi
estsect
iont
owr
it
e
becausey
ourmet
hodsar
eli
kel
ytobecl
eari
nyourmi
nd,soi
tmaybeagood
poi
ntf
ory
out
obegi
nwr
it
ingy
ourmanuscr
ipt
.
Youshoul
dpr
ovi
deenoughquant
it
ati
vei
nfor
mat
ion(
concent
rat
ion,t
emper
atur
e,
wei
ght
,si
ze,l
engt
h,t
ime,dur
ati
onet
c.)sot
hatot
herr
esear
cher
scanr
epl
i
cat
ewhat
y
oudi
d.

I
tmayal
sohel
pther
eaderi
fyouusesubheadi
ngst
oexpl
aint
hev
ari
ous
st
ages of t
he pr
ocedur
e,whi
ch y
ou can t
hen use agai
n(per
haps wi
th
modi
fi
cat
ions)i
ntheResul
ts.

Yourexper
iment
s,sampl
i
ngpr
ocedur
es,sel
ect
ioncr
it
eri
aet
c.mayhav
e
mor
ethanonest
ep.I
thel
psy
ourr
eader
sify
ourdescr
ipt
ionofeachst
epf
oll
ows
t
hesamel
ogi
cal
order
.

Ensur
ethaty
oucov
erev
eryst
epr
equi
red.Becausey
ouar
ever
yfami
l
iarwi
th
y
ourmet
hod,y
oumayl
eav
eoutkeyi
nfor
mat
ionei
thert
hinki
ngt
hati
tisi
mpl
i
cit
(
andt
husnotwor
thment
ioni
ng)orsi
mpl
ybecausey
ouf
orget
.

Met
hodssect
ioni
nchosenj
our
nal
:

Ty
pical
way
sincl
ude:

a)ma
( ki
ngagener
alst
atementabouty
ourmet
hod

Themet
hoddescr
ibedher
eissi
mpl
e,r
api
d,sensi
ti
veand.
.
.

b)r
( efer
ri
ngt
oanot
herpaper

Themat
eri
alsusedf
ori
sol
ati
onandcul
t ear
ur edescr
ibedel
sewher
e

45
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

[
20]
.Mat
eri
alswer
eobt
ainedi
naccor
dancewi
thBur
gessetal
.
’s
met
hod[
55]
.

c)s
( t
ati
ngwher
eyouobt
ainedy
ourmat
eri
alsf
rom

Bact
eri
alst
rai
ns.
..wer
eisol
atedandki
ndl
ysuppl
i
edby.
.
.

Agor
osef
orgel
elect
rophor swaspur
esi chasedf
rom Br
ogdonpl
c(Al
tr
incham,
UK)
.

d)e
( xpl
aini
nghowy
ouf
oundy
oursubj
ect
s,i
.e.begi
nwi
tht
heset
ti
ng

Subj swer
ect echosenf
rom ar
andoml
ysel
ect
edsampl
eof.
.
.

Par
ti
ci swer
pant esel
ect
edf
rom pat
ient
satt
heGy
necol
ogyFacul
tyoft
he
Uni
ver
sit
yof.
.
.

e)i
( ndi
cat
ingwher
e(i
.e.ageogr
aphi
cal
regi
on)y
ouri
nvest
igat
ionwasf
ocused

Ourempi
ri
cal
inv
est
igat
ionf
ocusedonTuscany
,acent
ral
regi
onof
I
tal
y,.
. udywascar
.Thest ri
edouti
nfourboul
evar
dsi
nAt
hens(
Greece)
and.
..

(
f)r
efer
ri
ngt
her
eadert
oaf
igur
ewhi
chshowst
heexper
iment
alsetup

Tohi
ghl
i
ghtt
headv
ant
agesoft
hesy
stem,
Fig.1showst
he.
.
.

g)s
( t
art
ingdi
rect
lywi
tht
hef
ir
stst
epi
nyourpr
ocedur
e

Fr
ont
alcer
ebr
alcor
tceswer
i edi
ssect
edf
rom .
.
.

Cor
e-cel
lcomposi
temat
eri
alswer
epr
epar
edbycol
l
oidal
assembl
yof.
.
.

MostMet
hodssect
ionsar
ewr
it
teni
nthepastsi
mpl
eusi
ngt
hepassi
vef
orm.
Thepastsi
mpl
eisr
equi
redbecauset
heact
ionsy
oudescr
ibet
ookpl
acei
nthepast
.
Thepastsi
mpl
eal
sohel
pst
odi
sti
ngui
shwhaty
oudi
dfr
om whatot
her
shav
edone
(
whi
chi
sof
tendescr
ibedi
nthepr
esentsi
mpl
e).

Thepassi
vei
sgoodst
yleher
ebecauset
hef
ocusi
sonwhatwasdone
r
athert
hanwhodi
dit
.Thus,
youcani
gnor
eanyexper
tadv
icet
hatt
ell
syout
hatt
he
passi
veshoul
dal
way
sbeav
oided.I
tshoul
dbeav
oided,butonl
ywher
eiti
snot
necessar
y.I
ntheMet
hodst
hepassi
vei
sbot
hnecessar
yandappr
opr
iat
e.

46
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

Af
requentpr
obl
em i
ntheMet
hodsi
sthatt
hedescr
ipt
ionr
eadsl
i
kea
manual
,wher
eeachi
ndi
vi
dualdet
ailoract
ioni
sdescr
ibedi
nasi
ngl
esent
ence.
Gi
vent
haty
ouar
edescr
ibi
ngapr
ocedur
erat
hert
hanmaki
ngacompl
exanal
ysi
s,i
t
i
sper
fect
lyaccept
abl
etohav
etwoact
ionsi
nonesent
ence.
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
obeconci
sei
ntheMet
hods.Butconci
senessdoesnot
meanwr
it
ingaser
iesofl
i
sts.Thi
sst
ylemaybeappr
opr
iat
eonapr
esent
ati
onsl
i
de,
butshoul
dbeav
oidedi
napaper
.Youonl
yneedt
onumbery
ourbul
l
etsi
feach
bul
l
etdescr
ibesast
ept
hati
spar
tofachr
onol
ogi
cal
sequence.
Ot
herway
stor
educet
hewor
dcountar
e:

•assumey
ourr
eader
shav
ebasi
cknowl
edgeoft
het
echni
quesusedi
nyour
f
iel
d,y
oucant
husdel
eteanysuper
fl
uousi
nfor
mat
ion

•ci
tear
efer
encer
athert
handet
ail
i
ngt
hepr
ocedur
eagai
nifanyofy
our
met
hodsar
eful
l
ydescr
ibedel
sewher
e(i
noneofy
ourpaper
sorsomeone
el
se’
s)

•uset
abl
esandf
igur
est
osummar
izei
nfor
mat
ion

•beconci
se
Thebasi
cideai
spr
esentev
ery
thi
ngi
nyourexper
iment
s,t
ri
als,pr
ocedur
eset
c.
i
nawayt
hatwi
l
lmakebestsenset
oyourr
eader
.Thef
acty
oudi
dsomet
hing
bef
oreoraf
tersomet
hingel
se,maynotber
elev
antf
ory
ourr
eader
,soi
nsuch
caseschr
o-nol
ogyi
snoti
mpor
tant
.

Ex:
*Thesampl
ewasf
il
ter
edandaci
dif
iedatpH2.I
twast
henmi
xedwi
thX,
whi
chenabl
edt
her
esul
ti
ngsol
uti
ont
ost
abi
l
izeat.
..

Gr
ammat
ical
const
ruct
ionst
ojust
if
yai
msandchoi
ces:

Toi
ntr
oducey
ourchoi
cesy
oucanuset
hef
oll
owi
ngconst
ruct
ions:

I
nor
dert
oval
i
dat
ether
esul
ts,
wef
ir
sthadt
o..
.
I
nanat
temptt
oident
if
ythecomponent
s,i
twasdeci
dedt
o..
.
Topr
ovi
deawayofchar
act
eri
zi
ngt
hesampl
es,
anadapt
ati
onofSmi
th’
smet
hod
[
2011]wasused.
Fort
hepur
poseofi
nvest
igat
ingt
hepat
ient
spr
evi
ousmedi
cal
hist
ory
,we.
.
.
Ourai
m wast
ogetagener
alpi
ctur
eof.
.
.
Thi
schoi
cewasai
medatget
ti
ngagener
alpi
ctur
eof.
.
.

47
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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Thei
mpor
tantt
hingi
stochooset
her
ightv
erbf
ormt
heexampl
es)
:the
i
nfi
nit
iv t
e(ot
est he-
)ort ingf
or oft
m( est
ing,
att
est
ing)
.
Ther
ear
esev
eralv
erbsi
nEngl
i
sht
hatmean‘
giv
ethecapabi
l
ityof
’and
hi
ghl
i
ghtf
ory
ourr
eader
swhaty
ouri
nit
ialchoi
cessubsequent
lyhel
pedy
out
o
achi
eve.

Al
l
ow and enabl
ear
ethemostcommonl
yusedi
nresear
chpaper
s,and
out
sidecomput
ersci
encet
heycangener
all
ybeusedi
nter
changeabl
y.Anot
her
v
er st
bi oper
mit
,whi
chi
susedl
essf
requent
lyasi
tof
tenhast
hemeani
ngofan
aut
hor
it
ygi
vi
ngsomeonet
heper
missi
ont
odosomet
hing.Al
lthr
eev
erbsr
equi
re
t
hesamespeci
fi
cconst
ruct
ion.I
ntheexampl
esbel
owIhav
ejustusedal
l
ow,
buti
n
al
ltheseexampl
esf
rom agr
ammat
icalpoi
ntofv
iew al
l
ow coul
dber
epl
acedwi
th
enabl
eandper
mit
.
Keyski
l
lsar
eneededf
orwr
it
ingt
her
esul
ts:

Thekeyski
l
lisf
ir
stt
odeci
dewhatr
esul
tsar
erepr
esent
ati
ve,andt
hent
o
or
gani
zet
hem i
nasequencet
hathi
ghl
i
ght
stheanswer
stot
heai
ms,hy
pot
heses
orquest
ions t
haty
ou sety
our
sel
fatt
he begi
nni
ng oft
he paper
.In many
di
sci
pli
nest
hisi
nvol
vest
heuseoff
igur
esandt
abl
es,
whi
char
ecomment
edoni
n
t
het
ext
.Inot
herdi
sci
pli
nes,
findi
ngsar
eonl
yrepor
tedi
ntextf
orm.

Fr
om anEngl
i
shpoi
ntofv
iewt
hekeyski
l
lisi
nrepor
ti
ngy
ourr
esul
tssi
mpl
y
andcl
ear
ly.I
fther
efer
eesofy
ourpapercannotunder
standy
ourr
esul
ts,
theny
our
cont
ri
but
iont
othecur
rentknowl
edgebasewi
l
lbel
ost
.

St
ruct
uri
ngy
ourResul
ts:

TheResul
tsshoul
danswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.

1.Whatdi
dIf
ind?

2.Whatdi
dInotf
ind?

3.Whatdi
dIf
indt
hatIwasnotexpect
ingt
ofi
nd?(
e.g.t
hatcont
radi
ctsmy
hy
pot
heses)

At
ypi
calst
ruct
urei
stof
oll
owt
heor
dery
ouusedf
ort
hepr
otocol
sorpr
ocedur
es
i
nyourMet
hods.Yout
henusef
igur
esandt
abl
est
osequencet
heanswer
stot
he

48
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
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 ENGLI
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TING
(
20AOE9901)

abov
equest
ions.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypi
cal
way
stobegi
ntheResul
ts.Thef
ir
sti
stogi
veagener
al
panor
amaofy
oursur
vey
s,exper
iment
set
c.wi
thoutr
epeat
ingt
hedet
ail
syougav
ein
t
heMet
hodssect
ion.

Ov
eral
l
,ther
esul
tspr
esent
edbel
owshowt
hat…
Thet
hreekeyr
esul
tsoft
hisempi
ri
cal
studyar
e:…
Thef
oll
owi
ngemer
gentt
hemeswer
eident
if
iedf
rom t
heanal
ysi
s:…

Resul
tsar
ethi
ngst
haty
ouf
oundbef
orey
oust
artwr
it
ingt
hepaper
.They
t
her
efor
erel
atet
opastev
ent
s,consequent
lyt
hepastsi
mpl
eisusedt
orepor
tthem,
of
teni
nami
xtur
eoft
heact
iveandpassi
vef
orms.

Rat
hert
hant
ell
i
ngt
her
eadert
hatar
esul
tisi
nter
est
ingorsi
gni
fi
cant
,
showt
hem howi
tisi
nter
est
ingorsi
gni
fi
cant…showt
her
eaderwhatt
heyneed
t
o know t
o come t
othei
rown concl
usi
on aboutt
he r
esul
t.The adj
ect
ive
i
nter
est
ingmeanssomet
hingv
erydef
ini
tef
ort
heaut
hor
,butnotf
ort
her
eader
whohasnotbeengi
vent
het
ool
st hemeansi
oassesswhyt zei
sint
erest
ing.
Suchdescr
ipt
iveadj
ect
iv i
es(nt
erest
ing,i
ntr
igui
ng,r
emar
kabl
e)ar
erar
elyhel
pful
.
Adv
erbssuchasi
nter
est
ingl
y,i
ntr
igui
ngl
y,r
emar
kabl
yal
sosuf
ferf
rom t
hesame
pr
obl
em.Howev
er,t
heycanbeusedef
fect
ivel
yifusedatt
hebegi
nni
ngofa
sent
ence,
inor
dert
oat
tr
actat
tent
iont
oakeyf
indi
ng.

Ex:I
nter
esti
ngl
y,whil
ethemeansi zegeneral
l
yvar
iesamongpopulat
ionsby
onlyafewcm, t
hemeansizei
npopulatonsCandDdi
i ff
eredby25cm.Two
hypot
hesescoul
daccountf
ort
his,…

Howev
er,t
hist
echni
queshoul
dbeusedonl
yonceort
wicei
nthewhol
epaper
,
ot
her
wisei
tlosesi
tsef
fect
.

Lackofconci
senessi
saf
requentpr
obl
em whendescr
ibi
ngdat
ainf
igur
esand
t
abl
es.Av
oi asessuchascanbeseenandwecansee.Si
dphr mpl
yputt
hef
igur
e
ort
abl
eref
erencei
nbr
acket
satt
heendoft
hesent
ence.

Anot
hert
ypi
calmi
stakei
stor
epeatwor
dforwor
dthecapt
ion/l
egendt
o
y
ourf
igur
esandt
abl
eswi
thi
nthemai
ntext
.Legendsshoul
dbeasshor
tas

49
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TING
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possi
bleandbesuf
fi
cient
lydet
ail
edt
oenabl
eyourr
eader
stounder
standt
he
f
igur
eort
abl
ewi
thouthav
ingt
oready
ourt
ext
.Iti
svi
talt
haty
oupayat
tent
iont
o
l
egendsassomer
eader
smayonl
ylookaty
ourf
igur
esandt
abl
es,wi
thoutev
en
r
eadi
ngt
hepaperi
tsel
f!
Keyski
l
lsr
equi
redf
orwr
it
ingDi
scussi
ons:
Anot
herski
l
list
oint
erpr
ety
ourr
esul
ts wi
thoutr
epeat
ing t
hem.Most
aut
hor
sfi
nddi
scussi
ngt
hei
rresul
tst
obet
hemostdi
ff
icul
tpar
toft
hepapert
o
wr
it
e.Whenr
efer
eesr
ejectapaper
,iti
sver
yof
tenduet
o apoor
lywr
it
ten
Di
scussi
on.Thesecr
eti
stosoundbot
hconv
inci
ngandcr
edi
bleatt
hesamet
ime.
Youcandot
hisbybei
ngposi
ti
veabouty
ourownl
i
mit
ati
ons,andconst
ruct
ive
whendi
scussi
ngwhaty
oubel
i
evet
obet
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofot
her
s.
St
ruct
ureofDi
scussi
on:
TheDi
scussi
onshoul
danswert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

1.Domydat
asuppor
twhatIsetoutt
odemonst
rat
eatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he
paper?
2.Ho wdomyf i
ndingscompar ewithwhatother
shav efound?Howconsi
stent
arethey?
3.Wh atismyper sonali
nter
pretat
ionofmyf i
ndi
ngs?
4.Wh atotherpossibl
eint
erpret
ati
onsar et
here?
5.Wh ataretheli
mi t
ati
onsofmyst udy
?Whatot herfact
orscoul
dhav
e
i
nfluencedmyf indi
ngs?Hav eIreport
edevery
t hi
ngthatcoul
dmakemy
fi
ndingsinval
id?

Howshoul
dIbegi
ntheDi
scussi
on?

Bel
owar
efourpossi
blebegi
nni
ngsf
ort
hesamepaper
:

1.
Remi
ndr
eader
sofy
ourgoal
s,pr
efer
abl
yinasi
ngl
esent
ence:
Oneoft
hemai
ngoal
soft
hisexper
imentwast
oat
temptt
ofi
ndawayt
opr
edi
ctwho
showsmor
etaskper
sist
ence.
2.
Ref
erbackt
othequest
ions(
hypot
heses,
predi
cti
onset
c.)t
haty
ouposedi
nyour
i
ntr
oduct
ion:
Theser
esul
tsbot
hnegat
eandsuppor
tsomeoft
hehy
pot
heses.I
twaspr
edi
ctedt
hat
gr
eat
erper
fect
ioni
sm scor
eswoul
dresul
tingr
eat
ert
askper
sist
ence,
butt
hist
urned
outnott
obet
hecase.
3.
Ref
erbackpaper
syouci
tedi
nyourRev
iewoft
heLi
ter
atur
e:
Pr
evi
ousst
udi
esconf
li
ctwi
tht
hedat
apr
esent
edi
ntheResul
ts:
itwasmor
e

50
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

commonf
oranyt
ypeoff
eedbackt
oimpactpar
ti
cipant
sthannof
eedback
4.
Bri
efl
yrest
atet
hemosti
mpor
tantpoi
ntsf
rom y
ourResul
ts:
Whi
l
enotal
loft
her
esul
tswer
esi
gni
fi
cant
,theov
eral
ldi
rect
ionofr
esul
tsshowed
t
rendst
hatcoul
dbehel
pful
tol
ear
ningaboutwhoi
smor
eli
kel
ytoper
sistandwhat
coul
dinf
luenceper
sist
ence.

Gi
ver
eader
sav
erybr
iefst
atementofwhaty
oucanconcl
udef
rom y
ourf
indi
ngs.
Youcant
henuset
hisst
atementasast
art
ingpoi
ntf
ori
nter
pret
ingy
ourf
indi
ngs
andcompar
ingt
hem t
owhati
sal
readyknowni
nthel
i
ter
atur
e.Agoodst
ruct
ure
canbe:

1.Makeagener
alst
atementr
egar
dingy
ourf
indi
ngs
2.Ment
ionanot
heraut
hor
’swor
kthatr
elat
esdi
rect
lyt
oyourf
indi
ngs
3.Makeal
i
nkbet
weenher
/hi
swor
kandy
ourwor
k

4.Cl
ear
lyst
atehowy
ourwor
kdi
ff
ersf
rom her
/hi
swor
k
5.St
atet
heconcl
usi
onst
hatcanbedr
awnf
rom y
ourr
esul
tsi
nli
ghtoft
hese
consi
der
ati
ons

Compar
eyourwor
kwi
tht
hatofot
her
s:

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
exti
sanexampl
eofhowt
ocompar
eyourwor
kwi
thot
her
sin
t
he Di
scussi
on.I
tcomes f
rom a paperent
it
led Expl
ori
ng St
ock Manager
s’
Per
cept
ionsoft
heHumanAni
malRel
ati
onshi
ponDai
ryFar
msandanAssoci
ati
on
wi
thMi
l
kPr
oduct
ionbyCat
her
ineBer
tenshawandPet
erRowl
i
nson.Theaut
hor
s
di
dapost
alsur
veyof516UKdai
ry(
i.
e.mi
l
k)st
ockmanager
s(i
.e.f
armer
s)about
how t
heybel
i
evedhumanscoul
daf
fectt
hepr
oduct
ivi
ty,behav
iorandwel
far
eof
cowsandhei
fer
s(y
oungf
emal
ecal
vest
hathav
enotgi
venbi
rt
h).Near
lyhal
fsai
d
t
heycal
l
edt
hei
rcowsbyname–suchcowshada258l
i
terhi
ghermi
l
kyi
eldt
han
t
hosewhot
hatwer
enotcal
l
edbyt
hei
rname.About10% sai
dthataf
earof
humansr
esul
tedi
napoormi
l
kingt
emper
ament
.
Bel
owi
sthebegi
nni
ngoft
heDi
scussi
onsect
ion:

1)Ou
( rdat
asuggest
sthatUKdai
ryf
armer
slar
gel
yregar
dthei
rcowsasi
ntel
l
igent
bei
ngs,capabl
eofexper
ienci
ngar
angeofemot
ions.Pl
aci
ngi
mpor
tanceon
knowi
ngt
hei
ndi
vi
dualani
-malandcal
l
ingt
hem bynamewasassoci
atedwi
th
hi
ghermi
l
kyi
elds.

51
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

2)F
( r
aserandBr
oom [
1997]def
inet
hepr
edomi
nantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenf
arm
ani
mal
sandt
hei
rst
ockmanager
sasf
ear
.

3)S
( ev
ent
y-t
woper
centofourcommer
cialr
espondent
sthoughtt
hatcowswer
e
notf
ear
fulofhumans,al
thought
hei
rrepor
tsofr
esponset
oanappr
oachi
ng
humansuggestsomel
eveloff
ear
,par
ti
cul
arl
yfort
hehei
fer
s.Wi
thbot
hcows
andhei
fer
sthi
swoul
dappeart
obegr
eat
eri
nresponset
oanunf
ami
l
iarhuman.
Respondent
sal
soacknowl
edgedt
hatnegat
iveexper
iencesofhumanscan
r
esul
tinpoorbehav
iori
nthepar
lor
.

4)He
( mswor
thetal
.[1995]f
oundt
hat30–50%oft
hev
ari
ati
oni
nfar
m mi
l
kyi
eld
coul
dbeexpl
ainedbyt
hecow’
sfearoft
hest
ockper
son,t
her
efor
erecogni
zi
ng
t
hatf
eari
simpor
tantf
orani
mal
wel
far
e,saf
ety
,andpr
oduct
ion.
(
5) Theel
abor
ated r
esponsesr
epor
t n ourpost
ed i alsur
veycont
ri
but
esome
exampl
esoft
hecapaci
ti
esofcat
tl
e,andt
hiscont
ext
ualhumani
nsi
ghtmay
beusef
ulf
ordev
elopi
nghy
pot
hesesf
orf
urt
herst
udy
.

(
6) Mostr
espondent
s(78%)t
houghtt
hatcowswer
eint
ell
i
gent
.(7)Howev
er,a
st
udy by Dav
is and Cheek (
1998)f
ound cat
tl
e wer
erat
ed f
air
lyl
ow i
n
i
ntel
l
igence.They suggest
ed t
hatt
he r
ati
ngs r
efl
ect
ed t
he r
espondent
s’
f
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
tht
heani
mal
s.(
8)Thes
toc
kmanager
sinours
urv
eywer
ever
y
f
ami
l
iarwi
tht
hei
rcat
tl
e and had a gr
eatunder
standi
ng oft
he speci
es’
capabi
l
it
ies,t
hroughwor
kingwi
tht
hem dai
l
y 9)St
.( ockper
sons’opi
ni
onsof
fer
v
aluabl
eins
ighti
ntot
hiss
ubj
ect
,whi
chc
oul
denabl
emor
eac
cur
atei
ntel
l
igenc
e
t
est
stobedev
ised;
forex
ampl
e,t
otes
twhet
herc
owsc
ancounti
nor
dert
ost
and
att
hef
eedhoppert
hatdel
i
ver
sthemostf
eed.

(
10)Hemswor
thandGony
ou(
1997)doubtt
her
eli
abi
l
ityofani
nexper
ienced
st
ockper
son’
s at
ti
tudes t
owar
ds f
arm ani s. Our sur
mal vey f
ound an
exper
iencedwor
kfor
ce(
89.
5%>15y
ear
s).

I
n(1)
,Cat
her
inebegi
nswi
th an ov
eral
lsummar
yofherkeyf
indi
ng and i
ts
i
mpl
i
cat
ions.I
n(2)shement
ionsapr
evi
ousst
udy(
byFr
aser
)int
hesamet
opi
c
ar
eaandt
husconnect
sherf
indi
ngswi
tht
hel
i
ter
atur
e.
Fr
aser
’sst
udygav
econt
rast
ingr
esul
tst
owhatCat
her
iner
eveal
sin(
3).Howev
er,
i
n(3)Cat
her
ineal
sot
ri
est
oaccountf
orsomeofwhatFr
aser
’sf al
ound( t
hough…
hei
fer
s)andi
n(4)f
indsf
urt
herconf
ir
mat
ionofFr
aser
’sf
indi
ngsi
nanot
herst
udy
.

52
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Cat
her
inet
husadopt
sadi
plomat
icappr
oachi
nwhi
chshequest
ionst
hef
indi
ngs
ofot
heraut
hor
sinaconst
ruct
iveway
.Sheusest
hei
rresul
tsei
thert
ocor
robor
ate
herownr
esul
ts,
ort
oputherr
esul
tsandt
hei
rresul
tsi
nanewl
i
ght
.
I
n(5)Cat
her
ineconcl
udesapar
agr
aphbysuggest
ingaf
utur
ecour
seofact
ion.(
6)
i
sthef
ir
stl
i
neoft
henextpar
agr
aph,soi
tiscl
eart her
hatt espondent
sar
eher
r
espondent
sandnotanot
heraut
hor
’s.
I
n(7)sheuseshowev
ert
oindi
cat
ethatshei
sgoi
ngt
ogi
vesomecont
rast
ing
i
nfor
mat
ion.Heruseoft
heycl
ear
lyr
efer
sbackt
oDav
isandCheek.
I
n(8)Cat
her
inet
hencl
ari
fi
esf
ort
her
eadert
hatshei
snowf
ocusi
ngonherst
udy
.
Shedoest
hisagai ngour
nusi .Ifshehadnoti
nser
tedt
hephr
ase“
inoursur
vey
”,
t
her
eaderwoul
dnotknow whi
chst
ockmanager
sshewast
alki
ngabout
.Not
maki
ngt
hisdi
sti
nct
ioni
sani
ncr
edi
blycommoner
rori
nDi
scussi
onsandl
eadst
o
t
otalconf
usi
onf
ort
her
efer
eeandr
eader
s.I
nthel
i
ter
at eouri
ur sof
tenused,
even
i
fthest
yleoft
her
estoft
hepaperi
simper
sonal(
i.
e.t
hepassi
vei
sused,r
ather
hanwe)
t ngourcanbecr
.Usi uci
ali
ndi
ff
erent
iat
ingy
ourwor
kfr
om ot
her
s.

I
n(9)
,li
keshedoesi
n(5)
,Cat
her
inemakesami
nisummar
yofwhatshehassai
d
i
nther
estoft
hepar
agr
aph.Heruseoft
hesi
mpl
epr of
esent( f
er)showst
hatshe
i
stal
ki
ngaboutal
lst
ockper
sons–notj
ustt
hosei
nherst
udyori
nDav
isand
Cheek’
sst
udy
.Sheal
sor
ecommendsacour
sef
orf
utur
eact
ion.

I
n(10)Cat
her
inebegi
nsanew par
agr
apht
oindi
cat
ethatshei
snow goi
ngt
o
cov
eranot
hersubt
opi
c.Good useofpar
agr
aphsi
sessent
iali
n si
gnal
i
ng t
o
r
eader
sthaty
ouar
emov
ingont
odi
scusssomet
hingdi
ff
erence.Cat
her
inebegi
ns
wi
thar
efer
encet
othel
i
ter
atur
eto est
abl
i
sht
othenew subt
opi
c,andt
hen
i
mmedi
atel
ymov
esont
oherf
indi
ngst
omakeacont
rastbet
weeni
nexper
ienced
andexper
iencedwor
ker
s.
Ther
estofherDi
scussi
oni
sst
ruct
uredi
nasi
mil
armanner
,inwhi
chshepr
ovi
des
mor
econcl
usi
veev
idencet
hatcal
l
ingacow byi
tsname,r
athert
hanpr
obl
ems
connect
edwi
thf
ear
,ismor
eli
kel
ytoaf
fectmi
l
kpr
oduct
ion.I
neachcase,she
makesi
t100%cl
eart
oherr
eader
swhyshehasment
ionedanot
herper
son’
swor
k
andhowi
trel
atest
oherwor
k.
Di
scussi
onsect
ionswhi
chal
sohav
eConcl
usi
onsmayendasf
oll
ows:
a)Te
( l
lyourr
eader
sifandhowy
ourf
indi
ngscoul
dbeext
endedt
oot
herar
eas.But

53
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

y
ou mustpr
ovi
de ev
idence oft
his.I
fyou r
epeat
ed y
ourexper
imenti
na
di
ff
erentcont
ext
,woul
dyougett
hesamer
esul
t?
Al
thought
hisi
sasmal
lst
udy
,ther
esul
tscanbegener
ali
zedt
o
.
..Ourr
esul
tsmayhol
dtr
uef
orot
hercount
ri
esi
nAsi
a.

b)Su
( ggestway
sthaty
ourhy
pot
hesi
s(model
,dev
iceet
c.)coul
dbei
mpr
ovedon.

Wehav
enotbeenabl
etoexpl
ainwhet
herx=y
.Al
argersampl
ewoul
dbeabl
eto
makemor
eaccur
atepr
edi
cti
ons.

Agr
eat
erunder
standi
ngofourf
indi
ngscoul
dleadt
oat
heor
eti
cal
impr
ovement
i
n..
.

c)Sa
( yi
fand/orwhyy
oui
gnor
edsomespeci
fi
car
eas.

Ourr
esear
chonl
yfocusesonx,
wher
easi
tmi
ghtbei
mpor
tantt
oincl
udeyas
wel
l
.Inf
act
,thei
ncl
usi
onofywoul
denabl
eust
o…

Wedi
dnotpaymuchat
tent
iont
o..
.Ther
easonf
ort
hiswas.
.
.

d)Ad
( mi
twhaty
ouhav
enotbeenabl
etodoandasaconsequencecannotpr
ovi
de
concl
usi
onson.

Unf
ort
unat
ely
,ourdat
abasecannott
ell
theexactscal
eofChi
neseov
erseasR&D
i
nvest
ment
.

Consequent
lywecannotconcl
udet
hat…

e)Re
( i
ter
atey
ourr
easonsf
orchoosi
ngy
ourt
opi
cofi
nvest
igat
ioni
nor
dert
o
conv
incey
ourr
eader
soft
hev
ali
dit
yofwhaty
ouhav
esai
dint
heDi
scussi
on.

Passi
vesent
encesdonotr
evealt
heaut
horoft
heact
ionandsot
her
eaderwi
l
l
notunder
standi
fyouar
eref
err
ingt
oyourf
indi
ngsoranot
herper
son.So,t
o
av
oidambi
gui
ty,
useact
ivesent
ences.

Pi
tf
all
sofot
herwor
ksi
nthel
i
ter
atur
e:

Ther
ear
ethr
eear
east
ocal
li
ntoquest
ionr
egar
dingt
hewor
kofot
heraut
hor
s.

• Hy
pot
hesest
hathav
enev
err
eal
l
ybeent
est
ed.Youwantt
otestt
hem.

54
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

• Ot
herst
udi
eshav
eonl
ybeenconduct
edv
erygener
all
yori
nonespeci
fi
cfi
eld.
Youwantt
oappl
ythi
sresear
cht
oanewar
ea.
• Ot
herst
udi
eshav
eli
mit
ati
ons.Youar
etr
yingt
oov
ercomet
hesel
i
mit
ati
ons.

The i
mpor
tantt
hing when cr
it
ici
zi
ng ot
her
’s wor
kis nott
o under
mine t
hei
r
cr
edi
bil
i
ty.Thei
deai
sthati
fyout
reatot
her
swi
thr
espect
,theywi
l
ltr
eaty
ouwi
th
r
espect
.

I
tisessent
ialt
haty
oui
nfor
mreader
sofanyl
i
mit
ati
onst
oyourr
esear
chor
anyf
ail
uresorcont
radi
cti
ngdat
a.Ther
eisnoneedt
oconsi
dert
heseaspect
sof
y
ourr
esear
cht
obet
otal
l
ynegat
ive.Yourr
eader
swi
l
lappr
eci
atel
ear
ningabout
whatwentwr
ong,ast
hismayhel
pthem wi
tht
hei
rownr
esear
ch.Thei
mpor
tant
t
hing i
sto be (
i)honest
,(i
i
)cl
ear
,and,i
fappr
opr
iat
e,(
ii
i)di
scusspossi
ble
r
emedi
es.

Anot
herwayt
olessent
hei
mpactoft
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofy
ourf
indi
ngsi
stosay
t
hatot
heraut
hor
shav
eexper
iencedsi
mil
arpr
obl
ems.Thest
rat
egyusedi
nthe
abov
eext
racti
s:

1)e
( xpl
aint
hepi
tf
all
(i.
e.t
hel
i
mit
ati
oni
nyourwor
k)
2)g
( i
ver
easonf
ort
hepi
tf
all
3)o
( ut
li
neconsequenceoft
hepi
tf
all
4)r
( efert
oasi
mil
arpi
tf
all
exper
iencedbyanot
heraut
hor

You can al
so at
tri
but
eyourl
i
mit
ati
onst
othef
actt
hatcur
rentknowl
edge
(
theor
ies,model
s,t
echnol
ogi
eset
c.)i
sunabl
etor
esol
vet
hepr
obl
emsy
ouhav
e
encount
ered.

Keyski
l
lsneededwhenwr
it
ingt
heConcl
usi
ons:
Oneoft
hePhDst
udent
soncer ked:If
emar indt
heconcl
usi
onsqui
tedi
ff
icul
t
t
owr
it
e,ev
eni
nmyownl
anguage.I
fIwr
oteev
ery
thi
ngi
nthepaper
,whatshoul
dI
addatt
heend?Herquest
ionsumsupt
hedi
l
emmat
hataut
hor
shav
ewi
tht
he
Concl
usi
ons.I
t’
snott
hatt
heConcl
usi
onssect
ioni
sdi
ff
icul
ttowr
it
e,i
t’
sjustt
hat
aut
hor
sdon’
tknow whatt
owr
it
e.I
nfact
,sev
eralj
our
nal
sdonotev
enhav
ea
separ
ateConcl
usi
onssect
ion,aut
hor
ssi
mpl
ywr
it
eaconcl
udi
ngpar
agr
aphi
n

55
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
hei
rDi
scussi
on.

Al
thought
heConcl
usi
onsmaynotbet
hel
astsect
iont
hatr
eader
sread,
t
her
eisast
rongpr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
heywi
l
lbet
hel
astt
hingt
hatt
her
efer
eer
eads.
Consequent
ly,t
heymustbecl
earandconci
se,andl
eav
ether
efer
eewi
thagood
i
mpr
essi
on.I
fyourst
ruct
ureandEngl
i
shar
epoorher
ethent
hiswi
l
lhav
ea
negat
ivei
mpactont
her
efer
eesandmayaf
fectt
hei
rfi
naldeci
sionast
owhet
her
t
oaccepty
ourpaperornot
.

Thekeyski
l
lsar
einknowi
ngwhatr
efer
eesandr
eader
sexpectt
ofi
ndi
n
Concl
usi
ons,notr
epeat
ingexact
lyt
hesamephr
asesandi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom y
our
Abst
ractand I
ntr
oduct
ion,and i
n pr
ovi
ding a cl
earand hi
gh-
impactt
ake-
home
messagef
orr
eader
s.

TheConcl
usi
onssect
ioni
snotj
ustasummar
y.Don’
tmer
elyr
epeatwhaty
ou
sai
dint
heAbst
ractandI
ntr
oduct
ion.I
tisgener
all
ynotmor
ethanoneort
wo
par
agr
aphsl
ong.AConcl
usi
onssect
iont
ypi
cal
l
yincor
por
atesoneormor
eoft
he
f
oll
owi
ng:

1.av
erybr
iefr
evi
sitoft
hemosti
mpor
tantf
indi
ngspoi
nti
ngouthowt
his
adv
ancesy
ourf
iel
dfr
om t
hepr
esentst
ateofknowl
edge
2.af
inal
judgmentont
hei
mpor
tanceandsi
gni
fi
cancet
hosef
indi
ngsi
nter
m of
t
hei
rimpl
i
cat
ionsandi
mpact
,al
ongwi
thpossi
bleappl
i
cat
ionst
oot
herar
eas
3.ani
ndi
cat
ionoft
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofy
ourst
udy(
thought
heDi
scussi
onmaybea
mor
eappr
opr
iat
epl
acet
odot
his)
4.suggest
ionsf
ori
mpr
ovement
s(per
hapsi
nrel
ati
ont
othel
i
mit
ati
ons)
5.r
ecommendat
ionsf
orf
utur
ewor
k(ei
therf
ort
heaut
hor
,and/
ort
hecommuni
ty)
6.r
ecommendat
ionsf
orpol
i
cychanges

Theor
dert
hesei
temsappeari
sli
kel
ytobet
hesameassuggest
edabov
e.

I
tdi
ff
ersf
rom t
heAbst
ractandI
ntr
oduct
ionasi
tisf
oramor
einf
ormedr
eader
.
I
nfact
,youar
emaki
ngasummar
yforr
eader
swhohopef
ull
yhav
ereadt
her
estof
t
hepaper
,andt
husshoul
dal
readyhav
east
rongsenseofy
ourkeyconcept
s.

56
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Unl
i
ket
heAbst
ractandConcl
usi
ons,
it:

•doesnotpr
ovi
debackgr
ounddet
ail
s

•gi
vesmor
eemphasi
stot
hef
indi
ngs

•t
alksaboutl
i
mit
ati
ons,
whi
char
enotnor
mal
l
yment
ionedout
sidet
he
Di
scussi
onandConcl
usi
ons

•cov
erst
hreeaddi
ti
onal
aspect
s

ToBegi
nConcl
usi
onsect
ion:

Ex:I
nthi
spaperwehav
epr
esent
edast
ati
sti
cal
studyoft
henat
ureof…We
hav
eshownt
hati
tispossi
blet
oreasonabout…(
per
sonal
for
m)

I
nthi
spaperi
thasbeenshownhowXcanbeappl
i
edt
oawi
der
angeof…A
nov
elappr
oachhasbeeni
ntr
oducedt
o… (
Passi
vef
orm)

Di
ff
erent
iat
ionbet
weenAbst
ractandConcl
usi
ons:

I
nthef
ir
stsent
enceofAbst
ract
,gi
vi
ngmor
edet
ail
saboutwhatone
di
ddur
ingt
her
esear
ch.I
nthesecondsent
ence,
prov
idi
ngmor
ebackgr
ound
i
nfor
mat
ion.I
nthet
hir
dsent
ence,
just
if
yingt
her
easonf
ort
her
esear
ch.And
i
nthef
our
thsent
ence,i
ndi
cat
eswhatmodelt
obeusedt
ocar
ryoutt
his
r
esear
ch.Then al
lConcl
usi
onssummar
izeal
lthesef
ourpoi
ntsi
n one
sent
ence.

Thet
wosect
ionshav
ecompl
etel
ydi
ff
erentpur
poses.TheAbst
racti
sli
kean
adv
ert
isementf
ory
ourpaper–i
thast
oat
tractt
her
eader
’sat
tent
ion.Ont
heot
her
hand,t
heConcl
usi
onssect
ioni
sdesi
gnedt
oremi
ndr
eader
soft
hemostsal
i
ent
poi
ntsofy
ourpaper
.Howev
er,
theConcl
usi
onsal
sohav
etoaddv
alue.Thi
sadded
v
aluei
sty
pical
l
ycont
ainedi
nther
ecommendat
ions,i
mpl
i
cat
ionsandar
easf
or
f
utur
eresear
ch.
I
fyourj
our
nalhasasepar
atesect
ionf
orConcl
usi
ons,i
.e.t
heconcl
usi
onsar
e
noti
ncl
udedi
ntheDi
scussi
on,
theni
tmaybebestt
oshi
ftanyov
eral
lconcl
usi
onsy
ou
mayhav
emadei
nyourDi
scus
sioni
ntoy
ourConc
lus
ions
.Thi
smeanst
hatt
hef
inal
par
agr
aphofy
ourDi
scussi
onmayj
ustbeaconcl
usi
onr
egar
dingonespeci
fi
cpoi
nt,
r
athert
hananov
eral
lsummar
yoft
hewhol
epaper
.

57
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Somet
imes i
tisi
mpossi
blet
oleav
ethe r
eaderwi
th cl
earconcl
usi
ons
r
egar
dingt
hecont
ri
but
ionofy
ourwor
k–may
bey
ourmet
hodt
urnedoutt
obe
i
nappr
opr
iat
eandy
ourr
esul
tswer
enotasbr
il
li
antasy
ouwer
ehopi
ngf
or!I
nsuch
casessi
mpl
ysaywhaty
ouhav
elear
nedaboutt
hepr
obl
em andt
hensuggest
possi
blel
i
nes off
utur
eresear
ch.Such a f
inalsect
ion i
s gener
all
y ent
it
led
Concl
udi
ngRemar
ks.

I
fyoudon’
thav
eanycl
earconcl
usi
ons,i
tisi
mpor
tantnott
opr
esenty
our
f
indi
ngsi
nanexagger
atedl
i
ghtort
osaysomet
hinguni
nter
est
ingori
rr
elev
ant
.
Reader
smayst
il
lbeabl
etobenef
itf
rom whaty
ouf
ound(
orequal
l
yimpor
tant
,di
d
notf
ind)
.Inor
dert
opr
esenti
nconcl
usi
veconcl
usi
ons,
youmaybenef
itf
rom usi
ng
hedgi
ngdev
ices.
Her
ear
esomeexampl
esofaut
hor
sadmi
tt
ingt
hatt
hei
rwor
kdi
dnotachi
eveal
l
t
hatt
heyhadhopedf
or.I
nsomecases,r
eader
sar
eimmedi
atel
ywar
nedoft
his
‘
fai
l
ure’
thr
ought
heuseoft
hewor
dshi
ghl
i
ght
edi
nit
ali
cs.

Ex:Unf
ort
unat
ely
,wecoul
dnotassesshowmuchoft
hedi
ff
erencei
nout
come
wasduet
o..

Ty
pical
way
stoendy
ourConcl
usi
ons.Youcanuseoneormor
eoft
heseway
s.

1.
Thef
ir
sti
stoshowhowy
ourwor
kcoul
dbeappl
i
edi
nanot
herar
ea.

2.
Thesecondt
ypi
calendi
ngi
stosuggestf
utur
ewor
k.Ther
eissomegener
al
agr
eementt heuseofwi
hatt l
lref
erst
oyourownpl
annedwor hatshoul
k,andt d
r
efert
owor
kthaty
oubel
i
evecoul
dbeaddr
essedbyt
hegener
alcommuni
ty.Thus
t
hef
oll
owi
ngr
epr
esentt
heaut
hor
s’pl
ans:

Onear
eaoff
utur kwi
ewor l
lbet
orepr
esentt
heser
elat
ionshi
psexpl
i
cit
ly…

3.
Thet
hir
dwayt
oendy
ourConcl
usi
onsi
stomakear
ecommendat
ion.The
di
ff
icul
tyi
nmaki
ngsuggest
ionsandr
ecommendat
ionsi
sjusti
nthegr
ammat
ical
const
ruct
ion.Theexampl
esbel
ow hi
ghl
i
ghtaconst
ruct
iont
hatmaynotexi
sti
n
y
ourl
anguage.

Ex.Wesuggestt
hatpol
i sshoul
cymaker dgi
vest
akehol
der
sagr
eat
er
r
olei
n…

58
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

THEFI
NALCHECK

Manyr
esear
cher
sfi
nisht
hei
rmanuscr
ipt
sjustbef
ore(
andof
tenaf
ter
!)t
he
deadl
i
ne.Duet
osuchpr
essur
esoft
ime,t
heyof
tensendt
hei
rmanuscr
iptt
othe
edi
torwi
thoutdoi
ngaf
inalcheck.Mostmanuscr
ipt
sar
ewr
it
tenbymul
ti
ple
aut
hor
s.Thi
sinv
olv
esal
otofexchangesofv
ersi
onsoft
hemanuscr
ipt
s,wi
tha
consequenti
ncr
easei
nthepossi
bil
i
tyofmi
stakesbei
ng i
ntr
oduced.Lot
sof
changesar
emadeatt
hel
astmi
nut
e,andof
tennoonecheckst
hem f
oraccur
acy
i
nter
msofEngl
i
sh.Oneaut
horneedst
ober
esponsi
blef
ort
hef
inal
check.

Ref
ereesar
efamousf
oraski
ngf
orr
evi
sionsbef
oreaccept
ance,
whi
chof
ten
i
nvol
vewhaty
oumi
ghtconsi
derast
ri
vi
aldet
ail
s,suchast
yposandspel
l
ing
mi
stakes.Suchdel
ayscosty
out
imeandmoneyandmayal
someant
hatanot
her
paperont
hesamet
opi
cget
spubl
i
shedbef
orey
our
s.

Resear
cher
stendt
oleav
ethemanuscr
iptwr
it
ingpr
ocesst
othev
eryl
ast
mi
nut
e.Thi
sof
tenr
esul
tsi
napoor
lywr
it
tenpaper
.Unf
ort
unat
ely
,poorEngl
i
sh
andl
ackofcl
ari
tyar
eoneoft
hemostf
requentcausesofapaperbei
ngi
nit
ial
l
y
r
eject
ed.Youwi
l
lwast
esev
eralmont
hsi
fyouhav
etor
esubmi
tyourpaper
,andi
n
t
hemeant
imesomeoneel
semi
ghtpubl
i
shapaperont
heexactsamet
opi
c!
I
tisgoodpr
act
icet
opr
intouty
ourpaper
.Youar
emor
eli
kel
ytof
indmi
stakescon
-nect
edwi
thgr
ammar
,wor
dor
der
,andst
ruct
ure.Conv
erty
ourdocumenti
ntoa
f
ontt
haty
ouf
indeasyt
oread(
e.g.Ar
ial
)anduse‘
doubl
espace’
li
nespaci
ng.

Onscr
eeny
ouhav
emuchl
essper
cept
ionofhowy
ourpaperwi
l
llookv
isual
l
y,and
maynotev
ennot
icet
hatapar
agr
aphi
smor
ethanapagel
ong.I
napr
int
ed
v
ersi
on,suchl
ongpar
agr
aphsar
einst
ant
lyv
isi
ble.Yout
hushav
etheoppor
tuni
ty
t
obr
eakt
hem upi
ntoshor
terpar
agr
aphst
hatar
eeasi
eront
heey
e.Br
eaki
ngup
par
agr
aphsi
squi
ckandeasyt
odo.

Al
so,askacol
l
eaguet
oready
ourpr
int
edv
ersi
on.Heorshewi
l
lver
yli
kel
y
f
indmi
stakest
haty
ouhav
eov
erl
ooked-i
nfact
,yourf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
thy
ourown
wor
kmakesi
tqui
tedi
ff
icul
ttospoter
ror
s.

Fi
nal
l
y,r
eady
ourmanuscr
iptal
oud.Youwi
l
lfi
ndmi
stakest
hatar
ehar
dto

59
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

f
indbyr
eadi
ngsi
l
ent
ly–par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
egar
dtohow asent
encef
lowsand
whet
hert
her
ear
ewor
dsmi
ssi
ng.

Ref
ereesof
tenmakeadi
rectconnect
ionbet
weent
het
imeandef
for
tthatan
aut
hormakesi
npr
esent
ingi
nfor
mat
ion,
andhowmucht
imeandef
for
ttheaut
hor
hasspenti
ndoi
ngt
hei
rresear
ch.I
fthei
nfor
mat
ioni
spr
esent
edbadl
y,t
hent
he
i
mpl
i
cat
ioni
sthatt
her
esear
chmayhav
ebeenconduct
edbadl
ytoo.Al
soi
thel
ps
t
oremembert
hatr
efer
eesmaker
epor
tsonmanuscr
ipt
sint
hei
rfr
eet
imef
orno
f
inanci
alr
ewar
d–t
heyar
eofmuchmor
ebenef
itt
oyou,
thany
ouar
etot
hem!
Ref
ereesar
egener
all
ynotEngl
i
shl
anguageexper
ts.Theyar
eint
erest
edmuch
mor
eint
hesci
ent
if
iccont
entt
hani
nthel
evelofEngl
i
sh.Thecomment
sthat
r
efer
eesmakeony
ourEngl
i
shof
tendependonwhet
hert
heyar
enat
ivespeaker
s
(
NS)ornon-
nat
ivespeaker
s(NNS)
.

NNSr
efer
eest
endt
orecogni
zet
heel
ement
sof‘
poor
’Engl
i
sht
hatf
ort
hem
st
andoutt
hecl
ear
est
:

•spel
l
ingmi
stakesandt
ypos

•si
mpl
egr
ammarmi
stakes(
e.g.mi ngsonpl
ssi ural
sandt
hir
dper
son)
Her
eisat
ypi
calexampl
e,wr
it
tenbyanNNSr
efer
eecomment
ingonanNNS’
s
Engl
i
sh:

Abi
gpr
obl
em wi
tht
hiswor
kist
heEngl
i
shf
orm:t
her
ear
esomanyl
anguage
er
ror
sthati
tact
ual
l
yser
iousl
ycompr
omi
sesone’
sabi
l
ityt
ounder
standwhat
i
sbei
ngpr
esent
ed.Thepaperneedsanext
ensi
ver
evi
sionbyanat
iveEngl
i
sh
speaker
.

NSr
efer
ees,
ont
heot
herhand,
tendt
ofocusmor
eonpr
obl
emsr
elat
edt
oint
ell
i
gi-
bi
l
ityandr
eadabi
l
ity
:ver
bosi
ty,r
edundancyandr
ambl
i
ngsent
ences.Manynat
ive
Engl
i
sh-
speaki
ngr
efer
eesar
esy
mpat
het
ict
othei
rnon-
nat
ivecol
l
eagues.One
r
evi
ewerIcont
act
edsai
d:

It
ypi
cal
l
ydon’
tcommentonmi
norgr
ammat
icali
ssuesi
nmyr
evi
ewsunl
ess
t
hegr
ammarmakest
hecont
enthar
dtof
oll
oworunder
stand.Ican’
timagi
ne
hav
ing t
o wr
it
e al
lmysci
ent
if
icpaper
sin a second l
anguage—i
t’
shar
d
enought
odoi
nanat
ivel
anguage—soIhav
eal
otofsy
mpat
hyf
orpeopl
ewho
hav
ethatobst
acl
etopubl
i
cat
ion.

60
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Gr
ammat
icalandl
exi
caler
ror
sar
eunl
i
kel
ytocompl
etel
yimpai
rar
efer
ee’
s
under
-st
andi
ngofy
ourpaper
,butt
oomanyoft
hem mi
ghtcauser
efer
eest
o
becomei
rr
it
atedandt
olosei
nter
estnotonl
yinwhaty
ouar
ewr
it
ingabout
,but
i
nyouaswel
l
.Basi
cal
l
yify
ourpaperi
sfi
l
ledwi
ther
ror
sthi
srequi
rest
oomuch
ef
for
tont
hepar
toft
her
efer
eeandt
hismayhav
eanegat
ivei
mpactonhi
s/her
opi
nion notonl
yofy
ourpaperbutal
so on y
ourcr
edi
bil
i
tyas a r
eli
abl
e
r
esear
cher
.

Al
lref
ereesobj
ectt
ospel
l
ingmi
stakes,par
ti
cul
arl
yast
hisi
ssomet
hingt
hat
aut
hor
scaneasi
l
ycheckt
hemsel
ves.A ser
iesoft
ri
vi
alandeasi
l
ycor
rect
abl
e
mi
stakes,maymakesomer
efer
eesf
eelt
haty
ouar
enotv
erycompet
entand
r
eli
abl
e
-andt
hei
ropi
nionofy
ourEngl
i
shmayev
ent
hrowdoubt
sont
hei
ropi
nionofhow
wel
lyoucar
ri
edouty
ourr
esear
ch.

Judgi
nger
ror
sisanext
remel
ysubj
ect
iveexer
cise,anddi
ff
erentr
efer
ees
mayhav
ever
ydi
ff
erenti
deasaboutwhatt
heywoul
dter
m as‘
i
ntol
erabl
e’or
‘
obj
ect
ionabl
e’er
ror
s.Thi
smayhel
ptoexpl
aint
hoseoccasi
onswheny
ourpaper
i
srej
ect
edbyoner
efer
eef
or‘
ver
ypoor
’Engl
i
sh,
wher
east
heot
herr
efer
eesmake
nocommentatal
laboutt
heEngl
i
shl
evel
.

Somet
imesr
efer
eeswi
l
lgi
venospeci
fi
creasonsf
orr
eject
ingy
ourpaperdue
i
tspoorEngl
i
sh,butt
heywi
l
lsaysomet
hingl
i
ke:Thi
sref
ereer
ecommendst
hat
t
heaut
hor
shav
ethei
rpaperr
evi
sedbyaqual
i
fiednat
iveEngl
i
shspeaker
.Thi
s
mayhappenf
ort
wor
easons:

1.t
her
efer
eei
sei
theraNSoraNNSandf
eel
sthatt
hequal
i
tyoft
heEngl
i
shi
s
l
owbuti
sunabl
etopi
npoi
ntexact
lywhati
tis.I
nthi
scase,t
hecauseoft
he
pr
obl
em i
sgener
all
yanov
eral
ll
ackofr
eadabi
l
ity
.
2.t
her
efer
eei
saNNS,i
snotsur
eoft
hel
evelofEngl
i
sh,andwant
stopr
otect
hi
msel
f/her
-sel
fjusti
ncaset
her
ear
eer
ror
s.Thi
sisaf
ace-
sav
ingdev
ice
adopt
edbyNNSr
efer
eesi
nrel
ati
ont
otheedi
tor
.Howev
er,pl
easenot
ethat
t
hisonl
yhappensi
nsomecases,
andi
snotagener
alr
ule.
Cut
,cut
,cutandkeepcut
ti
ng

61
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

I
magi
net
haty
ouhav
ebeenaskedbyt
her
efer
eet
oreducey
ourpaperby25%.
Asy
ougo t
hrought
hepaper
,cutasmuchasy
oucan(
wit
houtnecessar
il
y
el
i
minat
inganycont
ent
).Thi
sver
yrar
elyl
eadst
oapoor
ermanuscr
ipt
,mor
eof
ten
i
timpr
ovesi
tmassi
vel
y.Ont
hebasi
sofi
dent
ical
cont
ent
,ther
eisnor
efer
eei
nthe
wor
ldwhowoul
dpr
efert
orev
iewapaperoft
went
ypagesr
athert
hanf
if
teen.

Makesur
eyouhav
en’
tincl
udedanysent
encesorpar
agr
aphsj
ustbecause
t
heysoundgoodt
oyouory
ouar
epar
ti
cul
arl
ypl
easedwi
tht
hewayy
ouhav
e
expr
essed y
our
sel
f.Forexampl
e,i
nthi
s chapt
erIcoul
d hav
eremov
ed t
he
subsect
ionabov
e,butIdeci
dedt
oincl
udei
tasanexampl
eofsomet
hingt
hat
coul
dbecut
!

Fi
nal
l
y,af
ewmont
hsi
ntot
hef
utur
eyouwi
l
lnotev
enr
ememberwhaty
oucut
.
I
tmayseem desper
atel
yimpor
tantf
ory
out
oincl
udesomet
hingnow,butr
eal
l
y
asky
our
sel
f:Domyr
eader
sneedt
oreadt
his?Wi
l
ltheynot
icei
fIhav
ecuti
tout
?

Checky
ourpaperf
orr
eadabi
l
ity

Websi
tedesi
gner
sfol
l
owt
hepr
inci
pleof‘
don’
tmakemet
hink’
.Thi
smeans
t
hatev
ery
thi
ngshoul
dbesocl
eart
ovi
si
tor
stot
hei
rwebsi
tes,t
hatt
hesev
isi
tor
s
i
ntui
ti
vel
yknow wher
etof
indt
hei
nfor
mat
iont
heyneed.Thev
isi
tor
sar
enot
r
equi
redt
othi
nk.

Si
mil
arl
y,wr
it
ersoft
echni
calmanual
sfocusonpr
esent
ingi
nfor
mat
ioni
nan
or
der
lyst
rai
ght
for
war
dfashi
ont
hatr
equi
resmi
nimali
ntel
l
ect
ualef
for
tont
hepar
t
oft
her
eader–t
heywantt
her
eader
stoassi
mil
atet
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
nar
elaxed
way
,theydon’
twantt
omaket
hei
rreader
sti
redandst
ressed.

Youdonotwantr
efer
eesandr
eader
stoconsi
dery
ourwor
kwor
dy,uncl
ear
,
pompous,ordul
l
,sowheny
oumaket
hef
inalcheckofy
oumanuscr
ipt
,ask
y
our
sel
fthef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

•ar
emysent
encesr
easonabl
yshor
t?(
sent
encesl
ongert
han30wor
dsar
e
gener
all
yhar
dtoassi
mil
atewi
thouthav
ingt
ober
eadt
wice)
•ar
emypar
agr
aphsr
easonabl
yshor
t?

62
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

•hav
eIonl
ywr
it
tenwhataddsv
alue,
hav
eIensur
edt
her
eisnor
edundancy
?
•hav
eIcl
ear
lydi
ff
erent
iat
edmywor
kfr
om t
hewor
kofot
her
ssot
hatt
he
r
efer
eescanunder
standwhatIdi
dinr
elat
iont
owhatot
her
shav
edonebef
ore
me?
•hav
eIhi
ghl
i
ght
edmycont
ri
but
ionandt
hegapi
tfi
l
lssot
hatt
her
efer
eescan
j
udgewhet
hermypaperi
ssui
tabl
eformychosenj
our
nal
?

Readabi
l
ityi
sal
soaf
fect
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:

•poorl
ayout
:lar
gebl
ocksoft
extar
ehar
dtor
ead,
wher
easshor
tpar
agr
aphs
wi
thwhi
tespacei
nbet
weent
hem ar
emucheasi
er
•ambi
gui
tyandl
ackofcl
ari
ty:
ther
eaderi
snotsur
ehowt
oint
erpr
etaphr
ase
•l
ackofst
ruct
ure:
wit
hinasent
ence,
par
agr
aphorsect
ion
•t
oomuchabst
ract
ion:
ther
eaderi
snotgi
venconcr
eteexpl
anat
ionsor
ex
ampl
es
l
ackofconsi
stency
I
fyouhav
eti
me,i
tisagoodi
deai
stogetcol
l
eaguest
orev
iew y
our
manuscr
ipt(
incl
udi
ngt
het
it
le)
,andy
our
evi
ewt
hei
rwor
k.Of
teni
tismucheasi
er
t
ospotmi
stakes(
grammat
ical
,st
yli
sti
c,st
ruct
uralet
c.)i
not
herpeopl
e’
swor
k
t
hani
nyourown.Buty
oucani
mpr
ovey
ourcr
it
icalski
l
lsofy
ourownwor
kify
ou
becomeaccust
omedt
ocr
it
ical
l
yev
aluat
ingot
herpeopl
e’
spaper
s.
I
tishi
ghl
yir
ri
tat
ingf
orr
efer
eesandedi
tor
swhenaut
hor
ssubmi
tpaper
s
t
hatdonotr
espectt
hest
yli
sti
crequi
rement
soft
hej
our
nal
.Thi
sispar
ti
cul
arl
y
t
ruewi
thr
egar
dtohow y
ouci
tet
hel
i
ter
atur
ebot
hwi
thi
nthebodyoft
hepaper
andi
ntheLi
ter
atur
eCi
tedsect
ion.
Thi
sav
oidsr
efer
eesf
rom hav
ingt
oincl
udei
nthei
rrepor
tli
stsofsmal
l
t
hingst
hatneedchangi
ng.Apaperf
orpubl
i
cat
ioni
naj
our
nali
sver
ydi
ff
erent
f
rom at
hesi
s.Wheny
ouwr
otey
ourt
hesi
s,y
oumaynothav
ebeent
oowor
ri
ed
aboutbei
ngcompl
etel
yaccur
atei
nthewayy
oupr
esent
edr
efer
encesandy
ou
maynothav
epr
oof
-readi
tver
ycar
eful
l
y–“
inanycase”y
out
hought“
noonei
s
ev
ergoi
ngt
oreadi
t”
.Butpeopl
ewi
l
lready
ourmanuscr
ipt
,st
art
ingwi
tht
he
r
efer
ees.I
ftheyf
indt
haty
ouhav
eci
tedpaper
siny
ouri
ntr
oduct
ionbutnotput
t
hem i
nthebi
bli
ogr
aphy
,orv
icev
ersa,
ori
ftheyseespel
l
ingmi
stakes,
theymi
ght
t
hinkt
othemsel
ves:t
hisaut
horhaspai
dli
tt
leat
tent
iont
othef
orm oft
hepaper
,

63
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

sot
her
eisast
rongpr
obabi
l
ityt
hatt
hei
rresear
chsuf
fer
sfr
om t
hesamel
evelof
unr
eli
abi
l
ity
.
Mostj
our
nal
srej
ectl
argenumber
sofpaper
s.I
ngener
al,t
hehi
ghert
he
i
mpactf
act
orofaj
our
nal
,thehi
ghert
her
iskofr
eject
ion.Don’
tbeputof
f.The
hi
ghestr
ankedj
our
nal
sal
sot
endt
ohav
ethef
ast
estt
urnar
oundandmayt
hus
r
etur
nyourr
eject
edpaperqui
tequi
ckl
y.Thebenef
itt
oyoui
sthaty
ouar
eli
kel
yto
begi
venapeerr
evi
ew ofanexcel
l
entst
andar
d,whi
chshoul
dhel
pyout
orev
ise
y
ourpaperbef
oresubmi
tt
ingi
tel
sewher
e.Seer
eject
ionasanoppor
tuni
tyf
or
maki
ngy
ourpaperev
enbet
ter
.
Takeedi
tor
ial
comment
sser
iousl
y
Ther
eisat
endencyt
oonl
ytakei
ntoaccountr
efer
ees’comment
sthaty
ou
agr
eewi
thandt
odi
scountev
ery
thi
ngel
se.Howev
er,
ifar
efer
eesay
sthathe/
she
cannotunder
standwhaty
oumean,t
her
eisav
erygoodchancet
hatr
eader
swi
l
l
hav
ethesamepr
obl
em.

Consi
derusi
ngapr
ofessi
onal
edi
ti
ngser
vice

Consi
derhav
ingy
ourpapercor
rect
edt
hroughapr
ofessi
onalagencyor
nat
ivespeaki
ngpeer(
i.
e.someonei
nthesamef
iel
dasy
ouwhohasal
sohad
paper
spubl
i
shed)
.Hav
ingy
ourpaperr
evi
sedi
scer
tai
nlyacost
,butt
hecost
i
nvol
vedi
sli
kel
ytobef
arl
esst
han1% oft
hecostofact
ual
l
ycar
ryi
ngoutt
he
r
esear
ch.Yetagoodr
evi
sionwi
l
lmassi
vel
yincr
easet
hechancesofy
ourpaper
bei
ngpubl
i
shed.
I
tiswi
senott
oent
rusty
ourpapersi
mpl
yint
othehandsofal
ocalEngl
i
sh
t
eacherort
heEngl
i
sh-
speaki
nghusband/
wif
eofacol
l
eague.Thef
actofspeaki
ng
orev
ent
eachi
ngal
anguager
arel
yqual
i
fiesaper
sont
ocar
ryoutt
hedi
ff
icul
ttask
ofpr
oof
-readi
ngandedi
ti
ngasci
ent
if
ict
ext
.

Someagenci
eswi
l
lal
sogi
vey
ouadv
iceonhowt
oimpr
ovey
ourpaperi
ngener
al,
andt
husactasapr
e-r
efer
eei
ngser
vice.
Don’
tfor
gett
heAcknowl
edgement
s

TheAcknowl
edgement
sgener
all
yincl
udeoneormor
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.

64
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

•Sour
cesoff
unds.

•Peopl
ewhogav
esi
gni
fi
cantt
echni
cal
hel
p(e.
g.i
nthedesi
gnofy
our
exper
iment
,inpr
ovi
dingmat
eri
als)
.

•Peopl
ewhogav
eideas,
suggest
ions,
int
erpr
etat
ionset
c.

•Theanony
mousr
evi
ewer
s

I
tisagoodi
deat
olett
hepeopl
ethaty
ouwi
sht
oacknowl
edgeseet
heexact
wor
dingofhowy
ouwantt
oacknowl
edget
hem -t
heymi
ghtt
hinki
tist
ooef
fusi
ve
(
oroccasi
onal
l
y,i
nsuf
fi
cient
).

Thest
yleofgi
vi
ngacknowl
edgement
smaybequi
tedi
ff
erentf
rom t
hest
yleoft
he
r
estoft
hepaper
.Forexampl
e,y
oucanuset
hef
ir
stper I
son(,we)
.

Keepy
ouracknowl
edgement
sasshor
taspossi
ble,t
heyar
egener
all
yofl
i
ttl
e
i
nter
estt
oany
oneapar
tfr
om t
hosement
ioned.
Wr
it
eagoodl
ett
er/emai
ltoaccompanyy
ourmanuscr
ipt

I
fyourEngl
i
shi
spoori
nyouremai
l
,theedi
tormaysuspectt
hatt
heEngl
i
sh
wi
l
lbepoori
nthemanuscr
iptt
oo.Thi
sisnotagoodst
art
.Tol
ear
nhowt
owr
it
e
ef
fec- t
ive emai
l
s, see t
he compani
on v
olume: Engl
i
sh f
or Academi
c
Cor
respondenceandSoci
al
iz
ing.

Fi
nal
check:
spel
l
ing.Don’
tunder
est
imat
ethei
mpor
tanceofspel
l
ingmi
stakes

Poorspel
l
ingi
sconsi
der
edt
obeahugeembar
rassmenti
ntheEngl
i
sh-
speaki
ng
wor
ld.Consequent
ly,r
ight
lyorwr
ongl
yspel
l
ingi
samaj
ori
ssuei
nint
ernat
ional
j
our
nal
s.

Ref
ereeshav
ebeenknownt
oini
ti
all
yrej
ectamanuscr
iptont
hebasi
sofi
ncor
rect
spel
l
ingal
one.

I
nanycase,
ref
ereesdonotl
i
ket
oseespel
l
ingmi
stakes,
andsomemayt
hinkt
hat
t
her
eisani
mpl
i
citr
elat
ionbet
weennott
aki
ngt
imet
ochecky
ourspel
l
ingand
possi
blynotchecki
ngy
ourdat
a!

65
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Spel
l
ingchecker
sonl
ypi
ckupwor
dst
hatar
enotcont
ainedi
nthei
rdi
cti
onar
ies.
Mi
stakesandt
yposl
i
ket
heonesbel
owwoul
dnotnor
mal
l
ybef
oundbecauset
hey
ar
ewor
dst
hatar
eint
hedi
cti
onar
y.

Thecompanywasf
undedi
n2010.(
founded)

Thesampl ewei
eswer ght
edandf
oundedt
obe100g.(
wei
ghed,
f
ound)I
twasdi
ff
erentf
orm whatwasexpect
ed.(
from)

Spel
lchecker
smaynotbeper
fect
,butt
heyar
ever
yusef
ul.Gr
ammarchecker
s
ar
eal
sol
i
kel
ytof
indaf
ewmi
stakest
haty
oumaynothav
enot
iced.Theywi
l
lhel
p
y
ouf
inder
ror
sconnect
edwi
thsubj
ectv
erbagr
eement
,wor
dor
der
,punct
uat
ion
(
bef
ore whi
ch and and,and wi
th hy
phenat
ion bet
ween wor
ds)
,unnecessar
y
passi
vef
ormset
c.

66
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Uni
t–4

Sy
ll
abus:

Keyski
ll
sforwr
it
ingat
it
le–anabst
ract–ani
ntr
oduct
ion–r
evi
ewof
l
it
erat
ure

Whatkeyski
l
lsar
eneededwhenwr
it
ingaTi
tl
e?
Ev
erywor
diny
ourt
it
lei
simpor
tant
.Sot
hekeyi
stodev
iseat
it
let
hat
:

1 wi
l
limmedi
atel
ymakesenset
other
efer
ee

2 wi
l
leasi
l
ybef
oundbyasear
chengi
neori
ndexi
ngsy
stem

3 wi
l
lat
tractt
her
ightki
ndofr
eader
srat
hert
handi
scour
agi
ngt
hem,andwi
l
l
al
so cat
ch t
he at
tent
ion ofbr
owser
s.Not
e‘at
tr
act
ion’does notmean
r
esor
ti
ngt
onewspaper
-l
ikehead-l
i
nes,butsi
mpl
ycont
aini
ngt
hosewor
ds
t
hatr
eader
siny
ourf
iel
dwoul
dexpectt
ofi
nd

4 does not consi

st of a st
ri
ng of nouns and wi
l
l be i
mmedi
atel
y
compr
ehensi
blet
oany
onei
nyourgener
alf
iel
d

5 i
sshor
t

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ini
teandconci
sei
ndi
cat
ionofwhati
tiswr
it
teni
nthepaperi
tsel
f.I
t
i
snei
therunj
ust
if
iabl
yspeci
fi
cnort
oov
agueorgener
ic
Ther
ul esf
orwr
it
inggoodt
it
lesr
efl
ectt
her
ulesonwr
it
ingski
l
ls:

Ty
pical
compl
aint
sofRef
erees:

Thet
it
lei
stoogener
ic(
“Agener
alst
rat
egy
”…)
:itshoul
dbemor
einf
ormat
ive
oft
hecont
entoft
hemanuscr
ipt(
e.g.Apr
ocedur
efort
heext
ract
ionofv
itami
nB
f
rom ….
).Thet
it
lei
srat
hermi
sleadi
ng:i
tment
ionsaspeci
fi
cpat
hol
ogyi
naspeci
fi
c
f
rui
t(ki
wi)
.Howev
er,t
hef
ocusoft
hepaperi
sont
hepat
hol
ogy
,theaspectofi
t
bei
ngi
nki
wiseemssecondar
y.Asi
tst
ands,
thet
it
lei
sjustasequenceofnouns.

Howcanonegener
ateat
it
le?

Thi
nkaboutt
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions:

67
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

•
Whathav
eIf
oundt
hatwi
l
lat
tractat
tent
ion?

•
Whati
snew,
dif
fer
entandi
nter
est
ingaboutmyf
indi
ngs?

•
Whatar
ethe3–5keywor
dst
hathi
ghl
i
ghtwhatmakesmyr
esear
chandmyf
indi
ngs
uni
que?

Ont
hebasi
sofy
ouranswer
syoushoul
dbeabl
etof
ormul
ateat
it
le.

Howcanonemaket
it
lemor
edy
nami
c?

Ev
erywor
d(apar
tfr
om ar
ti
clesandpr
eposi
ti
ons)i
ncl
udedi
nthet
it
leshoul
d
addsi
gni
fi
cance.

Forexampl
e:S1.*
Ast
udyoft
hef
act
orsaf
fect
ingt
het
ri
hyr
oxy
indol
epr
ocedur
efor
t
heanal
ysi
sofdeoxy
ribonucl
eicaci
d

S2.*
Ani
nvest
igat
ioni
ntosomepsy
chol
ogi
cal
aspect
sofEngl
i
shpr
onunci
ati
on

Thef
ir
stsev
enwor
dsi
nS1gi
vet
her
eadernoi
nfor
mat
ion.S1andS2mi
ght
bemor
edy
nami
candmor
econci
sei
fthei
nit
ialr
edundantwor
dswer
eremov
ed.
Si
mil
arwor
ds t
hatar
e of
ten r
edundantar
e:i
nqui
ry,anal
ysi
s,ev
aluat
ion,and
assessment
.

Howt
it
lemakeacl
aim?

Manyr
efer
eesandj
our
nal
sedi
tor
sdonotappr
eci
ateaut
hor
swhouset
he
t
it
let
opr
esentt
hei
rmaj
orconcl
usi
onandt
husper
hapsov
erst
atet
hei
mpor
tanceof
t
hei
rfi
ndi
ngs.Forexampl
e:

Theconsumpt
ionofoneappl
eperdaypr
ecl
udest
henecessi
tyofusi
ng
medi
cal
ser
vices

Theabov
eiswhati
sknownasadecl
arat
ivet
it
le.I
tsummar
izest
heaut
hor
’s
mosti
mpor
tantf
indi
ngs,
asacompl
etesent
ence(
i.
e.wi
thsubj
ect–v
erb-obj
ect
).I
t
doessoi
nawayt
hatt
her
eseemst
obenoel
ementofdoubt
.Howev
er,i
fthe
aut
hor
’s concl
usi
ons ar
e onl
y specul
ati
ons,t
hen such decl
arat
ivet
it
les ar
e
danger
ous.Thi
sisbecauset
heygi
ver
eader
sthei
nit
iali
deat
hatt
hei
ssuehasbeen
set
tl
edandt
hatwhatt
heaut
horasser
tsi
snowsci
ent
if
icf
act
.Thei
mpor
tantt
hingi
s
t
oensur
ethatt
het
it
ler
efl
ect
sthet
rut
handi
ssuppor
tedbyt
her
estoft
hepaper
.

68
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Ar
equest
ionsi
nti
tl
esagoodwayt
oat
tractat
tent
ion?

Thet
it
lesbel
owhi
ghl
i
ghtt
hataquest
ioncanbef
ormul
atedusi
nganauxi
l
iar
y
(
e.g.does,woul
d,can,wi
l
l)andusi
ngquest
ionwor
ds(
e.g.why
,when,what
,whi
ch,
why
,who)
.

Doest
heocean-
atmospher
esy
stem hav
emor
ethanonest
abl
emodeofoper
ati
on?

Ti
tl
eswi
thquest
ionsal
sowor
kpar
ti
cul
arl
ywel
lforabst
ract
ssubmi
tt
edt
o
conf
erences.Theyar
egener
all
ymuchmor
einf
ormalandbecauseoft
hei
rquest
ion
f
ormt
heyi
mmedi
atel
ygetr
eader
sthi
nki
ngaboutwhatt
heanswermi
ghtbe.They
canal
sobeor
igi
nalandf
un,ashi
ghl
i
ght
edbyt
hel
astt
it
le.Theyt
hust
endt
ost
and
outf
rom ot
hert
it
lesandar
emor
eli
kel
ytoat
tractat
tent
ion.

Wheni
sat
wo-
par
tti
tl
eagoodi
dea?

I
nthese cases t
he f
ir
stpar
tposes a quest
ion,whi
ch t
he second par
t
answer
s.I
not
hercasest
hesecondpar
tact
sasanexpl
anat
ionf
ort
hef
ir
stpar
t:
Consequencesofer
udi
tev
ernacul
arut
il
izedi
rr
espect
iveofnecessi
ty:pr
obl
emsof
usi
ngl
ongwor
dsneedl
essl
y

Ex:r
oleofmedi
cine:
dream,
mir
ageornemesi
s

Ex:
Tel
l
ingmor
ethanwecanknow:
Ver
bal
repor
tsonment
alpr
ocesses

Gi
vent
hatt
wo-
par
tti
tl
esar
emuchl
esscommont
hanot
hert
it
lest
heygener
all
y
at
tractmor
eat
tent
ion,andl
i
kequest
ionswor
kwel
lforabst
ract
ssubmi
tt
edt
o
conf
erences.

punct
uat
ionoft
it
le:Thet
wopar
tsoft
het
it
lesi
nEx
:Ol
dage:Ast
udyofdi
ver
sit
y
amongmenandwomenar
esepar
atedbyacol
on.Somej
our
nal
srequi
reacapi
tal
l
ett
eraf
teracol
on,asi
nthe exampl
e.Ti
tl
esnev
erendwi
thaper
iod(
.)
,buti
fthey
ar
equest
ions,t
hent
her
eshoul
dbeaquest
ionmar
katt
heendExampl
es:WhyDo
SomeCount
ri
esPr
oduceSoMuchMor
eOut
putPerWor
kerThanOt
her
s?Doest
he
ocean-
atmospher
esy
stem hav
emor
ethanonest
abl
emodeofoper
ati
on?

Capi
tal
i
zeaTi
tl
e:Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ytwoway
stocapi
tal
i
zeat
it
le.Thef
ir
sti
sto
capi
tal
i
zeeachi
nit
iall
ett
er,apar
tfr
om ar
ti
cles(
a,an,t
he)andpr
eposi
ti
ons(
e.g.on,
by
,in,of
).Theot
heri
sjustt
ocapi
tal
i
zet
hef
ir
stl
ett
eroft
hef
ir
stwor
d,andt
hent
o

69
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

hav
eal
ltheot
herwor
dsi
nlowercase.Ofcour
se,i
fthewor
disapr
opernoun,t
hen
t
hisshoul
dhav
eani
nit
ial
capi
tal
let
tert
oo.

Wor
dst
oincl
udei
nTi
tl
e:Wher
epossi
bleuset
he-
ingf
orm ofv
erbsr
athert
han
abst
ractnouns.Thi
swi
l
lmakey
ourt
it
lemor
ereadabl
easwel
lasmaki
ngi
t2–3
wor
dsshor
ter
.Thekeywor
dsi
nyourt
it
lear
eli
kel
ytobenouns.Sochooset
hese
nounsv
erycar
e-f
ull
y.Tr
ytochooseadj
ect
ivest
hati
ndi
cat
etheuni
quef
eat
uresof
y
ourwor
k,e.
g.l
ow cost
,scal
abl
e,r
obust
,power
ful
.Adj
ect
ivessuchasr
eli
abl
e
shoul
donl
ybeusedi
fwor
kiny
ourf
iel
dhassof
aronl
ypr
oducedanunr
eli
abl
e
sy
stem orunr
eli
abl
eresul
ts.

Adj
ect
ivesi
ntheTi
tl
e:

Thi
sis because t
he ot
herwor
ds i
nthe t
it
le shoul
d enabl
ereader
sto
under
standwhet
hery
ourwor
kisi
nnov
ati
veornot
,wi
thouty
ouhav
ingt
ouse
i
nnov
ati
veandnov
elt
otel
lthem so.Thepr
obl
em wi
thnov
elandi
nnov
ati
vei
sthat
t
heygi
venoi
ndi
cat
ionast
ohow somet
hingi
snov
el.Forexampl
e,whatdoes
nov
elmeani
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
it
le?Anov
elmet
hodf
orl
ear
ningEngl
i
sh.
Mor
eexpl
i
citadj
ect
ivest
orepl
acenov
elcoul
dbe:
comput
eri
zed,
guar
ant
eed,
hi
gh-
per
for
mance,
low-
cost
,mi
nimal
-st
ress,
no-
cost
,pai
n-f
ree.
shor
tert
it
le:Ti
tl
esar
eof
tenconst
ri
ctedbyt
henumberofchar
act
erst
hatcanbeused
(
checkwi
thy
ourj
our
nalt
oseehowmanywor
dsorchar
act
ersy
oucanuse)
.Insomecases
y
oucankeepy
ourt
it
leasi
tisbutr
educei
tinl
engt
hsi
mpl
ybyr
epl
aci
ngt
henon-
keywor
ds
wi
thshor
tersy
nony
ms.
Exampl
es:
Longv
erbs-shor
tver
bs Longnouns-shor
tnouns
Achi
eve-
gai
n adv
ant
ages-benef
it
s/Pr
os
Cal
cul
ate-assess i
mpr
ovement
-adv
ance
Ev
aluat
e-r
ate modi
fi
cat
ion-
change

Themostobv
iousway
stomakey
ourt
it
leshor
terar
eto:

•chooset
heshor
testwor
d

•r
emov
eredundantwor
ds

•usev
erbsr
athert
hannouns
Pr
eposi
ti
onsi
ntheTi
tl
e:Mostt
it
lesofmor
ethanaboutf
ivewor
dsr
equi
repr
eposi
ti
ons.
someexampl
esexpl
aint
het
ypi
calmeani
ngsofpr
eposi
ti
onsi
nti
tl
es,wi
thandwi
thout
pr
eposi
ti
ons

70
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

by how somet
hingi
sdone-Equat
ionofst
atecal
cul
atonsbyf
i astcomput
ing
machi
nes

f
or f
ort
hepur
poseof
-Ani
nvent
oryf
ormeasur
ingdepr
essi
on

Ev
eni
fyoudon’
tunder
standt
heexactmeani
ngoft
het
it
les,t
hei
mpor
tantt
hing
t
onot
eist
hatt
heuseofpr
eposi
ti
onshel
pst
her
eadert
ounder
standhow t
he
v
ari
ousel
ement
sint
het
it
lear
erel
atedt
oeachot
her
.Al
sonot
ethatr
ewr
it
inga
t
it
le sot
hati
tcont
ainspr
eposi
ti
onsmayi
nvol
v nga/
eaddi anort
he.

Spel
lchecksi
ntheTi
tl
e:
Thepr
obl
em i
nthi
scasei
sthaty
ouast
heaut
hormaybei
ncr
edi
blyf
ami
l
iar
wi
tht
het
it
leofy
ourpaper
,itmayev
enhav
ebeent
het
it
leofy
ourMast
ersorPhD
t
hesi
s.Thi
smeanst
haty
ouar
eunl
i
kel
ytocheckf
orpossi
bleer
ror
s.Gi
vent
haty
ou
maynotbeunabl
etoseey
ourownspel
l
ingmi
stakes,
iti
sagoodi
deat
oshowy
our
t
it
let
osev
eralot
herpeopl
e,f
ir
stl
ytogett
hem t
ocheckt
hespel
l
ingbutmor
e
i
mpor
tant
lyt
ogetsomef
eedbackonwhet
hery
ourt
it
lei
scl
earandexpl
i
citenough.

I
nar
esear
chpaper
,poorspel
l
inggi
vest
hei
deat
haty
oudi
dnotmaket
he
ef
for
ttochecky
ourpaper
.Byext
ensi
on,
ify
oudi
dnotchecky
ourspel
l
ingt
her
eisa
chance y
ou di
d notcheck y
ourdat
a.Per
haps f
ort
hisr
eason r
efer
ees seem
obsessedwi
thf
indi
ngandr
epor
ti
ngspel
l
ingmi
stakes.I
ftheyf
indmor
ethanoneor
t
wot
hismaycauset
hem t
orecommendt
hatpubl
i
cat
ionofy
ourpapershoul
dbe
del
ayedunt
ilt
hepaperhasbeent
hor
oughl
ypr
oofr
ead.Anot
hermaj
orr
easonf
or
checki
ngt
hespel
l
ingi
nyourt
it
le,
ist
hati
fakeywor
d(e.
g.Al
zhei
mer
’s)i
smi
sspel
l
ed
ornotpunct
uat
edcor
rect
ly(
not
etheapost
rophebef
oret
hes)
,thensear
chengi
nes
wi
l
lnotbeabl
etof
indi
t.

Keyski
l
lsf
orwr
it
inganAbst
ract
Thekeyski
l
lsar
etowr
it
eanAbst
racti
nawayt
hatwi
l
lenabl
e:

•edi
tor
stomakeaqui
ckdeci
siononwhet
hert
hepaperi
srel
evantt
othei
rjour
nal
(
wit
houthav
ingt
oreadt
hewhol
epaper
)andi
sthuswor
thsubmi
tt
ingt
oref
erees
whowi
l
lthenj
udget
hepaperi
nit
sent
ir
ety

•ar
eadert
oident
if
yqui
ckl
ywhatt
hepaperi
sabout
,toj
udgehow r
elev
anti
tist
o
t
hei
rint
erest
s,andsot
odeci
dewhet
hert
heyshoul
dbuy/r
eadt
hewhol
epaperor

71
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

not
.Thi
spr
ocessi
ssomet
imesknownas‘
scr
eeni
ng’

•i
nfor
mat
ionmanager
s(e.
g.l
i
brar
ians)t
oputi
tint
hei
rindexes

Onl
i
nej
our
nal
shav
edat
abasesofabst
ract
s.Yourj
obasawr
it
eri
sto‘
sel
l
’your
abst
ractt
opot
ent
ial
reader
sby
:

•at
tract
ingt
hei
rcur
iosi
tyandst
imul
ati
ngt
hem t
owantt
oreadt
hecompl
etepaper

•wr
it
ing v
erycl
earand shor
tsent
ences(
max.25 wor
ds,unl
esst
hesent
ence
cont
ainsal
i
st)

Fi
rsti
mpr
essi
ons ar
ever
yimpor
tant
.Ify
ourpapermakes a bad i
nit
ial
i
mpr
essi
on,t
her
eisav
eryst
rongchancet
hatt
her
eaderwi
l
lqui
ckl
yst
opr
eadi
ng.I
t
wi
l
lal
sohav
eanegat
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fectonr
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ees-i
ftheyst
ruggl
etor
eady
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ractor
I
ntr
oduct
ion,t
hiswi
l
limpactont
hei
rreadi
ngoft
her
estoft
hepaper
.Theywi
l
l
expectt
her
estoft
hepapert
obedi
ff
icul
ttoo,
andmayonl
ytol
ookf
orev
idencet
hat
conf
ir
mst
hisi
nit
ial
impr
essi
on,
eveni
fther
estoft
hepaperi
sinf
actqui
ter
eadabl
e.

Whati
sanabst
ract
?Howl
ongshoul
ditbe?

Ther
ear
efourmai
nty
pesofabst
ract
s,al
lofwhi
chsummar
izet
hehi
ghl
i
ght
sofy
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r
esear
chandal
lofwhi
chwi
l
lbej
udgedi
nisol
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onf
rom t
heaccompany
ingpaper(
if
t
her
eisone)
.Abst
ract
sar
esomet
imescal
l
edSummar
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ract
sar
efound
bef
orea f
ullar
ti
cl
einaj
our
nal
,st
andal
onei
n dat
abasesofabst
ract
s,and i
n
conf
erencepr
ogr
ams.

Unst
ruct
uredAbst
ract
:

A si
ngl
e par
agr
aph ofbet
ween 100–250 wor
ds cont
aini
ng a v
erybr
ief
summar
yofeachoft
hemai
nsect
ionsofy
ourpaper

St
ruct
uredAbst
ract
:

Thesameassummar
iesbutdi
vi
dedi
ntosev
eralshor
tsect
ions.St
ruct
ured
abst
ract
s,whi
chl
ookl
i
kemi
ni-
paper
s,ar
ebecomi
ngmor
eandmor
epopul
ar.They
ar
ety
pical
l
yfoundi
nmedi
cine,butal
soi
neconomi
cs,nat
uralsci
encesandot
her
ar
eas.Mostaut
hor
sagr
eet
hatt
hest
ruct
uredf
ormathel
pst
hem t
owr
it
ecl
ear
er
abst
ract
s.St
ruct
uredabst
ract
sal
sof
orcet
heaut
hort
oansweral
lthequest
ions

72
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

(
incl
udi
ngl
i
mit
ati
onst
othei
rresear
ch)t
hatr
efer
eesandr
eader
sar
eli
kel
ytoask.I
n
addi
ti
on,t
heyar
emuchmor
ereadabl
easr
efer
ees(
fort
hei
rpeerr
evi
ews)and
r
eader
scanf
indexact
lywhatt
heywantqui
ckl
y.Aswi
thal
labst
ract
s,i
tisv
ery
i
mpor
tantt
haty
ouf
oll
owt
hej
our
nal
’
sinst
ruct
ionst
oaut
hor
swhi
chwi
l
ltel
lyouwhat
sect
ionst
oincl
udei
nyourabst
ractandwhatst
ylet
oadopt
.Thi
ssor
tofabst
ract
t
endst
obel
onger(
upt
o400wor
ds)andi
sof
tenwr
it
tenasaser
iesofpoi
nts,
t
houghf
ull
sent
enceswi
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erbsar
eal
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susedi
ntheResul
tsandConcl
usi
ons.

Ext
endedAbst
ract
:Ami
nipaperor
gani
zedi
nthesamewayasaf
ullpaper(
e.g.
I
ntr
oduct
ion,Met
hods,Di
scussi
on…)
,butsubst
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ial
l
yshor
ter(
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ofourpages)
.
Dependi
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our
nal
,conf
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ion,t
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endedabst
ractmayor
maynoti
ncl
udeanabst
ract–f
orexampl
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tmaybegi
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oduct
ion

Conf
erenceAbst
ract
:Nor
mal
l
yast
andal
oneabst
ract(
somet
imesupt
o500wor
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,
desi
gnedt
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pconf
erenceor
gani
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heywoul
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rconf
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our
nalhast
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elev
antt
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ali
zat
ionoft
hatj
our
nal
.

Li
kewi
se,anabst
ractf
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erencemustr
eal
l
yfi
ttheconf
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Thi
s poi
nti
s absol
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y essent
ial
.Occasi
onal
l
yint
he r
ush t
o or
gani
ze t
he
conf
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ewmont
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aterwheny
ousendt
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i
zet
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tdoesnotact
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fitdoesn’
tfi
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chooseanot
herconf
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ethaty
ourabst
ractwi
l
lnotj
ustbeent
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f
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l
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ngi
ntheconf
erence
handbook/pr
oceedi
ngs.Yourt
it
leshoul
dbei
nter
est
ingbutnott
ooobscur
eort
oo
col
l
oqui
al/wi
tt
y.

Thet
ypeofabst
racty
ouchooseandt
hef
ormatt
ousewi
l
ldependont
he
j
our
nalorconf
erence.Makesur
eyour
eadt
hei
rinst
ruct
ionst
oaut
hor
sbef
orey
ou
begi
nwr
it
ing.

Whenshoul
donewr
it
etheAbst
ract
?

Wr
it
ear
oughdr
aftoft
heabst
ractbef
orey
oust
artwr
it
ingt
hepaperi
tsel
f.
Thi
smayhel
pyout
odeci
dewhatt
oincl
udei
nthepaperandhowt
ost
ruct
urei
t.But
exper
iencedwr
it
ersal
way
swr
it
etheAbst
ract(
andof
tent
heI
ntr
oduct
iont
oo)l
ast
,

73
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

i
.e.whent
heyhav
efi
nishedt
her
estoft
hepaper
.Thi
sref
lect
sther
esear
chpr
ocess
i
tsel
f-t
hef
ir
stt
hingy
ouwr
it
eabouti
swhaty
ouf
ound,t
henhow t
hiscanbe
i
nter
pret
ed.

I
nanycase,
andaswi
tht
hewhol
epaper
,youmusthav
eacl
eari
deaofy
ouri
ntended
audi
ence. Howshoul
donest
ruct
ureanAbst
ract
?

An Abst
ractgener
all
y answer
s atl
eastt
he f
ir
stt
hree oft
he f
oll
owi
ng
quest
ions,andgener
all
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.Youcanuset
heanswer
stot
hese
quest
ionst
ost
ruct
urey
ourAbst
ract
.

•Whydi
dIcar
ryoutt
hispr
oject
?Whyam Iwr
it
ingt
hispaper
?

•Whatdi
dIdo,
andhow?

•Whatwer
emyr
esul
ts?Whatwasnewcompar
edt
opr
evi
ousr
esear
ch?

•Whatar
ethe i
mpl
i
cat
ions ofmyf
indi
ngs?Whatar
e myconcl
usi
ons and/
or
r
ecommendat
ions?

Al
thought
hest
yleofanabst
ractmaydi
ff
erf
rom di
sci
pli
net
odi
sci
pli
neand
f
rom j
our
nalt
ojour
nal
,thest
ruct
ureandi
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedi
squi
tesi
mil
ar.The
ai
misal
way
stot
ellr
eader
sal
ltheyneedt
oknow t
ohel
pthem deci
dewhet
hert
o
buy/r
eadt
hepaper
.Abst
ract
sfr
om soci
alandbehav
ior
alsci
encest
endt
odev
ote
mor
e space t
o back-gr
ound i
ssues and cont
extset
ti
ng.The ‘
thesi
s’i
s of
ten
f
ormul
atedasaser
iesofquest
ionst
hati
nfor
mther
eaderaboutwhati
ssueswi
l
lbe
deal
twi
thi
nthepaper
.

I
nanycasey
ourabst
ractshoul
dincl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:

•backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion

•y
ourai
m andi
tsi
mpor
tance

•y
ourcont
ri
but
ionandi
tsv
alue

•whaty
oul
ookedat

•y
ourconcl
usi
onsandi
mpl
i
cat
ions

Aswi
thal
labst
ract
sofal
ldi
sci
pli
nes,
wheny
ouar
ewr
it
ingar
evi
ewy
ouneed

74
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

t
otel
laudi
encewhaty
ourpr
imar
yobj
ect
ivei
s.Gi
vent
haty
ouwi
l
lnothav
espacet
o
r
evi
ew ev
erypaperi
nthe l
i
ter
atur
e,y
ou shoul
dthen expl
ainy
ourr
easons f
or
sel
ect
ingcer
tai
npaper
s.Your‘
resul
ts’ar
eyourf
indi
ngsdr
awnf
rom anal
yzi
ngt
he
l
i
ter
atur
e.Fi
nal
l
y,f
ory
ourr
evi
ewt
ohav
ear
ealpur
posey
ouwi
l
lwantt
ost
atey
our
concl
usi
onsandwhati
mpl
i
cat
ionst
heyhav
eforf
urt
herr
esear
chi
nyourf
iel
d.So
once agai
nyourst
ruct
urei
s:ai
m,met
hodol
ogy (
sel
ect
ion pr
ocess)
,resul
ts,
concl
usi
ons,
andi
mpl
i
cat
ions.

Ther
ear
efourpossi
blest
ylesf
orwr
it
ingabst
ract
sandpaper
s:Thest
yley
ou
usewi
l
ldependony
ourdi
sci
pli
neandont
her
equi
rement
soft
hej
our
nal
.Usi
ngt
he
f
ir
stper
sonsi
ngul
ar(
Sty
le1)
,isgener
all
yonl
yfoundi
nhumani
sti
cfi
eldswher
ethe
aut
hor
’sopi
nionsar
eof
tenout
li
ned.

St
yle-
1:If
oundt
hatx=y
.

St
yle-
2isf
oundi
nal
lfi
elds.

St
yle-2:
Wef
oundt
hatx=y
.

St
yle-
3isal
sov
erycommonandmanyj
our
nal
sinsi
stont
hisst
yle

St
yle-3:
Itwasf
oundt
hatx=y
.

St
yle-
4ist
hel
eastcommonst
yle.

St
yle-
4:Theaut
hor
sfoundt
hatx=y
.

Themostcommonl
yusedt
ensesi
nabst
ract
sar
ethePr
esentSi
mpl
e(we
show)andt
hePastSi
mpl
e.I
nfact
,heusesonl
ythePr
esentSi
mpl
e.Ev
ent
houghhi
s
r
esear
chhasal
readybeendone(
thust
hei
nvest
igat
ioni
scompl
ete)
,heusest
he
Pr
esentSi
mpl
e,becausehewant
stomakehi
sabst
ractsoundmor
edy
nami
candhi
s
concl
usi
onsmor
econv
inci
ng.Howev
er,
int
hepaperi
tsel
fheusest
hePastSi
mpl
eto
descr
ibewhathedi
dandf
ound.

Theaut
horoft
he“
sci
ent
if
icEngl
i
sh”abst
ract(
Sty
le1)endshi
sabst
ractby
usi
ngt
hePr
esentPer
fect(
whi
chhav
enotbeenf
acedt
odat
e).Youcanuset
he
Pr
esentPer
fectandt
hePr
esentPer
fectCont
inuouswheny
oudescr
ibeasi
tuat
ion
t
hatbegani
nthepastandi
sst
il
ltr
uenow.Thi
sist
ypi
calwheny
ouar
egi
vi
ngt
he
con-t
ext/backgr
ound.

75
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Whatshoul
donenotment
ioni
nanAbst
ract
?

Youshoul
dtr
ytoav
oid:

•backgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
hati
stoogener
ali
stf
ory
ourr
eader
s

•cl
aimst
hatar
enotsuppor
tedi
nthepaper

•t
ermst
hatar
etoot
echni
cal
ort
oogener
ic-t
hiswi
l
ldependony
ouraudi
ence

•def
ini
ti
onsofkeyt
erms

•mat
hemat
ical
equat
ions

•gener
icquant
if
icat
ions(
e.g.many
,sev
eral
,few,awi
dev
ari
ety
)andt
heov
eruseor
unj
ust
if
ieduseofsubj
ect
iveadj
ect
ives(
e.g.i
nnov
ati
ve,
int
erest
ing,
fundament
al)
.

•unnecessar
ydet
ail
sthatwoul
dbebet
terl
ocat
edi
nyourI
ntr
oduct
ion,suchast
he
nameofy
ouri
nst
it
ute,
placenamest
hatr
eader
swi
l
lnothav
ehear
dof

•r
efer
encest
oot
herpaper
s.Howev
er,
ify
ourwhol
epaperi
sbasedonanext
endi
ng
orr
efut
ingaf
indi
nggi
venbyonespeci
fi
caut
hor
,theny
ouwi
l
lneedt
oment
iont
his
aut
hor
’sname.

Keyski
l
lsf
orwr
it
inganI
ntr
oduct
ion

TheI
ntr
oduct
ionpr
esent
sthebackgr
oundknowl
edget
hatr
eader
sneedso
t
hatt
heycanappr
eci
atehow t
hef
indi
ngsoft
hepaperar
eanadv
anceoncur
rent
knowl
edgei
nthef
iel
d.Akeyski
l
list
obeabl
etosayt
hesamet
hingst
hathav
ebeen
sai
dmanyt
imesbef
orebuti
nadi
ff
erent
,int
erest
ing,
int
ri
gui
ngway
.Youhav
etogi
ve
t
he r
eadert
he t
ool
sforunder
standi
ng t
he meani
ng and mot
ivat
ion ofy
our
exper
iment
s.Tel
lyourr
eader
show y
oupl
ant
odev
elopy
ourt
opi
c.Gi
vet
hem a
r
oadmapt
ofol
l
ow -show t
hem whaty
ourl
i
neofar
gumenti
s.Youneedt
ohav
ea
deepknowl
edgeaboutev
ery
thi
ngt
hathasbeenpr
evi
ousl
ywr
it
tenont
het
opi
cand
deci
dewhati
simpor
tantf
ort
her
eadert
oknow.

St
ruct
ure oft
he I
ntr
oduct
ion:An I
ntr
oduct
ion gener
all
y answer
sthe f
oll
owi
ng
quest
ions.You can use t
he answer
stot
hese quest
ions t
o st
ruct
urey
our
I
ntr
oduct
ion.

76
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

•Whati
sthepr
obl
em?

•Ar
ether
eanyexi
sti
ngsol
uti
ons(
i.
e.i
nthel
i
ter
atur
e)?

•Whi
chsol
uti
oni
sthebest
?

•Whati
sit
smai
nli
mit
ati
on?(
i.
e.Whatgapam Ihopi
ngt
ofi
l
l?)

•WhatdoIhopet
oachi
eve?

•Hav
eIachi
evedwhatIsetoutt
odo?

Howshoul
donebegi
nanI
ntr
oduct
ion?

Yourai
mist
oincl
udeonl
yenoughbackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
iont
oal
l
ow y
our
r
eadert
ounder
standwhyy
ouar
easki
ngt
hequest
ionsy
ouar
e,i
nwhatcont
extt
hey
appear
,andwhyy
ourhy
pot
heses,pr
edi
cti
onsorexpect
edr
esul
tsar
ereasonabl
e.I
t
i
sli
ke a pr
evi
ew t
othe r
estoft
he paper
.Thus,near
ly ev
eryI
ntr
oduct
ion,
i
rr
espect
ivel
yoft
he di
sci
pli
ne,woul
dincor
por
atet
hose par
ts mar
ked wi
th an
ast
eri
sk(
*).Thepr
opor
ti
onofspacegi
vent
oeachpar
t(par
ti
cul
arl
ywi
thr
egar
dto
t
her
evi
ewoft
hel
i
ter
atur
e)wi
l
lobv
iousl
yvar
yfr
om di
sci
pli
net
odi
sci
pli
ne,
andf
rom
papert
opaper
.

PART-1:
DEFI
NITI
ONOFTHETOPI
CPLUSBACKGROUND
PART-2:
ACCEPTEDSTATE0FTHEARTPLUSPROBLEM TOBERESOLVED
PART-3:
AUTHORS’
OBJECTI
VES
PART-4:
INTRODUCTI
ONTOTHELI
TERATURE
PART-5:
SURVEYOFPERTI
NENTLI
TERATURE
PART-
6:AUTHORS’
CONTRI
BUTI
ON
PART-7:
AIM OFTHEPRESENTWORK
PART-
8:MAI
NRESULTSOFTHEPRESENTWORK
PART-
9:FUTUREI
MPLI
CATI
ONSOFTHEWORK
PART-
10:
OUTLI
NEOFSTRUCTURE
ThePr
esentSi
mpl
eisgener
all
yusedt
obegi
ntheI
ntr
oduct
ioni
nor
dert
odescr
ibe
t
hegener
albackgr
oundcont
ext
,i.
e.whati
sknownal
ready
.ThePr
esentPer
fecti
s
t
henusedt
oshow how t
hepr
obl
em hasbeenappr
oachedf
rom t
hepastunt
ilt
he
pr
esentday
.

77
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

Keyski
l
lsf
orwr
it
ingRev
iewoft
heLi
ter
atur
e

keyski
l
lsneededwhenwr
it
ingaRev
iewoft
heLi
ter
atur
e:

Thekeyski
l
list
o pr
ovi
der
eader
swi
thj
ustt
her
ightamountofl
i
ter
atur
e
r
egar
dingt
hesequenceofev
ent
sleadi
ngupt
othecur
rentsi
tuat
ion-nott
oo
mucht
omakei
ttedi
ous,nort
ool
i
ttl
esot
hatt
hecont
extofy
ourr
esear
chi
snot
meani
ngf
ult
othem.Thebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ioni
susef
ulbecausei
tal
l
owsy
ou
t
o:

•Sy
stemat
ical
l
yel
abor
atet
heachi
evement
sandl
i
mit
ati
onsofot
herst
udi
es

•Rel
atey
ournewf
act
sanddat
atot
hesest
udi
es

Theamountofdet
aily
ouneedt
ogi
vev
ari
esi
mmensel
yfr
om di
sci
pli
net
o
di
sci
pli
ne.I
n some di
sci
pli
nes y
ou maybe r
equi
red t
o hav
eav
eryst
rong
t
heor
eti
cal
framewor
kfory
ourst
udy
,thusr
equi
ri
ngt
woormor
epages.

ot
herdi
sci
pli
nesj
ustonepar
agr
aphmaybeenough.Soanot
herski
l
list
o
t
akei
ntoaccountr
eader
swhoar
eupt
odat
ewi
thy
ourr
esear
char
eaandt
husnot
t
odel
aygi
vi
ngt
henewi
nfor
mat
ionf
ort
ool
ong.Whatkeyski
l
lsar
eneededwhen
wr
it
ingaRev
iewoft
heLi
ter
atur
e?
Thekeyski
l
list
opr
ovi
der
eader
swi
thj
ustt
her
ightamountofl
i
ter
atur
e
r
egar
dingt
hesequenceofev
ent
sleadi
ngupt
othecur
rentsi
tuat
ion-nott
oo
mucht
omakei
ttedi
ous,nort
ool
i
ttl
esot
hatt
hecont
extofy
ourr
esear
chi
snot
meani
ngf
ult
othem.Thebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ioni
susef
ulbecausei
tal
l
owsy
ou
t
o:
•Sy
stemat
ical
l
yel
abor
atet
heachi
evement
sandl
i
mit
ati
onsofot
herst
udi
es
•Rel
atey
ournewf
act
sanddat
atot
hesest
udi
es
Theamountofdet
aily
ouneedt
ogi
vev
ari
esi
mmensel
yfr
om di
sci
pli
net
o
di
sci
pli
ne.I
n some di
sci
pli
nes y
ou maybe r
equi
red t
o hav
eav
eryst
rong
t
heor
eti
calf
ramewor
kfory
ourst
udy
,thusr
equi
ri
ngt
woormor
epages.I
not
her
di
sci
pli
nesj
ustonepar
agr
aphmaybeenough.Soanot
herski
l
list
otakei
nto
accountr
eader
swhoar
eupt
odat
ewi
thy
ourr
esear
char
eaandt
husnott
odel
ay
gi
vi
ngt
henewi
nfor
mat
ionf
ort
ool
ong.

St
ruct
ureofRev
iew oft
heLi
ter
atur
e:A Li
ter
atur
eRev
iew gener
all
yanswer
sthe

78
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

f
oll
owi
ngquest
ions,
andgener
all
yint
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.Youcanuset
heanswer
sto
t
hesequest
ionst
ost
ruct
urey
ourLi
ter
atur
eRev
iew.

1.Whatar
ethesemi
nal
wor
ksonmyt
opi
c?DoIneedt
oment
iont
hese?

2.Whatpr
ogr
esshasbeenmadesi
ncet
hesesemi
nal
wor
ks?

3.
Whatar
ethemostr
elev
antr
ecentwor
ks?Whati
sthebestor
dert
oment
iont
hese
wor
ks?

4.
Whatar
etheachi
evement
sandl
i
mit
ati
onsoft
heser
ecentwor
ks?

5.
Whatgapdot
hesel
i
mit
ati
onsr
eveal
?

6.
Howdoesmywor
kint
endt
ofi
l
lthi
sgap?

Thef
ir
stsent
enceoft
hef
ir
stpar
agr
aphi
ntr
oducest
hemai
ntopi
c(cul
tur
al
di
ff
erences)
,andt
her
estoft
hepar
agr
aphbr
ief
lyr
evi
ewsamaj
orst
udyont
hist
opi
c.
Thei
mpl
i
cat
ionsoft
hisst
udy(
cul
tur
east
her
emai
ningv
ari
abl
e)ar
esummar
izedat
t
heendoft
hepar
agr
aph.ThePr
esentSi
mpl
eorPr
esentPer
fectar
egener
all
yused
t
oint
roducet
hel
i
ter
atur
erev
iew.Uset
hePr
esentPer
fectagai
ntor
efert
oongoi
ng
si
tuat
ions,i
.e.whenaut
hor
sar
est
il
linv
est
igat
ingapar
ti
cul
arf
iel
d.Ther
esear
cher
s
ar
est
il
lwor
kingont
odayandwi
l
lcont
inuei
nthef
utur
e.

Youmustuset
hePastSi
mpl
ewhen:They
earofpubl
i
cat
ioni
sst
atedwi
thi
nthe
mai
nsent
ence(
i.
e.notj
usti
nbr
acket
s).Youment
ionspeci
fi
cpi
ecesofr
esear
ch
(
e.g.y
out
alkabouti
nit
ialappr
oachesandmet
hodst
hathav
esubsequent
lypr
obabl
y
beenabandoned)

•Youst
atet
heexactdat
ewhensomet
hingwaswr
it
ten,
prov
edet
c.

Redundancyi
sof
tenhi
ghi
nther
evi
ewoft
hel
i
ter
atur
e,i
fyoual
way
sref
ert
o
t
hel
i
ter
atur
eitwi
l
lcr
eat
easer
iesofunnecessar
il
ylongsent
enceswi
thconsi
der
abl
e
r
edundancy
.Thi
smakesi
thar
dfort
her
eadert
oimmedi
atel
yident
if
ythekeypoi
nts
oft
hel
i
ter
atur
e.Thi
sisbecauset
her
eaderknowsf
rom t
her
efer
ence(
[Ref
])att
he
endoft
hesent
encet
haty
ouar
edi
scussi
nganot
heraut
hor
’swor
koroneofy
our
pr
evi
ouspaper
s.Somet
imesi
ntheLi
ter
atur
eRev
iewy
ouwanty
ourr
eader
stonot
e
t
hest
rongf
eat
uresofy
ourwor
kandt
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofpr
evi
ouswor
ksbyot
her
aut
hor
s.

79
DEPARTMENTOFCSE,
AITS
 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
20AOE9901)

UNI
T–V

Keyski
l
lsf
orwr
it
ingmet
hodol
ogy–r
esul
ts-di
scussi
ons-concl
usi
ons

Themai
nai
m ofr
esear
chi
snotmer
elyt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
ion.Thet
ruegoal
of
r
esear
chi
stoseekanswer
stopr
evi
ousl
yunanswer
edquest
ionst
ocont
ri
but
etot
he
bodyofknowl
edgei
nadi
sci
pli
ne.Met
hodol
ogyi
nresear
chi
sdef
inedast
he
sy
stemat
icmet
hodt
oresol
vear
esear
chpr
obl
em t
hroughdat
agat
her
ingusi
ng
v
ari
oust
echni
ques,
prov
idi
ngani
nter
pret
ati
onofdat
agat
her
edanddr
awi
ng

80
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
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concl
usi
onsaboutt
her
esear
chdat
a.

Wr
it
ingamet
hodol
ogyi
sanessent
ialpar
tofpr
esent
ingr
esear
chf
indi
ngs.
Yourmet
hodol
ogyi
sadet
ail
eddescr
ipt
ionoft
her
esear
chpr
ocessy
ouusedt
o
suppor
tyourf
indi
ngsandi
texpl
ainsy
ourt
echni
quesandcr
eat
esar
oadmapf
orhow
y
our
eachedy
ourconcl
usi
ons.Awel
l
-wr
it
tenmet
hodol
ogynotonl
ydescr
ibest
he
t
act
icsy
ouusedbutal
sopr
esent
sthecasef
orwhyy
ouchoset
hemet
hodsy
ou
used.

I
mpor
tanceofmet
hodol
ogy
:

Shar
ingy
ourmet
hodol
ogygi
vesl
egi
ti
macyt
oyourr
esear
ch.Anunr
eli
abl
eor
er
roneousmet
hodol
ogypr
oducesunr
eli
abl
eorer
roneousr
esul
ts.Ther
eaderofy
our
r
esear
chexpect
syout
ohav
efol
l
owedaccept
edpr
act
icessot
hatt
heconcl
usi
ons
y
our
eachar
eval
i
d.Themet
hodol
ogyy
our
epor
tneedst
ober
epeat
abl
e,meani
ng
any
onewhousest
hemet
hodsy
ouwr
it
eaboutshoul
dreacht
hesameconcl
usi
ons
y
our
eached.

I
tist
he mosti
mpor
tantsect
ion ofany r
esear
ch paperbecause i
t
det
ermi
nest
heempi
ri
calv
ali
dit
yoft
hest
udy
.Met
hodol
ogi
esneedt
oexpl
ain
how r
esul
tswer
eobt
ained,andt
heyshoul
dal
l
ow ar
esear
cheri
nthatf
iel
dto
r
epeatt
hest
udy
.

Edi
tor
sorr
evi
ewer
srej
ectpaper
swhent
heyconsi
dert
hatt
her
esear
ch
met
hodsusedar
enotappr
opr
iat
eornotst
rongenough. Fort
heTour
ism &
ManagementSt
udi
esj
our
nal
,met
hodol
ogi
esar
egi
venf
ir
st-
classst
atus,andany
paperi
srej
ect
edt
hatdoesnotusepr
opermet
hods(
atl
easti
nther
evi
ewer
sand
edi
tor
s’opi
nion)i
n answer
ing t
he r
esear
ch quest
ion and accompl
i
shi
ng i
ts
obj
ect
ives.Whi
l
ether
emaybeanoppor
tuni
tyt
ore-
anal
ysest
her
esul
ts,per
haps
usi
ngmor
eappr
opr
iat
est
ati
sti
cal
test
s,t
hemet
hodscannotbechangedwi
thoutr
e
-
doi
ngt
her
esear
ch:whati
sdonei
sdone.Youneedt
owr
it
eaboutt
hemet
hodsi
n
t
hepastt
ensewi
thadequat
edet
ailt
orepeatt
hest
udydesi
gnandv
ali
dat
eresul
ts.
Pr
ovi
de det
ail
s oft
he sel
ect
ion and descr
ipt
ion ofst
udy par
ti
cipant
s,dat
a
col
l
ect
ionpr
ocessesandmet
hodsusedi
nanal
yses.Wheni
ndoubt
,pr
ovi
demor
e
(
rat
hert
hanf
ewer
)det
ail
s.

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Anyr
esear
chpr
obl
em t
obesol
vedneedsappr
opr
iat
emet
hods,
dependi
ngon
t
het
opi
candr
esear
chf
iel
d.I
nsomecases,qual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hodsmaybe
adequat
e,whi
l
ein ot
hercases,quant
it
ati
ve met
hods ar
erequi
red.Anot
her
possi
bil
i
tyi
stouseacombi
nat
ionofmet
hods.

Qual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hodsar
etr
adi
ti
onal
l
yusedi
nsoci
alsci
ences,and
t
heyusesmal
l
ersampl
esai
medatachi
evi
ngani
n-dept
hunder
standi
ngofhuman
behav
ior
.The mostcommon i
sint
erv
iews,whi
ch can be st
ruct
ured,semi
-
st
ruct
uredorunst
ruct
ured. Thesedat
asampl
esdonotal
l
ow ext
rapol
ati
ont
o
ent
ir
epopul
ati
ons,
butt
heycanbei
mpor
tanti
nfor
mul
ati
nghy
pot
hesest
hatcanbe
t
est
edi
nanot
herst
epusi
ngquant
it
ati
vedat
a.I
nfact
,qual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
ve
met
hodsar
equi
tecompat
ibl
e,andt
heycanbeusedi
nmi
xed-
met
hodappr
oaches.
Tr
iangul
ati
oni
stheuseofacombi
nat
ionoft
woormor
eresear
chmet
hodsi
nthe
st
udyoft
hesamephenomenoni
nor
dert
oval
i
dat
edat
athr
oughcr
ossv
eri
fi
cat
ion
and t
o enhance conf
idence i
nresul
ts.I
n mostcases,t
hisi
sthe pr
efer
red
met
hodol
ogyi
nsoci
alsci
ences.

Whenusi
ngquant
it
ati
vemet
hods,
youneedt
oexpl
aint
hesi
zeoft
hesampl
e
oft
hest
ati
sti
calpopul
ati
onunderst
udyandt
hepr
ocedur
esf
orsel
ect
ingt
his
sampl
e.Speci
fyi
fthesampl
eisst
ati
sti
cal
l
yrepr
esent
ati
ve,al
l
owi
ngi
nfer
ences
f
rom t
hesampl
etot
hegener
alpopul
ati
on.Youshoul
duseappr
opr
iat
emet
hodst
o
cal
cul
atei
dealsampl
esi
zes.Wheny
oucannotwor
kwi
thar
andom sampl
e,y
ou
need t
o wor
kwi
th a sampl
ethati
sasr
epr
esent
ati
veaspossi
ble:t
hemor
e
r
epr
esent
ati
ve,t
hebet
ter
.Onest
rongr
easonf
orr
eject
ingapaperi
sifedi
tor
sor
r
evi
ewer
sconsi
dert
hatt
hesampl
eusedi
snoti
deal
.Int
hiscase,
thev
ali
dit
yoft
he
st
udyi
srest
ri
ctedt
othegr
oupofi
ndi
vi
dual
swhoconst
it
utet
hesampl
e.

A pi
l
ott
esti
s qui
tei
mpor
tantf
orev
aluat
ing f
easi
bil
i
ty and maki
ng al
l
necessar
ycor
rect
ionsori
mpr
ovement
stosur
vey
s,bef
orey
oucar
ryoutanyl
arge-
scal
equant
it
ati
ver
esear
ch.Atl
eastoneoft
heaut
hor
sneedst
ohav
eani
n-dept
h
knowl
edgeofr
esear
chmet
hodsandst
ati
sti
cs.Whenappl
i
cabl
e,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
o
enl
i
stt
hehel
p ofast
ati
sti
cianatt
heout
sett
o det
ermi
nesampl
esi
ze,power
anal
ysi
sandappr
opr
iat
est
ati
sti
cal
met
hods

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Di
ff
erencebet
weenmet
hodsandmet
hodol
ogy
:

Met
hodol
ogyi
stheov
eral
lst
rat
egyofy
ourr
esear
ch.Met
hodsar
epr
ocedur
esl
i
ke
sur
vey
sandexper
iment
sthaty
ouuset
ocol
l
ectandanal
ysey
ourdat
a.

The conf
usi
on bet
ween “
met
hodol
ogy
”and “
met
hods”i
nresear
ch i
sa
common occur
rence, especi
all
y wi
th t
he t
erms somet
imes bei
ng used
i
nter
changeabl
y.Met
hodsandmet
hodol
ogyi
nthecont
extofr
esear
chr
efert
otwo
r
elat
edbutdi
ff
erentt
hings:met
hodi
sthet
echni
queusedi
ngat
her
ingev
idence;
met
hodol
ogy
,ont
heot
herhand,“
ist
heunder
lyi
ngt
heor
yandanal
ysi
sofhow
r
esear
chdoesorshoul
dpr
oceed.
”Few wr
it
ersdef
inemet
hodol
ogyas“
asetof
pr
inci
ples and i
deas t
hati
nfor
m t
he desi
gn ofa r
esear
ch st
udy
.”Meanwhi
l
e,
met
hodsar
e“pr
act
ical
procedur
esusedt
ogener
ateandanal
ysedat
a.

Met
hodol
ogy Met
hod

Themai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hemet
hodol
ogyi
sto Themai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hemet
hodi
s
i
dent
if
yandunder
standt
hemet
hodsappl
i
edi
ntof
indasol
uti
ont
otheout
li
ned
t
her
esear
ch. pr
obl
em.

Met
hodsar
esi
mpl
ybehav
iouror
Themet
hodol
ogyi
sapr
operst
udyoranal
ysi
s
t
ool
susedt
osel
ectr
esear
ch
ofal
lthemet
hodsusedi
nther
esear
ch.
t
echni
ques.

Themet
hodol
ogyi
sappl
i
edatt
hei
nit
ial
stage Met
hodsar
eusedandappl
i
edata
oft
her
esear
ch/
study
. l
aterst
ageoft
hest
udy
/resear
ch.

Met
hodsar
eacombi
nat
ionof
Amet
hodol
ogyi
sasy
stemat
icappr
oacht
o
di
ff
erenti
nvest
igat
ionand
f
indi
ngasol
uti
ont
oapr
obl
em.
compar
isont
echni
ques.

Howt
owr
it
eanef
fect
ivemet
hodol
ogysect
ion:

 I
ntr
oduce y
ourmet
hods.I
ntr
oduce t
he met
hodol
ogi
calappr
oach used i
n
i
nvest
igat
ingy
ourr
esear
chpr
obl
em.I
noneoft
hepr
evi
oussect
ions,y
our
met
hodol
ogi
calappr
oach can ei
therbequant
it
ati
ve,qual
i
tat
ive,ormi
xed
met
hods.Lookf
oramet
hodol
ogyi
nresear
chexampl
ethaty
oucanuseasa

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(
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r
efer
ence.
 Est
abl
i
sh met
hodol
ogi
cal connect
ion. Expl
ain t
he r
elev
ance of y
our
met
hodol
ogi
cal
appr
oacht
otheov
eral
lresear
chdesi
gn.Keepi
nmi
ndt
hatt
he
connect
ionbet
weeny
ourmet
hodsandy
ourr
esear
chpr
obl
em shoul
dbecl
ear
.
Thi
s means t
haty
ourmet
hodol
ogyofr
esear
ch mustbe appr
opr
iat
eto
achi
evey
our paper
’s obj
ect
ive—t
o addr
ess t
he r
esear
ch pr
obl
em y
ou
pr
esent
ed.Towi
t,i
fyouneedhel
ptowr
it
eyourr
esear
chpr
obl
em.
 I
ntr
oducey
ouri
nst
rument
s.I
ndi
cat
ether
esear
chi
nst
rument
syouar
egoi
ng
t
ousei
ncol
l
ect
ingy
ourdat
aandexpl
ainhow y
ouar
egoi
ngt
ouset
hem.
These t
ool
s and i
nst
rument
s can be y
oursur
vey
s,quest
ionnai
res f
or
i
nter
views,obser
vat
ion,et
c.I
fyourmet
hodsi
ncl
udear
chi
valr
esear
chor
anal
ysi
ng exi
sti
ng dat
a,pr
ovi
de backgr
ound i
nfor
mat
ion f
ordocument
s,
i
ncl
udi
ng who t
he or
igi
nalr
esear
cheri
s,as wel
las how t
he dat
a wer
e
or
igi
nal
l
y cr
eat
ed and gat
her
ed.Keep i
n mi
nd t
hat asi
de f
rom y
our
met
hodol
ogyi
nresear
chpaper
,thei
dent
if
icat
ionoft
her
esear
chi
nst
rument
i
sequal
l
ysi
gni
fi
cant
.
 Di
scussy
ouranal
ysi
s.Expl
ainhow y
ouar
egoi
ngt
oanal
yset
her
esul
tsof
y
ourdat
agat
her
ingpr
ocess.Dependi
ngony
ourmet
hodol
ogy
,resear
chf
or
way
sonhow y
oucanbestexecut
eyourst
udyei
therbyusi
ngst
ati
sti
cal
anal
ysi
sorexpl
ori
ngt
heor
eti
calper
spect
ivest
osuppor
tyourexpl
anat
ionof
obser
vedbehav
iour
s.
 Pr
ovi
debackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ion.Whenusi
ngmet
hodst
haty
ourr
eader
smay
beunf
ami
l
iarwi
th,
makesur
etopr
ovi
debackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hese
met
hods.I
twoul
dal
sohel
pify
oucanpr
ovi
dey
ourr
esear
chmet
hodol
ogy
meani
ngsoy
oucanpr
esentacl
earandcompr
ehensi
ver
esear
chcont
ext
.
 Di
scusssampl
i
ngpr
ocess.Sampl
i
ngpr
ocedur
esar
evi
tal
component
sofy
our
met
hodol
ogy
.Expl
aint
he r
eason behi
nd y
oursampl
i
ng pr
ocedur
e.For
exampl
e,i
fyouar
eusi
ngst
ati
sti
csi
nyourr
esear
ch,i
ndi
cat
ewhyy
ouchose
t
hismet
hodaswel
lasy
oursampl
i
ngpr
ocedur
e.I
fyouar
egoi
ngt
odo
i
nter
views,descr
ibehow y
ouar
egoi
ngt
ochooset
hepar
ti
cipant
sandhow
t
hei
nter
viewswi
l
lbeconduct
ed.
 Addr
essr
esear
chl
i
mit
ati
ons.Makesur
etoaddr
esspossi
blel
i
mit
ati
onsy
ou
mayencount
eri
nyourr
esear
ch,suchaspr
act
icall
i
mit
ati
onst
hatmayaf
fect
y
ourdat
a gat
her
ing pr
ocess.I
fther
ear
epot
ent
iali
ssuesy
ou ant
ici
pat
e

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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
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(
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encount
eri
ngi
nthepr
ocess,
indi
cat
ingy
ourr
easonwhyy
oust
il
ldeci
det
ouse
t
hemet
hodol
ogydespi
tet
her
isk.

Whatt
oav
oidi
nwr
it
ingt
hemet
hodol
ogysect
ionofy
ourr
esear
ch?

 Av
oidi
ncl
udi
ngi
rr
elev
antdet
ail
s.
 Keepy
ourmet
hodol
ogysect
ionst
rai
ght
for
war
dandt
hor
ough.Det
ail
sthatdo
notcont
ri
but
etot
her
eader
s’under
standi
ngofy
ourchosenmet
hodsshoul
d
notbei
ncl
udedi
nyourmet
hodol
ogysect
ion.
 I
rr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ioni
ncl
udesunnecessar
yexpl
anat
ionsofbasi
cpr
ocedur
es.
Basi
cpr
ocedur
esshoul
donl
ybeexpl
ainedi
ftheyar
eunconv
ent
ional
and
unf
ami
l
iart
other
eader
s.
 Donoti
gnor
ethepr
obl
emsy
oumi
ghtencount
erdur
ingt
hedat
agat
her
ing
pr
ocess.I
nst
eadoft
urni
ngabl
i
ndey
e,descr
ibehowy
ouhandl
edt
hem.

Di
scussi
onofr
esul
ts(
orf
indi
ngs)

Ther
esul
tssect
ioni
sacr
it
icalpar
toft
hemanuscr
ipt
.Thepr
esent
ati
onofr
esul
ts
i
stheout
comeoft
heappl
i
cat
ionofmet
hodst
opr
imar
yorsecondar
yresear
ch
r
esour
ces.Somebasi
crul
escanhel
pyout
opr
esenty
ourr
esul
tsi
nthebest
possi
bleway
:

 I
nter
pretr
esul
tsandt
hei
rimpl
i
cat
ions,i
nst
eadofsi
mpl
ypr
esent
ingt
hem i
na
descr
ipt
iveway
;

 Usepr
imar
ydat
a,whi
chi
smor
erel
evantt
hansecondar
ydat
a;

 Useacombi
nat
ionoft
extandv
isualai
dssuchasgr
aphs,t
abl
esorf
igur
es–
t
heseneedt
obewel
ldesi
gnedi
nor
dert
omakesur
ether
eaderunder
stands
t
her
esul
tsmor
eeasi
l
y.Pr
esent
ingt
hedat
aingr
aphshast
headv
ant
ageof
cl
ari
ty and i
mpact
,and i
tcan br
ing outr
elat
ionshi
ps bet
ween v
ari
ous
par
amet
ers;

 Keepgr
aphs(
orot
herv
isual
aids)si
mpl
e;

 Donotr
epeati
nfor
mat
ionpr
esent
edi
ntabl
esandf
igur
esi
nthet
ext
;inst
ead,
anal
ysesdat
ainqual
i
tat
ivet
ermswi
thoutbei
ngr
epet
it
ive;

 Checkt
hatt
abl
es,gr
aphsandf
igur
esar
ecor
rect
lyl
abel
l
edwi
thnumber
sand
t
it
lesandt
hatt
heyar
eci
tedi
nthepr
evi
ouspar
agr
aph;makesur
ethaty
ou

85
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 ENGLI
SHFORRESEARCHPAPERWRI
TING
(
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i
ndi
cat
ethesour
ceofy
ourdat
a;

 Wr
it
eresul
tsi
nthepastt
ense,
inal
ogi
cal
sequence;

 Mat
cht
hear
rangementofdat
atot
hemet
hodol
ogyandcommuni
cat
easmuch
i
nfor
mat
ionasi
srel
evant
;

 Donotomi
tunexpect
edr
esul
tsorr
esul
tst
hatdonotsat
isf
yyourhy
pot
heses;
r
epor
tthem anddi
scussy
ouranal
ysi
s;

 Av
oidabbr
evi
ati
ons,
ifpossi
ble,
butdef
inet
hem i
fused;

Ther
esul
tsanddi
scussi
onsect
ionsar
eoneoft
hechal
l
engi
ngsect
ionst
owr
it
e.
I
tisi
mpor
tantt
opl
ant
hissect
ioncar
eful
l
yasi
tmaycont
ainal
argeamountof
sci
ent
if
icdat
athatneedst
obepr
esent
edi
nacl
earandconci
sef
ashi
on.The
pur
poseofaResul
tssect
ioni
stopr
esentt
hekeyr
esul
tsofy
ourr
esear
ch.Resul
ts
anddi
scussi
onscanei
therbecombi
nedi
ntoonesect
ionoror
gani
zedassepar
ate
sect
ionsdependi
ngont
her
equi
rement
soft
hej
our
nalt
owhi
chy
ouar
esubmi
tt
ing
y
ourr
esear
chpaper
.Usesubsect
ionsandsubheadi
ngst
oimpr
over
eadabi
l
ityand
cl
ari
ty.Numberal
ltabl
esandf
igur
eswi
thdescr
ipt
ivet
it
les.Pr
esenty
ourr
esul
tsas
f
igur
esandt
abl
esandpoi
ntt
her
eadert
orel
evanti
temswhi
l
edi
scussi
ngt
her
esul
ts.
Thi
ssect
ionshoul
dhi
ghl
i
ghtsi
gni
fi
cantori
nter
est
ingf
indi
ngsal
ongwi
thPv
alues
f
orst
ati
sti
calt
est
s.Besur
etoi
ncl
udenegat
iver
esul
tsand hi
ghl
i
ghtpot
ent
ial
l
i
mit
ati
onsoft
hepaper
.Youwi
l
lbecr
it
ici
sedbyt
her
evi
ewer
sify
oudon’
tdi
scuss
t
heshor
tcomi
ngsofy
ourr
esear
ch.Thi
sof
tenmakesupf
oragr
eatdi
scussi
on
sect
ion,
sodonotbeaf
rai
dtohi
ghl
i
ghtt
hem.

Usef
ulPhr
asesoft
her
esul
tsanddi
scussi
onsect
ionofy
ourr
esear
chpaper
:

 Fi
ndings
 Compar isonwithpri
orst
udi
es
 Li
mitationsofyourwork
 Casual arguments
 Speculations
 Deductivearguments

1.Fi
ndi
ngs
From t
heshortrevi
ewabove,keyfi
ndi
ngsemer
ge:
__
Wedescr i
betheresul
tsof_
_,whichshow__
Thissuggest
sthat__
Weshowedt hat__

86
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Ourfindi ngson_ _atl easthi ntt hat_ _

Thisisani mpor tantf indi ngi nt heunder standi ngoft he_ _
Thepr esentst udyconf irmedt hef indi ngsabout_ _
Anotherpr omi singf i
ndi ngwast hat_ _
Ourresul t sdemonst r atedt hat_ _
Thisresul thi ghl ightst hatl i
tt l
ei sknownaboutt he_ _
Af ur
thernov el findingi st hat_ _
Toget her, thepr esentf indingsconf irm_ _
Theimpl icat ionsoft hesef indingsar edi scussedi n__
Ther esul tsdemonst rat et wot hings.Fi rst ,__.Second,_ _
Ther esul tsoft heexper imentf oundcl earsuppor tforthe_ _
Thisanal y sisf oundev idencef or_ _
Plannedcompar isonsr ev eal edt hat_ _
Ourresul t scast sanewl i
ghton_ _
Thissect i
onsummar isest hef i
ndi ngsandcont ri
but i
onsmade.
I
tper formswel l
, givinggoodr esul ts.
Thisgi vescl ear lybet terr esul tst han_ _
Ther esul tsconf irmt hatt hisagoodchoi cef or_ _
From t her esul ts, i
tiscl eart hat_ _
I
nt hi
ssect ion, wewi ll i
llustr atesomeexper iment al r
esults.
Thisdel iver ssi gni ficant lybet terr esul tsduet o_ _
Ther esul tnowpr ovidesev idencet o_ _
I
tleadst ogoodr esul t s, eveni fthei mpr ov ementi snegl i
gible.
Thisy iel
dsi ncr easi ngl ygoodr esul tsondat a.
Ther esul toft hisanal y sisi st hencompar edwi t
ht he __
Theappl icabi lityoft hesenewr esul tsar et hent estedon_ _
Thisisi mpor tantt ocor rect l
yi nter pr ett her esults.
Ther esul tsar esubst ant iall
ybet tert han_ _
Ther esul tsl eadt osi mi larconcl usi onwher e_ _
Super i
orr esul tsar eseenf or_ _
From t heser esul tsi tiscl eart hat_ _
Extensi ver esul tscar riedoutshowt hatt hi smet hodi mpr oves_ _
Weobt aingoodr esul tswi tht hissi mpl emet hod.
Howev er, evenbet t
err esul tsar eachi ev edwhenusi ngoural gori
thm.
I
tiswor thdi scussi ngt hesei nt erest i
ngf act sr evealedbyt heresultsof__
Ov er
all,ourmet hodwast heonet hatobt ainedt hemostr obustr esul
ts.
Sli
ghtlysuper iorr esul tsar eachi ev edwi thoural gorit
hm.
Ther esul tisequal toorbet tert hanar esul tthati scurrentlyaccepted.

2.Compar
isonwi
thpr
iorst
udi
es
Theresul t
sdemonst ratedinthi
schapt ermatchstateoftheartmethods.
Herewecompar et her esult
soft hepr oposedmet hodwiththoseofthetr
adi
ti
onal
methods.
Theser esult
sgobey ondpr evi
ousr epor t
s,showingthat_
_
I
nl i
newi thprev
iousst udi
es_ _
Thisresultti
eswel lwi t
hpreviousst udieswherein__
Contrarytothefindingsof_ _wedi dnotf i
nd_ _
Theyhav edemonst r
at edthat__
Othershav eshownt hat__impr oves_ _

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Bycompar i
ngt her esult
sf rom __,wehopet odet ermine_ _
Howev er,i
nlinewi t
ht hei deasof_ _
,itcanbeconcl udedt hat__
Whencompar i
ngourr esul tstothoseofol derstudies, i
tmustbepoi nt
edoutthat_ _
Wehav ev eri
fiedt hatusing_ _producessi mi l
arresul t
s
Overallt
hesef indingsar ei naccor dancewi t
hfindingsr eport
edby_ _
Eventhoughwedi dnotr eplicatethepr evi
ouslyrepor ted__,ourresul
tssuggestthat
__
Asimilarconcl usionwasr eachedby_ _
Howev er,whencompar ingourr esult
st othoseofol derstudies,
itmustbepointed
out__
Thisisconsistentwi thwhathasbeenf oundinpr evious_ _
Asimilarpatternofr esul tswasobt ainedin_ _
Thefindingsar edi r
ectlyinl inewi t
hpr evi
ousf i
ndings
Thesebasi cfindingsar econsi stentwithresearchshowi ngthat__
Otherresult
swer ebr oadlyi nlinewi t
h_ _

3.Li
mit
ati
onsofy
ourwor
k
Becauseoft hel ackof_ _wedeci dedtonoti nvesti
gate__
Oneconcer naboutt hef indingsof_ _wast hat_ _
Becauseoft hispot ent ial li
mi t
ation, wetreat_ _
Thelimit
at i
onsoft hepr esentst udi esnatural l
yinclude__
Regardi
ngt hel i
mi tationsof_ _,i
tcoul dbear guedt hat_
_
Anotherlimitationoft hi s_ _
Thisli
mitati
oni sappar enti nmany_ _
Anotherlimitationi n_ _i nv olvesthei ssueof_ _
Themai nlimi tationi st hel ackof_ _
Onelimitati
oni sf oundi nt hiscase.
Onelimitati
onoft hesemet hodshowev erist hatthey_ _
I
tpresentssomel imi t
at i
onssuchas_ _
Alt
houghwi delyaccept ed, itsuffersf r
om somel i
mi t
ati
onsduet
o__
Anappar entl i
mi tationoft hemet hodis__
Therearesev eral li
mi tationst ot hisapproach.
Onelimitati
onofouri mpl ement at i
onisthati tis__
Amaj orsour ceofl imi tationi sduet o__
Theappr oachut ili
sedsuf fersfrom t heli
mi tati
ont hat__
Thelimit
at i
onsar ebecomi ngcl ear_ _
I
tsuffersfrom t hesamel imitat
ionsassoci atedwi tha__

4.Casual
argument
s
Apopularex pl
anati
onof_ _isthat_ _
I
tisbynowgener al
lyacceptedt hat__
Apopularex pl
anati
onisthat_ _
Asiti
snotgener all
yagreedt hat__
Thesearev erysmallanddiffi
culttoobserve.
I
tisimportanttohighli
ghtthef actthat_
_
I
tisnotablethat__
Animportantquestionassociatedwi th__i
s__

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Thi
sdidnoti mpai rt
he_ _
Thi
sisimpor tantbecauset hereis__
Thi
simpliest hat_ _isassoci atedwi t
h_ _
Thi
sisindicat iveforlackof_ _
Thi
swillnotbebi asedby_ _
Ther
ewer eal sosomei mpor tantdif
ferencesin__
I
tisi
nterestingt onot ethat, _
_
I
tisunl
ikelyt hat_ _
Thi
smayal t
erori mpr oveaspect sof_ _
I
ncontrast,thismakesi tpossi bleto__
Thi
sispar t
icul arl
yimpor tantwheni nvestigat
ing_
_
Thi
shasbeenusedt osuccessf ull
yaccountfor__
Thi
sintr
oducesapossi bl
econf oundin_ _
Thi
swasi ncl udedt ov eri
fythat_ _

5.Specul
ati
ons
Howev er ,weacknowl edget hatt herear econsi derablediscussi
onsamong
resear cher sast o_ _
Wespecul at ethatthismi ghtbeduet o_ _
Ther ear er easonst odoubtt hisexpl anationof_ _
I
tr emai nsuncl eartowhi chdegr ee_ _areat tr
ibutedt o__
Howev er ,__doesseem t oi mpr ov e__
Thisdoesseem t odependon_ _
I
tisi mpor tantt onote,t
hatt hepr esentev idencer eli
eson_ _
Ther esul tsshowt hat__doesnotseem t oimpactt he__
Howev er ,t
heext enttowhi chiti spossi bl
et o_ _isunknown
Alternatively ,i
tcouldsimpl ymeant hat_ _
I
tisdi fficultt oexplai
nsuchr esul tswithint hecont extof__
I
tisuncl earwhet herthi
si sasui tabl
ef or_ _
Thisappear st obeacaseof_ _
From t hisst andpoi nt
,__canbeconsi deredas_ _
Todat e,_ _
r emai nunknown
Undercer t
ai nassumpt i
ons, thiscanbeconst r
uedas_ _
Becauseoft hispotenti
al l
imi t
ation,wet r
eat_ _
I
naddi ti
on, severalquestionsr emai nunanswer ed.
Att hisst ageofunder standing, webel ieve_ _
Ther efore, i
tr emainsuncl earwhet her_ _
Thismayexpl ainwhy_ _

6.Deduct
ivear
gument
s
Adiff
erencebet weenthese_ _canonlybeat tr
ibut
ableto__
Nonetheless,webelievethatiti
swelljusti
fi
edt o__
Thi
smayr aiseconcernsabout_ _whichcanbeaddr essedby__
Asdiscussed, t
hisisduetot hefactt
hat_ _
Resul
tsdemonst r
atethatthi
si snotnecessari
lytr
ue.
Thesefindingssupportthenot i
onthat__isnotinfl
uencedby_
_
Thi
smaybet hereasonwhywedi dnotfind__

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I
nordertot
estwhet
hert
hisi
sequi
val
entacross_
_,we__
Ther
efor
e,_
_canbeconsi
der
edtobeequival
entf
or__

AConcl
usi
on:

Aconcl
usi
oni
sthef
inal
par
agr
aphofar
esear
chpaper
.Itser
vest
ohel
pther
eader
under
standwhyy
ourr
esear
chshoul
dmat
tert
othem.Theconcl
usi
onofa
concl
usi
onshoul
d:

 Restateyourtopicandwhyi tisimport
ant
 Restateyourthesis/
clai
m
 Addressopposingv iewpointsandexpl
ainwhyr
eader
sshoul
dal
i
gnwi
thy
our
posit
ion
 I
ncludeacal l
foraction
 orovervi
ewoff utureresearchpossi
bil
it
ies

Ty
pesofconcl
usi
onsf
orr
esear
chpaper
s:

Dependi
ngony ourresear
chtopi
candthesty
leofyourpaper
,youmaychooset
o
wri
teyourconcl
usionaccordi
ngtospeci
fi
cty
pes.Therearet
hreemai
ntypesof
concl
usi
ons:

1.Summar i
zingconcl usion:Asummar izingconcl usi
oni stypicall
yusedf or
givingacl earsummar yoft hemai npoi ntsofy ourtopicandt hesis.Thisis
consider edt hemostcommonf orm ofconcl usion,thoughsomer esear ch
paper smayr equir
eadi ff
er entstyl
eofconcl usion.
2.Externalizingconcl usi
on: Anext ernalizi
ngconcl usionpr esentspoi ntsorideas
thatmaynothav ebeendi rectlystatedorr el
ev anttothewayy oupr esented
yourr esear chandt hesis.Howev er,thesetypesofconcl usionscanbe
effectivebecauset heypresentnewi deasthatbui l
dof foft hetopi cy ou
i
nitial
lypr esent edinyourr esearch.
3.Editorialconcl usi
on: I
nanedi t
or i
alconclusion, youarepr esentingy ourown
concludi ngi deasorcomment ary.Thi stypeofconcl usionconnect sy our
thought st ot heresearchy oupr esent.Youmi ghtstatehowy ouf eel about
outcomes, result
sorthet opicingener al
.

Her
ear
eimpor
tantr
ulest
ofol
l
owi
ntheconcl
usi
onssect
ion:

 Li
nky
ourconcl
usi
onswi
tht
hei
ntr
oduct
ion–concl
usi
onsmusthav
eadi
rect
r
elat
ionshi
ptot
heobj
ect
ivesst
atedi
nthebegi
nni
ngoft
hepaperandanswert
he
r
esear
chquest
ion(
s)andobj
ect
ives,
aswel
lasconf
ir
m orr
efut
ehy
pot
heses;
 Compar
eyourconcl
usi
onst
opr
evi
ousr
esear
chandpoi
ntouti
mpl
i
cat
ionsand
cont
ri
but
ionsofy
ourpapert
oadv
anci
ngknowl
edgei
nyourf
iel
dofr
esear
ch;
 Av
oid anyr
epet
it
ion ofr
esul
ts pr
esent
ed i
nthe pr
evi
ous sect
ion and any
ambi
gui
tyorspecul
ati
on;

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 Makey
ourconcl
usi
onssol
i
d,sy
nthet
ic,
bri
ef,
clearandconv
inci
ng;
 Expl
ainst
udyl
i
mit
ati
onsandmaker
ecommendat
ionsf
orf
utur
eresear
ch.

Ref
erences

Youneedt
ost
ruct
uret
hel
i
stofr
efer
encesaccor
dingt
oyourt
argetj
our
nal
’
s
gui
del
i
nes.Thi
sisoneoft
hesect
ionst
hatr
equi
ret
hemostat
tent
ionandcont
rol
byedi
tor
sandt
heonet
hatusual
l
ypr
esent
sthehi
ghestnumberofi
naccur
aci
es.
Aut
hor
sandj
our
nal
scannotpubl
i
shpaper
swi
thmi
ssi
ngori
ncompl
eter
efer
ences
wi
thoutcompr
omi
si
ngt
hei
rreput
ati
on.

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentst
ylesf
oror
gani
zi
ngandpr
esent
ingr
efer
ences.Themost
commoni
nsoci
alsci
encesi
spr
obabl
ytheAPAst
yle.I
fyoucannotaf
for
dtobuy
t
hePubl
i
cat
ionManual
oft
heAmer
icanPsy
chol
ogi
cal
Associ
ati
on(
themost
accur
ateandcompl
etedocumentont
hesubj
ect
),i
tisadv
isabl
etocheckout
mat
eri
alsonAPAst
ylegui
dest
hatar
eav
ail
abl
eont
heI
nter
net
.Inor
gani
zi
ngy
our
l
i
stofr
efer
ences,
her
ear
esomei
mpor
tantr
ulest
ofol
l
ow:

 Fol
l
owj
our
nal
gui
del
i
nes;

 I
ncl
udeonl
yref
erencesci
tedwi
thi
nthet
ext
;

 Doubl
e-checkr
efer
encesf
oraccur
acy
:

 Ensur
ethatal
li
nfor
mat
ioni
nther
efer
encesl
i
sti
scompl
eteandaccur
ate;

Usef
ulphr
asesofConcl
usi
onsect
ion:
1.Acknowl
edgement
s
Theaut horsgrateful
lyacknowl edget hef inancialsupportof__
Theaut horsacknowl edget hei nfr
astruct ureandsuppor tof__
Theaut horswoul dli
ket othank_ _
Thewor kwassuppor tedbyt he_ _
Theaut horsverymuchappr eciatethesuppor tbythe_ _
Theaut horsappreciatetheunknownr eferee’sv al
uableandpr ofoundcomment s.
Theaut horswisht oexpresst hei
rthanksf orthefinanci
alsuppor tof_ _
Thismat eri
alisbaseduponwor ksuppor tedbyt he_ _
Thefinancialsupportoft he_ _isalsogr atefullyacknowledged.
Fundingforthepr esentwor kwaspr ovidedby_ _
Theopinionsoft heaut horsexpr essedher ei
ndonotnecessar ilystateorr
efl
ect
thoseof_ _
Partofthiswor kwascar r
iedoutwi thinthef i
nancialsupportf
r om _ _

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Theauthorswoul dliketothanktherevi
ewerfortheconst
ruct
ivef
eedback.
Thi
sresearchwassuppor tedby_ _
Par
ti
alsuppor tf
ort hewor kwaspr ov
idedby__
Theauthorssincerelyacknowledgethe__
Aut
horsalsoacknowl edgethe__forthesupporti
n__
Theauthorsthank_ _fordiscussi
onson_ _

2.Appendi
x
Forinter
est
edreadersadet ai
leddescri
pti
oni spresentedintheAppendi
x__
Furt
herdescri
pti
onisav ai
labl
ei ntheAppendixorfrom theauthor
__
Compl et
edataisavai
lablein__
Supplementar
ydataassoci at
edwi tht
hisart
iclecanbef ound,i
ntheonli
never
sion,
at__
Thef ul
lcol
ouri
magescanbef oundintheon-li
nev er
sion,at_

Ref
erences:

1.
Wall
wor
k,Adr
ian.Engl
i
shf
orWr
it
ingResear
chWr
it
ers,
London:
Spr
inger
,2011.
Pr
int
.

I
SBN978-
1-4419-
7921-
6

e-
ISBN978-
1-4419-
7922-
3

DOI10.
1007/
978-
1-4419-
7922-
3

2.Day,A.Rober
t.Hof
6Wr
it
e&Publ
i
shaSci
ent
if
icPaper
,Ar
i 5thEdi
zona, ti
on,
ORYX
Press,
1998.Pri
nt.

I
SBN1-
57356-
164-
9Case1-
57356-
165-
7

3.Ni
choll
s,Davd.MLAHandbookf
i orWrit
ersofResear
chpaper
s,NewDel
hi,
7th
Edi
ti
on,Fi
rstEast
-WestPr
ess,
2009.Pri
nt.

4.ht
tps:
//www.
ncbi
.nl
m.ni
h.gov
/pmc/
art
icl
es/
PMC5122250/

5.
JoséAntónioC.Santos,
Mar
gar
idaCust
ódi
oSant
os/Tour
ism &Management
St
udies,
11(1)(2015)
,7-13

6.
Kothari
,C.R.(
2004).ResearchMet
hodol
ogy
:Met
hodsandTechni
ques.NewDel
hi,
I
ndia:NewAgeInter
national
.Googl
eBooks

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