MODULE ǀ FIRE PROTECTION AND ARSON INVESTIGATION P age |1

MODULE 1
Lesson 3
CLASSIFICATIONS, CAUSES, PREVENTION,
CONTROL AND EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE

INTRODUCTION
Fire prevention and control is the prevention, detection, and extinguishment of fires, including
such secondary activities as research into the causes of fire, education of the public about fire hazards,
and the maintenance and improvement of fire-fighting equipment.
The first fire protection requirements for international shipping were developed as part of the
1914 SOLAS Convention, which was developed in response to the sinking of the Titanic in 1912.
Although the 1914 SOLAS Convention was prevented from coming into force due to World War I, it did
contain basic fire safety requirements which were later carried over to the 1929 SOLAS Convention.
The International Maritime Organization issues annually a circular continuing a list of a list of
laboratories recognized by Administrations, which are able to conduct fire tests in accordance with the
provisions of the International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code).

LESSON PROPER

❖ International Maritime Organization

As a specialized agency of the United Nations, International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the
global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international
shipping. Its main role is to create a regulatory framework for the shipping industry that is fair and
effective, universally adopted and universally implemented.
In other words, its role is to create a level playing-field so that ship operators cannot address their
financial issues by simply cutting corners and compromising on safety, security and environmental
performance. This approach also encourages innovation and efficiency.
It has always been recognized that the best way of improving safety at sea is by developing
international regulations that are followed by all shipping nations and from the mid-19th century onwards
a number of such treaties were adopted. Several countries proposed that a permanent international body
should be established to promote maritime safety more effectively, but it was not until the establishment
of the United Nations itself that these hopes were realized. In 1948 an international conference in Geneva
adopted a convention formally establishing IMO (the original name was the Inter-Governmental Maritime
Consultative Organization, or IMCO, but the name was changed in 1982 to IMO).

IMO's mission statement:

"The mission of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a United Nations specialized agency is
to promote safe, secure, environmentally sound, efficient and sustainable shipping through cooperation.
This will be accomplished by adopting the highest practicable standards of maritime safety and security,

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efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of pollution from ships, as well as through
consideration of the related legal matters and effective implementation of IMO’s instruments with a view
to their universal and uniform application."

• IMO in Fire Protection

Fire can devastate on a ship - particularly on a passenger ship, where large numbers of people
may need to be evacuated, or on a ship carrying inflammable cargo, with serious risks to crewmembers or
to ports and harbors.
On 1 July 2002, a comprehensive new set of requirements for fire protection, fire detection and fire
extinction on board ships entered into force as a new revised chapter II-2 of the International Convention
for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, as amended, incorporating technological advances in fire
detection and extinction as well as lessons learned from fire incidents over the years.
The International Fire Safety Systems (FSS) Code
Some of the original technical provisions were transferred from the Convention to the International Fire
Safety Systems (FSS) Code, and many others are spelled out in greater detail in the Code. The main
reason behind having a separate Code was to separate carriage and other statutory requirements, which
clearly belong in the Convention and are meant for the Administration, from purely technical provisions,
which are better suited for the Code and may be applied in a more user-friendly manner by equipment
manufacturers, systems engineers, etc.
The purpose of the FSS Code is therefore to provide international standards for fire safety systems
required by revised SOLAS chapter II-2, under which it is made mandatory. The FSS Code consists of 15
chapters, each addressing specific systems and arrangements, except for chapter I which contains a
several definitions and also general requirements for approval of alternative designs and toxic
extinguishing media.

❖ European Standard

In Europe some fire disasters pointed out the importance of safety in the event of fire. The
European Commission, supported by a Group of National Fire Regulators, proposed a completely new
classification system, based partially on existing test methods, but partially, and critically for many
construction products, on a completely new test, the so-called “single burning item” (SBI) test.
In consequence, all national classes have been replaced by “Euroclasses”. Traditionally each
country had its own fire tests which created barriers to free trade. The introduction of new European
standard tests (ENs) and classifications has simplified this and provides a better view on differences
between the Member States. However, the test methods are equal today, all Member States are allowed to
implement the classifications differently.
The ‘Euro classification’ became valid 1st.Januari 2001 and after that date, the traditional,
national fire codes and classifications for construction products were recognized on the national market
for a period of time (5 years). At the end of this period, only European classification should have been
valid, at both national and European levels. The implementation of the so called ‘Euro classification’ took
a lot longer than 5 years but slowly these fire standards and classifications are known and accepted by the
whole European building industry.

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The European classification standard EN 13501-1 ranks construction materials in 7 classes with
regard to their reaction-to-fire fire behavior: A1, A2, B, C, D, E and F.

Euroclass Coverage

A1 & A2 will cover products that do not contribute to the development of a fire

B will cover products that have a very little contribution to fire

C will cover products that have a limited contribution to fire

D will cover products that have a contribution to fire

will cover products that have a contribution to fire and are only able to resist ignition
E by a small flame for a short period.

F is for products that have shown no performance criteria.

❖ Causes of Fire
1. Unintentional Fires - fire causes where human intervention is involved directly or indirectly. It is
sometimes termed as “innocent” or “accidental” fire.
Example: Fire caused by faulty wiring like short circuit, over charging of mobile phones, etc.
Fire caused by unattended candle
Children playing with matches
Fire set by pyromaniacs or psychos
2. Intentional Fire – fire cause as a result of the willful ad criminal action of some persons. The
involvement human intervention is usually through incendiary materials. It is also termed as “man-made”
or “incendiary” fire.
Example: Juan maliciously sat the fire on a nipa hut
3. Natural Fire – fire caused naturally without human intervention or aid.
Example: Grass fire and forest fire
Trees that are struck by lightning
4. Unknown Fire – cannot be classified as to the cause.

❖ Prevention of Fire
Fires don't just happen. There are a lot of measures you can take to help ensure that a fire doesn't start.
Here are a few important things you can do:
• Install a smoke detector on every level of your home and in the garage. Check it monthly and
replace batteries when necessary.
• Have an electrician look at the wiring in your house. Make sure circuits are not overloaded.
• Have all alternative heating units, such as wood stoves and space heaters, checked by an expert.
• Keep matches and lighters out of reach and away from children.
• Never smoke in bed.

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• Be aware of the dangers from smoking in overstuffed furniture.

No house can be 100 percent fire proof. Fire officials emphasize there are some basic things you should
do to prepare for a fire:
• Determine at least two ways to escape from every room in your home.
• Purchase an approved chain ladder to use to climb out of rooms above the first floor, and practice
using it.
• Select a location where everyone could meet after escaping the house.
• Discuss what you would do about family pets in the event of a fire
• Know how to call for emergency assistance.

❖ Control: What to do in case of Fire

If a Fire Starts:
✓ Know how to safely operate a fire extinguisher
✓ Remember to GET OUT, STAY OUT and CALL your local emergency phone number.
✓ Yell "Fire!" several times and go outside right away. If you live in a building with elevators, use
the stairs. Leave all your things where they are and save yourself.
✓ If closed doors or handles are warm or smoke blocks your primary escape route, use your second
way out. NEVER OPEN DOORS THAT ARE WARM TO THE TOUCH.
✓ If you must escape through smoke, get low and go under the smoke to your exit. Close doors
behind you.
✓ If smoke, heat or flames block your exit routes, stay in the room with doors closed. Place a wet
towel under the door and call the fire department. Open a window and wave a brightly colored
cloth or flashlight to signal for help.
✓ Once you are outside, go to your meeting place and then send one person to call the fire
department. If you cannot get to your meeting place, follow your family emergency
communication plan.

If your clothes catch on fire:

✓ Stop what you’re doing.
✓ Drop to the ground and cover your face if you can.
✓ Roll over and over or back and forth until the flames go out. Running will only make the fire burn
faster.
THEN:
Once the flames are out, cool the burned skin with water for three to five minutes. Call for medical
attention.

FIRE SUPPRESSION & CONTROL

1. Pre-Fire Planning- to fight fire before it occurs (fire prevention)
2. Size-up- an estimate of the situation.
3. Rescue- Removal of victims from endangered areas and bringing them to a place of safety.
4. Cover Exposure- to prevent the fire from extending to other involved building/structure.
5. Confinement- to prevent the fire from extending to other uninvolved portions of the burning building.
6. Ventilation- to displace smoke, hot, poisonous or toxic gases from a contaminated area and replacing
them with fresh air from outside.
7. Extinguishment- to put out the main body of fire.

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8. Salvage- to protect properties of value from preventable damages due to sources other than the fire;
minimize damage
9. Overhauling- to prevent the fire from rekindling.
10. Post Fire Analysis- a critique of the fire operations conducted

FIRE FIGHTING STRATEGIES

1. Offensive – made on the seat of the fire or on the immediate area involved in the fire. This is most
commonly used since, upon arrival, most fires are still small.
2. Offensive-defensive – involves a vigorous attack against the main body of the fire, while taking
adequate measures to control actual and potential extension of fire. The major portion of the fire force
operates directly on fire extinguishment problems and a lesser force on fire extension problems.
3. Defensive-offensive – this is essentially a “holding action” to keep the fire within reasonable bounds
while awaiting the availability of additional forces.
4. Defensive – all forces are heavily engaged in defensive actions. Typically, it would be used when the
volume of fire and the number and nature of exposures preclude anything but defensive techniques.

FIRE FIGHTING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

1) Fire Truck – an automotive vehicle equipped with firefighting apparatus

FIRE ENGINE is
one type of fire
apparatus and refers to
a vehicle that can
pump water and is
equipped with a water
tank and hose lines.

HEAVY RESCUE VEHICLE

is a type of
specialty firefighting or emergency medical
services apparatus. They are primarily
designed to provide the specialized
equipment necessary for technical
rescue situations such as traffic collisions
requiring vehicle extrication, building
collapses, confined space rescue, rope
rescues and swiftwater rescues

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TURNABLE
LADDER TRUCK
a type of truck that
has a large ladder is
mounted on a turntable
on the back of
a truck chassis,
allowing it to pivot
around a stable base.

AERIAL/PLATFORM
LADDER TRUCK – this type
of ladder that is mounted on a
turntable, capable of extending
up to 30.5 meters (100feet), may
have three or four metal fly
section of ladder that can be
raised or lowered by
hydraulically controlled cables.

AMBULANCE
VEHICLE - is
a vehicle for
transportation of ill or
injured people to, from
or between places of
treatment for
an illness or injury, and
in some instances will
also provide out of
hospital medical care to
the patient.

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TILLER TRUCK - also known as a tractor-drawn aerial truck, tiller ladder, or hook-and-ladder truck, is
a specialized turntable ladder mounted on a semi-trailer truck.

AIRPORT CRASH TENDER

also known as "crash rig", is a
specialized fire engine designed
for use at
aerodromes in aircraft accidents. S
ome of the features that make the
crash rigs unique are their ability
to move on rough terrain outside
the runway and airport area, large
water capacity as well as
a foam tank, a high-capacity pump,
and water/foam monitors.

WILDLAND FIRE
ENGINE is a type of
truck which responds to
emergencies in rough
terrain where other
vehiclesTANKER
cannot respond.
TRUCK which
can also be known as a water
tender or water bowser, is a
specialist fire appliance with
the primary purpose of
transporting large amounts of
water to the fire area to make
it available for extinguishing
operations.

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AIRTANKER or air tanker generally refer

to fixed-wing aircraft based in the United
States; "airtanker" is used in official
documentation. The term "waterbomber" is
used in some Canadian government
documents for the same class of vehicles,
though it sometimes has a connotation
of amphibians.

FIRE TRUCK ACCESSORIES

SIREN is a
BLINKERS consists loud noise
of lighting and signaling devices making device
mounted or integrated the top of
the fire truck. This lights the
roadway for the driver and
increases the conspicuity of the
vehicle, allowing other drivers
and pedestrians to see a vehicle's
presence, position, size, direction
of travel, and the driver's
intentions regarding direction and
speed of travel.

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LADDER is
a vertical or
inclined set of
rungs or steps.

TYPES OF LADDER

HOOK LADDER is also

FOLDING LADDER is
known as a “pompier
also self-supporting
ladder”, is a type ofladder
ladder STRAIGHT LADDER
that is capable of
that can be attached to a is a type of ladder that
supporting
window silllarge
or amounts of
similar ledge contains only one section
weight, justuse
by the like
ofany other
a hooked it ranges in length from
ladder.extending
The smallbill sizewith
does EXTENSION LADDER consists 12 to 16offeet.
serrations on the underside.
not mean less quality. a bed and one or more fly ladder. The
Many folding ladders are fly ladder slide through guides on the
capable of holding 250 to upper end of the bed ladder. It
300 pounds or more. contains locks (pawls or dogs) which
hook over the rungs of the bed ladder.

ROOF LADDER is
used to access a roof;
especially a type of
portable ladder
designed to fit securely
over the ridge of a roof
for added stability.

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POLE LADDER is sometimes termed as “Bangor

Ladder”, a long extension ladder controlled by
means of poles and used in firefighting

COMBINATION LADDER is a portable

ladder capable of being used as Stepladder,
or as a Single or Extension ladder

FIRE HOSE is a high-pressure hose that Types of Fire Hose

carries water or other fire retardant (such
as foam) to a fire to extinguish it. Female Fire Hose
Male Fire Hose

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HOSE BRIDGE is a hose tool used

to prevent damage to the hose when
vehicles cross a street, or where the
traffic cannot be diverted.

HOSE REELS are located at

strategic places in buildings to provide
a reasonably accessible and controlled
supply of water for fire extinguishing

HOSE JACKET is a hollow

cylindrical or barrel shaped device HOSE CLAMP is a tool used to
that opens lengthwise through the stop the flow of water in a fire
center on a set of hinges. It is a hose without shutting off the
rubber lined to make it water tight. source of water supply.
HOSE STRAP is a 36-inch
length of cloth strap with a handle
on one end and hook on the other.
It is used for moving hose layouts
usually up ladders or staircase.
RUBBER MALLET is a hose tool
used to strike the lugs of a coupling
to tighten or loosen the coupling
without damaging the lugs. It is
used to make the coupling airtight.

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CHAFING BLOCKS are tools

used to prevent damage to the
UNIVERSAL THREAD ADAPTER hose where the hose is subjected
is a very useful tool on any fire vehicle to rubbing from vibrations.
it can make a very quick connection to
damaged or unusual size male hose
connections.

FIRE HYDRANT is also

called fireplug, is a connection
point by which firefighters can
FIRE NOZZLE is a short tap into a water supply.
tube that is put on the end
of a hose or pipe to control
the way of the water.

HYDRANT WRENCH is used to open and close

fire hydrants and to remove hydrant outlet caps. It is
usually equipped with a pentagon opening in is head
that fits most standard fire hydrant opening nuts.

SIAMESE is an appliance that have two or more female inlet connections and one male discharge
connection.

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FIRE SHOVEL is for placing

coal on a fire and for removing
coal, ashes, etc., from the fire.
SPANNER WRENCH
is use to tighten leaking
connections and to
loosen that are too tight
to break with the hands
alone

PIKE POLE is a long

metal-topped wood,
aluminum, or fiberglass
poles used for reaching,
holding, or pulling.
FIRE BUCKET is a
bucket filled with water or
sand which is used to
prevent or extinguish fires.

FIRE AXE is an implement that has been

used for millennia to shape, split and
cut wood; to harvest timber; as a weapon;
and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol.

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FIRE BLANKET
is a safety device
designed to
extinguish incipient
fires

VEHICLE BRACKETS hold your fire

extinguishers safely in place during transportation but make
them easily accessible in case of an emergency.

GATE WYES are used to divide a

line of hose into two or more line

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM has a number of devices working together to detect and warn
people through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other
emergencies are present.

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CONVENTIONAL FIRE
ALARM SYSTEM – physical
caballing is used to interconnect
several call points and detectors.
The signals from which are wire
back to the main control unit. Call
points and detectors are arranged
into zones to simplify the location
of the alarm.

ADDRESSIBLE FIRE ALARM

SYSTEM – the detection principle
of this system is the same as the
conventional system, except that
that each detector is given a set
address. The circuit is wired as a
loop and up to 99 devices may be
connected to each loop.

INTELLIGENT FIRE ALARM

SYSTEM – each detector effectively
incorporates its own computer to
evaluates its environment and
communicates to the control panel
whether there is a fire, fault or the
detector heads needs cleaning.

WIRELESS FIRE ALARM

SYSTEM – these are effective
alternative to traditional wired fire
alarm system for all applications. They
utilized secured license-free radio
communication to interconnect the
sensors devices with the controllers.

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PARTS OF A FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

BREAK GLASS CALL POINT

is a device which enables
personnel to raise the alarm by
breaking the frangible element on WATER SPRINKLER will
the fascia. spray water into the room if
sufficient heat reaches the
bulb and causes it to shatter.
FIRE ALARM Sprinkler heads operate
HOOTER are audio individually.
indications
to fire signals, which
creating a hooter- SYSTEM
like sound as and SENSOR ALARM
when the control BELLS deliver high sound
monitoring panel det pressure output
ects a fire signal for fire signaling need
from any zone.

SMOKE DETECTOR is a device that senses smoke,

typically as an indicator of fire, which generally issue an
audible or visual alarm from the detector itself or several
detectors if there are multiple smoke detectors interlinked

FIRE ALARM FLASHERS let hearing-

impaired people, deaf people and people in
noisy areas know there's a fire alarm

HEAT DETECTOR is a
fire alarm device designed to respond
when the convected thermal energy of
a fire increases the temperature of
a heat sensitive element

CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS sound an alarm when

they sense a certain amount of carbon monoxide over time

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Designed to sense smoke, heat and/or CO, MULTI-SENSOR

DETECTORS help reduce false alarms by comparing the inputs from
the multiple sensors before deciding whether the source of the input is
an actual fire or one of many false alarm conditions.

FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL (FACP), fire alarm control

unit (FACU), or simply fire alarm panel is the controlling component of
a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from devices designed
to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and provides
for automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information
necessary to prepare the facility for fire based on a predetermined sequence.

DOOR RELEASE BUTTON is a spring-loaded, button which is often mounted

on a stainless-steel plate. The button is connected to the access control
application, which controls the locking mechanism of the door, using wires.

THE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE) is an
equipment that will
protect the firefighter
from safety risks at work.
It can include items such
as safety helmets, gloves,
eye protection, high-
visibility clothing, safety
footwear, etc. Sometimes,
this is termed as “Bunker
Gear” or “Turnout Gear”.

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HAZARDOUS MATERIAL (HazMat) SUIT is a piece of personal

protective equipment that consists of an impermeable whole-body
garment worn as protection against hazardous materials

FIRE HELMET is used to protect the

firefighters from heat, cinders and falling objects.

SAFETY GOOGLES protects any eye

injury during the firefighting operations

PROTECTIVE GLOVES are garment covering

the whole hand. It helps reduce surface area heat

FLAME RETARDANT BOOTS is a

fitted covering for the feet and reaching
almost the knees to protect the
firefighter’s feet from nails and other
materials during the operation

SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SCBA)

is a device worn by firefighters to provide breathable air in
an immediately dangerous to life or health atmosphere.

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FIRE EXTINGUISHER is an active fire

protection device used to extinguish or control
small fires, often in emergency situations.

❖ Extinguishing Agents

1. Dry Chemical - this is made up of very small particles of sodium bicarbonate, potassium
bicarbonate, or ammonium phosphate with additives to help enhance flow and prevent packing
and caking. Extinguishers with sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate are rated for Class
B and Class C fires. Extinguishers with ammonium phosphate are rated for Class A, B, and C
fires.

2. Wet Chemical - this agent is a water solution with additives that chemically react with fats in a
cooking-oil fire, creating a thick foam blanket that will float on the surface of the oil. These
extinguishers are intended for Class K fires.

3. Clean Agent - this electrically nonconductive extinguishing agent, evaporates and leaves no
residue behind. The currently acceptable clean agents used in extinguishers include halocarbons,
such as Halotron I and FE36, Halon 1211, and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are
rated for Class B and C fires. Extinguishers containing halocarbons and Halon 1211 are rated for
Class B and C fires, while larger units are rated for Class A fires.

4. Water Stream (extinguisher) - this is an extinguisher with a 2.5 gallon capacity, containing tap
water or a loaded stream charge that is discharged through a hose as a solid stream. This type of
extinguisher is rated 2-A for use on Class A fires only.

5. Water Mist (extinguisher) - an extinguisher with a special nozzle for discharging de-ionized
water as a fine mist. This type of extinguisher is rated for Class A and C fires.

6. Foam - this extinguishing agent is either aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) or film-forming
fluoroprotein (FFFP) foam. Extinguishers containing foam solution have a hose with a special
nozzle that introduces air to the solution, which creates foam as it leaves the extinguisher. Foam
extinguishers are intended for Class B fires.

7. Dry Powder - this extinguishing agent is made up of powder or granular particles that are
intended for the extinguishment of Class D combustible metal fires. Typical dry powder agents
include sodium chloride, graphite, and copper. Extinguishers containing dry powder are listed for
the extinguishment of specific combustible metals.

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❖ How to use a Fire Extinguisher (PASS)

How to Use
Pull the pin
Aim at the base
of the fire
Squeeze the
handle
Sweep unto the
fire

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❖ Fire Suppression Activities

1. Cooling – is done through eliminating the heat in the triangle (Fire Triangle). The most
commonly used firefighting medium is water. Water, referring to the triangle of fire, cools the
heat being produced in the fire to below ignition temperature.
2. Smothering – is done by eliminating the oxygen in the triangle (Fire Triangle). By excluding the
oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere, the fire will be extinguished. Smothering can be achieved
by using sand, blanketing, foam application or by the use of chemical extinguishers.
3. Starvation - is achieved by removal of the fuel burning in the fire. Any combustible material can
be removed or gas or fuel flows shut off.

Reference:
Books:
A. Bustria, L. (2013). Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation. (Second Edition). Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading,
Inc.
B. Monatnio, Marcelo L. et al; (2010) Module in Fire Technology and Arson Investigation. Quezon City: Wiseman’s
Book Trading, Inc.
C. Villaluz, J & Alocelja, R. (2015). Fire Investigation and Fire Technology. Quezon City: Wiseman’s Books Trading,
Inc.
Internet Sources:
✓ https://www.imo.org/en/About/HistoryOfIMO/Pages
✓ https://www.magma-industries.nl/euro-classification-en-13501-
1/#:~:text=The%20European%20classification%20standard%20EN,%2C%20D%2C%20E%20and%20F.&text=will%
20cover%20products%20that%20have%20a%20contribution%20to%20fire%20and,flame%20for%20a%20short%20p
eriod.
✓ https://www.redcross.org/get-help/how-to-prepare-for-emergencies/types-of-emergencies/fire/if-a-fire-starts.html
✓ https://www.carousell.ph/search/fire%20helmets/
✓ http://www.stritch.luc.edu/depts/injprev/fireburn/fireburn.htm
✓ https://hushkit.net/2020/01/14/11-best-water-bombers-a-fundraiser-for-australia/
✓ https://www.getkisi.com/guides/push-to-exit-buttons
✓ https://www.safewise.com/home-security-faq/carbon-monoxide-detector/
✓ https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/fire-eyewear/articles/protecting-firefighter-eye-protection-
nA5zNKsxv2TaL423/
✓ https://www.fireprousa.com/extinguishing-agents-used-fire-extinguisher/
✓ https://www.wildlandwarehouse.com/shop/2-12-nh-x-1-12-nh-gate-wye/
✓ http://www.nzdl.org/

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